Artificial Recharge in Semi-Arid Region – a Case Study of Maharashtra

Artificial Recharge in Semi-arid Region – A Case Study of Maharashtra

By Dr. S. K. Jain Central Ground Water Board India FIGURE - 2.1

JALGAON DISTRICT

NAGPUR GONDIA ( 8 ) ( 6 )

BULDHANA AKOLA WARDHA ( 5 ) BULDHANA (2) ( 15 ) ( 5 )

DELHI ) M A H A R A S H T R A INDIAI N D I A

PUNE ( 11 ) KOLKATA , MAHARASHTRA MUMBAI SOLAPUR , (14)

CHENNAI ,

STUDY AREA

CHOPDA RAVER YAWAL

AMALNER J AA L GG AA O N JALGAON D II SS T RR IMUKTAII C TT NAGAR ERANDOL BHUSAWAL

PAROLA

JAMNER

BHADGAON PACHORA

CHALISGAON

I N D E X M A P O F T H E S T U D Y A R E A

14 HYDROGEOLOGY OF MAHARASHTRA DRAINAGE TAPI ALLUVIAL BELT MANIKPUR P.T CONSTRUCTED BY CGWB, G ovt . of I ndi a BENODA P.T. CONSTRUCTED BY CGWB, G ovt . of I ndi a CEMENT PLUG AT MAMDAPUR CONSTRUCTED BY CGWB CEMENT PLUG AT TEMBHURKHEDA BY CGWB RAINFALL ANALYSIS

Sl. Places Avg. Rainfall Sd Co-eff of Drought Excess no. Rainfall trend (mm) Variation years rainfall (mm) (mm/yr) (%) (%) years (%)

1 JALGAON 774.6 -0.006 181 23 15 11

2 CHOPDA 724.8 -0.322 194 27 18 18

3 YAVA L 736.0 -0.515 209 28 20 21

4 B H U S AVA L 730.0 -1.675 198 27 17 22

5 CHALISGAON 719.0 +0.390 195 27 17 13 PROBABILITY OF RAINFALL OCCURRENCE

1400

1300

1200

1100

1000

900

infall (mm) 800 aa R

700

600

500

400

300 0 102030405060708090100

Probabilty (%) FIGURE - 4.1

D R OO U G H T A R EE AA II NN JJ AA LL GG A O NN DD II SS TT RR II CC TT

STUDY AREA

CHOPDA RAVER YAWAL

AMALNER JALGAON MUKTAI NAGAR

ERANDOL BHUSAWAL

PAROLA

JAMNER BHADGAON PACHORA

CHALISGAON

LL EE GG EE NN DD

DROUGHTD R O U G H T AREAA R E A

46 RAINFALL INTENSITY

Month & Year Rainfall Max. Rainfall Intensity mm/ Hrs mm Hrs mm Hrs

Jun, 1995 139.1 19.6 55.0 5.0 11.0

Jul, 1995 159.0 50.0 21.5 3.0 7.2

Aug, 1995 39.7 9.6 9.5 1.25 7.6

Sep, 1995 123.9 32.5 36.7 10.25 3.6

Oct, 1995 47.5 5.5 46.0 5.0 9.2

Jun, 1996 19.9 3.4 13.6 1.25 10.0

Jul, 1996 148.4 NA* NA NA NA

Aug, 1996 100.0 16.0 39.6 7.00 5.7

Sep, 1996 131. 0 17.2 20. 2 0.75 26. 9

Oct, 1996 58.5 15.8 44.2 9.0 4.9 ANALYSIS OF DAILY RAINFALL

Frequency Number of Rainy Days in a Year of Daily Rain (mm) 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000

0 - 5 41 18 40 44 38 20

5-10 15 15 7 9 20 2

10-20 17 7 7 13 7 5

20-30 3 5 3 2 2 4

30-40 1 1 4 1 5 -

40-50 1 1 1 1 2 4

50-70 - 1 - 1 - 2

70-100 - - - 1 - 2

100 - - - - 1 -

Total 78 48 62 72 75 39 AVERAGE EVAPORATION

12 )

10 m / day

mm 8

6 poration(

aa 4 Ev

2 Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Month RAINFALL - RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP HILLY AREA

100

80 1995 70 1996

60 1997 1998 m) 50 mm 1999 40 2000 30 Run offRun (

20 10

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 Monsoon Month Rainfall (mm) RAINFALL – RUNOFF

