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Hydrogeologic Framework of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System

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Hydrogeologic Framework of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF THE POTOMAC-RARITAN-MAGOTHY AQUIFER SYSTEM, NORTHERN COASTAL PLAIN OF NEW JERSEY By Jo Ann M. Gronberg, Amleto A. Pucci, Jr., and Bradley A. Birkelo U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4016 Prepared in cooperation with the NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES West Trenton, New Jersey 1991 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies < >f this report can be write to: purchas«id from: District Chief U.S. Ge< >logical Survey U.S. Geological Survey Books a id Open- File Reports Section Mountain View Office Park Federal Center Suite 206 Box 254 25 810 Bear Tavern Road Denver , CO 80225 West Trenton, NJ CONTENTS Page Abstract............................................................. 1 Introduction......................................................... 1 Purpose and scope............................................... 2 Location and extent of the study area........................... 2 Previous investigations......................................... 2 Well-numbering system........................................... 4 Acknowledgments................................................. 5 Geologic setting..................................................... 5 Methods of investigation............................................. 8 Correlation of units............................................ 8 Sources of data................................................. 9 Geophysical and geologic logs................................... 9 Hydrogeologic framework.............................................. 10 Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system.......................... 11 Middle aquifer............................................. 11 Confining unit overlying the middle aquifer................ 13 Upper aquifer.............................................. 14 Merchantville-Woodbury confining unit........................... 15 Overlying units................................................. 15 Summary.............................................................. 16 Selected references.................................................. 18 Glossary............................................................. 23 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates in envelope] Plates 1-8. Maps showing: 1. Locations of wells and lines of hydrogeologic sections, northern Coastal Plain, New Jersey 2a-g. Hydrogeologic sections A-A' through G-G', through the northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey 3. Structure contours of the top of the middle aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, northern Coastal Plain, New Jersey 4. Thickness of the middle aquifer of the Potomac- Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, northern Coastal Plain, New Jersey 5. Thickness of the confining unit overlying the middle aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, northern Coastal Plain, New Jersey 6. Structure contours of the top of the upper aquifer of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, northern Coastal Plain, New Jersey 7. Thickness of the upper aquifer of the Potomac- Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, northern Coastal Plain, New Jersey 8. Thickness of the Merchantville-Woodbury confining unit, northern Coastal Plain, New Jersey iii ILLUSTRATIONS - -Continued Page Figure 1. Map showing location of study area.................. 2. Map showing basement structural features in the New Jersey Coastal Plain.............................. TABLES i Page Table 1. Geologic and hydrogeologic units in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey............................................. 6 2. Lithologic subdivisions of the Raritan and Magothy Formations and hydrogeologic units in the northern part of the study area. .1............................. '12 3a. Records of selected wells and test boreholes............. 24 3b. Altitudes of tops and bases of hydrogeologic units in wells and test boreholes............................... 31 IV CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATIONS Multiply By To obtain foot (ft) 0.3048 meter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer foot per mile (ft/mi) 0.1894 meter per kilometer square mile (mi2 ) 2.590 square kilometer Sea level: In this report "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)--a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF THE POTOMAC-RARITAN-MAGOTHY AQUIFER SYSTEM, NORTHERN COASTAL PLAIN OF NEW JERSEY By Jo Ann M. Gronberg, Amleto A. Pucci, Jr., and Bradley A. Birkelo ABSTRACT This report describes the hydrogeologic framework of the Potomac- Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in the northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey. The location and extent of the middle and upper aquifers of this aquifer system and their associated confining units are presented by means of a series of structure-contour maps, thickness maps, and hydrogeologic sections. Interpretations made from 267 geophysical and drillers' logs were used to develop a representation of this framework. The hydrogeologic units of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system strike northeast-southwest and dip to the southeast, and are continuous throughout most of the study area. The middle aquifer, which is composed mainly of the Farrington Sand Member of the Raritan Formation, has a maximum known thickness of 168 feet near East Windsor but is thin or absent just south of the Raritan River between Sayreville and South Amboy. The confining unit overlying the middle aquifer, which has a maximum known thickness of 241 feet in Holmdel Township, is composed mainly of the Woodbridge Clay Member of the Raritan Formation. Because this unit is thin or sandy in the southwestern part of the study area, boundary identification in this area is difficult. The upper aquifer, the most extensive unit of the Potomac-Raritan- Magothy aquifer system, has a maximum known thickness of 236 feet in Neptune Township. This unit consists primarily of the Old Bridge Sand Member of the Magothy Formation, but it coincides closely with the entire Magothy Formation. The Merchantville-Woodbury confining unit, which overlies the upper aquifer, has a maximum known thickness of 369 feet in Highlands Borough, where the confining unit also includes the low-permeability sediments of the underlying Magothy Formation. INTRODUCTION The Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system is the most productive source of ground water in the northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey. The aquifer system consists of the lower, middle, and upper aquifers and the confining units that separate them; the lower aquifer is not mappable in the study area (Zapecza, 1989, pi. 3 and 6). These units correlate with the hydrogeologic units established by the U.S. Geological Survey's Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) project (Zapecza, 1989). The middle and upper aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system are the major sources of ground water in Middlesex and Monmouth Counties. Ground-water withdrawals have resulted in the development of cones of depression that extended 91 ft below sea level in the middle aquifer and 59 ft below sea level in the upper aquifer in 1983 (Eckel and Walker, 1986, p. 16 and 25). Large withdrawals also have caused local saltwater intrusion into the aquifers. Chloride concentrations as high as 950 mg/L (milligrams per liter) in the middle aquifer and 660 mg/L in the upper aquifer were measured in 1977 (Schaefer, 1983, p. 12 and 22). The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), currently is assessing the ground-water resources of the northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey. This investigation is funded by the New Jersey Water Supply Bond Issues of 1981 and 1983. The purpose of the investigation is to collect and analyze hydrogeologic data in order to better understand the dynamics of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system. This report describes the results of the initial phase of this investigation, which focused on the hydrogeologic framework of the aquifer system. Purpose and Scope This report defines the hydrogeologic framework of the Potomac-Raritan- Magothy aquifer system in parts of Mercer, Middlesex, and Monmouth Counties. The framework is described by means of a series of structure-contour maps, thickness maps, and hydrogeologic sections. Physical characteristics and boundaries of the hydrogeologic units are presented in tables. Geophysical and drillers' logs that provided control data fbr this investigation are compiled in Gronberg and others (1989). The results of this study have been used to develop a hydrologic model of the aquifer system that simulates its response to various hydrologic stresses (Pucci and others, in press). Location and Extent of the Study Area The study area is located in east-central New Jersey and comprises the northern part of the Coastal Plain physiographic province in New Jersey (fig. 1). It covers about 820 mi2 in parts of Mercer, Middlesex, and Monmouth Counties in New Jersey, and Queens and Richmond Counties in New York. The study area extends from the Fall Line (the northwestern extent of the Coastal Plain sediments) in the west to the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and includes Raritan Bay. Previous Investigations The hydrogeology and ground-water resources of the northern Coastal Plain in New Jersey have been studied since the late 1800's. The earliest work in the area
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