)_ ^ ^^> ill • / 5 Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu 4-H Care and Training Leader Guide 4-H 120L Revised July 1985 Oregon State University Extension Service Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu

Contents 4-H Leadership 3 The Leader's Role 5 The Project 6 Program Planning 8 Project Work 10 Teaching Aids 13

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This publication is for 4-H dog club leaders to use in working more effectively with 4-H members in 4-H dog projects. The project, as carried in the 4-H program, serves two purposes. First, it helps boys and girls develop a better understanding and/or apprecia- tion for animals; second, it serves as a tool to develop the personal qualities of young people. 4-H is a program of youth develop- ment and education. Experiences provided should be based on the needs and interests of the youth. 4-H encourages the participation of all youth regardless of race, color, sex, or national origin. Be sure you have a copy of Organizing a 4-H Club (4-H 0242L) and Planning a 4-H Club Program (4-H 0240L). They contain valuable information on 4-H, leadership, how clubs function, and planning a club program. There is an entire section devoted to working with boys and girls. Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu

One of the important values of the 4-H program is teaching boys and girls 4-H Leadership to rear and understand animals. To be successful, the 4-H program The dog project is an excellent tool needs leaders with an interest in both for character development. Training a youth and . dog teaches patience and persistence, There are few experiences more clear, concise speech, and the value of gratifying than seeing 4-H youths grow work. Learning to care for a dog and develop in character and knowl- 4-H is learning by doing. By caring teaches responsibility, pride in owner- edge. The leader is the key person in for and training a dog, the member ship, decision-making, and techniques the dog project. The success of the gains experience in patience, respon- for observation of animal behavior. project will depend a lot on your sibility, initiative, and dependability. The bond between dogs and people interest and initiative. Members will learn to set goals and has always been strong. Prehistoric The dog project is only one of many develop standards for themselves. cave drawings make this clear. Depend- projects available through the 4-H The key to the success of a 4-H club ency worked both ways. Dogs first program and is under the general is you, the 4-H leader. This guide is served people by hunting and by direction of the Oregon State Univer- designed to stimulate ideas as well as to guarding homes from wild animals. sity Extension Service 4-H agent in provide a general framework for your Although those roles are no longer your county. Call him or her for club's yearly program. In the final necessary, today dogs guide the blind, guidance on general policies and analysis, your judgment of the needs find lost children, assist police, and procedures or help in directing the and interests of the club members will serve many other purposes. Most of project. determine the specific topics to be all, they are pleasant companions of Your job will be to assist the 4-H included in each meeting of the yearly both young and old. members in carrying out a program program. Many dog owners have problems. based on their interests, opportunities, The dog program is designed to help Dogs may stray from home, jump on needs, and abilities. You are sure to 4-H members: people and furniture, bite, , and find that both challenging and re- develop other annoying traits. These warding. • Develop leadership, initiative, habits can be prevented by early self-reliance, sportsmanship, and other training of the or by retraining Goals of 4-H valuable character traits. an older dog. The goals of 4-H include helping • Experience and demonstrate the For those boys and girls with a boys and girls develop leadership, pride and responsibiity of owning an strong interest in dogs, career opportu- character, and effective citizenship. animal, and learn how to care for, nities in the field of dog care and Club activities such as business feed, manage, and groom it. training are available. Annually, 4-H meetings conducted by the members, • Experience the pleasure and com- members turn to this field for community service projects, committee panionship that a well-trained dog employment. Opportunities are avail- work, social activities, and group provides. able as groomers, general obedience recreation provide a real-life labora- • Gain an appreciation of the needs, trainers, veterinarians, veterinarian tory in leadership and citizenship the purpose, and the role of dogs in assistants, kennel operators, breeders development. 4-H opens the door to daily life. and showers, and trainers of guard, expanded horizons through county and police, hunting, sled, or livestock dogs. state events for members. Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu e Increase skill, patience, and under- nice person). A smile and a few Each 4-H member has needs, standing in handling, raising, and pleasant words will go a long way to interests, desires, strengths, and training the dog to obey and heed help your image. weaknesses that affect her or his established, simple, uniform commands. 0 Set a happy mood. A 4-H lesson behavior. Regardless of how this • Increase the knowledge of safety should be fun. behavior appears to you, it is reason- precautions to prevent injuries to dogs e Criticize constructively. Most mis- able to the member. While each and people. takes are a result of the member's not member has a different personality, all 0 Learn and follow all basic regula- knowing or understanding the proper youth share some common needs: 0 tions for , including first techniques. You won't hurt any They want to belong. Belonging to aid, and simple treatments for ailments feelings when you offer helpful sugges- an identifiable group provides the not requiring veterinary care. tions for improvement in a positive opportunity to make friends. Belong- • Learn about some of the breeds manner. ing and being accepted in a group gives and their characteristics and be able to • Praise. You can find something them a feeling of personal worth. As a identify them. nice to say to the poorest of performers. leader, you should closely observe the relationships between and among • Promote greater love for dogs and This encouragement will stimulate further work and improvement. members to avoid isolation of some a humane attitude towards them. members or formation of cliques Recognition of accomplishment can • Prepare for citizenship responsibili- within the club. ties by working together in groups and inspire boys and girls and help make their 4-H experience more satisfying. • They want to achieve. Young supporting community projects and people want to know their efforts are activities. The spirit of competition is natural for young people and can provide an worthwhile and appreciated. The rate • Explore career opportunities in of achievement of members varies. this and related fields. effective stimulus for the development of character and skills, but it can also You need to constantly appraise each defeat its purpose if you permit it to get member's efforts in all areas of 4-H, out of hand. Remember, words of not just the project, so that the young people praise, a pat on the back, can be as member is recognized for accomplish- The ultimate goal of 4-H is not the rewarding as a trophy. Many times the ment in relation to his or her ability. training of dogs, but the education of leader's personal attention can provide You need to challenge the high young people. The dog is a medium. In much-needed affirmation to a 4-H achiever and at the same time provide the process of working with their , member. opportunities for less advanced mem- youngsters will meet challenges, All 4-H members will not want to bers to be recognized. responsibilities, successes, and failures participate in competitive activities. o They want adventure and new that may help them grow and mature. Competition is not a required part of experiences. Young people are active. As an adult or junior leader of a 4-H 4-H. They want to do new things. They are dog club, you are in a unique position The wise leader will help members searching for someone to pattern their to assist the development of young focus attention on project work, club behavior after, someone who "really people. These youngsters will look to activities, sharing experiences with and leads the way." As a leader, you will you as the expert for evaluation of helping other members, instead of on need to provide new and creative their progress. recognition and awards as a primary experiences. Variety in the club pro- Keep in mind that there is great goal. Leaders should help 4-H mem- gram helps meet this need. Emphasize diversity in the economic and personal bers realize that the greatest rewards activities in addition to project work. background of 4-H youngsters. Some come from service to others and 0 They want to he independent. youth are