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Impact of Land-Use Practices on Vegetation Cover in Apa Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria

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Impact of Land-Use Practices on Vegetation Cover in Apa Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry Volume 7, Issue 1, 2020, PP 1-9 ISSN 2394-5907 (Print) & ISSN 2394-5915 (Online) Impact of Land-Use Practices on Vegetation Cover in Apa Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria Ikyaagba, E.T*, Jande, J.A and Eche, A. P Department of Social and Environmental Forestry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria *Corresponding Author: Ikyaagba, E.T, Department of Social and Environmental Forestry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the types of land use activities prevalent in Apa Local Government Area of Benue State, as well as their impact on vegetation cover of the study area. The land use practices considered were those associated with agriculture and urbanization. Six classes including forest, grassland, cultivated area, urban area, bare surfaces and water were considered for assessment and classification of images by carrying out field work and using topographical maps. The magnitude of change of forest area for 20years between 1988 to 2008 showed that forest decreased by -175.40. km2 representing a change (49.99%) of the total change for the period. Forest had the highest annual rate of change of 9.99% while farm land had the least annual rate of change of 1.18%. The period witnessed an increase in other vegetation and built up area. The land increased by 50.26 km2 representing 14.33% of the total change, while built up increased by76.35 (21.76%). These changes could be attributed to the urbanization, increase in commercial activities and increase in population, agricultural activities and amongst others. Result of the 10 years’ period analysis between 2008 - 2018 witnessed a slowdown in the decrease of the forest reserve as -12.37 km2 representing 7.06% this was less than 49.99% between 1988 to 2008. The magnitude of change of farm land increased to 20.80.km2 (11.87%) from (5.91%) in the preceding period. The magnitude of change in vegetation areas also decreased to-47.26 km2 (26.97%). Keywords: Land use; Vegetation cover; Urbanization, Agriculture INTRODUCTION Land use change has been considered by many Forest biodiversity is now being viewed more scholars as the most important threat that drive against the background of sustainable serious change in rainforest biodiversity (Sala,et development which offers opportunities for al., 2000; Haines-Young, 2009; CBD, 2010; poverty reduction, human well-being and the Sodhi, and Ehrlich, 2010), and these changes livelihood and socio-cultural integrity of people, are directly linked to human population growth. particularly, in developing countries (Balmford As rainforest lands are being converted to et al., 2001; Oteng-Yeboah, 2004; Butler, 2005). ranches, agricultural land, urban areas and other Apart from the direct benefits of forest to man human usages, habitat become unavailable for items of food, health care shelter and clothing, it forest organisms. According to CBD (2010) provides several beneficial environmental habitat loss and degradation due to land use services such as creation and preservation of change formed the biggest single source of quality environment, protecting watershed and pressure on biodiversity worldwide. For carrying out photosynthesis. It also has profound terrestrial ecosystems, habitat loss is largely influence on the local water resources and plays accounted for by conversion of wild lands to an important role in the carbon-dioxide budget agriculture, which now accounts for some 30% of the global atmosphere (Khalil, 1995; Nwoboshi, of land globally. In some areas, it has recently 2000). Maintaining healthy forest can play a been partly driven by the demand for biofuels significant role in climate change mitigation. (CBD, 2010). Despite the fact that forest is at centre of livelihood It is estimated that more than half of the global in Africa, it is poorly managed (Norris et al., landscape is now modified by anthropogenic 2010). According to Bradshaw et al. (2009) and activities to stimulate development and since the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, historic past, many natural resources have been 2010) tropical biodiversity is in serious trouble heavily used or even depleted in the worst cases basically due to human action. Especially land (Foley, et al., 2005, Goldewijk, et al., 2011). use change The impacts of this widespread LULC change International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry V7 ● I1 ● 2020 1 Impact of Land-Use Practices on Vegetation Cover in Apa Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria on the natural environment are multi faceted, done in a conventional system to produce some including climate change, alteration of information on the LULC in some parts of hydrological cycle, increased water extraction, Nigeria especially in forest reserves (Mohammed, impairment of water