IDAFJWP/21 March I98
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF TI-lE ARTISANALFISI-TERIES IN GHANA
FAO IA1 I AY
I[)SF /WP/21 March
4ECET[)EVELOPiETScF THE
FI;ERiES
b y
M. Hsonen f 3 ithfjnencjaI esci stance from Denmark nd Norway and in colic oration with the Peoples Republic of @enin. the Fisheries Department of FAO is implementinp in West/frica a pgrccne of small scale fi ries deveiopment commonly c-ailed the IDkF Project. This programme is based upon an integrated approach involving production7 processing and marketing of 1-ish, and related activities; it alsoinvolves ari active part icipation of the target fishing communities.
Ibis rapert is a working paper end the concluion and recommendations are those considered appropriate at the time of preparation. The working papers have not necessarily been cleared for publicot:ion by the government( s) concerned nor by FAO. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained atsubsequent stages ofthe Project a7d issued later in other series.
The designations employed and the presentation f material do oct imply the expression of any opinion on the part o-F FAO 01- 0 financing agency concerning the legal status of any country or territor'y7 city or area, or concerning th determination o-F its frontìersor boundaries.
lOAF Project F A O Boite Postale 1369 Cotonou, RP. du Bénin
Tél 529 F000AGFi Tél. 330925/330624 (XhT E
I\n o- the Oev1oprn Qf th tis'ni Físheris in Ghnsince 195Q, by c.C. Rwson 2.3
Trdition1 find Modr n tin.1 \si Contruct-iQn n Ghrfl&', by AD.Cockiy F. 22
1A Px-e1iminEir, Anlyiaf tt 96 Cnoe Survey", by W- Odai-Akersie P. 36
Socio-eccmomic Aspcts cf Gonce Fiheria", by M Ha&anien P. 42
"Notes on the ¿\ativitie2 ot Ghonjn Fihertiien n Cctonou"by B. [num Doyi P- 68
Fìh SokL g on erRt Ing of Fi. h 5om Eernp1e from Ghen", by D. Tem2oinn F'.63
P R E F ( G E
Ghne hci ciweys occupcde spce! piece inAfricen history.It wes the Firtbleck colonyto tteir independenceC. 19e?) end weeionlooked upon OS flOd1 countryforotJierAfnicencountriestofliow.Richly endowed with neturel ree renginfrom preciousmetels to ntud 'o e nci cil eno cliite nueL le+or growing e widespoci:re offood end ceshcrops, Shene w expected to continuo to be e boding Pfr'icen economic power, es Lt wee st the timec find operdence tin'fortunetel pou ticol turbulenceendwidesprood economic menecement protleme stertiopin the 9LU led the country ewey fromits position orrcngthe con:rent emost prosper cou eI ong nertodof dod ire.theeconomy ecehedor ell-tirre1cc irthe eerlv E3t1's.Finco 19(33, oeverthe sìtue ion bee been improving cansiderebiv E)ur3ng tteeo pericOs of e:;cnomic end polit il upsend downs. mue t ectopsf ononomywere ir;the lungrun effect dori vo r sol , t3c;c not ob i e e xces; t 1. or; howe ver we s t he ertisenci fi serios oi:crr whiobporheps ecinsailodds, not only moneged to strugglethrough the most difficultof times; itevensenended nd modernizedto o remorkobie extent; end todey Ghana s cenco frrbermen in pert iouler, ere perhepe in e st rongerposi t ion t heneverbefore Their ingenuity end influence has olsoloft e mortj in ciroost oil coastal net ions in Ws L A-trine- fbi. e greet impect a-F Ghn ion canoe fishermen makes the developments infisheri usin Gheneof perttcuic:interest for anyone working with ertiseno.1. fi in Afr:icsThere is indeedmuch tobe eered - &nd edmicud - fromthe Shanci en expert eone is on tb:Lst:nseis thot lOAF bss decided to put oute 'co untry' Work:ìng Fep s.rthe first of its kïndto enable o widordietmibuti onofsr) ec:tsdreportsan theseriur;e espeots c-FGhana' sorti sanai fi sheniespreparedby IDAP srteff and lOAFcommissioned consultants overthe iaet;mo y oc r s. The ?irsL ort-Fr:: 3e drtsme-From e repeatby Gardon flaweon is:nrsio.;lariv Interesting boueuse cr-Fhis histonioer$. insightend ero soLive e-F' thedevelopment,cfGhana e rtisanei fisheries- Mr. Reweon-Fisot cernetsr Ghana as e young Freherice orH:Lcor 3;-;)FE-O and stuyd or; until 1963, r S t he rron iFr r s u I February iGGt3 ha hub -Fn:'the first time thr5 oppor-e unityto nonio beck end revi sit his oid depertrnent end sic o-F the
meinv ishing sites he used t work in Hi i merke here ere pertly hsod on observet ions -From this trip.
Thesecond article takes up in more detaí.lseine of the paint s mentioned by Rwson concerning canoe ant inshore vessel building in Ghana. in thefirstpart, A.O R Coeck ley, en FAO boat builder who has frequently been on r f ej d'i es the in e hiiding e large dug-out canoe end reiss o question cF how long thi. s type o-F craft can be e -ipect ed to cori t trine to be butit ,given the apparently dwindling resources n-F large wowe trees. The second pert examines the state of Ghana s mefor boatyards based on visit s med in June 1986.