blessed with suitable pets and personal achievement rather than While this may seem troublesome, it is interested and informed parents. Other outdoing someone else. essential to growing up. You can help youngsters may have unsuitable or very The following principles are basic in them learn to make decisions and be difficult dogs for training and parents forming an awards and recognition responsible to themselves and to the who are preoccupied. Boys and girls program: group. Although they may make who have difficulty training their dogs 0 Activities should emphasize the errors, these mistakes will contribute to will need encouragement from the development of desirable character judgment development and are less leader. Try to be sensitive to their traits. costly than mistakes in later life. problems and assist as best you can. 0 Standards should be within reach o They want love and affection. It is helpful to: of the members and yet high enough to Love and affection are essential in 0 Know the expectations off various challenge them to do their best. personality development. We all need age levels. Evaluating young children 0 Rules of procedure should be fair to know we are wanted in spite of our by the same standards you use with and clearly stated. shortcomings. You will need to keep in more mature youth is quite unfair. By 0 mind both the group and the individual. Judging must be fair and impartial. the same token, being too easy will 0 By providing encouragement, showing slow their development. It is better to distribute recogni- interest in each member and in the tion among a number of worthy 0 Put youngsters at ease. Some of group, and listening to their problems the youth you work with will be contestants than to concentrate on one as well as triumphs, you will help meet nervous. Some are afraid of you (even or two top winners. this need for affection. though your friends all think you are a Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu The Leader's Role As an adviser: The rewards of teaching any subject • assist members and parents in are indeed great, but dog obedience The success you have as a 4-H dog selecting projects. training is doubly rewarding because project leader may depend somewhat • help club officers plan and conduct you can see both the member and dog on the experience you have had meetings. respond. You will see dramatic changes previously as a 4-H leader or the from week to week as they both • provide guidance to members of training you receive from the OSU progress through the training course. Extension Service staff. Regardless of committees for club activities or The leader also guides the club in special projects. your knowledge of the 4-H program or social activities. The 4-H dog club past experience, take the time to talk • counsel with junior leaders. should have a balance of project work with the county Extension agent and • help members see how they can and recreation. Remember that the have a clear understanding of the role become active in the betterment of club exists for the development of the you will play, the assistance available, their community. young people; the dog is only a tool for and the goals of the dog club. It is As a teacher: this purpose. much better to have this understanding Special training meetings help lead- at the outset. • take the responsibility for the ers accomplish their job effectively. The leader's job has many aspects. education (you must have a good Most training programs will include These may be divided into three knowledge of dogs and their care new information to keep you up to general categories: organizer, adviser, and training). date. An exchange of ideas among and teacher. Specific responsibilities in • provide for the presentation of leaders allows new leaders to benefit each category include: subject matter from the project from the experiences of others. books. As an organizer: • keep abreast of new developments in The leadership team • get the club organized. the project field so that you can Leadership in a 4-H club is a shared • enroll club members. teach this to members. experience. You, the members, and • secure project material for members. • help members plan and present everyone concerned will benefit if you • plan a yearly program that gives demonstrations. extend the leadership opportunities to balance between educational, social, • conduct tours or other club activities a greater number of people. recreational, and service activities. to reinforce your teaching efforts. Junior leaders are older 4-H mem- • keep members informed of educa- • indirectly teach, by the example you bers who assume specific, predeter- tional activities and encourage their set, such values and behaviors as mined responsibilities. They might participation. punctuality, responsibility, respect teach project information, assist the • involve parents in the club's program. for others, the dignity of work, and constructive use of leisure time. club officers plan and conduct the • make arrangements for meetings and meeting, work with committees of club activities. You will find additional information members on special projects, counsel on the role of the 4-H leader in members to keep 4-H records, and Organizing a 4-H Club, (4-H 0242L), conduct phases of the obedience and Planning a 4-H Club (4-H 0240L). training. You should have a good knowledge The junior leader works under the of dog obedience training. You can supervision of the adult leader. Both gain this knowledge by taking a dog adult and junior leaders should clearly through an obedience training course define respective responsibilities so and by study of the 4-H that misunderstandings do not arise. bulletins. The subject of dog training is broad and intense. You are not Resource people exist in every expected to have the answer to all community who might be called upon questions. You may find it necessary to to help with a 4-H club. enlist the help of individuals in the • Veterinarians. These professionals vicinity who have a knowledge of might be called upon for one-time certain aspects of dog care and programs on animal health, first aid, training. For example, you may from disease prevention, nutrition, and time to time need the help of a general care. veterinarian or a professional groomer • Owners of dog grooming estab- to teach certain parts of the program. lishments. Programs on grooming, If you know your subject, you will including tooth care, and care of very likely be a good teacher—you can toenails, are possible choices. be a good teacher even though you have not taught before. With a little experience, you will become a better teacher, although the extra enthusiasm that new teachers seem to have often more than makes up for a lack of experience. Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu • Dog fanciers. You could invite The Project afford, individual preference regarding dog breeders in the area to present breed, amount of grooming required, programs on history of breeds of dogs and plans for using the animal. they own and on care of . If Options It is not necessary to buy a purebred they show, they could teach handling The 4-H dog project offers a number or registered animal to benefit and techniques. of options for focus of activities and participate in a 4-H dog project. A • Professional handlers. Showing, education. They include: sound, healthy animal of good confor- mation is needed. dog grooming, and nutrition, are • dog care, management, and Dogs may be of any age, however, logical programs for professional ownership. handlers. the younger the puppy, the more • obedience and showmanship patience the member must have. • Feed company representatives. training. Representatives of food companies As members gain experience, they • trick and costume experiences. could logically be asked to give may have more than one dog in their programs on animal nutrition. In many • training. project. There is no limit to the number instances, they have access to films that • field dog training. of dogs a member may have. could be used. • (sheep and cattle) All dogs should be immunized for , distemper, hepatitis, lepto- • Other 4-H leaders and members. training. spirosis, and parvovirus. Proof of Leaders and members of established The Guide Dog Project is open to vaccination will be required for partici- clubs are often available to put on 4-H'ers in the 7th to 12th grades with pation in some activities. demonstrations. at least one year's dog care experience. • Parents. Don't overlook parents The youngster's family is involved in as a source of teaching help. Getting to this project, and special rules must be know the parents helps identify possi- followed. You can obtain information ble areas where they have special and applications on the 4-H project knowledge or interest. from Oregon State University Exten- sion Service 4-H agents. After the dogs Parent cooperation provides the arrive, send members' names to the foundation of support for the activities State 4-H Office; identification cards of your club. Other 4-H leaders report will be issued. This project is an that involvement of the parents early in opportunity to provide a community