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Fire and High-Elevation, Five-Needle Pine (Pinus Aristata & P. Flexilis) Ecosystems in the Southern Rocky Mountains: What Do

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Fire and High-Elevation, Five-Needle Pine (Pinus Aristata & P. Flexilis) Ecosystems in the Southern Rocky Mountains: What Do Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Quinney Natural Resources Research Library, The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography S.J. and Jessie E. 2011 Fire and High-Elevation, Five-Needle Pine (Pinus aristata & P. flexilis) cosystemsE in the Southern Rocky Mountains: What Do We Know? Jonathan D. Coop Anna W. Schoettle Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/barkbeetles Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Entomology Commons, Forest Biology Commons, Forest Management Commons, and the Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons Recommended Citation Coop, J.D., A.W. Schoettle. 2011. Pages 164-175 In: Keane, R. E.; et al. eds. The future of high-elevation, five-needle white pines in Western North USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-63. 2011. America: Proceedings of the High Five Symposium. 28-30 June 2010; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-63. Fort Collins, CO. This Conference Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Quinney Natural Resources Research Library, S.J. and Jessie E. at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fire and High-Elevation, Five-Needle Pine (Pinus aristata & P. exilis) Ecosystems in the Southern Rocky Mountains: What Do We Know? Paper Jonathan D. Coop, &+)')&0")'&%&+$+/"*6*+)&++'$$ ''$')'6/&&"*'&67 $ # ')*+)0"6'#3 '/&+"&*)!+,'&6')+'$$"&*6 Abstract—Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata communities and provide ecological services that cannot be Engelm) and limber pine (P. exilis James) are high-elevation, ve- replaced. However, both species are highly vulnerable to large needle pines of the southern Rocky Mountains. e pre-settlement scale changes caused by white pine blister rust (Cronartium role of re in bristlecone and limber pine forests remains the sub- ribicola) and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae). ject of considerable uncertainty; both species likely experienced a Considerable uncertainty remains surrounding the role of wide range of re regimes across gradients of site productivity and connectivity of fuels and ammable landscapes. In dense stands re in southern Rocky Mountain ve-needle pine ecosys- and more continuous forests, stand history reconstructions provide tems. First, few quantitative studies have explicitly addressed evidence for infrequent, high-severity res. Limber pine can be this theme. Secondly, both species can occupy a diversity of dispersed long distances by Clark’s nutcrackers (Nucifraga colum- ecological settings, and nearly the entire spectrum of re biana), and in the high-elevation subalpine forests of the northern regimes and their eects probably occurred within their Colorado Front Range, it is an early colonist of extensive, high- ranges. For this reason, generalizations from any given line severity burns. However, this relationship with re may not be of evidence are likely to be inaccurate. For example, based general to the southern Rockies. e degree to which high-severity on ordinations of morphological traits, McCune (1988) and re was typical of bristlecone pine, and the spatial extent of such Keeley and Zedler (1998) concluded that re is essential- res, is uncertain. Following re, bristlecone pine regeneration tends to be constrained to burn edges or beneath surviving trees. ly absent or unimportant for bristlecone and limber pine. In both ve-needle pines, regeneration dynamics take decades to While re may be inconsequential in some settings, there is centuries. Where open stands border grassy openings both species clear evidence for abundant re, a diversity of re regimes, frequently exhibit re scars indicative of fairly frequent but low- and a signicant role of re in many bristlecone and limber intensity re; because of the great ages attained by both species, pine ecosystems, as discussed below. they oer potentially very long re history reconstructions in such e purpose of this review is to summarize what we do settings. Whether or not re suppression has led to declines in know about re ecology of the high-elevation, ve-needle either species—through successional shifts to shade-tolerant com- pine forests of the southern Rocky Mountains, including petitors or by shifts to a stand replacing re-regime—remains an both published and unpublished data, anecdotal information, open question that deserves further inquiry. In any case, re-estab- lishing pre-settlement re regimes, whatever they were, may not and the observations of ourselves and others. e geograph- be as important as determining appropriate disturbance regimes ic scope of this review is