The third secti.on o-F this publication presents the results of the latest frame-survey to be undertaken in dheria end wh:Loh wee conducted in early 85 by the ertin le e author, -Fishsri economist W. Odoi-Akersi who iii nOw a arivato consultant based tri Accro after having retired frori the pitionof Aeeietnt Giractor at the Deneotment ci-F F i. a h cries
Some o-F the -Frame--survey 's results are then used o-y J. M - Heakonsen ,lOAF Socio--eccneniiet/Antnrnpologist to look at eocil and economic imr I icatínne o-F developments o-F the canoe fi hey in Ghana. In the first part b-ased no travel in July and August 1905) the focus is o o the 'ishtng not te and cioiìmuni.t,- therrzio.J vos is nell es the curitrv ci whole, while the second par-t briefly tuchee upon the eti Il ocici-Jy understood impactcf Long d:Lstanca migrat ions of Ghonaten
An ei-iemple of wha-1: those criigret ing -Fishermenare up to whenabroad is provided throughthe not.eof EI.Anurn hovi, an Arien grao technologist at the Ft stories Research Unit in TemO and who originally was a canoe fishenma n himself. Ht s observations were. mde in April 1987 when in totonou in
Oonncc t i ori wit h an lOAF non s u I t army -
Th lasts article gives a glImpse into whcit hoppene to the on Theii in Jand n Ch ra 1 ILCI1v1I en b C soc±o-r. conotniet) also at 18/W, gives atcre eantttn of how the much pub licied chor'kcr -Fish rmck.ine On ei i i struggleit o become universally aneoptiso even in Ghana i bui ri no occn rL o h-i nr cr va nLr smoked 'herrirg Sardine i le' ur3. te) is being vnau-koted ici land by the very act i va fi eh niammios on bacia o-F oheervetton made in August 1986. r r U P P E R V O L T A SSS ,S - cT0 I/O 050 oFiSÏroS- o//gol Ss ogo sSo/Loyo - - oNavrongo - Coo )SSb 0511050/F - o No CS hOg - Loso0 - 0105/5 /S! ' \"L- Bogatínga» Zorong9 oDsoo nogo 0000Io'5( 'L Lwro - \SOS5S o7 V.Lo!S' 000jogo j °N0!OFss OWS!SgO f ogLo S0O0° 0g I \FS r / o!00 7:: Xpoos0
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T UF TE OEJELOPNENTU OF THERTI\NL. :cER IN OHtNP SINGE THESSS s
ioricl .res nf seeli sQele -ileherlee in Gliene
;eiìrenin j1e nl:In t±shenjefIuSl: Crïi? ebctuc through epenLtnt-toiprove t hekeepingqucIl itien o-F rnx endSer :1ne1 lewhirli e cernedoutfror I 542 onwerdby theGovernment chemie: Ineceociet Ion withthc PnieoneGepeotment Fromthesecerlyexperiments c. rs eophitieatec meens ofresenvetion wec-e tried lï:l oh led up tu the esteblishment o-Fe emell cenniery et the Sen Stotion endtheproductbeing soldunidrthelebelcf OSUKAN A ei iofi eh mee Ipl ant:wee al cc s- etch J. i shed lni reduce herring surplus end( attempt 1:o)make fish meeJFil: for' humen consump t Ion In the letO 1940 s the Fisheries E; 'epeotment '-es crectrc arid in eddit Ioni to thereservat ion experiments trial swere made to improve the pe.r-Formanc-r o-Fti-ne fishing cancos -ist led tc the importe Luuiro-i'inc surfbnets powered wxth 15 - engines end initleit-intended to -fish-For herring.Lator ttey w ti '2w F st coastel woters which proved suFFiciently promising pst ont loi in justifythe Init:rouiuctionof poweredcrsnl?t on a wider UL ecninIv 'a.tuis on h s I et o hoetoerd to be established irs the WoLes itngicsr.
:in the 1952 - 5953 devslcpmcotalptosis Lt:initiut trewlmop :nvetige:ions werecontinued.hiss:i:hsr s-r2uneJiu -Fisheries were not overlookedpertly to mo :iLcr ihr l:ussi'. and secondly to provide suppi lea -F tsri:Iswp:tiot canner-yana -Fich meal pl
The iic- etfisher:iaestationcut side 4co.ca s'sa-ss etblishedintheieof TeRsi-odi.harbour which wee undergoing extensionand land resi emotion.Uttercentres :jt EinWiïij. îd choz'g provided in f\pr rr boty3rd egtb.3.. in kordi r!i.cc5i othcimported rbts powered b h . p . cser )Ui Jt_1'rpLced by 22 hp nd 1at ::13 n:i r ïrci j: bi:d n (h( 1tDfl t;rwis used by of the fiherm o+ Ii3flÖ ruiini Wt3 I nc -ç i. t flTD. \(- L 'T )T T T Ç C1 i repicec$ by e beach boet.4with more beem end ee:ferte corttruct. They beeme theetrtderdFishing unit L;ut et 1ct twenty o-Fthe -Former were xi1t beFore bejiphfcd ui'' \ t'T8 nrtT -scr ("OF wc I00 L J two being built. in Sekondi C-f'1:heee -fivwere pont ot:en I th 4E ere-fi: whíchwere introducedioter' , Pc J cer' 47 petrol cre-tt which le still operotionel with twinJ4 crrne oF 44 h.p. eachwas also built butit was the maximumthe slipwav eod handle, The 45'cr'Pt becamethe ende:- vessel produced by theTerno bot,yerd when il:comnefleec production ini eta 62 The trdit ional canoes hod not reocived any et tentY. after neri ytr' ial s inmotorisation had p raveluIls((cIceest and it cjar:T Ir(ouehtthat the only wayan outboard cou).d be 'Fitted T(T TTT :OunrDdti0nof-'the ster;- and fittìnfa tra: ee. inboa'd eni,ne ;were not considered as they we.re thought to he toe oumbersc)merequired too much space end the heri:wo-ed of't he lOf' from v:h I ch t he canoe we e due ou t.would break owe y quiekit atihrstern ifsubjectedt:o hiqhstresses. ii: normally does under de-yto dey use)Inearly 1955t t request citee Presidentthemotter wasreexomircd nd engines war's eucorsvfcl'Lv side OOuntOd by using a bracketThe bracketwoe a threedimensional triengi ce-nd which p roved edeoucte-For genera]. usagewithout baviepte modi-Fy thecanoein envway. This impreveesrit crvethe
-f T s'c mon a e lei a T L T i\fl O quickly which hod p:r'eviou sly brevi denied toi huis,
The lut rcidLei ion e--F rierl ipur-s s.sei rie unt he vessais weecompismantedby espurr'mment'r intherise c-F Lampera nets ori motoriSchOcenocS osd eh :itei. lOt r was never -Fully devc.lepad eniodific&:tiori cfi rit' il? the po T (weiche)nei:.id cevecior.
ink eu tic:i c:lr,l-i()Lri 'iiid fricc)r:3 rioni richi outright,doucuorentwith Lhr desale TiÏ5T'Ttef FOr Inhere
-fi so i sr " 'TT IL landings of individual eye-Ft wore rir-c(wrjSLS . J'F c:tri nri.