TREND

120 Series1

) 100 Best fit line mm 80

unoff ( m 60 RR

umulative 20 CC

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

y = 0.0072x 1.4106 Cumulative Rainfall (mm ) RAINFALL – RUNOFF RELATION ALLUVIAL PLAINS

30 ) 25 ff (mm oo 20

15 umulative Run CC 10

5 1996 1997

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 Monsoon Monthly Cumulative Rainfall (mm) RAINFALL – RUNOFF TRENDLINE PLAINS

Rainfall-Runoff y = 0.026x1.1552 Power (Rainfall-Runoff)

30 off (mm)

20 lative Run lative

uu 10 Cum 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Cumulative Rainfall (mm) SOIL INFILTRATION RATE IN THE STUDY AREA

≅ ∀ 885 ≅ 1074 024 436 821 814 kilometres ≅ RESERVED FOREST ≅ ≅ ≅ 600 ≅ 509

514 451 ≅ F Nimbadevi ≅ ≅ Baghjhira ≅

343 ≅ Manudevi Haripura Nagjhira ≅ F 280

Ichkheda

289 273

278 Moharala

235 Malod 286 Naygaon Savkheda Sim 245

i d a

KingaonKh Dahigaon Mhailkhedi k a n u Kingaon Bk a Korpavil h BoralaB Chunchala Dongaon Giradgaon 220

Vaghoda Navra

206 L E G E N D Dambhurni Sakli Infiltration Rate(cm / hour) 191 Sirsad Dagli < 10 B h a u n a k N a d i Manvel Nhavi 191 10 - 20 Shiragad T A P 189 I R Thorgavhan 20 - 30 IV Pathrale E R > 30

67 F I G U R E 5 . 3

Infiltration In The Study Area PREM ONSOON SOIL M OISTURE IN THE STUDY AREA

024 kilom etres N

RESERVED FOREST !

F Baghjhira Nimbadevi

Manudevi Nagjhira Haripura F

Ichkheda

Moharala Malod

Naygaon Savkheda Sim

i d a

Kingaon Kh Dahigaon Mhailkhedi k a n u Kingaon Bk a Korpavil h Borala B Chunchala Dongaon Giradgaon

Vaghoda Navra

Dambhurni Sakli Sirsad L E G E N D

Dagli Soil M oisture B h a u n a k N a d i Manvel ( Percentage ) Nhavi Shiragad T 5-105 - 10 A P I R Thorgavhan IV Pathrale E R < 5

70 HYDROCHEMISTRY

| The quality of ground water is generally alkaline and is good for domestic, irrigation and industrial uses. WATER BEARING FORMATIONS…

DECCAN TRAP

| Weathered, vesicular, fractured and jointed zones form aquifers in Deccan trap. | GW occurs under water table and confined conditions. | The wells tapping Deccan traps shows yield ranges from 21 to 337 m3/day | Deeper aquifer tapped by borewells yield 1.8 to 52 m3/hr. WATER BEARING FORMATIONS…

ALLUVIUM

| Alluvium having pebbles, gravels and coarse sand forms aquifer zones. | Tub ewell s i n thi s area di sch arge 5 t o 10 lps with transmissivity varying from 83 to 2314 m2/day. | ground water occurs under water table and confined conditions. WATER BEARING FORMATIONS …..

BAZADA

A Talus and scree deposits | These occur along the foot hills of satpura and form excellent aquifers. FIGURE - 8.1 H Y D R O G E O L O G Y O F T H E S T U D Y A R E A

≅ 885

1074 ( ≅ 436 821 814 ≅ 0 2 4 RESERVED FOREST ≅ kilom etres ≅ ≅ 600 ≅ 509 451 514 ≅ ≅ Baghjhira Nimbadevi ≅ ≅ 290 Manudevi 343 ≅ Nagjhira ≅ Haripura 280 270 Ichkheda

273 289 290 230 278 270 Moharala 235 Malod

286 190 Naygaon 245 Savkheda Sim

i d a

Kingaon Kh Dahigaon Mhailkhedi k a 230 n Kingaon Bk u a 180 h Korpavil Borala B Chunchala 190 Dongaon Giradg aon 220 180 Vaghoda Navra 170