limited to the southern Rocky given current conditions and management objectives. Both species Mountains, extending from southern Wyoming south are highly susceptible to rapid declines caused by white pine blister through the major ranges of Colorado into northern New rust (Cronartium ribicola) and mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus Mexico. At the southern end of this region, there appears to ponderosae). In the face of these threats, and uncertain consequences be a broad, unresolved transition zone between limber pine of climate change, re management (both prevention and applica- and southwestern white pine (P. strobiformis; P. exilis var. tion) can be a tool to promote resilient landscapes. Appropriate reexa), which we also discuss brie y, though little work has re management may be used to conserve valuable stands, pro- been done on the re ecology of these transitional popula- mote regeneration and diversify age class structures, and/or alter the balance between these species and their competitors. Many of tions. We also include some discussion of the disjunct Rocky these themes and questions indicate the need for further basic and Mountain bristlecone pine population in the San Francisco applied research. Peaks of northern Arizona. Our primary goals are to review what we know generally about the ecology of these species, re regimes, eects of re on stand dynamics, and possi- ble human and climatic in uences on re in these systems. roughout, we point out deciencies in our understanding of these systems and suggest possible research directions. Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) and Lastly, we consider how the management of re may be used limber pine (P. exilis) are high-elevation, ve-needle pines to promote resilient southern Rocky Mountain ve-needle of the southern Rocky Mountains. ese tree species fre- pine ecosystems in a future of certain change of uncertain quently occur at the high-elevation and xeric margins of direction and magnitude. the arborescent life form, and as such they form biological 164 In: Keane, Robert E.; Tomback, Diana F.; Murray, Michael P.; and Smith, Cyndi M., eds. 2011. ­eUSDA future of high-elevation, Forest Service ve-needle white Proceedings pines in Western RMRS-­‐P-­‐63. North 2011. America: Proceedings of the High Five Symposium. 28-30 June 2010; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-63. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 376 p. Online at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p063.html ")& " !;$0,'&6"0;$"&=Pinus aristata & >'*3*+%*: Overview of Bristlecone and treeline. Although both ve-needle pines are often associ- Limber Pine Ecology ated with subalpine and alpine timberline environments (3100-3650 m), both species also commonly occur at lower (2650-3100 m) elevations, often on montane rocky outcrops, Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (henceforth, bristlecone or bordering valley- bottom montane and subalpine grass- pine) and limber pine are ve-needle pines of Pinus subge- lands. At such lower sites, ve-needle pine communities nus Strobus. Within this large group they are not particularly often give way to mixed conifer or spruce-r forests above. closely related, bristlecone pine is classied in section Parrya Both species can also be found co-occurring with nearly and limber pine in section Quinquefoliae (Gernandt and oth- every other tree species in the region, including piñon pine ers 2005). However, they share many morphological and (Pinus edulis), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulo- ecological characteristics: both are short-statured, slow- rum), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia), Douglas growing, drought- and cold-tolerant tree species that may r (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), aspen (Populus tremu- be very long-lived, and frequently occupy xeric and high- loides), Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens), Engelmann elevation sites where conditions for arborescent growth are spruce, and subalpine and corkbark r (Abies lasiocarpa var. marginal and competitors are few. Bristlecone and limber lasiocarpa & var. arizonica). pines rarely achieve heights greater than 15 m or bole diame- ters greater than 1 m. For both species, radial growth rates of <0.01 mm/year are common on dry, high-elevation sites and rarely exceed 3 mm/year on more mesic or lower-elevation ! sites (J.D. Coop, unpublished data). Where bristlecone and limber pine co-occur, limber pine typically exhibits greater rates of radial growth with greater variance (J.D. Coop, Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine is restricted to the unpublished data). Both bristlecone and limber pine are southern Rocky Mountains between central Colorado and well-known for their extreme longevity. e oldest known northern New Mexico, and a small disjunct population on Rocky Mountain
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