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a is values of reactor neutron fluxes and that contain radioactive nickel-65. These gamma dose rates at experiment locations samples were used in a search for low around the core are: intensity gamma rays; preliminary results indicate that about 3 gammas of 2094 keV Neutron Flux /s)(n/cm are emitted in one milliondecays. Thermal 2 1x10 13 Under the sponsorship of Ann Arbor Fast (> 1 MeV) 3x10 12 Nuclear, Professor Adon A. Gamma Dose Rate (rad/hr) 6x10 Gordus has 7 been carrying out a research program on the production of titanium trichioride from Much of the reactor utilization within the titanium tetrachloride using radiation. The University of Michigan comes from the object of the work is to produce high grade Nuclear Engineering Department, primarily chemical energy from low grade radiation because of laboratories and long term neutron beam energy. The project has used both the experiments that involve reactor and the facility’s cobalt-60 continuous use of the reactor for gathering irradiator. data. The Chemistry Department is also a regular user. A of number other Electrical Engineering and Computer departments use the facility for special projects. Science Rectifiers that can block 20 kV and The reactor is heavily utilized by other thyristors that can block 10 kV are not colleges and universities, and for industrial presently available. Silicon substrates for research. Several other schools send chemistry, devices with this capability must be of physics, and engineering extremely high purity. The radial resistivity classes for reactor and neutron activation gradient must be uniform to plus/minus one analysis training laboratories. Neutron and percent and free carrier generation due to gamma ray damage studies on materials temperature such as reactor must be suppressed. Single vessel steels, neutron crystal, P-type with of shield composites, and silicone resistivity electric cable 20,000 ohm-cm is neutron transmutation insulation used in power reactor doped (NTD) in the Ford Nuclear Reactor construction are a major industrial to produce 500 ohm-cm, N-type silicon with research application. plus/minus one and two percent radial gradients. The very small gradient in radial Chemistry resistivity is necessary to prevent Professor development of hot spots on thyristors Henry C. Griffin is through which current would flow. Melt collaborating with Professor K. Rengan of down would result if hot spots were Eastern Michigan University in utilizing a present. NTD devices will accommodate gas-jet system for collecting uranium-235 low temperatures (e.g., 77 degrees Kelvin). fission D products at beamport. The At low temperatures, free carrier system is for designed the collection and generation due to temperature is greatly study of low atomic mass (less than 120) reduced. fission products with half-lives as short as 0.2 second. Geological Sciences By irradiating high nickel purity oxide Professor Alexander N. Halliday is (NiO) in the reactor and chemically utilizing the reactor perform purifying the products, Professor Griffinhas to 4039ArAr/ prepared extremely pure samples of nickel age dating of rocks. 40Ar is produced in
5 rocks by the radioactive decay of natural across the tissue is measured by adding K40 which has a half-life of about 1.28 radioactive sodium tracer ions to one billion years. Measurement of A40 r compartment and sampling the other for concentration provides an indication of the radioactivity. The reactor is utilized to amount of 40 that has decayed. produce the radioactive sodium ions. K Determination of the unidirectional Determination of the amount of sodium K40 that ion flux at different ambient remains and performance of radioactive concentrations decay enables the researchers to test hypotheses calculations permit the regarding the mechanisms determination of a rock’s age. of transcellular sodium ion movement. The title of Mr. The reactor is used to assist in Post’s thesis is “Baselateral Na/H determining the amount of K40 that Exchangers and Na Channels”. remains in a rock. In the reactor, some of Nuclear Engineering the K39 present is converted to 39Ar by the reaction 39Ar.K(n,p) Measurement of The largest departmental research the amount of 39Ar produced by neutron commitment at the Laboratory facilities is activation provides a means to determine maintained by the Department of Nuclear the K39 which in turn can be used to Engineering. This depe-ment used the calculate the current amount of radioactive laboratory and reactor for :ormal University K40 based on known fractional courses and conducted extensive, on abundances of each isotope in potassium. going research projects in the areas of The present amount of K40 can be neutron spectroscopy, radiation effects in compared with the sum of the present materials, and cross section amount and the amount that has decayed measurements. to determine a rock’s age. Under the neutron spectroscopy For example, based on the half-life of program directed by Professor John S. King, 1.28 billion years, if the sum of the amount a wide angle, two-circle, powder of that has decayed and the current diffraction spectrometer has been modified K40 for utilization fully amount in a rock were determined as a computerized, to be single-crystal, four-circle 1,000 atoms and the current number of diffractometer. atoms were 500, half Recent studies have involved powder the atoms present diffraction would have decayed (one half-life), and on order-disorder alloys. A change in the powder diffraction pattern is the rock would be 1.28 billion years old. If expected in association with the current number of atoms were 250, two heat treated metal alloys. half-lives would have passed, and the rock would be 2.56 billion years old. Under sponsorship by the U.S. Department of Energy, Professor Glenn F. Medical School - Physiology Knoll directs neutron cross section His Marc Post, a doctoral candidate, is measurements activities. project involves the absolute of working under the of measurement fast direction Professor fission David C. Dawson to measure the and capture cross sections of several different nuclides. The reactor is unidirectional flux of Na ions across turtle used to irradiate sodium, gallium, and colon epithelium. Tissues are mounted as antimony sources to produce activities flat sheets separating two compartments of ranging from 10 to 40 curies each. These a plexiglass chamber. The sodium ion flux gamma sources are then coupled with
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compacts. tours,
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Engineering
Engineering
on
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use
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measured
Laboratory
The
proton
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yttrium(1)
Laboratory
effects
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materials.