quality, degradation of soil et al., 2013, Ikusemoran, and Olokor, 2014), but nutrients, amplified surface erosion, and loss of not much studies have been done using Remote biodiversity (Turner, et al., 2007, Sensing and GIS technique in its mapping and Paiboonvorachat, 2008). Therefore, information analysis of forest vegetation and other land use on land use and 1 land cover, changing trends and land cover in the Benue state. Therefore, the and optimal use of the land resources have application of GIS using remote sensed data for become very vital for land use planning and land use land cover analysis Apa Local effective natural resources management. Government area and its environs would definitely enhance the available data for a sustainable Therefore, there is an urgent need for proper development. geo-management of land and the concomitant availability of a detailed, accurate and up-to- MATERIALS AND METHODS date geo-information In most of developing Study Area countries especially Nigeria availability of relevant and current information about our Apa is a Local government in Benue state, environment and how it changes over time has Nigeria with an estimated population of 130,600 been lacking (Ezeomedo, 2006) this problem people. The local government is located in the therefore has consequently been Affecting the Northwestern part of Benue State. It is bounded achievement of change detection and sustainable to the North by Agatu local government, to the development, and as such requires research for West by Gwer West, to the South by Otukpo accurate and timely information which is needed and to the West by Omala local government of for environmental monitoring, planning and Kogi State. The study area lies between latitude forecasting. Although series of works have been 7º 48´ 30"N and longitude 7º 48´ 30" E Figure1. The Study Area (source: Nigeria Shapeile from ArcGIS 10.1) Identifying and classifying of land use and land Study Design Field Survey and Material Used cover of the study area was achieved through The data forms the field survey for this study the use of three multi-date Landsat satellite was collected through primary data obtained imageries TM 1988, Enhanced Thematic from direct field and visual observation. The Mapper (ETM+) 2008 and operational land instrument for primary data was obtained from imager (OLI) of 2018 was used, Pre-processing lands at TM (1986) and Landsat ETM+ (2012) operations was perform, the images were used imageries and state forest authority through the for the classification of the LULC. The study divisional forest office. The materials used include compass application on Samsung galaxy area was extracted from the scene, and a phones (SM-G355H) and digital camera. supervised classification method was carried out based on level 1 classification of Anderson et al Sampling Procedure and Data Collection (1976) (i.e. built up, water bodies, agricultural During field visit, the northern, southern, eastern land, forest and vegetation). and western sides of Apa Local Government 2 International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry V7 ● I1 ● 2020 Impact of Land-Use Practices on Vegetation Cover in Apa Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria area were determined with a compass, on the Remote Sensing of Land Use and Land Cover spot assessment of the use activities and impact Change were made and a Digital camera was used to Data sources capture images of the various land use practices Secondary data was the main source of data of interest as well as vegetation cover and used for remote sensing aspect of this study. degradation during field visit. Satellite images of Apa and its environs for The help of Divisional forest office (DFO) was mapping of land use/cover change were acquired enlisted for the field visit. for 1986 and 2012 respectively. Landsat TM satellite image was acquired for 1986 and At the Divisional forest office, verbal interviews Landsat OLI image was acquired for 2018. The were conducted with the DFO and forest 1988 image was obtained from Global and cover officers. facility (GLCF) and earth science data interface. Table1. Specifications of Satellite Imageries Used Satellite Path/Row Sensor No of Bands Bands used Date Acquired Spatial Resolution Landsat 187/55 TM 7 NIR,R, G (4,3,2) 29/01/1988 30m 12/01/2008/ Landsat 187/55 ETM+ 8 NIR, R, G (4,3,2) 30m 11/01/2012 Landsat 187/55 OLI 11 NIR, R, G (5,4,3) 16/02/2018 30m Data preparation classes including forest, grassland, cultivated ERDAS imagine 9.2 ArcGIS 10.1 and ILWIS area, bare surfaces and water were considered 3.8.5 computer software used in data for proper assessment and classification of preparation and analysis. The Landsat image image by carrying our fieldwork and using was downloaded using the path (p188r54. topographical maps. Supervised classification of P188r56) interface covering Benue state. The image for the various classes was performed to downloaded image was unzipped to show the produce land cover map from Landsat TM, multiband. False colour composite of ERDAS ETM + and OLI image.
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