206 Dambhurni Sakli 160 191 Sirsad Dagli L E G E N D

B ha u nak N adi Manvel Nhavi 191 Lineamen t 170 T Shiragad A P 160 Drainage I 189 R IV Thorgavhan 180 E Pathrale R Water Table Contour (metre amsl) Water Bearing Formations

Deccan Trap Bazada Alluvium

105 FIGURE - 8.5

CHRONOLOGY OF DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL IN THE STUDY AREA SINCE 1975 TO 2000 ( POST- MONSOON SEASON )

1975 1993

F F F F

i ad

d N

a k a N n

k hau

a B n u a h

H a tn u r H C a a tn n u a r l C a n a l

B h a u n a k N a d i

B h a u n a k N a d i T A P I T R A IV P E I R R IV E R

L E G E N D

Depth to WWater ater Level

F (metre below ground level)

0 - 10

i d a

k a n u a h

B 10 - 20

H a tn u r C a n a l Drainage

B h a u n a k N a d i 20 - 30 T A P I R IV E R 30 - 40 2000

115 FIGURE - 8 .4

CHRONOLOGY OF DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL IN THE STUDY AREA

SINCE 1964 TO 2000 ( PRE - MONSOON SEASON )

1964 1975

15m 15m 15m 21m 30m 30m

9m i d a

nak

9 au 9m h m 21m B 6m 15m 15m

9m 9m 6m 9m H a tn u r C a n a l 9m 9m 6m 6m B h a u n a k N a d i

T A P I R IV E R

1993 2000

885

≅ 1074

436 821 ≅ 814 RESERVED≅ FOREST ≅

600 ≅ ≅ 509

514 451 ≅ Nimbadevi≅ B ag hjhira ≅

≅ 343 Manudevi ≅ N agjhira H aripura≅ 280 ≅ Ichkheda

289 273

278 Moharala

235 Malod

286

Naygaon Savkheda Sim 245 i d

i Na d

a Kingaon Kh Dahigaon Mhailkhedi N k

a k a n n u au Kingaon Bk a Korpavil h h B Borala B Chunchala 220 Dongaon Giradgaon

Vaghoda

H Navra a tn u r C 206 a n Dambhurni a l Sakli Sirsad 191 Dagli

B h a u n a k N a d i B h a u n a k N a d i Manvel Nhavi 191

T Shiragad A T P A I R P 189 I IV R Thorgavhan E IV Pathrale R E R L E G E N D Depth to W ater Level (metre below ground level)

0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 Drainage

114 GRAPH OF DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20 y = 1.1571x + 20.643 Postmonsoon 22 Premonsoon 24 bgl ) 26

28 TW ( m TW ( m DD 30 y = 0.4905x + 27.043 Ave 32

34 CHANGES IN PRE-MONSOON SCENARIO

DTW 0-10m 10 - 20m 20-30m 30-40m 40-50m mbgl

100%

80%

60%

AREA 40%

20%

0% 1975 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2000 YEAR CHANGES IN POST-MONSOON SCENARIO

0-10m 10 - 20m DTW 20-30m 30-40m mbgl 100%

80%

60% A

RE 40% AA 20%

0% YEAR 1975 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2000 FORMATION-WISE DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL

22 Whole Area 24 Bazada ) YEARS 26 Alluvium Central Allu.

TW (m.bglTW 28 DD 30 Ave. Ave. 32

34 36

38 8 9 5 7-9 8-9 9-00 0-01 3-94 4-9 5-96 6-97 99 99 99 00 99 99 99 99 19 OBSERVATION WELLS HYDROGRAPHS YEAR Mohrala 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 Premosoon

m 20 Postmonsoon (

L y = 1.0786x + 26.829

E Linear V E L R E l ) T g A b W OO 40 T H

T 30 P E D y = 0.916x + 31.094

50 YEAR Giradgaon 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 10 y = 0.8059x + 19.734 L 20

ATER LEVE 30 bgl) WW mm (

DEPTH TO y = 0.953x + 22.081 50

Dambhurni YEAR 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 10 y = 0.6802x + 20.848 R

20 TH TO WATE TH EVEL(mbgl) PP LL

DE 30

y = 0.6284x + 24.58 40 FIGURE - 8 .11 DUGWELL DENSITY IN THE STUDY AREA ( 1990)