the club year helps develop parent service. understanding of 4-H work. A member may participate in the Specific examples of ways to involve 4-H dog project under the following parents include: options: • Contact parents before first club • Own or have access to a dog or a meeting to briefly explain the 4-H Dog family dog. Care and Training project. Include • Make arrangement to use or lease discussion of necessary equipment, an animal owned by another person. financial responsibilities, etc. • Share a dog with a brother or • Invite parents to the first meeting sister. (Use this option when a family so that both members and parents cannot afford a second dog or it is not learn what is expected of them. desirable to have another dog in the • Contact parents by phone or home family.) visit during the year so that you may • Without a dog. become better acquainted. Some of the boys and girls will own • Rotate meetings to members' or have access to dogs at the time they homes. Space may prevent holding dog join 4-H; others will not. The leader training meetings at homes, but should be prepared to counsel parents business meetings and those that do and members as to the most suitable not involve training probably could be breed of dogs. rotated. Young boys and girls should not • Ask parents to assist with some select dogs that are too large for them club activities. Each parent has some to handle. Younger and smaller dogs area of expertise to contribute. with good dispositions are usually • Encourage parents to assist with better and safer for the younger home practice of obedience training, members. and with preparation of reports that Points to consider in selecting the members are assigned. kind of animal include: the member's • Recognize the assistance that age, weight, degree of experience and parents give the club. skill, facilities available for keeping the • Urge parents to organize car pools dog, price the member and family can to insure good attendance at meetings. Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu Materials There are a number of reference For these reasons, you will probably 4-H literature is a valuable aid for materials available for 4-H clubs that organize the project so that it continues the leader in planning and providing a may be requested by the leader at the throughout the year. The length of the club experience to 4-H members. Your county Extension office. Consult the course, however, and frequency of meetings may be discussed with a own experiences, those of the county A nimal Science Projects and Materials List (4-H 0231L) for current titles. county Extension agent or community Extension agents, and other leaders in coordinator. your county will be valuable in helping you to determine uses for these Organize the dog project so the members can easily recognize when publications. A 4-H leader is a teacher of young they fulfill the requirements of one The 4-H dog materials provide an people. Carry out your role as a phase of training and proceed to the outline of the subject matter emphasis. teacher in the 4-H program in an next. This provides the feeling of Use these materials as training guides informal manner that focuses on progress and achievement essential to to the care and showing of dogs, to personal growth and development of members who are "learning by doing." teach subject matter, and as references each individual, using the dog program for other areas of interest. At the as a vehicle. Use of the four elements second or third meeting, give the of an effective club meeting—an Records members some project materials and opening, a brief business session, It is a good idea to give the record encourage them to begin a notebook project work, and recreation—will help forms to members at the second or which they will bring to all meetings. you achieve a balance. You will find third meeting. You may want to invite You should continue to furnish appro- detailed information on each of these the parents to this meeting, so that they priate material at intervals throughout elements in Organizing a 4-H Club, will learn about the purposes of records the project. 4-H 0242L. This publication mentions and about how parents can help. Share The 4-H Dog Advancement Pro- refreshments as an additional meeting the yearly program with the parents at gram (4-H 1204) should be a regular element. Because of the potential this time. part of the teaching in your 4-H club. safety hazards to youngsters and their Keeping accurate and complete It will provide helpful suggestions for dogs generated by food when the dogs records is important for the overall club programs and set realistic goals are present, plan refreshments when development of the 4-H member. for members to achieve in 4-H. the dogs are absent. Record-keeping stimulates members to The advancement program gives the During the project work portion of analyze results and to strive for self- leader excellent guidelines for develop- the meeting, vary the methods you use improvement. ing the club program. It is designed so to present material. This helps hold Recordkeeping is easier for some than that young people can move at their interest. Great variety in presentation others. Guidance and encouragement own speed. The advancement program is possible. Lectures, blackboard talks, from the leader and the parents will help is a tool to motivate self-learning. movies, slides, demonstrations, judg- boys and girls take pride in keeping ac- If there is considerable difference in ing contests, practice sessions, quiz curate, neat records that reflect their the individual advancement of members, contests, and tours can all contribute 4-H accomplishments. several levels of the program will be to the learning process. Older 4-H Each 4-H member with a dog project pursued simultaneously within the members and other dog fanciers can should keep a 4-H Dog Record club. This is an opportunity for junior help with the teaching. Use several (4-H 121R). Computer kept records are leaders, or older 4-H members, to methods or aids in the project work. acceptable. Other record forms a assist. Imaginative use of various methods member receives are My Permanent 4-H When members have completed a will help make "dry" material fun for Record (4-H 033R) and My 4-H Notes level of advancement, you may obtain your members. (4-H 039R). You can obtain informa- advancement certificates from the Planning and flexibility are the keys tion on how to use them from your county Extension office. Present these to leading an effective 4-H club county Extension agent. A variety of at a club meeting (this could be a program. You will need to identify state and national scholarships, awards special recognition function). For help goals for your program based on your and honors are available to 4-H mem- in using the advancement program, level of knowledge, the resources in bers, who should be told about these refer to the 4-H Advancement Program, your community, and the needs of opportunities and the importance of Leader Guide (4-H 029L). your club members. Planning a 4-H current, well-kept records. Leaders Club Program (4-H 02401) can be a should contact the county 4-H agent helpful guide. Flexibility is important; for information on state and different groups and individuals ad- national recognition programs. vance at different rates. The 4-H dog project is a comprehen- sive program designed to develop proficiency in basic phases of dog work. Much of its value lies in giving youth complete responsibility for care and training of a dog over a consider- able period of time. Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu Program Planning devote to each phase will depend on to column three and decide the your judgment and on the size and teaching method that would be most progress of the group. Members should effective for you. Each club should have a yearly have experiences in all areas. Vary the A word of caution: There are several program. The program provides a meeting in content and activity. ideas and skills shown in each major logical sequence of educational, social, Your program guide is designed to topic. Don't try to cover all the ideas in and recreational experiences for give specific suggestions for most one meeting. It is best to cover one idea members. Use Planning a 4-H Club Pro- topics that might be included in a 4-H well. Keep in mind the variety of gram (4-H 0240L) for ideas and help in dog club meeting. It is simple to use. teaching methods and topics to be planning the club program. Your own As you plan your meeting, you need to covered, as well as whether the meeting experiences and imagination will be select a general topic that you wish to will be indoors or outside. The content helpful in developing a meaningful teach. Suggestions are shown in the included will take several years to program. column on the lefthand side. Column cover. The program guides that follow are two lists the suggested skills or new The ideas shown are only suggestions. suggestions only. How much time you ideas for that topic. After you choose There are many ideas that you will be the skill or ideas you wish to teach, go able to add to this list.

