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A Paleoseismic Transect Across the Northwestern Basin and Range Province, Northwestern Nevada and Northeastern California, USA GEOSPHERE; V

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A Paleoseismic Transect Across the Northwestern Basin and Range Province, Northwestern Nevada and Northeastern California, USA GEOSPHERE; V Research Paper GEOSPHERE A paleoseismic transect across the northwestern Basin and Range Province, northwestern Nevada and northeastern California, USA GEOSPHERE; v. 13, no. 3 Stephen F. Personius1, Richard W. Briggs1, J. Zebulon Maharrey1,2, Stephen J. Angster1,3, and Shannon A. Mahan4 1Geologic Hazards Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 966, PO Box 25046, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA doi:10.1130/GES01380.1 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 900 Yukon Drive, PO Box 755780, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA 3Center for Neotectonic Studies, University of Nevada, Reno, MS 174, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA 13 figures; 3 tables; 12 supplemental files 4Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 974, PO Box 25046, Denver, Colorado 80225, USA CORRESPONDENCE: personius@ usgs .gov ABSTRACT 1971, 1978; Wallace, 1984, 1987). A total of ~150 km of extension across the CITATION: Personius, S.F., Briggs, R.W., Maharrey, 700–800-km-wide province is thought to be related to a combination of buoy- J.Z., Angster, S.J., and Mahan, S.A., 2017, A Paleo‑ seismic transect across the northwestern Basin and We use new and existing data to compile a record of ~18 latest Quaternary ancy changes in the crust and mantle and accommodation of right-lateral Range Province, northwestern Nevada and north‑ large-magnitude surface-rupturing earthquakes on 7 fault zones in the north- transform motion across the Pacific–North American plate boundary since eastern California, USA: Geosphere, v. 13, no. 3, western Basin and Range Province of northwestern Nevada and northeastern inception of the San Andreas fault system (Wernicke, 1992; Jones et al., p. 782–810, doi:10.1130/GES01380.1. California. The most recent earthquake on all faults postdates the ca. 18–15 ka 1996; Sonder and Jones, 1999). Approximately 20%–25% of the ~50 mm/yr of last glacial highstand of pluvial Lake Lahontan and other pluvial lakes in the right-lateral deformation across the plate boundary is distributed east of the Received 18 June 2016 Revision received 13 January 2017 region. These lacustrine data provide a window in which we calculate latest Sierra Nevada, and most of that deformation is taken up by strike-slip faulting Accepted 27 March 2017 Quaternary vertical slip rates and compare them with rates of modern defor- in the Walker Lane and normal faulting along the eastern and western mar- Published online 10 May 2017 mation in a global positioning system (GPS) transect spanning the region. gins of the province (Dixon et al., 1995; Bennett et al., 1998, 2003; DeMets and Average vertical slip rates on these fault zones range from 0.1 to 0.8 mm/yr Dixon, 1999; Thatcher et al., 1999; Thatcher, 2003; Hammond and Thatcher, and total ~2 mm/yr across a 265-km-wide transect from near Paradise Val- 2004; Bormann et al., 2016). The remainder is taken up by normal faulting ley, Nevada, to the Warner Mountains in California. We converted vertical along isolated ranges in the interior of the province. slip rates to horizontal extension rates using fault dips of 30°–60°, and then The Neogene tectonic and magmatic history of the northwestern Basin and compared the extension rates to GPS-derived rates of modern (last 7–9 yr) Range Province (NWBR) differs from the better studied parts of the province in deformation. Our preferred fault dip values (45°–55°) yield estimated long- central Nevada. The latest phase of extension in the NWBR is thought to have term extension rates (1.3–1.9 mm/yr) that underestimate our modern rate initiated later (≤12 Ma versus ≤30 Ma) and accumulated less strain (≤20% ver- (2.4 mm/yr) by ~21%–46%. The most likely sources of this underestimate are sus 50%–100% extension) than the central part of the province (Colgan et al., geologically unrecognizable deformation from moderate-sized earthquakes 2006b; Lerch et al., 2008; Egger and Miller, 2011). With the exception of the and unaccounted- for coseismic off-fault deformation from large surface-rup- Warner Range on the western margin of the NWBR, the area was covered with turing earthquakes. However, fault dip values of ≤40° yield long-term rates voluminous middle Miocene (ca. 16 Ma) Columbia River basalts (Noble et al., comparable to or greater than modern rates, so an alternative