'beaver' reocird the cf-tord-dieta by fichi n 'r- nj i;-sì 0cc -Y a
lr of coy IiOIO LIPto wee theColme in therv copnnnnt of the c5tcnoe îher the Picotee Deportment wec firet eetebliced ite pr:Lnoipelrole \!OC to Lrvostiteto fi.eì proceecln lecn1opyCCS?fishingpotentielfoidevelopingthe mt oduc t innofmodernfi obi ngcrc-Ft.e e onnietod eco stet ictice! svo'i.em,edmini ot. reoJ. cens scheme, send p J on-for e>pendod infY'SctrtIctureo
As ctivìt±os cecome eotb1 i shod the rol o chongod Forcie one o-F development t a menagome ot F rom 94 -we rd s investigation was vested in the newly esteb1íhodFiherioc Rosecrh Unit and theFisheries Department dropped comeci' :Lts terchnielni'vices The Department;isstiliwiththeMnitryof Agrl.ouiture hut hasbeen oxpanded endthe ChiefFisheries U-P-Fiçr reo) coed by a Directorwith three Depot ies onefo fra ohwater ''nc o marinefìeherieo endone for dreinietretjon. TheFisheries ResearchUnit isunder ehe Dirctcof Fiho with e Dput1cDirector in cher' o-i' reseorch activities. In addition each region is cdministoï-od by enofficer renkingce Principe).Fi horì Offi corend supported by FeniceFisheries O-i'f±cercFisheriesOf-Firer's end Assistant Fiohrieo Officers at cut ettians )he Deportment ectivities include Vessel licensing and registry -Collection rei' otstisticl date. Extension services, rOinin1 con cenino end en-- chenics ErwPor-comont of f:Lsheri*ce legisletion sou h ir e I i.1uet c-F mai ne en once feciU t ice for outboard motors end :Ji.oce I engines ieuc iCtni ccocpxovìd ihcc .ì nJ group h urn cw L L i L f' I 'u-ir Fih Jin:h... JL by thf'iïLChiuf i cnoe' ccri.in. u3nqucntcuntu hEvc:ridci to cdo:ruthi 'figurc }f ttìc mnny ri ri in ptrc1 cutbccud tu -
Thc our u-f h:'.-]uu. bbc ccnui, bbc unit which ci.c:fcy c c.urd bUin 1nth. ïhihs cu- heun incrci ccít o ro uni.J.4L3 nd como fi ohormon cl. oim uni i: ô?. lcr-go i CC Ccrutx-u un icuniOuou hVOian provoc uyJïnp. chc1r i.w :Ln blm -f'uru i: 'oc shone ru1 cut o utblu i i n I u' f t nu ' T p it someroxylon) i: ttb:i I. t.h-t iunuredtimber utdinnonce niekini iiri.ti1 nuIstit miteon boo n'Fuura
Cc-pite. tui v:lnti.iUtbbc 1CSUs ohouL the moo of Wi.wo blìcy sii1 opiicurti: beedequoto for curt-sotnods oltliciuci: pr:ceo 'to-c mmcneOcoii The lottictmodjoocut oroumid twhuodt-ud und i'if't pc:undo
:rr-tedoiti. critut i:cm-5 tiesosLo tt-,:eìnc:_Lnnict the i:uccJc hull, the outmuhelecitO-O: boina botH: op by tic much cc eipbtuon J. oche sC 45 cinc)bu i:t ie o -is re Iti ve ropeJ st eel, vot oche s( 30 orno) Lero boo end stern pte-octv ost-und -f'rcm solid ï:J eons o-C timber complementt ho bull ciup inthe purmotiales other niodJ-fjt,-Lcjno hove boon muids to ocnomnrnnrjote ccmtteulor types of ce-t-r or equipment:. o. s,ion bo>-os end Thol i' LOi:. 1h-c:-c.rInr:i,-I esl'mud onu l,cd cncss-sbso iteve ben r-opt-:iuoc by cicilmiiC 'thwì--tc end deckinp,; come nove ever: bedtnsuiot.sd fiem ticiltisJtmtel, lei -
íI-rtimnt'tdt -ttcof-io,'' sdc ri i'ti.:pt.uto '-i: bevr :tum:ìui r" od v-tobiiìi:.y tJt fbors-t' cy bi.: pt-ci:)n:c L-f'-tolsi.:t:1tmcI-moies. uit butit i_tpcuit--tt.tttic.t_0itbc.rut"cJ n:ui:c:s. chut:-ft bLed more poi-er-f'ultheim hJtitrurtend bid np. bcun Lit-tm: :bs'rvitci. The or-itt-toi imi brcRb u rsrtuj cibe tuo i ìht buy- ii. t er':in soci oct-i n too itmOl be ct-fu :ìt-tc)h bcrctu r h' u n t L t I t t t I t t itert of the cenco. cipo-loor: it: ut tnchtudt tti.CO-Littit.- it-t:v-?t:-cì,im i_h itu-t-fri tnchIhn::-nniu mies-ti-: f Ls detochobt e urenKeL u
Althuugh :fni:iy-cr-ctcrlf ir'tut-comtc-í-: cunyt:tcJerc,-t-to this miside' rtonrmt'-_no they h_vii nuvor hourt oc_ri t-mi the fiehe'rïneil themse lues end the side mounting viil behood to rOPI000. Withthe mntoduotiono+' the "po1i"net theconoce changed from a pa:vE' to ective role in fi.ehìogcperetìons which mey ueJ J,hevecontributedto theverysini+'+csnt moresco in catches 'theLorger connerhave beer chengod co nidersbJ ybut there h Ove OOSflnO noroiJeL cicvclncrnen5': trtPO cra-f't oh ich provide livoli hoods 'For e boye pert o-t' the i-.1. fl' J C C S tt O sur-face cillnett:irtg. 'Lhr cancre stil] rely on oeil or paddbee for ir.rcpuls-ice- end the present dubi prítei ttype or' rìg couldbe improved. Loeboordo hove beerintroduced and mey hove- improved roilingchrcterir-tios but.etthe moment. they cannot sail close tu- the wird end n oct wait;for' o teìl wind to get to the -firhing grounds. Latches ore dl.cuuCJsed cr.seohere hutt toy hove :inoreeced from on estimated 2CLtIQtonsin'19PU tol'ti22d t-orsin ci io r.i runt i r e t c that this eer is resulting ìlt improved resource opboi.tot.ion and secondly. new stocks haunt entered the fis!-'eriesBalistes andanchovy] which wer-ntnot caught:in borge quont:Ltie-e previously. No s'toti.stic-sct-the crustacean londo .[ ri rIt' co r - ' I nr t'e to the Jocol economy mustt'e significant. itte erpneionend de.vebopmc't'its:tn the canoekishet-'y oreremor kahle ond this reliance by the -fishert-non on theircraft i ndicate thot this design oil 1 beornund -Por ct:trts:ìdcrreble timeunIese e suitable aiternotivo can btu -tourd. J:----:-LL..Ytt--eels-, The -Fir' st powered cr-a-Ft to be introducrd o'' the Fisher ins- Jopar tme ---tweretwo dnio bbc onde-d cur-f hoots with kelvin F2petrol---star-t kerreenenginesbuilt: by Hornitys. ct-F L.iverpocJ They wereroundbilgedcarvrrl construction w:ìth li-ci-co plonk:inp, ncwhtre]house, had 2F cubic feetc-F'bunvc,rtt-:-vtrtL-t end were cr'opc't--' sheothedt:' t-o the wetur line to prevent doirtege forti marine horero. F'iininsioi-tr-oereL. enuthhLì ". Penn IOPert: Pti
w-Euro un-cud intrictJJv :tn ;Cinrat,rass-err t-Ne positibi] it c-i' irrtpr-trvíng e-rrd:ircrt .rc catcirre. Un-fcr'tur;atccJy the star,darni''A"net tear u-ucd fnr-----irhung OnO c'o r'r'si improvement wee treoibJ.oapes-i; -Irrirr, greeter- moi:'iJ.itv a, nr] range c-F act ion -
Triai ricut Jtdcr trì t-r'ct'rJyeu'r 'eut-r-tt,,j'-'cprucmiuìcg f'iohì.rig orce restri.oi:ccd bu ti-teatonal flor-Osend condì ti orni on t-ho bricjt-the:r cit-in o-t-hrrivcr \-'oJtr'-Ftirti-nr 'c-r lele h
t8ehc:ndi end Tehoredi were sufficiently encourcgin rno:ce were orderedfromHcrnbvs, end adecision wee made to aeteblish a boatyard at Sekondi Plans were bought fromHornhyn and the prototype was built for the Fier iceDensrtment Lompleted in 1P62 ( i:he ear of the coronai: vse I was named Corona wit h the est ration number TP Subsequent completions were named MV Kokohu ( TF2) MVSekyirif ii TFtU and MV Msnkoad:se Il TF1) AI) were handed over n 95d and the f:Lrst rormmarcie) oatches landedIn Marchcfthat veer The firstofthe imported craft also arrived and were banned over. Improvements made included the addition of a wheelhouse over the engIne Ir the aftccroart oF the' vesselsuxstituti ng ant :tfoul ing psI citfor copper sheathing and rep lacing the FC by r» ' r 2 o 2 Anucicmrke cfonanr was tried hu it proved unsatisfactorycOd production Was standardised on the 22 which was easy to maintain, adequate for brawling with evictinggear, and washacked by avery efficient sparesservice, Thisengine endcar'eeservice proved to beas imnortantIn theintroduction of cowered craft es ceneother factor endonly politicalInterference' led to other makes being tried withdi,east roue resol t s It is of interest:'thai: MV Mcrnkoadve II was thefirst craft: ownedby R.K, N Corso and was the nucleusofthe Mernkoodre -f'is'r'ingfleet.one of the largest ïn We st A'f':cica MV Beky:Lrifi belonged to the -First cooperative to receive a ve seal butdc spite thest r:icte et neoni boring by the co-'-oe,ratìvredepartment and technicaladvicefrom the Fisheries Department. it eventually failed and was r e-' p o s e e s s e d -
