Karl Philipp Moritz, Viaggiatore in Italia

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Karl Philipp Moritz, Viaggiatore in Italia www.moritz-viaggio-in-italia.it M. MARCHETTI Karl Philipp Moritz viaggiatore in Italia*. La figura e l’opera dello scrittore tedesco Karl Philipp Moritz (1756–1793) non sembrano ancora godere in Italia di quella considerazione della quale invece beneficiano da qualche decennio in patria e nel resto del mondo occidentale. Nella storia della letteratura europea Moritz occupa ormai un posto di rilievo per il suo romanzo autobiografico Anton Reiser 1, considerato il primo romanzo psicologico tedesco; ma anche i suoi scritti sull’arte sono da tempo oggetto di un rinnovato interesse che vede in Moritz uno dei padri, insieme a Kant, dell’idea di un’autonomia dell’estetica. Moritz fu un autore prolifico e dai molteplici interessi sul quale Goethe, che l’aveva incontrato a Roma nel 1786, ebbe a scrivere: «E’ per me come un fratello minore, della mia stessa natura, solamente trascurato e danneggiato dal destino laddove io ne sono stato favorito e prediletto» 2. Tra il 1786 ed il 1788 Moritz compì infatti un viaggio in Italia la cui relazione, scritta in forma epistolare, fu pubblicata a Berlino in tre volumi tra il 1792 ed il 1793 col titolo Reisen eines Deutschen in Italien (Viaggi di un tedesco in Italia) 3. Quest’opera occupa una posizione particolare nel panorama della letteratura dello stesso genere ad essa contemporanea, perchè ai consueti aspetti storici e folcloristici essa affianca l’esposizione di un vero e proprio percorso formativo lungo il quale giunsero a maturazione le personali idee estetiche di Moritz, che ne fecero un protagonista del classicismo tedesco e, per certi versi, un precursore della successiva sensibilità romantica. Per tale ragione i Viaggi di Moritz mantengono ancora un notevole interesse come testimonianza diretta dell’evoluzione personale e filosofica del loro Autore. *** Per illustrare questo percorso è necessario in primo luogo accennare brevemente al retroterra esistenziale e culturale di Moritz, ed in particolare a quelle circostanze peculiari della sua formazione che dovevano avere una consistente influenza anche sulle sue posizioni estetiche. Karl Philipp Moritz era nato il 15 settembre 1756 ad Hameln, nel Principato di Hannover. Il padre, Johann Gottlieb, era un musico militare, spesso assente per servizio; la madre, Dorothee Henriette König, era una donna semplice, che Johann Gottlieb aveva sposato in seconde nozze. Tra i genitori di Karl Philipp i rapporti non furono mai buoni, per via di una stridente differenza di carattere aggravata da contrasti di natura religiosa. Mentre infatti la madre era una fervente luterana, il padre era entrato a far parte dell’ambiente quietista (o “separatista”) frequentando la casa di Friedrich von Fleischbein 4, le cui idee misticheggianti aveva assimilato. I continui contrasti tra i genitori, uniti ad una precaria situazione economica e ad una salute cagionevole, resero amara l’esistenza di Karl Philipp fin dall’epoca dei suoi primi ricordi tanto che, come egli scrive nell’ Anton Reiser parlando di se stesso, «di lui si può dire in verità che fu oppresso fin dalla culla» 5. 1 www.moritz-viaggio-in-italia.it La famiglia Moritz dovette spostarsi più volte per seguire il reggimento del padre ed in quel periodo Karl Philipp ricevette un’istruzione frammentaria, che tuttavia bastò ad accendere in lui l’amore per la lettura e la curiosità di conoscere. Le sue speranze subirono però un durissimo colpo quando il padre decise di affidarlo come apprendista ad un cappellaio di Braunschweig, come lui invasato dalle dottrine quietiste. Sfruttato nel corpo ed oppresso nello spirito, Karl Philipp visse in quel tempo una delle più dolorose esperienze della sua vita, che lo segnò profondamente portandolo, a tredici anni, sull’orlo del suicidio. Le qualità del giovane Moritz furono però notate dal pastore della guarnigione di Hannover, che lo prese sotto la sua protezione ottenendogli un sussidio dal Principe e permettendogli così di accedere ad un’istruzione migliore. In condizioni economiche precarie, Karl Philipp dovette tuttavia barcamenarsi a lungo tra mecenatismo e carità subendo amare umiliazioni, pur continuando a perseguire caparbiamente quell’opera di autoformazione cui si era votato fin da fanciullo. Un’infatuazione giovanile per il teatro lo portò a lasciare la famiglia e a vagabondare per la Germania alternando infruttuose ricerche di un impiego presso compagnie teatrali a periodi di relativa stabilità e di studio, come quello in cui frequentò la facoltà di teologia di Erfurt. Fu in questo periodo che Karl Philipp sperimentò l’esperienza del viaggiare (sempre a piedi e senza un centesimo in tasca) come una condizione privilegiata dello spirito che, reciso ogni legame, perviene alla coscienza della propria