radioactive
of
performed
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classes,
reactor’s
of
covered
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fast
nuclear
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Ctirad
recoil
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predominantly
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berjllium-7,
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elements
produced target,
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behind a
By accelerator
positron 22
Protons research. chemical
Laboratory producing cooperation
Department during
cobalt-58
Department absorption.
the
isotopes
positron Cobalt-58
problems
radioactive
cobalt-58 Arthur
purity
nickel-58
a
The
from
byproduct
Professor
Dr.
application
sodium
graphite
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a
other
number
sodium
hit
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nickel
At
primary
Rich
have
that William
series
activation
an
aluminum
research.
from
separation
other
nuclei
660°C,
absorbs
helium
very
source
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associated
produces
block. is
intense
carbon-i
Aluminum
all
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to
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establish
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aluminum been
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system
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radioactive
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Alamos
the
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oil
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characteristic
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high
energy
aluminum
of
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emitter.
which source.
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techniques
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sodium-22.
placed
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spectrum
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lived
the
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nickel
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the
MeV
as
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and
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neutrons
aluminum
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melts
levels
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Chemistry
Professor
means
helium
National
remains
well
neutron
sodium-
sodium
Physics
primary
except
heated
proton
placed
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of
proton
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beam.
block.
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William
the
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fluences
neutrons. activation the
high
neutrons/cm 2
samples done
lead supercollider
as
radiation
irradiation
Enrico specifically
Illinois. facility’s
separation
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radioactive
aluminum
that
reaction:
homogeneously solution
surface
condensed
it
chamber water
sodium
within
Barry
is
Professor
The
samples
a
reactor’s
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absorption
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films.
fluoride
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condensed
suitable
ready
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when
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easier.
examine
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detector
Wissman,
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to
1
block
to process.
of
system
Professor
of
for
3A1 27 (n,alpha)1
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lead
materials.
vapor
cells
designed
a
for
in
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fluoride
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vapor
boron
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material
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which
MeV.
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for
be is
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to
crystals utilized
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nitride;
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deposition conducted
to
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produce
are
graduate
Helium
Thermal
neutrons.
the
planes
were the
gamma
positron
produce
by
actual
for
sodium
cool
superconducting
irradiations
tube
test
been
handling
crystals
chamber
sponsored
shielded
Gidley
encapsulating
to
Laboratory
with
1
hardening
block
to
boron
vaporization
a
are
Na 24 .
irradiated
off
for
the
irradiate
plate.
system
and
suggested
sodium-22
sodium-22
sodium-24
circulation
sweep
Cerenkov
to
source.