These t:rototyp'cs whilst capableof brawling were considered to he far fromeat is-Eaotor'y ne -Fichi nçore-Ft or they we r- e vert'livelyextrem r iy uncom-Fo rl crblre.o:oetlyto build and could notL'e beached eos:Lly. A, new type 28 Foc-t long were introducedwith e beam nf I I'feet C i nohas and çCLtìf _) rpt j, ce o , i r 'r,, or r LO I ca keels and was much mureecc eptable. IL tiedo trars:-mstern which eased fihi n-ycoorot'iorty, and could be' recidi lv Leached on lending-wheels, This design was used in. lancer models- o-F a similar tyrceintroduced es 36 lo ng ano' later 46'with Kcl vin 24 erryl nes ., There craft were mit icily used for tracl fishing but Ja'Lcrohen thtochciqur:or purse seinint:i:':' accepted they orovccd to hoideal fort his. curpose By 'dr»iL the eur-t'boo--L desIgn hed be-cr dropped and e betel o-E C'I fishing eneccirele were on the 'Takor--ai:ti register most c-f'which t'reo been buil t irrSekordi - Two standarddesigns wet-c operating end p lens had been mode to build 60 vessel s in the new yard to be opened in Tomo.
Sub sequent lv and wi. t h ces si. tonce -from FAO the cia sign e werefCOfT'round bil ge tchard chine construction and a whole range of eses ware to be boil t rem 1:hirty to ,ont: feet in length. it is unfortunate that the policy with regard to eines hoe not been as enlightened as the one for' the hulls, and operators ore now faced with spares and airLenance problems -S hod is the situation that as nanv as hal-F the cool icr croft are out of action because c-t engines needing attention -It was inevitable that the pltc of sticking to oneunit would hove ta chone because o-F tJìa changes ïnfishing rnethcd butwhere smelltrawlersare concerned some stendardisatien could hove been retained -
The FEO ore providing o.sistneo through the Agriculture Development Bank to overhaul or re--engine smaller crft i-t' the problem of suitable power units car be overcome these croft will remai n crc theintermediate ;egc between the canoe and deep see fleet a -
oaihuidung: Th development o-F bcnstbui ldircg followed closely on developments incrait and exploitation o-F fishing grounds he rapid developments which occurred between 19F-3 and 1B63 cudnever have rnateriaìise.d but for the Sekondi end iO pert iouler' the master bocetui. ldr- who ha e adequately received the recognition he deserved.
Fekondiyardwas establishedin ce wrehouewith facilities -For construction a+ one COsse], ata time. Btcrerc blacksmith e shop, moulding la-Ft , design offices, a large elipway and prefahriation shed were soon added, all cion by boatyard ctaf-F and with the hootbuilder s energy end ingenuity. Jigs wer a.medo to pr'ofobricate laminated and etempuste which resulted in very uniform shape o-F hui I es well ce rcpìd construction. From one vessel at: a product:i on rues increased to six, os well ers carrying c'ut repairs arising, from ccli ision and other damage From the keel to soc trials took three months at the most cnJ ore-ft eve.r hoof to be returned to the ycerd -For modifice tue;,
By iBOC the: yard hod been troncferre-J Agriculture Oruelopoent Corporation and plans wer''jr lì hand for developing tbrr second yar-ci at Tema - Ac; .-.. Ju I r were showing interest irr larger croft. -Five etere r-col wer 3'? long with Kelvin JA rrrrginerr were built bu were really satisfactory as they were locking bco ocrA ruderi tr. roll etc-lent 1 . Never'the loss it was one o-f the r r 'hi ch b: ru t used o purse seine net which es to re eri utrrrn.iuu te sardinel la firrhrrries cenci ocesibly damage them -toe a tiere IO -
The au cesa of the sorse mars and space ovailble in Tamo dictoted tb?. polio' of buildIng Jorger ore-Ft there, and concentrating anthesmil ones In Sehcndi whilst earlier pLanning had intended that the -tirai: yard would be closed
Staff were well trained and ore is now manager in Sekondi ,another in Tesa and the largest: private yard in the country at Elmino is run by a former trainee from Sekondi Other private yards ail re-Fleet this sound training received during the early days o-F development inSkundji
T'ama yard was not complete until 1564 but it was possible to start construction in 1563 when the first 45' vessel was leid down. This craft had tnuchncre beam than the prototypes, ned a dual purpose winch and a flying bridge on top of the wheelhoua for spotting peJegic shoals of fish During the period bel:wean 1964 and 1974 a variety of a-ires cf wooden vessels were built hel:waen i-O and 70 -Feet in length to designs provided by PAIl using the- hard chìn principle- o-F canst:ruction
Ownership passed to the 01H00 -trae the ADO who also took over the yard in Sekondi and astebl:Lshad a third at
Mum-Ford to arovide -For the inshore fieein that J,ocal:itlf--
In oceani: years boatyard staff have astblished their own private yard the iarge'sl: of which is the Ya-y-ial yard in Elmina. la date 120 cro-Fi have been built there wIth a sire range: between 40 and 60 feet ancJ two 70 l'cotera oreawaiting completion on the: beach adjacent to Emina castle - Other private yards are located in Terna( canoe beach) , Aecra Winnebe Ahononia Apam ElmIne and Sekoudi Ail build to th standard flerd ch Inc form of oonstrucc Ion
Another' private yard has been apenco In Tokoradi by an epatriate who ía trying to introducea Newfound lanO type c-F dory toreHecc -the traditional canco. As the preference for' l:he canoe a sa deeply entrenched in the i"iahíng communities such a radio-cl, change without any proof that i.t wíli he equally as good makes the wider acceptance of this craft unlikely. a- J thouoh the builder report s that he he s soma or-bars. Oor'a-ntJsnel stern trawlers are elsa being buïlt asP if the verb succeeds it is more likely that these craft will he I:he ree s-en
W:tii sueta large number cf yards operating it a appear that iberoi a excess building capacity but product J at all the ver-da is slow and geared to the availability engínes . t 'a standard of craftmenshíp is high but 5cc-er atondar- da have be en lowered eg. planking secured gai vani sed n-ail s rather than brasa screws. Power tools, s s -
öIEnot vailb1e ond oil work soens to be with hic Loîs but it i o heolthy sign thot bootbuilding ncw rod into the pniuoto sector.
