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A Reader's Response Reading of Selected Works of Poe, Hawthorne INSCRUTABLE CHARACTERS: A Reader’s Response Reading of Selected Works of Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville MASTERARBEIT Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts (MA) an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Christoph HOFER am Institut für Amerikanistik Begutachterin: Ao.Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr.phil. Roberta Maierhofer, MA Graz, 2014 Inscrutable Characters: A Reader’s Response Reading of Selected Works of Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION: The Phenomenon of the Inscrutable ................................................................ 3 2. EDGAR ALLAN POE: Man of Mystery, Terror, and the Supernatural ........................................ 4 2.1. The Man of the Crowd – “It does not permit itself to be read” ........................................ 5 2.1.1. The Pursuit of the Inscrutable .......................................................................................... 6 2.1.2. Readings of The Man of the Crowd .............................................................................. 12 2.2. The Fall of the House of Usher – “Doubling of the Inscrutable” .................................... 15 2.2.1. The Narrator’s Perception ............................................................................................. 16 2.2.2. The Relationship between Roderick vs. the House and the Narrator vs. the Reader .... 21 2.3. Ligeia – “An Unreadable Woman” .................................................................................... 25 2.3.1. The Familiar yet Inscrutable Lady Ligeia ..................................................................... 26 2.3.2. The Aftermath ............................................................................................................... 29 3. NATHANIAL HAWTHORNE: Explorer of Evil, Sins, and the Extraordinary ........................... 33 3.1. Wakefield – “An Ordinary Man” ...................................................................................... 34 3.1.1. What Man is Wakefield really? ..................................................................................... 35 3.1.2. Wakefield’s Homecoming ............................................................................................. 39 3.2. Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment – “Science, Supernatural, or Fraud?” .............................. 42 3.2.1. Who is Dr. Heidegger? .................................................................................................. 43 3.2.2. The Ambiguity of the Tale ............................................................................................ 46 3.3. The Minister’s Black Veil – “A Priest Gone Astray?” ..................................................... 51 3.3.1. The Black Veil as Part of the Inscrutability of the Tale ................................................ 51 3.3.2. Interpretations of the Minister’s Behavior..................................................................... 55 4. HERMAN MELVILLE: Representative of Riddles, Secrets, and the Abnormal .......................... 59 4.1. The Lightning-Rod Man – “Struggle between Two Worlds” .......................................... 60 4.1.1. Who is the Lightning-Rod Man? ................................................................................... 61 4.1.2. Man of Faith vs. Man of Science ................................................................................... 64 4.2. The Fiddler – “A Truly Inscrutable?” ............................................................................... 67 4.2.1. The Story of Hautboy .................................................................................................... 68 4.2.2. Who is the Fiddler? ....................................................................................................... 72 1 Inscrutable Characters: A Reader’s Response Reading of Selected Works of Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville 4.3. Bartleby, the Scrivener – “A Famous Inscrutable Character” ....................................... 74 4.3.1. The Inscrutable Scrivener .............................................................................................. 75 4.3.2. Readers' Response to Bartleby ...................................................................................... 79 5. CONCLUSION: A Comparative Analysis .................................................................................... 82 6. WORK CITED .............................................................................................................................. 85 6.1. Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 85 6.1.1. Primary Sources ............................................................................................................ 85 6.1.2. Secondary Sources......................................................................................................... 86 6.2. Webliography ........................................................................................................................ 94 2 Inscrutable Characters: A Reader’s Response Reading of Selected Works of Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville 1. INTRODUCTION: The Phenomenon of the Inscrutable One of the most interesting questions about human nature is why people act the way they do, and the search for answers to this question drives human beings to try to understand and read other people’s behavior and motivations. In this quest, one particular mystery is those individuals who are inscrutable, unreadable, or simply unfamiliar. People are intrigued by such enigmatic phenomena and try to make sense of characters who act in strange and mysterious ways. In literature, the reader often encounters different types of unreadable characters who have a significant influence on the reading process and on how the reader perceives a text. The aim of this thesis is to examine how inscrutability is represented in the first place, and, additionally, to look at what ramifications the analysis of inscrutable characters has on the reading process. This thesis will explore nine different delusive personas created by three American authors: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathanial Hawthorne, and Herman Melville. These three famous authors are representatives of the genre of dark Romanticism and share, besides having lived in the nineteenth century, numerous stylistic and personal similarities. Their lives were full of trauma and change, not only on a personal level, but also as members of a changing American society that faced chaos and instability. In the 1800s, the United States was still very young; however, the nation had already faced depression, uncertainty, and its citizens lived in a world in which slavery was still legal. Later, the nation's struggles would come to a head and lead to a new era, beginning with the Civil War in 1865. In addition to this outer turmoil, each of these authors had traumatic childhoods, including the deaths of family members, abandonment, and poverty. Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville each went through such difficult times, which only added to their already burdened personal lives. 3 Inscrutable Characters: A Reader’s Response Reading of Selected Works of Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville For this reason, when looking at their respective works, it is easy to understand why they mostly dealt with dark, uncanny, and mysterious themes. This thesis will examine one aspect of their mysterious themes, namely, as mentioned above, the inscrutable characters that commonly appear in their stories. Another significant aspect of this analysis is the relationship between the reader and inscrutable characters. This thesis will examine how the reader becomes interested in such peculiar personas and how readers are lured into the mystery while trying to categorize and understand enigmatic characters. In this examination, the reader mostly relies on a first person narrator who also has a significant relationship with the ‘unreadable’ characters. This thesis will investigate how far the reader and the narrator are able to make sense of these characters, and, additionally, explore whether or not it is possible to fully read those characters. Furthermore, another aspect that will be dealt with in this thesis is how inscrutable characters influence the reader’s interpretation of the stories and finally contribute to various readings of the tales. Therefore, it is important to understand how Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville's inscrutable characters differ from one another. This analysis starts with tales by Poe, followed by Hawthorne, and ending with Melville. A comparative analysis at the end of this text will then conclude this investigation of the differences and similarities between these three authors and their cryptic protagonists. 2. EDGAR ALLAN POE: Man of Mystery, Terror, and the Supernatural Edgar Allan Poe, born in 1809, provides numerous inscrutable characters in his tales. He is one of the early authors of the Romantic period and considered to be one of the inventors of 4 Inscrutable Characters: A Reader’s Response Reading of Selected Works of Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville the genre of short fiction. Poe’s troublesome youth, with a father who left him early and a mother who died when he was three, contributed to his stories of terror and his unique writing that includes the supernatural and the unknown (web). The themes of the unknown and the supernatural play a crucial part in this examination of Poe's inscrutable characters, and the themes of gothic and terror can be
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