Artificial Recharge in Semi-Arid Region – a Case Study of Maharashtra
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Artificial Recharge in Semi-arid Region – A Case Study of Maharashtra By Dr. S. K. Jain Central Ground Water Board India FIGURE - 2.1 JALGAON DISTRICT NAGPUR GONDIA ( 8 ) ( 6 ) BULDHANA AKOLA WARDHA ( 5 ) BULDHANA (2) ( 15 ) ( 5 ) DELHI ) M A H A R A S H T R A INDIAI N D I A PUNE ( 11 ) KOLKATA , MAHARASHTRA MUMBAI SOLAPUR , (14) CHENNAI , STUDY AREA CHOPDA RAVER YAWAL AMALNER JALGAON MUKTAI NAGAR J AA L GG AA O N D II SS T RR II C TT ERANDOL BHUSAWAL PAROLA JAMNER BHADGAON PACHORA CHALISGAON I N D E X M A P O F T H E S T U D Y A R E A 14 HYDROGEOLOGY OF MAHARASHTRA DRAINAGE TAPI ALLUVIAL BELT MANIKPUR P.T CONSTRUCTED BY CGWB, G ovt . of I ndi a BENODA P.T. CONSTRUCTED BY CGWB, G ovt . of I ndi a CEMENT PLUG AT MAMDAPUR CONSTRUCTED BY CGWB CEMENT PLUG AT TEMBHURKHEDA BY CGWB RAINFALL ANALYSIS Sl. Places Avg. Rainfall Sd Co-eff of Drought Excess no. Rainfall trend (mm) Variation years rainfall (mm) (mm/yr) (%) (%) years (%) 1 JALGAON 774.6 -0.006 181 23 15 11 2 CHOPDA 724.8 -0.322 194 27 18 18 3 YAVA L 736.0 -0.515 209 28 20 21 4 B H U S AVA L 730.0 -1.675 198 27 17 22 5 CHALISGAON 719.0 +0.390 195 27 17 13 PROBABILITY OF RAINFALL OCCURRENCE 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 infall (mm) 800 aa R 700 600 500 400 300 0 102030405060708090100 Probabilty (%) FIGURE - 4.1 D R OO U G H T A R EE AA II NN JJ AA LL GG A O NN DD II SS TT RR II CC TT STUDY AREA CHOPDA RAVER YAWAL AMALNER JALGAON MUKTAI NAGAR ERANDOL BHUSAWAL PAROLA JAMNER BHADGAON PACHORA CHALISGAON LL EE GG EE NN DD DROUGHTD R O U G H T AREAA R E A 46 RAINFALL INTENSITY Month & Year Rainfall Max. Rainfall Intensity mm/ Hrs mm Hrs mm Hrs Jun, 1995 139.1 19.6 55.0 5.0 11.0 Jul, 1995 159.0 50.0 21.5 3.0 7.2 Aug, 1995 39.7 9.6 9.5 1.25 7.6 Sep, 1995 123.9 32.5 36.7 10.25 3.6 Oct, 1995 47.5 5.5 46.0 5.0 9.2 Jun, 1996 19.9 3.4 13.6 1.25 10.0 Jul, 1996 148.4 NA* NA NA NA Aug, 1996 100.0 16.0 39.6 7.00 5.7 Sep, 1996 131. 0 17.2 20. 2 0.75 26. 9 Oct, 1996 58.5 15.8 44.2 9.0 4.9 ANALYSIS OF DAILY RAINFALL Frequency Number of Rainy Days in a Year of Daily Rain (mm) 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 0 - 5 41 18 40 44 38 20 5-10 15 15 7 9 20 2 10-20 17 7 7 13 7 5 20-30 3 5 3 2 2 4 30-40 1 1 4 1 5 - 40-50 1 1 1 1 2 4 50-70 - 1 - 1 - 2 70-100 - - - 1 - 2 100 - - - - 1 - Total 78 48 62 72 75 39 AVERAGE EVAPORATION 14 12 ) 10 m / day mm 8 6 poration ( aa 4 Ev 2 Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Month RAINFALL - RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP HILLY AREA 100 90 80 1995 1996 70 1997 60 1998 m) 50 mm 1999 40 2000 Run offRun ( 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 Monsoon Month Rainfall (mm) RAINFALL – RUNOFF TREND 120 Series1 ) 100 Best fit line mm 80 unoff ( m 60 RR 40 umulative 20 CC 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 y = 0.0072x1.4106 Cumulative Rainfall (mm ) RAINFALL – RUNOFF RELATION ALLUVIAL PLAINS 40 35 30 ) 25 ff (mm oo 20 15 umulative Run CC 10 5 1996 1997 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 Monsoon Monthly Cumulative Rainfall (mm) RAINFALL – RUNOFF TRENDLINE PLAINS Rainfall-Runoff y = 0.026x1.1552 Power (Rainfall-Runoff) 40 30 off (mm) 20 lative Run lative uu 10 Cum 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Cumulative Rainfall (mm) SOIL INFILTRATION RATE IN THE STUDY AREA ≅ ∀ 885 ≅ 1074 024 436 821 814 kilometres ≅ RESERVED FOREST ≅ ≅ ≅ 600 ≅ 509 514 451 ≅ F Nimbadevi ≅ ≅ Baghjhira ≅ 343 ≅ Manudevi Haripura Nagjhira ≅ F 280 Ichkheda 289 273 278 Moharala 235 Malod 286 Naygaon Savkheda Sim 245 i d a N KingaonKh Dahigaon Mhailkhedi k a n u Kingaon Bk a Korpavil h BoralaB Chunchala Dongaon Giradgaon 220 Vaghoda Navra 206 L E G E N D Dambhurni Sakli Infiltration Rate(cm / hour) 191 Sirsad Dagli < 10 B h a u n a k N a d i Manvel Nhavi 191 10 - 20 Shiragad T A P 189 I R Thorgavhan 20 - 30 IV Pathrale E R > 30 67 F I G U R E 5 . 3 Infiltration In The Study Area PREM ONSOON SOIL M OISTURE IN THE STUDY AREA 024 kilom etres N RESERVED FOREST ! F Baghjhira Nimbadevi Manudevi Nagjhira Haripura F Ichkheda Moharala Malod Naygaon Savkheda Sim i d a N Kingaon Kh Dahigaon Mhailkhedi k a n u Kingaon Bk a Korpavil h Borala B Chunchala Dongaon Giradgaon Vaghoda Navra Dambhurni Sakli Sirsad L E G E N D Dagli Soil M oisture B h a u n a k N a d i Manvel ( Percentage ) Nhavi Shiragad T 5-105 - 10 A P I R Thorgavhan IV Pathrale E R < 5 70 HYDROCHEMISTRY | The quality of ground water is generally alkaline and is good for domestic, irrigation and industrial uses. WATER BEARING FORMATIONS… DECCAN TRAP | Weathered, vesicular, fractured and jointed zones form aquifers in Deccan trap. | GW occurs under water table and confined conditions. | The wells tapping Deccan traps shows yield ranges from 21 to 337 m3/day | Deeper aquifer tapped by borewells yield 1.8 to 52 m3/hr. WATER BEARING FORMATIONS… ALLUVIUM | Alluvium having pebbles, gravels and coarse sand forms aquifer zones. | Tub ewell s i n thi s area di sch arge 5 t o 10 lps with transmissivity varying from 83 to 2314 m2/day. | ground water occurs under water table and confined conditions. WATER BEARING FORMATIONS ….. BAZADA A Talus and scree deposits | These occur along the foot hills of satpura and form excellent aquifers. FIGURE - 8.1 H Y D R O G E O L O G Y O F T H E S T U D Y A