explanation is 1970; Hart and Carlson, 1985) and nearly coeval rhyolites associated with cal- that fault dips are closer to 40° than our preferred values. We speculate that deras related to initial impingement of the Yellowstone hotspot (Coble and OLD G the large component of right-lateral shear apparent in the GPS signal is parti- Mahood, 2016). The deposition of extensive middle Miocene volcanic rocks tioned on faults with primary strike-slip displacement, such as the Long Valley largely predates the onset of the latest phase of extension (Colgan et al., 2004, fault zone, and as not easily detected oblique slip on favorably oriented normal 2006a, 2006b) in the NWBR. faults in the region. Two recent paleoseismic transects determined late Quaternary slip histo- OPEN ACCESS ries at lat 40°–41°N (Wesnousky et al., 2005) and 38.5°–40°N (Koehler and Wes- nousky, 2011) across Basin and Range structures in central and north-central INTRODUCTION Nevada. Both studies compared cumulative slip on late Quaternary structures to geodetic networks at the same latitudes. The transect at 40°–41°N pro- The Basin and Range Province is a large region of extensional tectonics in duced a much slower cumulative extension rate on faults over the past 20 k.y. the intermountain region of western North America. The province is character- (~0.65 mm/yr) than the geodetically measured extension rate of ~2 mm/yr. In This paper is published under the terms of the ized by numerous north-trending ranges and internally drained basins formed contrast, the transect farther south at 38.5°–40°N resulted in a cumulative ex- CC‑BY license. primarily by normal faulting in the Neogene and Quaternary (e.g., Stewart, tension rate on faults over the past 20 k.y. (~1 mm/yr) that was consistent with © 2017 The Authors GEOSPHERE | Volume 13 | Number 3 Personius et al. | Paleoseismic transect across northwestern Basin and Range Downloaded from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/13/3/782/2542672/782.pdf 782 by guest on 18 December 2018 Research Paper geodetic rates across the region. Such mixed results are common in other rate (Surprise Valley fault zone), permanent global positioning system (GPS) sta- 121.0° 42.0° 120.0° Figure S1A. Map of NWBR transect region in northwestern Nevada and northeastern California, showing Quaternary faults from USGS Quaternary Fault and Fold database (U.S. Geological 119.0° Survey, 2015) and modifications from current study. 118.0° 117.25° y s e 42.0° ne tn ll zo Denio a M V Sheldon EQ swarm t lo (November 2014-2017?) ul lo a b f b e Goose u e ueu ne EXPLANATION ey P l P o Lake l a z e Fault Ages V ) n t o l Latest Pleistocene o n u an z o to Holocene i a u t t f comparison studies (e.g., Friedrich et al., 2003, 2004; Bell et al., 2004; Gold tions that span the region, and a lack of historical surface ruptures that can l G y c (<15 ka) u e e a l e f l s g a Late Pleistocene s V er n an (<130 ka) t e v o R te Ri HoH Middle Pleistocene a S Steens East Bog Hot n vs=1.1 m s (<750 ka) g n Steens Bog Hot o Valley profile site ui B vs=13.8 m Ro Valley trench site Pleistocene y vs=1.9 m Q (m-lp) ( vs=22.2 m (<2 Ma) e a l vs=4.4 m t l Denio EQ swarm (e-mp) a Mahogany s (February-April 1973) M an GPS Stations n VVa Mountain i o S B PBO a n t i y l t MAGNET n k a e eye u ll n one s Campaign o i a o z G C a V ran pr ite M t r l C e P r ee e Seismicity ur k e M au V i g S ne k t M 2-2.95 r f y ng n n e a oong lt K s a M M 3-3.95 u L f i R rn ey a a n l f F tn a u g M 4-4.95 k or l al t s e e s Northwest Nevada plateau W vs=13.4 m a V e n es r z s o et al., 2014) in the Basin and Range. Possible disparities between the geologic create transient signals associated with post-seismic relaxation (e.g., Hetland Shor (m-lp) M 5-5.95 o C z R t o e n t C r r s eek i e e R t v i l Site Location d l e d R u pr r A a an f r an D t tephra site Big Creek a ur s t Vertical separation V e e o k n S ge a g a u measurement L a i n l l b a -in post-18 ka deposits al e S lk l vs=1.0 m A R y e Area of vs=2.5 m t -in pre-18 ka deposits Fig. 11d s Lo H e (early to late Pleistocene) vs=1.0 m r y o n e F e l vs=12.1 m g l Mo 010 e a km Vya vs=0.7 m n Cooks Canyon Va i Lo V u d P trench n n a l r r nng le t t vs= s a e g vs=13.5 m y Quinn River e i v k n 0.5 m a OR L s f Ri Crossing e Orovada e a il n ) V u Cedarville m k y o t l c n n C r al t Alturas d z o n o A NV Fo n i i l e a R t eye r t t z n u l s k c Santa Rosa-Orovada e y o on c e u Q e n r z k eeg a g l l trench site a o a io s nna f L a z e a B Su l l ex / n a te s e r n o and geodetic deformation data are important because previous seismic haz- and Hager, 2003) in the modern strain field.
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