4-H Member Objective Subject What to teach Suggested learning activities

To increase knowledge The story of the dog How the dog was Members give reports on the development of about dogs ^ ^j developed the dog. The dog breeds Groups and breeds of Members give reports on breed of dog, dogs including description, use, and history. Conduct field trips to kennels to learn about breeds. Study breeds by groups. Use identification cards or charts. Show films and slides. Judge dogs. Study registrations of dogs. Dog ownership Legal and moral Responsible pet ownership. responsibilities

To learn about career Career opportunities Acquaint members with Refer to section on careers in this opportunities in the career opportunities publication. dog field Visit or have speakers on: professional handlers kennels judges veterinarians field training dog training writers and equipment grooming (pet and supply store). Members research and give reports on these visits.

To have fun and Show others what Make educational display covering some explore new we have learned phase of the program. opportunities Make display on 4-H and dog project for school, window, etc. Participate in fun match, contest, or demon- stration at rest homes and shopping centers. Tricks and costumes How to teach dog tricks, Show others the tricks your dog can do. originality, and safety. Pet or costume parade. Research Assist in opportunity Let other members research and present for research or more topics to club and other groups. advanced study

8 Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu

4-H Member Objective Subject What to teach Suggested learning activities

To learn basic Feeding Feeding your dog Members discuss the feeds they are using knowledge on health, and bring labels and containers. grooming, and Visit feeds store. feeding of the dog. Invite a feed company representative to visit the club. Health of the dog The diseases of dogs; Have members give reports on diseases, how to treat a dog parasites, and illnesses. Have members visit veterinary clinic. Demonstrations on treating a dog. First aid. Grooming the dog Maintaining proper Members demonstrate bathing, combing, health of a dog clipping toenails, and trimming hair. Visit a grooming parlor.

To learn about the Parts of the dog The location and names Use teaching aid 4-H 1206. anatomy of a dog. of the parts of the dog Members identify parts of their animal. Members complete an outline of animals to identify parts. Internal anatomy, The internal parts of the Members look up materials in library. skeletal anatomy dog and skeletal structure Visit with veterinarian. Members complete an outline of animals to identify internal and skeletal parts. Nervous, digestive, and The parts that make up Visit a veterinarian. respiratory systems. these systems Members give reports based on materials in library. Use veterinary science 4-H materials. Members complete a drawing that identifies the parts.

To learn dog obedience Dog obedience Sit—from heel See Leader Training Manual. training techniques —from down —comefore Heel Show how; let members practice. Long Sit Long down Invite a trainer to attend the meetings to Stand for examination show how. Recall Older or more advanced members work with The Figure 8 younger members. Heel free Drop on recall Participate in fun matches and shows. Retrieve on flat Long sit (out of sight) Attend dog shows or field trials. Long Down (out of sight) Recall over high jump Retrieve over high jump Broad jump Directed retrieve Scent discrimination Showmanship The techniques of Refer to Leader Training Manual. showmanship Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu

4-IHI Memlber Objective Sobjecit What to teaclh Suggested learaiing activities

To learn proper Keeping 4-H records What records to keep, Schedule regular meetings for keeping recordkeeping how to keep, why to keep, records. methods and how to evaluate Record members should Use an overhead projector to help members keep: see how to keep records. 4-H dog record, Members share their records with other 4-H permanent record, and members. 4-H notes. Review records periodically to see if the member needs help. Junior leaders can assist. Members keep score sheets from obedience matches and contests for evaluation.

Making a family pet Preparing for a dog How members should Visit kennels and/or pet homes. prepare for a dog Study and evaluate different kinds of feed dishes. Make a bed box for the puppy. a dog How to housebreak a dog Members demonstrate methods. Corrective training Methods of corrective Members give talks or demonstrate various training types of corrective training.