Fish:. The inshor2 end ortissnol fleet s exploit four princips-! stocks which ore token with a ronge of geor hut the inin tyns rs i:he encircling gear which inciud A1i" end 'Poií riots7 for sordínllo. anchovy end some Balistes, arid ìrowiinn noor' used by the inshore croft fo toking dorsal fish nd Solistes. Some of the inshore vessels were also in Poii" nets. Sill nets and hand lines ore in use for ostohino rook fish and crustacea. Besoh seines ere not discussed os'hoy are ano of the traditional fisheries which hove cnristed c.i oOr the coast -For considerable time and whiQ bave not hwn any marked developments in technique or gear - The trowj. nets in ne on 30 or 5c* foot croft all seem to have Lh vom dimnins nd ore much too lit-i 3.y constructed. ïh cOwl Ysr first introduced wee based n scaled down (Ironton r'awl and the trawl doors rnaifl unchonged hcíing dimenr-&ons of 2. feet by 1 foot 6 IncheS- Sorne report s inlinate that th engines lock power end the thot theinOtOliOtmOn3are such that full engine output not roi:Lsed .fl of these rey ho valid butDOnC that the enormous dreg Uceeted by the very mal i blinders in every cod endinc1 h a oau se .As o of thss robloms the fishermen arc reluctant t us trawl doors. They are certainly eats-factorv for 3 craft.
The original scaled down G'ntari trawl hes beEP droptec and repl aced by o i--- nene Idesign made from sheet net tlng with mes-h siso o-F 60 mm. Foot ropes are light nd flotation be at a isirutmum. tearmngiflmiid that licht trawl ç, LOLid toied by a vessel posered by o 22 p erire 0d produce co1777t7-!'CÍOlcatches twenty five years ego nd 3 hp engine e ere now considered to be ïnadequt0 there is apressing need for a study to be mode- of the noci suitobi per unit for each type ofLOOwlSi' the specifioction o-F thebOst typect geor for each class arid comparot1u the effect e of trawl swit-h and without bi ndeps The sheet net t: ing l.n use may be too light and heavier ma t criai swc'u id ro su I t t n Longer- life end less damage orising from E shingoper-eticnc ts t he mein t row! fi shery during port s c-F t he- yosr i r Bali ste whìh swims throughout the water coluOn bitt opening trawle may yield bet tr catches at itt]ee>io cost -
The encircling nets and in particular the sirspic henO hauled seines such a-s the Poli or CISVO ot hrvc-. revolutionised the cenco end some o-F thejOShOFO tirt: ru: tperatìone. Trials were mode in 1.963 with rl Lì-io OOflcì 17 -
Lampare nei. but were not successfully developed and the single cenco purse seine technique waspossiblyevolved in the late 1960s. It has a much smaller mesh than the net with mesh sizes around 13 mm in the hunt and 10 mm in the bag.The l± net which can be usee as eithera drift net or encircling gill net has mesh sizes between 40 mm and 00mm which restricts its fishing capability to larger species of pelagic fIsh whilst the poli net cen he used for anchoio, which wer e not fished to any ext ant unt ilt ha adventnfthis particular n et
Originally all trawl nets were hand brailed and uthnr gear made rrom importad sheet netting but now chest netting is use;d for all nets and con be made locally if oLenials are va±iobie untilrecentlysupplies were uncbtoinohle hut although toe situation has improved there ía stili an acute shortage
Fich iraenurcsas Liti le woe known of the extent of the fíhar'ies resoujese in th anìv stages of development apart from what could be obtained frnm information given hT! fishermen and other local soirc. They ±ndcateda seasona t fishery for sardinal la during the rainyseason lasting from July through September and various gill or drift net and line fiseries at other times. Beach seining and in particular the caranx fishery at Kate were of rons do'alc importance as their productivity was reiative.L y higher than at the moment.
irowling surveys off i aor'edi were the fis attempt s to assess the demersol stock potentiol and then only to ascertain whether trawl fishing could carried out on a commercial basis. 9ttisticl returns did identify the range of species to be exploited and one c-V the largest components of the catch the rays, proved eri vulnerable to explo:itetion end appear to be morrqei:r fished out. Shark fishing triais at tho ade of t continental shelf were very promising hut not pursued H t r the techniques had bgan proved. During the course of pairn r the master-Fishermen reported considerable pelagic TSSP activity. This was not pursued because of pressures cf othni work and it was left to a Ghanaian entrepreneur to ir.pJì5 seining for these fish, Initially catches were nei: forthccrni en hut once the tecihnioue had been dve pelagic fishìng assumed much greater importance-
Oemersai -trawlers continuad expendingtheir act ±v:itirr aìong the coastline and into deeper waters hut speer ires catch statistics no serious attempt was made to eve tuctiLLe extent of theresource untilthe Fisheries Pesesrch Unit bii O OL reo CSs1stnc n 1Ptr 13 fishing cont inued to expend end 'ith the ini: roduct in of th cenoc purse seine, egpiaittìan of'th adlnell stoc s reeched high levels, They mey hevo been too high es in 'ì?2 the sarci±-ieule catches wsre such thot thene;t ycer Few were to he found end the resource hes onl y slowly recovered. The col lepse mcv hove been due pertieì ly to ervironmenta I f ec t or s
Co-irioidonts :i wit tho col lepse f the serdine J. Je wos on uoir in the Belistes sto kswhivh cen be ceught by either decreel or poisio oer They provide an eitrnotive fishery during the cerly months o-Ftheyear when other s tucks ere soerce end have provee to be t he. meinstey o-? the inshore t'ewlers working out of Elmina Canoe fishermen from Winneba to Sekandi el so benefit -From thie -Fishery, end whiìt Belistes is noi en eeo:yFi.sIi to prepere. it does dr ees±lv end hes good keeping quelit.íes m&ing it e cheap source of protein -for inland consumption
The introduction a-F the po11 net resulted in significent catches o-F onohovy which were elways ceught by beech seines but had never been previous lv tekon on the open see. These stocks like Balistes provide e ve.ìusble new odjunat to the canoe fihor'ies and are else eentiei to the pole end line 'Fishery for tune which teto importent to the offshore fleet and for Teme canneries.
