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Diplomarbeit Huber Sebastian Das Jahr 1805: Kriegswesen und Militärpolitik Frankreichs unter Napoleon I. DIPLOMARBEIT zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Magister der Philosophie Studium: Lehramtsstudium UF Geschichte, Sozialkunde, Polit.Bildg. UF Englisch Alpen - Adria Universität Klagenfurt Begutachter: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Reinhard Alexander Stauber Institut: Institut für Geschichte Juni 2016 Das Jahr 1805: Kriegswesen und Militärpolitik Frankreichs unter Napoleon I. II Huber Sebastian Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich versichere an Eides statt, dass ich - die eingereichte wissenschaftliche Arbeit selbstständig verfasst und andere als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel nicht benutzt habe, - die während des Arbeitsvorganges von dritter Seite erfahrene Unterstützung, ein- schließlich signifikanter Betreuungshinweise, vollständig offengelegt habe, - die Inhalte, die ich aus Werken Dritter oder eigenen Werken wortwörtlich oder sinn- gemäß übernommen habe, in geeigneter Form gekennzeichnet und den Ursprung der Information durch möglichst exakte Quellenangaben (z.B. in Fußnoten) ersichtlich gemacht habe, - die Arbeit bisher weder im Inland noch im Ausland einer Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt habe und - zur Plagiatskontrolle eine digitale Version der Arbeit eingereicht habe, die mit der gedruckten Version übereinstimmt. Ich bin mir bewusst, dass eine tatsachenwidrige Erklärung rechtliche Folgen haben wird. Huber Sebastian Feldkirchen, 02.06.2016 Das Jahr 1805: Kriegswesen und Militärpolitik Frankreichs unter Napoleon I. III Huber Sebastian Inhaltsverzeichnis Eidesstattliche Erklärung ............................................................................................. II Inhaltsverzeichnis ....................................................................................................... III Abbildungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................ V 1 Vorwort ..................................................................................................................... 1 2 Napoleon I. ............................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Napoleon: Charakter und Werdegang ................................................................ 3 2.2 Napoleons Machtfaktoren, Strategien und Taktiken ........................................... 7 3 Vorgeschichte ......................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Der Zweite Koalitionskrieg und seine Ausgangslage ....................................... 13 3.2 Eine kurze, aber ereignisreiche Zwischenkriegszeit ......................................... 18 3.3 Die Bildung der Dritten Koalition gegen Napoleon ........................................... 21 4 Die Entscheidung zur See ...................................................................................... 25 4.1 Napoleons Invasionsidee ................................................................................. 25 4.2 Entwicklungen, Technik, Bewaffnung und Ausbildungsstand der damaligen Seefahrt ................................................................................................................. 26 4.3 Die Hauptakteure um Trafalgar ........................................................................ 31 4.3.1 Die französischen Befehlshaber ................................................................ 31 4.3.2 Die britischen Befehlshaber ....................................................................... 34 4.4 „Katz und Maus“ Spiel auf Hoher See .............................................................. 35 4.4.1 Fruchtlose französische Versuche der Jahre 1803 und 1804 .................... 36 4.4.2 Es kommt Bewegung ins Spiel .................................................................. 38 4.5 Vorschlacht bei Kap Finisterre und die letzten Flottenbewegungen ................. 41 4.6 Das große Seegefecht bei Kap Trafalgar ......................................................... 46 4.6.1 Neue Pläne, letzte Vorkehrungen und das Aufeinandertreffen der Flotten 46 4.6.2 Der erste Konfliktherd ................................................................................ 50 4.6.3 Der zweite Konfliktherd .............................................................................. 54 4.7 Unmittelbare Folgen, Resultate und Verluste der Schlacht .............................. 60 Das Jahr 1805: Kriegswesen und Militärpolitik Frankreichs unter Napoleon I. IV Huber Sebastian 5 Die Entscheidung auf dem Kontinent ..................................................................... 63 5.1 Die Kriegspläne beider Seiten .......................................................................... 