libertà. Questo aspetto della vita di Moritz si concretizzerà appunto nel suo racconto autobiografico nel quale non a caso egli assume lo pseudonimo di Anton Reiser , ovvero Anton il viaggiatore. Ottenuto nel luglio del 1778 un posto di insegnante presso l’Orfanotrofio Militare di Potsdam, dovette constatarne le terribili condizioni che misero la sua sensibilità a dura prova. Nel novembre dello stesso anno riusciva tuttavia ad entrare come insegnante nel ginnasio berlinese del Grauen Kloster, opportunità che gli consentì di approfondire e sviluppare i suoi profondi interessi pedagogici; veniva così a contatto con l’ambiente dell’illuminismo berlinese e con alcune delle sue figure di maggior rilievo, come Moses Mendelssohn; al 1779 risale poi l’ingresso di Moritz nella Massoneria. Queste circostanze diedero notevole impulso alla sua attività di scrittore, che si concretizzò in opere di argomento pedagogico, psicologico ed estetico. La maggiore stabilità richiese tuttavia come contropartita l’inquadramento negli schemi piuttosto angusti imposti a quel tempo ad un insegnante dello stato prussiano; su una personalità come quella di Moritz tali condizioni non mancarono di esercitare il loro effetto, che si manifestò in ricorrenti crisi depressive. Malgrado i riconoscimenti ottenuti come autore, la sua inquietudine lo spinse ad interrompere periodicamente la routine dell’esistenza compiendo diversi viaggi che lo portarono in varie località della Germania e, nel 1782, in Inghilterra, dove si trattenne per quasi sei settimane. Frutto di quest’ultima “fuga” fu l’opera Reisen eines Deutschen in England (Viaggi di un tedesco in Inghilterra) che pubblicata nel 1783 recò all’autore un notevole successo. Tra i lavori più importanti del periodo precedente il viaggio in Italia occorre menzionare la rivista ΓΝΩΘΙ ΣΑΥΤΟΝ , Magazin zur Erfahrungsseelenkunde 6, le prime tre parti dell’ Anton Reiser (parte I, 1785, parte II 2 www.moritz-viaggio-in-italia.it e III, 1786) ed il Versuch einer Vereinigung alle Schönen Künste un Wissenschaften unter dem Begriff des ‘in sich selbst Vollendeten’ (1785) 7. Edito a partire dal 1783 e fino all’anno della morte di Moritz, il Magazin è considerato la prima rivista tedesca di psicologia sperimentale, argomento a quel tempo al centro degli interessi dei circoli intellettuali tardo-illuministici berlinesi. In questo ambizioso progetto di raccolta di materiale ed informazioni destinati ad una riflessione critica sul funzionamento della psiche umana, Moritz riversò buona parte della sua personale esperienza giovanile ed in particolare quella tendenza all’introspezione che gli derivava dalle pratiche religiose quietiste. Un concetto basilare che emerge dai contributi di Moritz a tali ricerche è quello che definisce la patologia psichica essenzialmente come mancanza di equilibrio tra le diverse facoltà e che dunque attribuisce alla psiche normale il carattere di un tutto unitario, indiviso, armonico nelle sue parti. Tale concetto di completezza ed equilibrio sarà caratteristico, come si vedrà, delle riflessioni di Moritz anche in altri campi della conoscenza. Nell’ Anton Reiser si fondono, attraverso il resoconto introspettivo, tematiche psicologiche ed estetiche. Nel raccontare la propria storia negli anni dell’infanzia e della giovinezza, Moritz esamina se stesso come si esaminerebbe un paziente, individuando e descrivendo le circostanze esterne e le contraddizioni interne del suo soggetto. Particolare interesse presenta a questo proposito la problematica della vocazione artistica (che sarà poi sviluppata nella quarta parte del Reiser alla luce delle più mature riflessioni dell’Autore) vista in relazione all’infatuazione del giovane Anton per la poesia e per il teatro ed alle conseguenti scelte sbagliate di uno spirito turbato dalle circostanze esistenziali, nel quale l’immaginazione (o fantasia) prevale sulla ragione. Il Versuch rappresenta il più significativo scritto di estetica precedente il viaggio in Italia. Qui Moritz sviluppa alcune idee fondamentali che troveranno poi completamento nei lavori successivi al soggiorno italiano, ed in particolare quel concetto di “compiuto in se stesso” che sta alla base dell’autonomia dell’opera d’arte, intesa come libertà da ogni subordinazione a fini esterni all’opera stessa come il piacere o l’utilità. Compare anche qui, in altra forma, quell’idea di completezza già incontrata in ambito psicologico e che nella rilfessione estetica viene a costituire il carattere intrinseco e distintivo di ciò che è “bello” e dunque il sigillo dell’autentica opera d’arte. *** E’ dunque con questo bagaglio di esperienze e di idee che Moritz, nuovamente in preda ad una profonda crisi, decideva nel 1786 di abbandonare senza permesso il proprio posto di insegnante e di partire per l’Italia, dopo aver ottenuto da un editore
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