energies
1x10 1
chloride
used
the
neutron
student
thermal
and
of
a
sodium
induce
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for
by
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Pure
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a 4 Table 1 Neutron Activation Analysis Elements
Aluminum Neodymium Antimony Nickel Neutron activation analysis is an Argon Niobium analytical technique for identifying and Arsenic Osmium measuring trace quantities of a large Barium Palladium number of elements in many types of Bromine Platinum materials. Sixty-seven common and rare Cadmium Potassium earth elements become radioactive when Calcium Praseodymium exposed to the neutron flux in a reactor. Cerium Rhenium The subsequent radiation emitted by the Cesium Rhodium decay of activated nuclei is unique for each Chlorine Rubidium element, and its measurement permits Chromium Ruthenium identification. Of the 67 radioactive Cobalt Samarium elements, over 50 can be identified and Copper Scandium measured quite readily. The method Dysprosium Selenium permits measurement of all detectable Erbium Silver elements simultaneously; it is rapid and Europium Sodium non-destructive. Gadolinium Strontium Gallium Tantalum The highly sensitive analytical Germanium Tellurium technique of neutron activation analysis is Gold Terbium available as a service performed by the Hafnium Thulium laboratory staff. Alternatively, it can be Holmium Thorium performed directly by investigators using Indium Tin the laboratory’s facilities. In addition, Iodine Titanium samples can be irradiated and returned to Iridium Tungsten users so that they may perform their own Iron Uranium analyses on their own equipment. Krypton Vanadium Lanthanum Xenon The Nuclear Reactor Laboratory has Lutetium Ytterbium two primary analysis systems: (1) Nuclear Magnesium Yttrium Data 6660 - a multi-user system capable of Manganese Zinc simultaneously analyzing many Mercury Zirconium parameters associated with a single Molybdenum experiment and (2) Nuclear Data 6700 - a multi-user system which can receive inputs from many detectors associated with many experiments, but can analyze only a single There are practical limits to neutron parameter associated with any experiment. activation analysis. A number of elements are relatively insensitive to neutron absorption. Calcium is an example. Others, such as rhodium, decay rapidly and make the analysis that follows activation difficult. For other elements
9 including argon, krypton, neon, oxygen, the amount of aldehyde buildup in silicon, sulfur, thallium, and xenon, lubricants. Aldehydes are oxidation techniques such as chemical products that result from the breakdown of concentration, filtration, special hydrocarbon based lubricants. Samples of encapsulation, and special irradiation lubricant are treated with Tollen’s Reagent methods are necessary to perform neutron which reacts with aldehydes to precipitate activation analysis. For the remaining silver. The silver precipitate is separated elements in the periodic table, alternative and reacted with nitric acid to form an analytical techniques must be utilized. aqueous solution. The silver content of the solution is then quantified by neutron Chemical Engineering activation analysis. The silver values are used to back-calculate the amount of Krishnan Balakrishnan, under the aldehyde in the lubricant and thus the direction of Professor Johannes W. extent of degradation of the lubricant. Mr. Schwank, performed neutron activation Blame is working under the direction of analysis of platinum-tin bimetallic catalysts. Professor Phillip Savage. An alumina supported platinum-tin system is used in the petroleum industry as a Professor Scott Fogler of the Chemical reforming catalyst (i.e., in the production of Engineering Department is performing aromatic and cyclical hydrocarbon research on spent shale with a grant from compounds from a crude oil feed). The the Institute of Gas Technology. Spent relative amounts of platinum and tin can shale is a by-product of hydrocarbon affect the microstructure of the metal recovery from oil bearing shales. A part of particles in the catalyst, which in turn can Professor Fogler’s research is directed at influence the product distribution, stability, finding methods to neutralize the and activity of the system. A small amount environmental impact of heavy metals in of chlorine, which is always present in the spent shale. One method being studied is catalyst as a remnant of the preparation acid leaching of the shale to remove heavy procedure, can also alter the product metals for recovery or separate disposal. distribution towards isomeric compounds. Professor Fogler is using neutron Neutron activation analysis enables the activation analysis to help determine the determination of an accurate value of the effectiveness of the acid leaching process. bulk composition of the catalyst. This Samples of leaching solution are being information is crucial in the quantitative analyzed for barium and chromium, two of analysis of the various characterization the metals of most concern. techniques used to understand the catalyst mechanism. Also, it is of interest to Cistry compare the amount of these elements present in the bulk with that of surface Professor Adon A. Gordus and a compositions determined by other graduate student assistant, Steve Roeder, methods. utilizied neutron activation analysis for forensic studies related to criminal cases. Steven Blame, a graduate student in The objective of the studies is to detect the Chemical Engineering Department, is gunpowder residue on the hands of investigating reaction pathways in the individuals who are believed to have fired degradation of lubricants for his Ph.D. guns. Cotton swabs moistened with a few thesis. Mr. Blame is using the Nuclear drops of nitric acid are applied to a Reactor Laboratory’s neutron activation suspect’s hands. The swabs are irradiated analysis capabilities to assist in measuring in the reactor. Following a short irradiation,