R E A ≅ 885 1074 ( ≅ 436 821 814 ≅ 0 2 4 RESERVED FOREST ≅ kilom etres ≅ ≅ 600 ≅ 509 451 514 ≅ ≅ Baghjhira Nimbadevi ≅ ≅ 290 Manudevi 343 ≅ Nagjhira ≅ Haripura 280 270 Ichkheda 273 289 290 230 278 270 Moharala 235 Malod 286 190 Naygaon 245 Savkheda Sim i d a N Kingaon Kh Dahigaon Mhailkhedi k a 230 n Kingaon Bk u a 180 h Korpavil Borala B Chunchala 190 Dongaon Giradg aon 220 180 Vaghoda Navra 170 206 Dambhurni Sakli 160 191 Sirsad Dagli L E G E N D B ha u nak N adi Manvel Nhavi 191 Lineamen t 170 T Shiragad A P 160 Drainage I 189 R IV Thorgavhan 180 E Pathrale R Water Table Contour (metre amsl) Water Bearing Formations Deccan Trap Bazada Alluvium 105 FIGURE - 8.5 CHRONOLOGY OF DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL IN THE STUDY AREA SINCE 1975 TO 2000 ( POST- MONSOON SEASON ) 1975 1993 F F F F i ad N k a n hau B i d a N k a n u a h B H a tn u r C a n a l H a tn u r B h a u n a k N a d i C a n a l T A P I B h a u n a k N a d i R IV E R T A P I R IV E R L E G E N D Level Depth to to W aterWater Level (metre below ground level) F F 0 - 10 i d a N k a n u a h B 10 - 20 Drainage H a tn u r C a n a l 20 - 30 B h a u n a k N a d i T A P I R IV E R 30 - 40 2000 115 FIGURE - 8 .4 CHRONOLOGY OF DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL IN THE STUDY AREA SINCE 1964 TO 2000 ( PRE - MONSOON SEASON ) 1964 1975 F F 15m 15m 15m 21m 30m 30m 9m i d a N nak 9 au 9m h m 21m B 6m 15m 15m 9m 9m 6m 9m H a tn u r C a n a l 9m 9m 6m 6m B h a u n a k N a d i T A P I R IV E R 1993 2000 885 ≅ 1074 436 821 ≅ 814 RESERVED≅ FOREST ≅ 600 ≅ ≅ 509 514 451 ≅ Nimbadevi≅ B ag hjhira ≅ ≅ 343 Manudevi ≅ N agjhira H aripura≅ 280 ≅ Ichkheda 289 273 278 Moharala 235 Malod 286 Naygaon Savkheda Sim 245 i d i Na d a Kingaon Kh Dahigaon Mhailkhedi N k a k a n n u au Kingaon Bk a Korpavil h h B Borala B Chunchala 220 Dongaon Giradgaon Vaghoda H Navra a tn u r C 206 a n Dambhurni a l Sakli Sirsad 191 Dagli B h a u n a k N a d i B h a u n a k N a d i Manvel Nhavi 191 T Shiragad A T P A I R P 189 I IV R Thorgavhan E IV Pathrale R E R L E G E N D Depth to W ater Level (metre below ground level) 0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 Drainage 114 GRAPH OF DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20 y = 1.1571x + 20.643 Postmonsoon 22 Premonsoon 24 bgl ) 26 28 TW ( m TW ( m DD 30 y = 0.4905x + 27.043 Ave 32 34 CHANGES IN PRE-MONSOON SCENARIO DTW 0-10m 10 - 20m 20-30m 30-40m 40-50m mbgl 100% 80% 60% AREA 40% 20% 0% 1975 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2000 YEAR CHANGES IN POST-MONSOON SCENARIO 0-10m 10 - 20m DTW 20-30m 30-40m mbgl 100% 80% 60% A RE 40% AA 20% 0% YEAR 1975 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2000 Ave.