There is no doubt that the marine environment eround Ghene is highly productive which may be due La upwellins et the edge c-F the continenta,l shelf'. See teinperstures drop in July from 27°C to es law os 16°C with asuocieted high productivity of phyto end oopLankton - The Fisheries Feseer-ch Unit hes e theory Iiat three. upueliinga ore in effect a local breekdown in the thermocJ,ine bui: this does not accord with e traditional theory of polar currents striking the continental shelf' -
i'sh eoreting h dlin and cirg: F i eh market ing he s traditional ).y been in the hende o-F the warnen traders who in many cases ore the wives of the -Fisher-men -They also nandle the catch, process it as neceese:ny and arrange; for its transportation end soLe in the inland marr-ets . This hoe always been aoca-pteble portioulorly as the women often finencec the fishermen through the slack periods; but handling on operi beaches withut slay water or dro:íneee left much to he desired,
The Fisheries Department on the dv1c ef FAD established a pilot f'ish merket t Takoredi in 1Si under the management of' the ADD. lt was intended to secure improved returns io the fishermen by insisting thoU where e I4
price had been agreed it was binding on the purchaser to settle later at that price. This system wee acoentahie in the first Instance hut later the fishermen ras ited it and reversion to normal practice e ensued,
A marketat Elmine and another at Terse had the esire experience hutGovernment action drove the -F:Lahermen away when a levy was imposed on fish neesiny. throuth the markets
Fish prices a re n o rma I I y dep r e e s e ci a. n ci t: o :1 mp ose sci artificial nrice i n cree sew it hou L considera t ion of t he producers end i r s i: hand b u ye r e drove t ham t side t ha markets and thay have fallen into disuse. The market at Teas is still usedhut only cots es a distribution point and
normal market practices hove been abC fli o n a. ci
Th greater pert of all palagir Iandings including 8aiistes are dealt with at villagelevel ei.ther' by smoking or drying. Smck:Lng techniques i n recent ycars have been improved by the introduction of the Chockor oven i.. n the i\ccra creo where it has become wellKnown There ha-vo been nc large scale developments ìn se r ciinei la canning StcrkistjMank,oadze do have a canner f' o r tuna in Toma but that relates to the industrial fishence rather' than this inshore and artisanal sectors.
Crusteacean markatinc in the We stern Cegicsn has b cc n improved and iobster arc kept in floating boxes fo r cii spatch to Abidjan when sireeb i e consignment s have accumulated,
As eleotnicìtv is readily available villages where dernersal fishing te-kas place could be provided with ice making plants which would enable fishermen to oontel-np late longer trips by taking insulated ice boxes tosea with them. Ice plants are always attractive to remote communities for cooling drinks in edli tion to their main commercial outlets. s.j
K:s: oìt1 strip : ortith stc-r bo1r of Af1to ìo j ... p1ojtL1by bsc- petsbuttho do ro oirprwithto oftfl.Lriy vr: òc, hen 1er go etouRe of wereto be found in thieerse 1en of thecenes eceo no n the boachecwrc çjnçi"i th svn d c . h pu . ngc etteched to the foctrope. tn it wee s nun f inhinj dsv no dn4 could b Ador t cenoc, ficoery hesed to the west o-t theriver n o u t et t et { h ç n o h w netty i L s dr u cm me r t con bemode cotthe -jnhtngostsuities. buringtheoorií 950 s the firstettecept s were modeat trowl ing usingtwo imported surf boats.Al thuuh Ad hod sdifficult berto ngotiete it westlwys possible for the Meeter to do so olbeit with difficui.tyet timon, it also provedthet the imported ourfhoãts- wore.suitssble for theoconditions. Catches wereencouragingbutbecteuseofthefloodend sessione Ihigh ese s amore nuit ob loos so 'Po r t retel t ng operations bed to he found, ProcctProreTts villagesot-resttevCci reiletsteithe east crt Tema ise tìt'y setive hevingsrourtd fiftyJorge conctee end twertty -fitiesmeLl one c ìt tF'te beech.Most e fthe cencos hev. heno ínerussei in c;s by buing ttegunwhcclre built up. The ncen,Lterconoce ers ut-tcheiigcule.rte usiod fus' insthor'o line'tishi ng ottJota lt och\ grounds. The lonjeo conoes orepsrtieJ ydec.:kcd to ouccunt norlOte the'Poli ni' Ptlí nst-.: . The etounting 'f:tr:ttbusscIictct'sins. nowbeset inccirporoi;csJir-ttcthecenote to bee per rnsnortt t'otiterthen usi. toi f ' ci Il c (i ,u hi cte t transversely where the outbuari is to befitted by cutting o ohennel in inchLtnehtn),t.I1: ueare i he nerv tir' r cgcoi spctilers ore f:tttoden:r squired todeflect ceatr-F' roce the engtnoFitting the trtcveosce hence tios ricci:eppoar to bonet al roc ed th cl ut toSi not ht coto nu tn i n ce mind Ohs t nereoso 'tn enojos co'er end weight . It prciboblv very good lopreivaserit From--Pent-nI sie good srvmpJe. c-ta very t:1vt :shi.ng ocrnunityshioh oon h en in no: the ccjte1 v: i1ges when Terne criginJ. ly.. 1nnect it epeci:ed M ft-c oc í' oTp1UrLLt Joui _5 Uinc J i h. eidents we.r cornpeneted Ecr th to3 f their 1nd. Prnvíeion md i pirning t.he shirig "i o th ?5trn side to h used by tht cn f:tehtrmen .A evnt h .te provei they rny have lost.ianc but nnw have ecur !nding r bet:e then the one thy lost The hwhour' which \r rtI%LJ h & i" - t ir F hc i cc Q r'c intended s bs e for smii t...rcwirs cnd herrin dri-Ftep Syntt1at : .c i-icte -HdnGtt:en mntoduceci ctt It tintt nd on CCCC at the rear of tha harbour wan p inned -For drying nets, Events and developmente during the late fifties and early sixties resulted to consider able repianning to provide -for a I fluO r roetiarr a Lhkma r i - g po - c sores, ice pin-t, administration buildin Even then the space aval labl e was hardly adequate -f-orrhe rapid expen sion of activitiestaIirg piace en the early sixties. Indivíduel oompnies such os Mankoadee and Soi ï Fisheries required their own installations, transhipment berths were needed end mor espat was required fee the Stete FishIng Corporet ion. He rhour ax t csnsion s were s t er- t ad imned:t a t e I y but t ha prs-Perence is still for the inne r harcour and the outer harbour's main use is -Por laid Lq:; craft u-Ft;hs State Fishing î et When visited the aehou:'-wa s axtremeir busy and -Fish ware being landed reularlv from a variety of trawlers- and pois end líne tuna vs ssaio, A fleet o-F purse seiners