10 they are analyzed for barium and the northern Appalachian mountains. He antimony, both of which are present in is particularly interested in the elements: gunpowder and would not normally be yttrium, vanadium, titanium, and zirconium. found on human skin in significant amounts. Chemical separation is utilized Professor Samuel B. Mukasa is to remove radioisotopes other than barium analyzing lava flows from Taiwan and the and antimony to improve levels of Philippine Islands using neutron activation detection. analysis. He is looking at trace elements, and particularly rare earth elements, to Mr. Roeder, a doctoral candidate in determine the originsof the lavas. chemistry again working with Professor Gordus, utilized neutron activation analysis Andrew Nyblade, a geological sciences to assist in the determination of chemical graduate student working for Professor compounds formed in a titanium Henry N. Pollack, is studying radiation tetrachloride (TiCI4) system that is induced heat generation in the South and subjected to intense gamma radiation in East African continent due to naturally the facility’s cobalt-60 irradiator. The occurring radioactive uranium, thorium, objective of the system is to convert potassium, and their daughter isotopes. titanium tetrachioride to titanium trichloride Radiation emanating from samples of from which intense chemical energy can igneous and metamorphosed igneous be produced, thereby utilizing low grade rocks is being measured using the gamma- radiation energy to produce high grade ray spectroscopy facilities of the Nuclear chemical energy. Elemental analysis Reactor Laboratory. The resulting gamma- assists in measuring the amount of ray spectra are being used to quantify the conversion that has taken place. concentrations of the radioisotopes. Mr. Nyblade’s samples were obtained from Professor Gordus used neutron surface outcrops and deep mines activation analysis to determine the yield of principally in Zimbabwe. alkali elements reduced from alkaline chloride solutions by gamma induced Students of Professor Eric J. Essene radiolysis. The research is directed at from Geology 455, Determinative Methods finding suitable compounds for direct in Mineralogical and Inorganic Materials, conversion of electromagnetic radiation visited the Nuclear Reactor Laboratory for (gamma radiation) into chemical potential an introduction to trace element analysis energy. using neutron activation analysis. The students were shown the theoretical basis Neutron activation analysis is of activation analysis. After the introductory performed routinely on metal rubbings from lecture, the laboratory’s sample analysis ancient and medieval coins by Professor equipment and facilities were Gordus to determine elemental content. demonstrated. This can provide information about the origin of the coins, the contained metals, Kelsey Museum of Archaeology and the cultures associated with them. Ms. Elizabeth Higashi is researching Geological Sciences the characteristics of conical glass vessels that were unearthed in Karanis, Egypt. Professor Ben A. Van Der Pluijm is These archaeological specimens were utilizing neutron activation analysis for excavated by University of Michigan elemental analysis of Paleozoic rock from Researchers in the 1920’s and 1930’s at
11 tissue to children. tissue calcification. longevity Cardiology. chemical neutron laboratory vessels Dr. one gained the The fragments, patterns. fragments wine times Mediterranean macro were Archaeology, large Karanis. found the other characterize found trace the information selected vicinity glass Kelsey back approximately Karanis, find Quantative Medical Nigel Robert Kelsey vessels. extensive method amphoras to and recovered vessels in the to ceramic that is and archaeological element of to may the activation Museum. the of composition transport which Pollard, a Amphoras present level animal olive specimens J. from Aluminum are Neutron School be and artificial Museum University microstructural will region. major may Calcification Levy, help The the used is If and thirty analyses of being Egyptian unique region. transport oil. by the researching from inhibit is found glass analysis analyses be pericardium aluminum day other are unravel - fragments Department a to problem chemical an Ms. heart commodities activation miles Pediatric is glass were graduate helpful of Recovered and classified is Sayoum, the being help attempting archaeological type in the glass calcification Higashi to in known for valve The collection from are finds ancient of used ancient amphoras an are features composition performed determine amphoras. in Karanis Karanis, performed used affecting the in aluminum were composition. Cardiology pericardium tissue now pericardium information of being analysis attempt Cairo specimens implants Egypt. student classifying in by to origins is amphora Pediatric to such to in a town trading ancient brought inhibit having fabric, match at in part using used make in thus with that the the this the The the 12 site for the the as on in in of is of to in of is “Regional the American is Henry chemical the made origin classify specific to From Chiefdom Cahokia St. with Site Mississippi Site, pottery student is concentration determined. performed solutions; samples transplanted recovered, rats student extension pericardium Dr. neutron artificial leading conducting using 1300 Mr. Museum Louis, Professor Cahokia in regional