• first aid 7. Give the dog a rest during break • animal health period. Use of time • judging 8. Do not bring any dog to class Break the time set aside for project • recordkeeping that appears to be ill, or any female in work during the meeting into three • principles of judging heat. In these circumstances, you can segments: group training of the dogs, Set aside time for informal training. attend without the dog to keep up teaching, and informal training. It is This is the time when you can give with topics. recommended that you conduct these individualized attention. Answer ques- 9. Practice at least 15 minutes segments in this order: the group tions informally; give junior leaders every day. Dogs learn by doing the training segment demands a lot of the opportunity to work with a small same thing over and over. Practice is energy from dogs and members, which group of younger members. serious business, and no play time helps to minimize distractions during should be allowed until after the the teaching segment. Class guidelines practice session is over. If you have Training is for the whole group 1. Never feed a dog just before practiced regularly and followed during the first segment. This allows coming to class. Feed at least 3 to 4 instructions, your dog should accom- members to work together and experi- hours earlier so that the dog does not plish all of the exercises and score well ence not only their own but other become carsick or upset from the at the fair. members' mistakes and strengths. It excitement of training. 10. Wear tennis shoes or rubber- also allows the leader to help all 2. If your dog relieves itself, you soled shoes. Do not wear sandals. members work through common exer- are responsible for cleaning up. Slacks and jeans are best to wear; cises as a group. however, floppy slacks that interfere The teaching segment provides the 3. Never attach tags, baubles, etc., to the training collar. with the dog are not acceptable. opportunity to cover the "book work" 11. Everyone must comply with the of the dog project. This "book work" 4. Use the training collar (slip- chain) only when practicing at home or rules covering the use of the building or can include: demonstrations, discus- grounds. sions, slides, movies, and 4-H judging in class. Never tie your dog or leave it (decisionmaking). Some important unattended wearing a slip-choke 12. Remember the four "P's" of topics to cover during the course of a collar—it could become entangled and obedience training—practice, patience, project year are: choke to death. praise, and perseverance. Use these ° breeds of dogs and their uses 5. The leash should be soft leather words often because they are so o parts of a dog or webbing, 6 feet in length. Never use important to success in training a dog. ° types of equipment a chain leash; it will hurt your hands ° parts of equipment and correction of your dog will be ° care of equipment weak and inconsistent. 9 nutrition 6. Help prevent dog fights. Never • safety precautions leave your dog unattended or on a loose leash in class.