800

0 8 8 0 0 0 ≅ 885 ∀ 024 ≅ 1074 436 821 814 kilometres ≅ RESERVED FOREST ≅ ≅ ≅ 800 600 ≅ 509 0 514 ≅ 4 0 451 F Nimbadevi ≅ ≅ Baghjhira ≅ 400 Manudevi 343 ≅ Haripura Nagjhira ≅ F 280

Ichkheda

289 273

278 Moharala

235 Malod 286 Naygaon Savkheda Sim 245 i d a

Kingaon Kh Dahigaon Mhailkhedi k a n u Kingaon Bk a Korpavil h Borala B Chunchala Dongaon Giradgaon 220

Vaghoda 2 0 0 H Navra L E G E N D a tn u r 206 C a D u gw e ll D en sity / sq.km . Dambhurni n a Sakli l Sirsad 191 Dagli <5< 5 200 B h a u n a k N a d i Manvel 5 - 10 Nhavi 191 Shiragad T A 10 - 20 P 189 I R Thorgavhan IV Pathrale E 20 - 30 R

> 30

134 FIGURE - 2.3

GROUND WATER IRRIGATION IN THE STUDY AREA ∗ 024 kilometres RESERVED FOREST

Baghjhira Nimbadevi

Manudevi Nagjhira Haripura

Ichkheda

Moharala Malod

Naygaon Savkheda Sim

N Dahigaon M hailkhedi Kingaon Kh k a n Kingaon Bk u Korpavil ha Borala B Chunchala Dongaon Giradgaon

Vaghoda

H Navra a tn u r L E G E N D C a Dambhurni n a SkliS a kli IiIrrigat tde d area l Sirsad ( % of cultivable area) Dagli 00 - 10 B h a u n a k N a d i Manvel 10 - 20 Nhavi Shiragad T 20 - 30 A P I R Thorgavhan 30 - 40 IV Pathrale E R

23 POTENTIAL OF GROUNDWATER STORAGE IN DRIED AQUIFERS….

S. Particulars Area Granular Zones Average Storage N. (Km2) Above Water Table Specific Potential Thickness(m) Yield (mcm)

1 2 3 4 5 6 (3x4x5)

1 Alluvium 2.0 4.45 0.15 1.335 Upto 15m

2 Alluvium 30.0 5.70 0.15 25.650 Upto 25m

3 Alluvium 86.0 18.85 0.15 243.1657 Upto 35m

4 Alluvium (river bank) 17. 0 15. 90 0.15 40.545 Upto 35m

5 Bazada Upto 25m 50.0 17.45 0.10 87.250

Total 185.0 _ _ 397.945 POTENTIAL OF GROUNDWATER STORAGE IN DRIED AQUIFERS….

•There is a s torage po ten tia l o f aroun d 397. 945 x 106 cubic meter in the dried aquifers above the water table througggh artificial recharge.

•Considering the availability of around 13 MCM of surface run-off in the whole watershed at 50 % dependable rainfall of 698.5 mm, it shall take more than 30 years to saturate the entire granular zone in the area.

•It is impossible to utilise 100% runoff of the study area for artificial recharge due to natural constraints. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE MEASURES PLAN OF NALA BUNDS HILLS AREA

•Planning of nala bunding is carried out by using the drainage database of all three major drainage systems of the hilly area.

•Average height of the bund is taken 1 metre on practical consideration as per the lllocal set-up, consttitruction convenience and accessibility to the hilly and overall terrain condition.

S Drainage Total Average SiSpacing of Number of Storage N system length slope nalabunds nalabunds capacity of (m / Km) along the (m3 ) stream stream m) Ave. Total (Km) 1 2 3 4 5 (3/5) 6 7

1 Bhaunak 4.70 150 11.6 405 20 8100 (1:6.6) 2 Baghjhira 11.10 55 23.2 798 50 39900 (1:18.2) 3 Manudevi 4.76 111.7 13.9 342 30 10260 (1:8.9) Total 20.56 1545 58260 SPACING BETWEEN TWO BUNDS slope of 1: 6.6 indicates that a nalabund of 1 metre height shall have submergence / backwater upto a distance of 6.6 metre. Therefore, distance between two bunds must be more than 6.6 metres. A gap of 5 metres is thought fit in addition to the slope distance i.e. 6.6 + 5 = 11.6 metre is the distance between two bunds in the Bhaunak drainage segment of the hills. The general formula for working out the distance between two bunds is evolved as follows;

Distance between two bunds = Distance for a drop of 1m. (Slope) + 5 m.