thin located Levy this by about are south shards Timothy Wright. shards in objective A.D. activation Chiefdom heart to assistant, neutron analysis tribes Dynamics section the make-up Missouri, are information of then for later River and development to to trading of western Chiefdom Ph.D. on initial tissue. in pericardium valves. Department dynamics Levy, Mr. Anthropology collected as determine soaked his in the the prevent implanted R. the His The activation of across of observations the sacrificed, being Pauketat analysis from research Jim research of doctoral tissue. amount the was relationships Pauketat, the of Dr. eastern Illinois. region. thesis a inferences The iron the approximately pottery and Chiefdom”. Boyd Yash mineralogical of in from from the of of calcification of tissue. the to local into analysis is aqueous of pottery project Anthropology, the longer for center other conducted Mr. shore The thesis. analysis detect the present is researching Pathak, are calcification the a study to initial rats. Professor or Pauketat graduate between Cahokia entitled Cahokia Cahokia may classify utilizing distant Native Tissue tissue of of lasting iron along clay. is is The and 900 day iron iron The the the and be to an by of is in Nuclear Engineering order of 90,000 rad/hour and typical sterilization doses are 2x10 rad. The Nuclear Engineering Department 6 utilized the Laboratory’s gamma Atmosheric. Oceanic. and Space spectroscopy facilities for two formal Sciences courses. The NE 445, Reactor Laboratory, taught by Professor David K. Wehe, Engineers in atmospheric, oceanic, and performed activation analysis on bare and space sciences at the Space Physics cadmium shielded iron wires in order to Research Laboratory are studying characterize the axial neutron flux of the radiation effects on electrically Ford Nuclear Reactor. programmable read only memory (EPROM) integrated circuits. During Co-60 School of Public Health irradiation, operation of the computer chips is continually tested until they fail. They Professor James Martin, under contract will be used in instrumentation such as the from Consumers Power Company, is high resolution doppler imager (HRDI) on performing analysis of resins, water the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite samples and smears. The samples are (UARS). associated with Consumers Power spent reactor fuel storage facilities. Dr. Martin is Biology using passive counting to analyze the samples for the fission product cesium- Professors William Anderson and Alfred 137. Neutron activation analysis is being Sussman irradiated oat, soybean, and corn used to measure iodine-129 seeds from low to high gamma doses for concentrations in iodine extractions use in class projects for course Biology obtained from the samples. 301.
Biophysics Research Division - Institute of Science and Technology
Dr. Jan Fronk, a post doctoral researcher, and Professor John P. Langmore, Biology Department, are irradiating cell nuclei from sea urchin The cobalt-60 irradiator, with a strength embryo. They are investigating DNA of approximately 10,000 curies, is structural changes caused by gamma available for gamma irradiations. Typical irradiation. applications include sterilization of bone and cartilage for human grafts and Chemical Engineering transplants; sterilization of animal food for germ-free animal colonies; and studies of Professor H. Scott Fogler is sponsoring radiation effects on mutation of cells, a Ph.D. student, Ray Lappan, who is chemical systems, electronic and reactor experimefiting with the effects of components, food, seeds, and plants. polysaccharides on bacteria transport and retention in porous media. Mr. Lappan is The peak dose rate at the center of the sterilizing an aluminum apparatus that is source is about 1.30x10 rad/hour. Typical used to run leuconostac bacteria through a dose rates at6 distances near 25 ceramic block to determine the transport centimeters from the source are of the and retention of the bacteria.
13
then
cells.
antibodies for
sterilized doses
rats.
embryogenetic their
fluxes,
Richard with
use
fibers. doses
irradiations optical
physical
mechanisms radiation irradiated an
concentrated
trichioride
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of conversion
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A
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Professor
undergraduate Science
Electrical
the
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Professor
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The
in gamma compounds
Department,
research
basis
Professor Jorge
experiments. student
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School
Professor
Dr.
Dr.
Physics
the
Cell
Christopher
invitro
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The
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Martin
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University
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764-6213
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reactor.
using
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Cobalt-60
John
Robert Radioisotope
Further Research
Michelle
Katherine Senior
Neutron
Information
Philip Assistant
Radiochemical
Radiation Neutron Assistant
Gary
Reed
Manager
be
members
T.
M.
A.
Robert
B.
obtained
Research
information
Lindsay
Cook
Derry
Activation
Radiography Simpson
Blackburn
Associate
Manager.
Manager.
Blackburn
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Sterilization
and
Burn
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listed
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by
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above.
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