10 Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu • Dog struggles in play: Correction • Crooked sit: Handler did not push required. Demand the dog accepts the straight down on dog's croup when /iV ^.^i command with no fooling around. teaching the sit or did not use the hand • Lack of firm voice command: correction for a sufficient length of Discuss with handler. time. He or she may have tried to get • Won't go down: To obtain the the dog to sit with a leash correction down position, use the left elbow to alone. Return to sit correction. exert pressure to tip the dog toward • Dog leans against handler on sit: you. Bump dog with left leg. Use a • Slow response: Handler needs to straight-up, vertical leash correction. exert stronger and quicker pressure on • Rocking into the sit: Dog is the dog's shoulders with the left arm. heeling too far back. Improper leash corrections on the sit may have been The Stand made by pulling back instead of up. • Moves front feet: Handler needs The handler's stepping quickly will firm control of the collar with the right cause the dog to forge slightly and help hand. correct this. • Dog fails to stand: Exert forward • Inattention: Sharp snap on lead pressure on the collar with the right the instant the dog looks away, Obedience problems hand while simultaneously exerting an coupled with a "Watch me!" command. This section discusses some of the upward pressure on the dog's stomach • Forging on the slow pace: Snap more common problems and offers with the back of the right hand. back of the leash as the handler starts suggestions. There are no exact answers • Dog moves rear feet: Block any to slow the pace along with the "Watch to the problems because of individual movement with the side of the left me" command. differences. Define the problem and hand pressing on the dog's stifle. suggest a solution based on the • Poor slow pace: Handler is experience and capabilities of the Heeling on a Leash adapting to dog rather than insisting the dog maintain heel position. handler-dog team. Observe the trainees • All heeling errors stem from poor closely to be certain they understand heel position. Emphasize the impor- • Lag on fast: Same as other lags. and execute the training method tance of proper heel postion at all Insist on proper heel position. The properly. Emphasize the need for sessions and continually insist that the handlers sprinting can help correct this proper technique with the dog to avoid handler try for the correct position. problem. development of training problems. • Adapting pace: Make sure han- • Timing of commands: Make sure Correct poor techniques immediately. dlers work at a brisk pace. the handler gives the "Heel" command before starting to move. Warn against • Pulling on leash rather than The Sit a jerk or correction unless the dog does snapping corrections: Using the trainee • Handler's voice tone: Make sure a not start on command. to act the part of the dog, the command is given in a firm, sharp— • Poor turns: Poor turns result from but not loud— manner. Watch for instructor demonstrates the use of the lead. With trainee holding one end of poor heel position. Suggest ways to tones that tend to ask rather than maintain proper heel position, and the command. the lead, show what happens with a steady pull versus the leash snapped dog's turn will improve. • Dog moves front feet: Dog is properly. (Give slack and snap.) excited and needs calming. Handler The Sit Stay (Preliminary) must hold collar firmly. • Handler uses voice correction, • Handler too far away: Insist that "Stop this:" The voice is used to • Poor timing: Make certain the dog the handler remain right in front of the is given the command only once and encourage and praise. dog, a position from which he or she simultaneously with the forced sitting • Dog forges: Give slack on leash can make any necessary correction. action. and snap back. With extreme forges, a • Movements: Jerk up and toward • Slow sit: Handler is not forcing series of two or three jerks in the dog accompanied by a "No!" voice succession may be required. Never let the dog into the sit position quickly command. enough. the leash get tight. • Dog rolls over on hip: Tap the low • Dog rocks to sit: Trainer is • Dog is wide: Sidestep right, snap hip with the toe accompanied with a allowing dog's front feet to move. and praise. "Sit" command. Do not kick. (May Firm up grip on the collar. • Dog lags: Use voice encourage- cause the dog to break.) • Dog swings rear end: Pressure on ment and pat left leg to manipulate the • Moving front feet: Brush dog's the rear quarters is not straight down. dog into the proper position. Any leash toes with the toe of the shoe and at the correction must be with short snaps; do same time give a "sit" command. (Do The Down not haul the dog into position. not put pressure on the dog's feet; this • Dog struggles from fear: Handler • Dog crowds: Bump with left leg. may cause injury or the dog to break.) must calm (but not baby) dog by Step into the dog when it crowds. • Whining: Grasp muzzle firmly, talking to it in a calm, reassuring • Slow sit: Handler stopped pushing shake, and command, "No!" manner, gently stroking it at the same the dog into the sit position too soon. time. Return to sit corrections. 11 Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu The Sit (at the end of the leash) Trainee must go back and perfect these • Slow recall: Dog is confused, lacks • Dognot incorrect position: The lessons. confidence or incentive to come. Dog handler should not go to the end of the • Dog shies away: Judgment is has not been snapped properly when leash. This could develop a habit that is called for in making corrections so the trained the recall. Possibly the dog has ^^ difficult to break. Practice Lesson 1. dog does not break the stand. Correc- been hauled in on a tight lead and ■ • Dog lies down: An upward, tion is best accomplished by further holds back to resist the pressure. To ^^ toward-the-dog pull on the leash, practice of sit for examination until the correct, leave the dog on a stay and go giving the voice command at the same dog is steady on examination... then to the end of the leash; turn, call, and time. progresses to stand for examination. snap, all at the same time. As the dog approaches, snap the lead again, and • Dog moving as handler returns: (Correct immediately the slightest repeat until the dog is close to the Upward pressure (no jerk) on the movement in sit for examination.) handler. Then the handler praises leash, with a steadying voice in • Dog moves toward examiner: profusely. No sit in front at this point conversation. Same correction as for the shy dog. as the intent is to correct the slow • Dog moves as handler returns: • Dog whining: Immediate return, recall. Never let the lead get tight. The cause is pattern training or too muzzle correction, and voice command Praise abundantly. (If food treats are much praise. Practice different types "No!" used for rewards, use boiled liver, of returns and train the dog not to pieces of hot dogs, etc., rather than The Down Stay move until released by the handler. • Dog starts to rise: Immediate biscuit-type treats that the dog must Praise by patting with the hand rather chew.) downward force on the withers. than excessive vocal praise. Recall Off Lead • Dog creeps: Brush front feet with The Front Position handler's shoe, accompanied by the • A dog may have been corrected • Handler turns: Insist the handler "No!" command. repeatedly when it came to the handler, step straight back about three steps. so it hesitates to come. The trainer • Dog rises as handler returns: Dog The dog must do the turning. may have been given too much praise must overcome this. • Dog sits out: Leash correction by in practice session. Practice walking • Perform no off-lead recalls until snapping the dog close to the handler's around dog when returning, instead of the dog is 100 percent correct on-lead. always going directly to heel position. feet. Do not reach for the dog or touch it with the hands. • Correct most problems by going Inside dog stays down until handler back on the leash. gives release command. • Dog sits crooked: Step back as the dog starts the crooked sit and brush the • Long lines sometimes help, but • See The Sit Stay as many errors generally the problem is apparent ^ and corrections are the same. crooked hip with the toe while guiding with the leash. Do not kick. on-lead, if the trainee or instructor fl Stays (in general) • Handler fails to give the command: recognizes it. ^^ Many stay problems are caused by Make correction or give sufficient • First off-lead recalls should be the handler's failure to give full praise. Insist on all three. only 6 to 8 feet long. attention to the dog during practice or • Never allow the handler to grasp Recall (Preliminary) to make necessary corrections. The the dog. • Dog fails to respond: The cause is handler must correct immediately any • If the dog fails to come when generally failure to snap the leash at movement, no matter how small, by off-lead, return to use of the lead in the same time the command, "(Name), leash and/or voice command. order to correct. (No double com- come," is given. Handlers err if they believe that mands.) Correct and praise recalls, practicing the stay exercise is an • Dog slows down as it approaches using the lead. opportunity to relax and if they fail to handler: Usually a handler's fault observe small movements that must be because he or she has grabbed the dog Figure 8 corrected. When training, the handler's on the front or recall. Make all Errors in the Figure 8 are caused by undivided attention must be on the corrections with the leash or the toes. the dog's not maintaining proper heel dog. Never grasp a dog with the hands; it position. will confuse the dog because hands are • Handler adapts pace: Insist the The Stand for Examination associated with petting. handler maintain the same pace around Any problems in this exercise • Dog anticipates "Come!" com- both posts. undoubtedly are the result of insuffi- mand: If the dog starts before the • Dog bumps: Correct by heeling cient training, or poor execution of the handler notices, the handler must call it and making left U turns. Bump dog by stand and/or stay (Lessons 1 and 3). in. A correction here would denote to bringing the right knee across the body the dog that it is not supposed to come and contacting the dog's shoulder. to the handler. Return the dog to the • Dog lags on outside turn: The starting position, give a collar correc- handler cannot correct this with hard tion, leave, and return. Repeat, but the jerks on the lead. Correct with voice second time call the dog: "(Name), praise, short snaps, and patting. Make come!" (This is really a stay fault, not sure handler doesn't slow the pace, ^fe one on the recall.) which tends to aggravate the problem. ^^ Speeding up may help.