63 5.1.1 Alliierte Kriegsplanung ............................................................................... 63 5.1.2 Napoleons Kriegsplanung .......................................................................... 66 5.2 Die Armeen der drei Mächte ............................................................................ 67 5.2.1 Die französische Armee ............................................................................. 67 5.2.2 Die österreichische Armee ......................................................................... 68 5.2.3 Die russische Armee .................................................................................. 70 5.3 Die Verträge mit den süddeutschen Staaten .................................................... 71 5.4 Die Einkesselung der Österreicher bei Ulm ..................................................... 74 5.5 Der Nebenschauplatz Norditalien ..................................................................... 80 5.6 Napoleon auf dem Weg nach Wien und Brünn ................................................ 82 5.7 Die Dreikaiserschlacht bei Austerlitz ................................................................ 86 5.7.1 Letzte Vorbereitungen und Napoleons List ................................................ 86 5.7.2 Kampfgeschehen im südlichen Sektor (07:00 Uhr bis 12:30 Uhr) ............. 91 5.7.3 Das Kampfgeschehen im Zentrum (07:00 Uhr bis 12:30 Uhr) ................... 94 5.7.4 Kampfgeschehen im nördlichem Sektor (08:30 Uhr bis 12:30 Uhr) ........... 97 5.7.5 Der Einsatz der kaiserlich-russischen Leibgarde (12:30 Uhr bis 15:00 Uhr) ............................................................................................................................ 99 5.7.6 Die finalen Phasen (12:30 Uhr bis 16:00 Uhr) ......................................... 100 5.7.7 Ergebnisse der Schlacht .......................................................................... 102 6 Folgewirkungen der Ereignisse von 1805 ............................................................ 104 6.1 Neue Verwaltungsschritte im Grande Empire ................................................ 105 6.2 Der Kriegszug gegen Preußen und Russland 1806/07 .................................. 108 6.3 Die Kontinentalsperre ..................................................................................... 111 7 Schlussbemerkung ............................................................................................... 112 Literaturverzeichnis ................................................................................................. 118 Das Jahr 1805: Kriegswesen und Militärpolitik Frankreichs unter Napoleon I. V Huber Sebastian Abbildungsverzeichnis Abb. 1: Bataillon carrée ............................................................................................. 12 Abb. 2: Details eines Linienschiffes des 18. Jahrhunderts ........................................ 28 Abb. 3: Position der französisch-spanischen und britischen Schiffe, März 1805 ....... 39 Abb. 4: Villeneuves (schwarz) und Calders (weiß) Flotten bei Kap Finisterre (22. Juli 1805 um 05:15 Uhr) .................................................................................................. 44 Abb. 5: Die Annäherung der Briten bei Trafalgar (11:30 Uhr) ................................... 50 Abb. 6: Kampfgeschehen zwischen Collingwoods Division und Villeneuves Nachhut (12:30 Uhr) ................................................................................................................ 51 Abb. 7: Kampfgeschehen zwischen Collingwoods Division und Villeneuves Nachhut (14:30 Uhr) ................................................................................................................ 53 Abb. 8: Kampfgeschehen zwischen Nelsons Division und Villeneuves Zentrum (12:45 Uhr) ........................................................................................................................... 56 Abb. 9: Kampfgeschehen zwischen Nelsons Division und Villeneuves Zentrum (14:00 Uhr) ........................................................................................................................... 57 Abb. 10: Der Versuch von Dumanoirs Division das Zentrum von Villeneuve zu unterstützen (15:30 Uhr) ........................................................................................... 59 Abb. 11: Alliierte Pläne zur Kriegsführung ................................................................. 64 Abb. 12: Französische und alliierte Truppenbewegungen der Ulm-Kampagne ......... 76 Abb. 13: Die Aufstellung der zwei Heere (02. Dezember 1805 um 06:00 Uhr).......... 90 Abb. 14: Truppenbewegungen im südlichen Sektor (09:30 Uhr) ............................... 92 Abb. 15: Truppenbewegungen im Zentrum (09:30 Uhr) ...........................................
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