was laid up pose idly du-e to leoF of spares but also possibly due to- lact of explcitehle resources arid th-r- technical problems -The Fi aher-le-e Deperi;ment 's reesereh vessel is also based in the her-hour and original c-F-Floespace allocated to the Re search Unit is st I il 'i n use al though the mein dvii. dings sr u in Tema townshirj - Other i.r-Frestruc-turee lncted within the herbour- are a tuna cannery jointly owned by Mankoedee, fisher:ies and Sta-Rist of Acier-ira weich curi handle up to 20 tons of raw materiel a dr which aher processed in exported under the 5tare I i -L e n me' t the f'f \JLJ which n-es pleni-ie d er; nec-t c-F the or-ïgina developments wes 1 i tut o e' n r was L - (Stone Induct;:- icri Holdings Ítorporaticn) and nut tNt Ag;- iuultrci Lievelupwant Corporation The canoeI ariel ng located to the east of the hsrdrcr was o hive of ativitv when visi ted and over- IOU lar-ge oenous with e- n nieller- numbri;: u-t' line canoes c'ere courted, 1'? Some o-fthe larger canoes have large insulated ìc-e boxes located amidships to enable them to stay et ses for prolonged periods when line fishing. Tome now appears to be developed to its maximum unless other resources become accessible and the most pressing need appears to be to reduce the congestion caused by the laid-up f I cet s Accra : The fisheries station in Accra located at Peu about one mileto the East o-f Christiansborg Pestle was tue base from whichthe present Fisher-ice Department wee built - In those early days it was housed in two prefabricated American f\rmy huts but as activities expanded more substantial buiIdings were erected to accommodate pílot canning and fishmeal plants. These were, or at least fha cenning plant was, removed when the ÍWC established a canning plant at Nsawam. Much of the station has -feller victim of sea erosion but the administrative bui :1 dings stil i remain se th were originally. As Toma commercial harbour developed, a parallol r-un dawn in activity at Accra harbour left warehousos derelict and created muchunemployment in that area. The strong canoe. -fisher has; davo loped into a sizeable industry and over one hundred and -Fifty canoes were counted which did not take account o-f those at sea. Th Ga -Fishermen of /\ccra hove always been receptive to improvement s end cooperated fully with the Department during its early days of development. Furthermore the Chief Fisherman was the first person to accept on outboard motor fitted on a side mou nting when the scheme woe introduced in ¶969/60 -Now most of the canoes are much larger, the majority have been modified as already described, use much larger motore and fishermen are now organised as Associations or Co--operatives -Fox' negotiating purposes - Ice boxes are in evidence on many canoes which couì be expected as Accro hs a long tradition for- line fishing. A boatbuilding yard has been started in specs fur-marl occupied by warehouses by a former empìye of the Teína b ca t va rd To the west o-f' Kcrle Lagoon the village - on alec deveìooed in much the ...... --o Accra but the most significant in novat icn in this oil lags- i. s rho improved smoking oven which Le gradually being adopted in other areae This- .ilcge wee. where the first eperin:-;nrs ca 'r ea o n -a iet tn o cnd th n buì.idïng í tiiistnding ori th btooh ond to thri Chorkonmoko ovnn mtrRthe ínoe rhen "i flebe//:: : TN:L s r'oup ofy j i 1ge r repc3nn-: hìch heve teen pico. W:nnehe s omreìoieIi porLhtoh dvi1opmrito' irnie err i :h he:r become iïrn:'e One trewler wore f ro l icJ eli otherfiehirilecerred out dv ceroi ht: Ç w:t.td PoJ. i rietr Ow 'orRwjt becoh ee:nr'-ope .Urde. ' the Jepen/Gheneoutbordmot.ir de'ieìoemeuìt.ohen'e IccI mentonençwork op -Eon outbonrd motnrn beve beenoctebi:jshe,d end fi;heriren:rjrwed intb unec-- J":ponr-rc'ui)nerJ iotor'n Co--- ctnerei:jveshavehero eri ehbed Ji'.rovr m ì enerine.end recuro nperen :N J --shinniìJ.e.ewhich oporeten ìei J. boicm netri orhnd iiìrr. Mony 4J the tOUCI tnenien I1:)w :evitetrci ta the lacre eren wherethe have faunoep1vmwnt in the Menkoedee -firbing comp ie Apem wee the rrtJ ondina ii-i thyceritrelrc;:iov tr be en -For powereCare-Et.tremi F:shingor heed iinio-. ecm hrcymIJe Sa-Ftnljoç-y -Four or -Fiveore-Ft e-j1J. operate buithe mn:ir ctJ ci:v canoe operatìone itiuuì-Fe:'d her a tLaciitor-cei ce lic: o-fohr-ry o-P cocee ii-np or t e oc a he n tied c reo re p cofre C e t h a ii kp am . I t mr s ar:LgJ.i'iel.J-yc;Q OC' Ld1 c-d ta be- tran'i nere er aìì openìoa ring -For powered (-:re- Ft uJtiìi;r Ie-og n -ferc.:c.Fct there tn no ciaubt thet toy con be. n no lose t-hecFhF crcft mora neeci et eoorJognann rn many agei mey leva í:n -E : h:ì o iuoeLve-'d unJc o - nrnrrrcr-n-o - F CIFOJO 0r.r dc r-n Lab end development.-J. d ven briop charnu Ib rharo in a eci: f'or- invovecant o-r ivon-e vii. ntcr provei rirh nrokior, This one v:;':ilec-hiub had notfìcurerJ ir .c pier-rt. nut. w-iic-_d-isì ;: med t:htt on firoerr'e-i ;ere npeUJ ot nLotrcp iti vrt he- gttt elc;ouregerren E J h Ji - o u i- o 'i i n p e are arnnnp the r-amn daran o the; (cute 'EJ nh-r'rmen rh-Jr I hnp bern rspannibJe for no much eupr:-h rercmuo he-rd\'JO C,.re ann emanad ira ehonc c:'rov- duct Jcet. Jh - cru r-r ihr tri-'c- jI to be entoyru. he r-hoJ caertec :rrJp te er orky er-b canoe landing'; ann-crC 'citi n uh-vrx' iiiro Trcdjt:i.orc, J- 'C.e: lucantr ;;h r" vn1vlccrs for tha'EJc'iiing :-iuccL-1Jt ihn i'ucu berro-e cri' the Cnitntes Ç nrìgee-rIJeb) ----ank J the mi-3 revert Jan ecc oltarnrchiv-cc -E:ini'orttiercJvc3_ur( ranebiccC snccin_nnp o i. alga-i' i r h n ocr-rO r J - 5r-fi--c critJr ccc prc;Nrhlv tb-c niant i1cpnc-iJ eccc-t -cc Jjo hcr-'. car cìc:r'rc-cyo ccr_lrieJy s 3 second boise or pc.. werec crt tc provide îcnii6r fooiUtieo to those et Tefcorsdi The harbour improvements included dredging the inner harbour, oonstructìon of emole ( brokwe'Lor), adrnin:stroti.veb ildirtgs Elipwsy maintenance workshop training school for ccx swains, fïsh merk et and The] tineOLflt n o t the mole rduoed the le coed acceso to the inner harbour but dici not proc] udoi te use and although somewhat duipidtod these facili t irasere stil i in use. although these rhot has fellen into disuse Fishing for elìtes by both conoce end power ed craft provides e major iishry. Trawiln for fish ise] so in evidence and some canoes ero. line fishing