Thus, the distance between two bunds is worked out as 11.6, 23.2 and 13.9 metres in case of Bhaunak, Baghjhira and Manudevi drainage segments respectively in the hilly area. NUMBERS OF BUNDS

Number of bunds across a drainage system is worked out using the total length of the drainage as a base line data input as per the drainage analysis done in the table 3.3. The numbers of bunds are arrived at as follows;

Numbers of bunds = Total length of streams / Distance between two bunds

The numbers of bunds 405, 798 and 342 in Bhaunak, Baghjhira and Manudevi drainage systems respectively with a total of 1545 in the entire hills area. STORAGE CAPACITY OF BUNDS

Average storage capacity of a bund in the Bhaunak, Baghjhira and Manudevi drainage segment are to be 20, 50 and 30 m3 resppyectively.

The total storage capacity of 1445 bunds is therefore worked out as 58260 m3 against the runoff amount of 1.25 mcm to be generated from the 50 mm rainfall in the hills of the study area.

The bunds are likely to conserve only around 5 % of the runoff. CONTINUOUS CONTOUR TRENCHES (CCT)

CCT are constructed along the contours and covers wide surface area along and across the hills.

CCT may conserve bulk of the runoff at the nearest possible source point.

CCT also finds a favour from forest conservation point of view and can be constructed easily as a part of the forest activity. The cross section of CCT is 30 cm X 60 cm. 1.192 mcm runoff is to be conserved by CCT as nala bunds may conserve only around 0.058 mcm. RECHARGE PITS

The size of recharge pit in one hectare of land is worked out as follows; Annual rainfall in 1 Ha of land = 100 m X 100 m X 0.6985 m = 6985 m3

Total runoff from annual rainfall (As per runoff equation) = 35 Km 2X 0.05404 m = 1.8914 mcm

Regularly occurring max. rainfall in a day = 50 mm /day

Maximum runoff estimated from 50 mm rainfall = 15 mm ( @ 30 % of 50 mm) SIZE OF RECHARGE PIT

Runoff over 1 ha of land = 100 m X 100 m X 0.015 m = 150 m3

Size of the recharge pit in 1 Ha of land = (Length x Width x Depth) = 7 m X 7 m X 3 m

Total 3500 recharge pits are required in 35 Km2 (3500 Ha) of gently sloping bazada tract to utilise 1.8914 mcm of runoff annually. FIGURE - 9.5

W A T E R R E S O U R C E S M A N A G E M E N T P L A N T H R O U G H A R T I F I C I A L R E C H A R G E S C H E M E S

024 kilom etres H illy Tract H- Suitable illy Tract for C CT & N ala B undings ∗ Manudevi RESERVEDBaghjhira FOREST Bunding Manudevi Baghjhira Bhaunak 2® 2 ® ®M ountainBaghjhira front® 2Nimbadevi ® 22 ® ® M ountainManudevi Front® Suitable- Suitable for Percolation® ® Tank ® Nagjhira Haripura 2 and Recharge®® 2 Shaft2 Percolation®2® Tanks & R2 echarge Shafts IchkhedaGently Slopping 2

G ently Sloping B azada Tract - Suitable forSuitable for Recharge Bazada Recharge Pits PitsMoharala Malod

Naygaon Savkheda Sim

i d a

Dahigaon Mhailkhedi Kingaon Kh k a n u Kingaon Bk a Korpavil h Borala B Chunchala Dongaon Giradgaon

Vaghoda H Navra a tn u r C a Dambhurni n a Sakli l Sirsad

Dagli

B h a u n a k N a d i Manvel L E G E N D Nhavi Shiragad T A Granular Suitable P I Zones (%) Structures R Thorgavhan IV Pathrale E R < 25 Recharge 25- 50 Shaft Percolation Tanks Recharge Shaft 50-75 2 Existing ® Existing Injection 2 Proposed ® Proposed 75-95 Well

) On the directions of Hon’ble Supreme Court, Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA), has been constituted as an “AUTHORITY” with the objective to “Regulate indiscriminate boring & withdrawal of ground water in the country”. ) The Authority has been constituted under Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 (29 of 1986) on 14th January 1997. MANDATE

To regulate and control the ground water development and management. POWERS VESTED WITH CGWA

© Exercise powers under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for issuing directions and taking such measures in respect of all the matters referred to in Sub- Section 2 of Section 33 of the said Act.