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Author's Instructions For Human Exploration Missions to Phobos Prior to Crewed Mars Surface Missions Michael L. Gernhardt Omar S. Bekdash Zu Qun Li NASA Johnson Space Center Wyle Science, Technology and NASA Johnson Space Center 2101 NASA Parkway Engineering Group 2101 NASA Parkway Houston, TX 77058 1290 Hercules Avenue Houston, TX 77058 [email protected] Houston, TX 77058 [email protected] [email protected] Andrew F. J. Abercromby Steven P. Chappell Kara H. Beaton NASA Johnson Space Center Wyle Science, Technology and Wyle Science, Technology and 2101 NASA Parkway Engineering Group Engineering Group Houston, TX 77058 1290 Hercules Avenue 1290 Hercules Avenue [email protected] Houston, TX 77058 Houston, TX 77058 [email protected] [email protected] Paul Bielski Edwin Z. Crues NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center 2101 NASA Parkway 2101 NASA Parkway Houston, TX 77058 Houston, TX 77058 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— Phobos is a scientifically interesting destination equipped with outriggers, the PEV enables EVA tasks which offers engineering, operational and public outreach without the need to anchor. Tasks with higher force activities that could enhance subsequent Mars surface requirements can be performed with PEV propulsion missions. A Phobos mission would serve to facilitate the providing the necessary thrust to counteract forces. development of the human-based Mars transportation infrastructure, unmanned cargo delivery systems, as well as This paper overviews the mission operational concepts, and habitation and exploration assets that would be directly timelines, along with analysis of the power, lighting, habitat relevant to subsequent Mars surface missions. It would also stability, and EVA forces. Exploration of Phobos builds potentially provide for low latency teleoperations (LLT) of heavily on the development of the cis-lunar proving ground Mars surface robots performing a range of tasks from landing and significantly reduces Mars surface risk by facilitating the site validation to infrastructure development to support design, development and testing of habitats, MAVs, and future crewed Mars surface Missions. pressurized rover cabins that are all investments in Mars surface assets. A human mission to Phobos would be preceded by a cargo predeploy of a Phobos surface habitat and a pressurized TABLE OF CONTENTS excursion vehicle (PEV) to Mars orbit. Once in Mars orbit, 1. INTRODUCTION................................................... 2 the habitat and PEV would spiral to Phobos using solar 2. SUMMARY OF ARCHITECTURE CASES AND electric propulsion (SEP)-based systems. When a crewed mission is launched to Phobos, it would include the remaining ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY................................ 2 systems to support the crew during the Earth-to-Mars orbit 3. CURRENT PHOBOS MISSION ARCHITECTURE .. 5 transit and to reach Phobos after insertion into a high Mars 4. PROPOSED MISSION OPERATIONS & orbit (HMO). The crew would taxi from HMO to Phobos in a TIMELINE ................................................................. 6 spacecraft that is based on a MAV to rendezvous with the predeployed systems. A predominantly static Phobos surface 5. PEV PHOBOS TRAVERSE ANALYSIS ................ 9 habitat was chosen as a baseline architecture. The habitat 6. POWER AND INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION would have limited capability to relocate on the surface to ANALYSIS ............................................................... 10 shorten excursion distances required by the PEV during exploration and to provide rescue capability should the PEV 7. HABITAT DOCKING FORCE ANALYSIS............ 12 become disabled. 8. EVA FORCE ANALYSIS ..................................... 13 PEVs would contain closed-loop guidance and provide life 9. MISSION ARCHITECTURE MASSES AND support and consumables for two crewmembers for two DELIVERY CAPABILITY ......................................... 15 weeks plus reserves. The PEV has a cabin that uses the 10. PHOBOS: AN INVESTMENT TOWARD MARS exploration atmosphere of 8.2psi with 34% oxygen. This SURFACE MISSIONS ............................................... 16 atmosphere enables EVA to occur with minimal oxygen prebreathe before crewmembers enter their EVA suits REFERENCES .......................................................... 16 through suit ports, and provides dust control to occur by BIOGRAPHY............................................................ 