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90 Il Ruolo Degli Enti Locali Ed in Particolare Quello Della Provincia, Si È Prof UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PISA FONDAZIONE CAMPUS Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Progettazione e Gestione dei Sistemi Turistici Mediterranei TESI DI LAUREA L’evoluzione del turismo a Barcellona: dal turismo d’affari ai nuovi turismi urbani Relatore Chiar.mo Prof. ALBERTO BIANCHI Candidato ELENA MARSILI ANNO ACCADEMICO 2013-2014 INDICE INTRODUZIONE ............................................................................................ 1 1. STORIA DI BARCELLONA .................................................................. 3 1.1. Età antica .......................................................................................... 3 1.2. Medioevo .......................................................................................... 6 1.3. Età moderna ................................................................................... 13 1.4. Età contemporanea ......................................................................... 18 2. EVOLUZIONE DEL TURISMO A BARCELLONA .............................. 23 2.1. Dal prototurismo alle Esposizioni Universali ................................... 23 2.2. Il turismo di massa .......................................................................... 26 2.3. Dagli anni Ottanta al 2010 ............................................................... 28 2.4. Anni recenti e piani per il futuro ....................................................... 32 3. COMPETENZE IN MATERIA TURISTICA ......................................... 40 3.1. Legislazione e competenze turistiche in Spagna ............................ 40 3.2. Legislazione e competenze turistiche in Catalogna ........................ 44 3.3. Barcelona Turisme .......................................................................... 47 4. I MEGAEVENTI .................................................................................. 51 4.1. I megaeventi e il loro impatto sulle destinazioni .............................. 51 4.2. L’Esposizione Universale del 1888 ................................................. 54 4.3. L’Esposizione Internazionale del 1929 ............................................ 57 4.4. La XXV Olimpiade del 1992 ............................................................ 59 4.5. Il Forum Universale delle Culture del 2004 ..................................... 64 5. IL TURISMO URBANO ...................................................................... 67 5.1. Top 10 attrazioni ............................................................................. 72 5.2. Siti Patrimonio Mondiale dell’Umanità dell’UNESCO ...................... 76 5.3. La Ciutat Vella ................................................................................. 80 5.3.1. El Raval .................................................................................... 81 5.3.2. El Barri Gòtic ............................................................................ 84 5.3.3. La Barceloneta ......................................................................... 86 5.3.4. Sant Pere, Santa Caterina i la Ribera....................................... 87 5.4. L’Eixample ...................................................................................... 90 5.5. Sants – Montjuïc ............................................................................. 93 5.6. Gràcia ............................................................................................. 95 5.7. I distretti periferici ............................................................................ 97 5.7.1. Sarrià – Sant Gervasi e Les Corts ............................................ 97 5.7.2. Horta Guinardò e Nou Barris .................................................... 99 5.7.3. Sant Andreu e Sant Martì ....................................................... 101 5.8. Gastronomia ................................................................................. 103 5.9. Folklore ......................................................................................... 104 5.10. La domanda .................................................................................. 106 5.11. L’offerta ......................................................................................... 108 6. ALTRE TIPOLOGIE DI TURISMO ................................................... 110 6.1. Il turismo MICE ............................................................................. 110 6.1.1. L’offerta di servizi per il turismo MICE .................................... 112 6.1.2. L’evoluzione della domanda ................................................... 114 6.2. Il turismo crocieristico.................................................................... 119 6.2.1. Evoluzione del settore crocieristico a Barcellona ................... 