12 Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu Teaching Aids Pictures, charts, and diagrams can make hazy word images crystal clear. Put sparkle in your 4-H program by Is the hot dog a panting pooch or a using teaching aids. A teaching aid is wiener sizzling over the fire? The anything that will make learning fun picture will clear up any misconceptions. and inspire the 4-H member to retain Use a variety of methods during the new information. It can be the spark year or at a single meeting. This makes that captures interest and holds it it more interesting to members; there- steady throughout the project. Teach- fore you can accomplish more. It ing aids eliminate misconceptions and would be a mistake to have all movies, make instructions clear. They can be all outside speakers, or all lectures. the key to involvement—that magic Teaching aids make minds receptive ingredient that can increase by perhaps and put "I love 4-H" in the total as much as 90 percent, the knowledge program. members retain. When boys and girls are doing Demonstrations • With a scale, show quantity of dry project work, they are actively involved. A demonstration is showing and dog food weighing Vi ounce and But what about the information telling how to do something. This canned (wet) commercial dog food available from project books that they teaching method is particularly applica- weighing 1 Vi ounces. Show the quan- may not read? Teaching aids such as ble in dog care training. You can teach tity of each needed for a 15-pound dog puzzles, quiz contests, relay and action much of the subject matter in this (toy), a 50 pound dog (for example, a games, flash card contests, and project program only by demonstrations, pointer) and a 75-pound dog (for word games stimulate the desire to followed by supervised practice. As example, ). learn and remember while providing 4-H members master each phase of • How to apply powders to control recreation and socialization. These aids their training, wise leaders provide cost little to make and can be prepared fleas, ticks, and mites. them the opportunity to conduct • How to aid shedding. by leaders, junior leaders, or members. presentations themselves. By so doing, Other teaching aids include films, members develop poise, initiative, and • How to cut out hair mats. slides, field trips, demonstrations, the ability to impart knowledge to • Bathing a dog using dry bath and talks, pictures, charts, diagrams, and others. They can then assist the leader soap and water. resource persons. in training less experienced members. • Grooming, toenail trimming. Carefully select the best teaching aid Whenever the subject matter of the • How to give dog liquid medicine; for your purpose, one that will provide meeting permits action, a demonstra- a direct experience and develop how to give dog a pill. tion adds interest. Demonstrations in a • How to tie dog's jaws so it cannot meaning. Keep in mind time available, public presentation will encourage expense, preparation needed, and bite while being examined and treated better understanding by the audience. for injuries. distance. A field trip can be a The topic or the information to be wonderful teaching aid, but it's not discussed will be influenced by the ages • Dog judging. (Motion picture and standards for dachshund, boxer, and always possible. You might use a film and the experience of the 4-H members. cocker may be obtained from instead, to condense time, eliminate Note that younger members may be the International Kennel Club of distance, cut expenses, and still bring uncomfortable with the formal ap- Chicago, 4300 S. Halsted St., Chicago, into focus the knowledge club mem- proach to "demonstrations" but may bers are seeking. do quite well sharing knowledge with 111. 60609). Demonstrations can change a failing other club members. Approach the • Training for any one of the five effort into successful achievement. We area of demonstrations subtly and basic obedience commands. draw from past experience to apply gradually. Here are suggested demon- • Training for tricks: sit up, play meaning until a broader knowledge is strations that members may give as age "catch," carry, fetch, roll over, jump, achieved. Through the steps of a and experience permit: don't touch it. demonstration the newer meaning • Training dog for show: moving becomes clear. For example, a dog club • How to make a box for a new puppy. for judge's inspection, posing for member, told to correct a dog for inspection, showing teeth to judge. improper heeling, might hit the dog or • How to lift and carry a puppy. shame it, but a demonstration showing • Use of hand signals in advanced • How to construct a kennel for obedience training. the quick snap of the loose lead would outdoor use. make the intended communication • How to make and use an outdoor clear. Members who know how should kennel and fenced run. be encouraged and allowed to show how, for this will also enrich their • How to erect and use a wire run learning experience. for a dog. • Explain nutritional value of a dry commercial dog food, a canned or wet-type commercial dog food, and table scraps. Show examples.

13 Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu

Tests Field trips provide a variety in the Slides and movies are available from training techniques, and members find dog associations, Oregon State Univer- "Agree or disagree" questions are them enjoyable. Prior arrangements sity, public libraries, and other sources. popular. Use those that relate directly for tours and field trips are important. It is important that you preview these to dogs, their training, and the dog Carry through what you hope to ahead of time so that you are familiar owner's responsibilities. Another name accomplish on a tour or field trip in an with the content and satisfied that they for this type of exercise is "true or educational manner. are up to date. false" test. In a few minutes you can Inexpensive insurance is available. Talks by special resource persons make up a set of questions from any This insurance covers members on all such as trained nutritionists for feed chapter in the members' manual. 4-H activities. Discuss this with your firms, veterinarians, or dog breeders Here is a sample: county Extension agent. make excellent club features. ° Horse meat provides a complete dog food. (F) o Dogs should be fed three times a At various times during the club identification day, at our meal times. (F) year, you might organize workshops 4-H judging teaches decision making. 0 A dog should be fed Vi ounce of a on the state or county level that would This is accomplished by drawing dry dog food per pound of dog weight be of interest to you and your together "classes" of items. A class each day. (T) members. You will receive newsletters normally consists of four similar items 0 or other communication from your within a particular situation. For The same quantity of canned county Extension office about these commercial dog food should be fed example bring four kinds of collars; a activities that are sponsored by other braided rope collar, a buckled leather daily as for dry commercial dog food. clubs. Workshops can enrich and add (F) collar, a slip chain collar, and a plastic 0 interest to your local club program. snap-on collar. Describe a training Chicken and turkey bones are situation and ask the members to rate good for dogs to chew. (F) 0 Other devices the four collars from best to worst for Vitamin supplements are needed Word Scramble: Select any number use in the circumstances you have even when feeding a well-balanced of words from any chapter under described. To simplify the activity for ration. (F) discussion for scrambling. Present younger members, you may want to If you wish, you can ask members to them to members on paper or on a use three or two choices rather than write down their answers, then ex- blackboard. four. Identification of various items of ^^ change and correct each others' Puzzle Solution papers. Another method is to read a equipment, and parts and anatomy of ^M statement and ask members who agree MEZLUZ Muzzle the dog can also be included in these to raise their hands. Then ask members WEHITSR Withers club activities. County and statewide who disagree to raise their hands. FAREHTES Feathers contests usually include identification Compare the count. Invite a few SUDHEOLR Shoulder sections as well as judging of classes. members to give reasons why they PESARTN Pastern Obedience and showmanship score agreed or disagreed before giving the Crossword Puzzles: A crossword sheets are available from your county correct answer. puzzle is available to use as a teaching Extension office for use in orienting A third variation would be to divide aid. It is based on parts of the animal. yourself and your members to what a the members into two groups. Give one This is discussed further under 4-H judge looks for in the show ring. These group a few minutes to make up Materials. Develop your own cross- can be very helpful if your members questions from a chapter in the word puzzles to make learning fun for decide to show their dogs. members' manual that is under the members. discussion. The other team attempts to Make your own The Dog Breeds Wall Chart: Each answer the questions. This is an Make up your own crossword excellent method for teaching as it club should have a copy of this puzzle. Print clues, or picture the involves the young people and makes excellent aid in teaching the various subject with numbered arrows pointing breeds and groups. Check with your learning fun. to the part to be identified. This is a county Extension service 4-H agent. good way to learn to identify parts of Tours and field trips an animal, types of material, kinds of Trips to kennels, dog shows, obedi- equipment, or names of breeds. ence training classes, field trials, and Quiz questions are met with enthusi- various aspects of the dog industry asm if presented as a game. Divide into available in your community are valuable in opening the eyes of club members to the impact of the "world of dogs" on community activities.