19 keeping the suits outside the pressurized volume. When U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright 1. INTRODUCTION surface) were traded in terms of the required round-trip delta- V and transfer time, station-keeping delta-V, and cumulative The Evolvable Mars Campaign (EMC) is a capability-driven radiation protection. strategy to identify the exploration framework needed to One strategy employed during the Phase One study was to ultimately place humans on the surface of Mars [1-3]. Within pursue architectural options that incorporated a common the EMC, human exploration of Mars’ moons Phobos and habitable airlock, which could be shared among the various Deimos is being considered as an intermediate step that transportation vehicles and habitats to facilitate redundancy would help develop and utilize many elements of the Mars and reusability. This enabled design commonality among the surface transportation, exploration, and habitation potential HMO-to-Phobos crew taxi, Phobos and Mars infrastructures, while minimizing the development of habitat and exploration rover, Mars descent vehicle, and Mars additional infrastructure unique to the Mars’ moons. Phobos ascent vehicle (MAV). is scientifically interesting in and of itself. For example, it likely houses samples of ejecta from Mars’ surface [4] and Three different crew taxi cabins were evaluated: a minimalist possibly materials from the asteroid belt [5] , and studying its taxi design, a taxi/lander design, and a pressurized excursion terrain could provide insights into the evolution of Mars. vehicle (PEV) design. Design differences governed the Crews operating on the surface of Phobos for a conjunction- extent to which the taxi cabin could be used for additional class mission (between 300 and 550 days in Mars’ vicinity mission functions, such as for Phobos or Mars surface [6]) may benefit from a reduction in cumulative radiation exploration, Mars descent, or Mars ascent. The PEV concept exposure, of up to 34% relative to a high Mars orbital mission consists of a core cabin that houses various work packages to [7]. Crews operating from Phobos (or elsewhere in the Mars support scientific exploration and short-term crew habitation. vicinity) also have the potential to exploit low-latency It can be outfitted with different mobility systems depending teleoperations (LLT) of Mars surface assets to validate on mission needs, such as a reaction control system (RCS) landing sites and perform other mission-critical tasks in mounted on a sled under the vehicle or mechanical propulsion preparation for human Mars surface missions [8] . “hopper” (derived from the All-Terrain Hex-Limbed Extra- Terrestrial Explorer (ATHLETE) [9]) for surface transport. 2. SUMMARY OF ARCHITECTURE CASES The Phase One study considered a PEV with an astronaut positioning system (i.e., a robotic arm with a portable foot AND ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY restraint (PFR) mounted to the front of the vehicle), an Previous work conducted by the Human Spaceflight unpressurized exploration vehicle, and an EVA jetpack as Architecture Team (HAT) systematically developed, potential work platforms for surface operations. Habitat and evaluated, and compared Phobos mission architectural logistics module (LM) masses, volumes, and configurations options for the purpose of determining the most effective and for the 5-to-500 day range of mission durations were efficient architecture for performing a reference program of developed as part of a broader study of EMC habitation scientific exploration [7]. Variations in the (1) number of sizing, modularity, and commonality [10, 11]. The habitats crewmembers sent to the Phobos surface, (2) duration of time were assumed to be predeployed by a solar electric spent on or near (i.e., orbiting) Phobos, (3) crew taxi propulsion (SEP) tug spacecraft [12]; the SEP would also transportation vehicles between high Mars orbit (HMO) and provide solar power to the habitat. the Phobos surface, (4) surface habitats, mobility units, and While the specific scientific sites that may be explored are exploration systems, (5) cumulative radiation exposure, and not yet known, the Phase One study included eleven (6) total architectural mass were considered [7]. This section representative regions of interest (ROI) on the Phobos surface contains a brief summary of that study (referred to as the for the purpose of developing representative mission content Phase One study), and the next section (Section 3) contains a and EVA timelines to compare the different architectures. description of the down-selection process used to define the The locations of these ROIs are depicted in Figure 1 [13]. current architecture. Each ROI was 1 km in diameter and contained five science Phase One Mission Architectures sites, each 30 m in diameter. For the purpose of considering traverse plans, the maximum distance between ROIs was 10 The Phase One trade study assessed conjunction-class km. A standard circuit of tasks to be performed at each site, mission opportunities to Phobos (approximately 500
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