119 6.2.2. Domanda ................................................................................ 121 6.2.3. Offerta .................................................................................... 122 6.2.4. Statistiche ............................................................................... 122 6.3. Il turismo giovanile ........................................................................ 125 6.3.1. L’andamento del turismo giovanile ......................................... 127 6.3.2. Il turismo studentesco – l’Erasmus e gli scambi universitari ... 130 6.3.3. L’offerta .................................................................................. 132 7. EVIDENZE STATISTICHE ............................................................... 133 CONCLUSIONI .......................................................................................... 149 APPENDICE 1 – VISITE AL TEMPLE EXPIATORI DE LA SAGRADA FAMILIA 2002-2012 ................................................................................... 151 APPENDICE 2 - VISITE ALL’AQUÀRIUM DE BARCELONA 2002-2012 .. 152 APPENDICE 3 - VISITE AL MUSEU F.C. BARCELONA 2002-2012 ......... 153 APPENDICE 4 - VISITE AL POBLE ESPANYOL DE BARCELONA 2002- 2012 154 APPENDICE 5 - VISITE AL CASTELL DE MONTJUÏC 2002-2012 ........... 155 APPENDICE 6 - VISITE AL PARC ZOOLÒGIC DE BARCELONA 2002-2012 156 APPENDICE 7 - VISITE AL CAIXAFÒRUM BARCELONA 2002-2012 ...... 157 APPENDICE 8 - VISITE AL MUSEU PICASSO 2002-2012 ....................... 158 APPENDICE 9 - VISITE ALLLA FUNDACIÓ CATALUNYA – LA PEDRERA 2002-2012 .................................................................................................. 159 APPENDICE 10 - VISITE AL COSMOCAIXA BARCELONA 2002-2012 ... 160 BIBLIOGRAFIA .......................................................................................... 161 SITOGRAFIA ............................................................................................. 171 INTRODUZIONE Barcellona è una delle destinazioni turistiche più frequentate ed apprezzate in Europa e nel mondo e, nel 2013 ha superato la soglia dei 7,5 milioni di arrivi turistici e quasi raggiunto quella dei 16,5 milioni di presenze. Fino agli anni Novanta la situazione era però molto differente, con gli arrivi che, nel 1993, non raggiungevano i 2,5 milioni e le presenze che superavano di poco i 4 milioni. La presente tesi ha l’obiettivo di indagare, partendo dalla storia della città, i fattori che hanno portato a questo eccezionale sviluppo del settore turistico in un arco di tempo relativamente breve. Questa analisi verrà effettuata attraverso lo studio di avvenimenti storici, politiche pubbliche e attrazioni turistiche. Il lavoro si articola in sette capitoli, che intendono approfondire diversi aspetti riguardanti la città, la sua storia, l’evoluzione del turismo e le tipologie di turismo e di turisti che vi si possono trovare. Il primo capitolo introduce la storia di Barcellona poichè l’analisi del passato è fondamentale per capire come si è arrivati alla città odierna e come le testimonianze di altre epoche siano giunte fino a noi e si siano trasformate in attrazioni turistiche. Se oggi Barcellona è dunque un centro culturale visitato da innumerevoli turisti è perché la città ha avuto un’importante storia. Il secondo capitolo studia l’evoluzione del turismo a Barcellona: dalla partenza ritardata rispetto al resto d’Europa, allo sviluppo come destinazione di turismo d’affari e, infine, all’esplosione del turismo urbano degli ultimi vent’anni. Il terzo capitolo si occupa di esaminare la legislazione turistica e la suddivisione delle competenze del settore tra tre livelli di governo: quello dello Stato centrale, quello della Comunità Autonoma della Catalogna, e quello locale, rappresentato dal consorzio Turisme de Barcelona. È importante analizzare il quadro normativo entro il quale gli operatori turistici devono muoversi, per capire meglio le opportunità e i punti di debolezza dell’ordinamento, anche in comparazione con il sistema giuridico italiano. 1 Il quarto capitolo analizza i grandi eventi che hanno caratterizzato lo sviluppo urbanistico e turistico della città. A Barcellona, infatti, le istituzioni hanno spesso utilizzato i megaeventi come motore per rilanciare l’immagine della città a livello mondiale e per realizzare opere di recupero urbanistico. Nonostante a Barcellona, a partire dalla fine dell’Ottocento, si siano tenuti moltissimi eventi importanti, il presente lavoro si sofferma sui i quattro che hanno rappresentato dei punti di svolta per la città, ovvero: l’Esposizione Universale del 1888, l’Esposizione Internazionale del 1929, le Olimpiadi del 1992 e il Forum Universale delle Culture del 2004. Tutti e quattro questi eventi hanno contribuito a realizzare migliorie urbanistiche, il recupero
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