14 Archivalteams after Copy. the Formanner current of television information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu game shows. Each team may choose a name (for example the Sporting Dogs vs. the Dogs). Allow points for Genetics each question and a 10-second time technology A geneticist works to develop • limit. Some members may serve as The field of laboratory animal care strains, varieties, breeds, and hybrids scorekeeper, time clerk, and moder- is growing rapidly. Young men and of plants and animals that are better ator—all learning experiences. Take women with specialized training are suited than those presently available. questions from project material and urgently needed. There are very few list them on individual cards. The first people with formal education in this team to ring a bell or raise a hand gets a field. Colleges, universities, drug These scientists study bacteria; the chance to answer first, but subtract companies, research firms, hospitals, relation of other microorganisms to points if their answer is incorrect. animal breeders, zoos, and veterinary human, plant, and animal health; and Project relay races put action and hospitals need specially trained people the function of these microorganisms enthusiasm in learning. For example, to care for animals. The number and in the making of products such as try using a slip-chain to make a variety of job opportunities will vitamins, antibiotics, and sugars. training collar, put it on make-believe continue to increase rapidy during the dog, take it off, make it back into coming years. Graduates of this m« straight chain running back to next program can expect to find employ- sy member of relay team. Member must ment and rapidly advance. This new put the collar on correctly before the branch of animal science provides an These professionals study the environ- race can continue. Members will come interesting, rewarding, and challenging mental influences in relation to effi- up with some great relays on project career. cient management of animals; they are work given the opportunity. also concerned with breeding, growth, Flash cards are an exciting way to m nutrition, and physiology of animals. learn to identify things. The first The professional veterinary medicine member to identify the item shown is program provides not only an excellent handed the card. This works equally basic medical education, but also well as a team effort or as an individual training in diagnosis, disease prevention, game. The one with the most cards wins. medical treatment, and surgery. Another good method is the paper and Graduates, therefore, are qualified for pencil way: walk around the table on a great variety of careers in this which flash cards or items are dis- growing profession. There is a current » played and see who can identify the shortage of veterinarians in the United most in a given time. States, and demand is expected to Vocabulary-building games using increase. project words hold members interest. A large group of veterinarians are Rule paper in squares and play as you employed by the U.S. Department of would Scrabble©. Agriculture, the U.S. Public Health You will possibly find that the Service, the U.S. Army, and state, addition of other activities will help county, and local health agencies. keep your members interested. Some Some of the newest and most examples: exciting opportunities for veterinarians • Form a drill team. are research—both for the benefit of • Introduce brace work. the animals and basic research for the • Do a show for senior citizens or benefit of people. Excellent research handicapped people. opportunities are available with col- leges and universities, governmental • Do a club demonstration at agencies, biological and pharmaceuti- half-time during football and basket- cal companies, and private medical ball games. research institutions.

15 Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu

References The American Kennel Club, Obedience Regulations, AKC, New York, N.Y. (Write AKC to receive one free copy.) The American Kennel Club, The Complete Dog Book, Garden City Books, Garden City, New York, N.Y. Ames, Felicia, The Dog You Care For, The New American Library, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1973. Brown, Marshall Hall and Bethney Hall Mason. The Junior Showman- ship Handbook, Howell Book House, New York, N.Y., 1978. Carlquist, Blanche. Simple and Compli- cated Tricks for Dog in Exhibition, The Oregon State University Extension Service Arner Publications, Wesmoreland, provides education and information based on N.Y., 1974. timely research to help Oregonians solve Lyon, McDowell. The Dog in Action, problems and develop skills related to youth, family, community, farm, forest, energy, and Howell Book House, New York, marine resources. N.Y., 1950. Extension's 4-H/youth program assists young Miller, Malcolm E. Anatomy of the people, their families, and adult volunteers to Dog, Saunders Company, Philadel- become productive and self-directing by develop- phia, Pa., 1964. ing their practical skills and knowledge. Profes- Nichols, Virginia. Show Your Own sionals and volunteers together provide educat- ional projects and activities in animal science, Dog, T.F.H. Publications, Neptune, plant science, home economics, mechanical N.J., 1979. science, natural science and expressive arts. Pearsall, Margaret. The Pearsall Guide to Successful Dog Training, Howell This publication was revised by Rosemarie Book House, New York, N.Y., 1974. McWilliams, 4-H leader and Alden Hilliker, Extension specialist, 4-H Youth, Oregon State Pearsall, Milo and Charles G. Leedham. University. The original publication was pre- Dog Obedience Training, Scribner, pared by Duane P. Johnson, State 4-H Leader, New York, N.Y., 1958. with the assistance of the Slate 4-H Dog Saunders, B., How to Trim, Groom Development Committee. and Show Your Dog, Howell Book Extension Service, Oregon State University, House, New York, N.Y., 1972, 2nd Corvallis, O. E. Smith, director. This publica- ed. tion was produced and distributed in furtherance Saunders, B. Training You to Train of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, Your Dog—Novice, Doubleday, Gar- 1914. Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U .S. Department den City, New York, N.Y., 1973. of Agriculture, and Oregon counties. Saunders, B. Training You to Train Your Dog—Open, Doubleday, Gar- Oregon State University Extension Service offers educational programs, activities, and materials den City, New York, N.Y., 1973. without regard to race, color, national origin, Saunders, B. Training You to Train sex, or disability as required by Title VI of the Your Dog—Utility, Doubleday, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Garden City, New York, N.Y., 1973. Education Amendments of 1972, and Section Whitney, Leon F. The Complete Book 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Oregon State University Extension Service is an Equal of Dog Care, Doubleday, New York, Opportunity Employer. N.Y., 1953.