or giii nettIng. Every ectivity associated with preparation, drying pecking and dispatch con he observed but there i s a lack of water and drainage facilities to wash end remove detritus, lhOport issor ricedby e boatyard end several indpendrnt. :tcreth uuiorrars, end a mra,jor seit works hs heran developod in the swampiond at the rear of the town, Une of the major trends in development philosophy fur artIsanal. rend inshore fisheries i s :Lnterated fIsheries development. Whilst it was celled by another neme crigineliy Elmina15 0 very good example of thi o although it preceeded it by twenty five years. part. from the salt works it was all planned end, destrite being run down, is more active then aver in serving the f:Lshing comcsunity in dUitic to the crenoe f loot which operate outside the harbour over 100 powered craft operate frocs Elmine. As many as 50% may be laid up for I ask of engine spares but the remaínder represent e marked increase in the number operating many years ago. Set :r.c.i.i/Takeradi. These tw towns saw the first: developments in the introduction of modern powered craft into the Gocenalon fi. shing industry Trials using suribeat s powered by IS. h. p. enines hod proved that traw]ing was o possibility and that the ra sources would justify the iotroduot:Lon of more or aft, tin spite of initial resistance by local fishermen encouraged by local pou ticians Fìvhinp trials were rnitíallt conducted from Sekondi but because of the problems were moved to Takoradi, harbour They were later continued from a she] tered anohurrege: tir tUC lee of the land reo amat ont aking place as pert of the letcoradi port imp'uvemrnt s. Lend wee ai located from this reolamotirn but for two veers offices and other biiídi ogs erected from sino le materia Le were located on the beech itself, These inciudeo storer, a workshop, elipway, gentry for lifting engine e schoolroom for cor swain trat ning end a cerpenters shop - In 1 ¶356 t he permanent f fìce were 20 completad» Ale ncting jetty was constructed with a fuelling point at the end end moorings -For fifty craft laid SRondiWÖSdeveloped as o boatbuilding centre end from smell begirningsin 053 produced a total of over 'f00 croft ir a period of sever years -Ths included the original 2Dft rnodi.Pied surfLoet» 28t 'beach boat" which was the basís of vessel n»nsgns in use today larger prototypes of stern trawler/purse semers and a4'7»Ft twin engined craft which was used dvtheFisheries Department as patrol craft. The yord itself wasexpanded from using a stngle building tes complex boat yard discharging all the activities usual ty associated withboat construction, The limitations in space and siltation of bekondi harbour had been recogni sed from the outset end pjans were made for it to he moved to Tema when that harbour was completed. Initially all production was absorbed by the TaForadi statìon but sn stocks declined craft were transferred to Elmina Ahosdse limía Apam and eventually to Tema» lt is o-t ntcrest to n cte that this type o-F base is still functioning although activity hes been reduced at - This is maInly due to reduced commercial usage of Tekoradi main harbour and the diversion of many o-F the» trawlers to a safer and mor» e convenient base, The fish market plannedwith FAD assistance has been abandoned and is n ow used for storage. The associated ice plant is out of action and it may never be reectivated which is unfortunate bearing in mind the need for reular» ice supplies. Other services suc h as training) maintenance Ctr5tiBt±CS are still being provided although at reduced levels of activity. Nc gear technology investiration is being done although there is s need to identify the most suitable gear forthetrawlers. Villares to the Fret of Tat.rr-::ti : tlixcove OusI oc. Buture : The fíl lag a s cl 1 hefo a the Arcobre river-. concentrate on line fishing> tlillnet.ting» for shar-R r»ook -Fi sh and lobster ( cra» i- ii ch o-F t he pa! mur-u n -Fami Jy » i ho latter -Fishery has developed in recent years andene: notabls. point is the use of keening boxes for the crawfish to enable consignments c-F live specimens to theI ucrative markets Abidjan » Miemia had once been partly developedas fi sheries base but was abandoned sornet I mc- subsequent 1964. Part s c-f» a slipwav remain and s weil dug s-t the. Department s expense has been developed to provide rse v-a water. One of the reasons for- Míemìe 's abandonment: was the lack o-F road access but this has row beenremedied thus re»opening the possibility of us i. ne i t as e bare for power crafL /1ternrtive1y its fishing activities could bc improved by a coITmunity development project. Most of the vil lagers are able to find secondary employment on rho rubber, palm cilox' coconut plantations so that fishing i s not of primary importano-e to them. The Cheneien ishing Industry hes developed from e smell to a very large industry, unique in West Africa end probably in the whole field of developing -Fshootes. it t r a major factor in the Ghenaian economy, 000tr3buter sgnfontiy 'o l'e nui -e1 icq rane t o' population end provider val ueb le foreign earnings frocs t cc export of tuna both froc-h end canned Production has Loc en cn Ic Q PG I rn C r u in 1984,s tenfoid increase much cf it attributable to tho inshore and arti renal sector Bearing in mind the importance of -tishor ic-s for che country assistance should he given to the fi rherioc department to cilsoherte its responsibilities end i i part iouler to on suret hat the operati ora) s to t u s of t hr fishing fleet is meintcincd at the optimuiJ c-vol ThIs in turn depends sinthe rc:'vision cf dote to tho resc-scch uit to be anelvscsd and on whi ch timely monogor'ent rc-ci c-ions can be medo, There are it! so romo tcchnolngi col a rd socio) opice i aspects which could be :Lnprovesi by further study - I rd i: ione . eud 1Ioerì krt i eecue i Vu e I.Coo e & 'uot ion inThena by L o o o u weilouLeblIshud bt!:uïid±n toduetry oroducing ho:h dltioue! dc?nt cenoes endover thelevi r yç_ -'oe per. o i j L i! . reLc c;b :(.:jicns suches theeck cu foreign eche ng:Loy' inoortud iïd rerOinoreeved Fuei cvt ndthe oirocb&ey:resit e cv' iordcurrency ori todote ositloe:l OTcithoro dustionbaeo so otre cl oiLy ecouteo into -Oresthec: dugout census endoceoL el boeL\yrde covtïtig pieni on irene vesì1. s Pontit Connie Prsobeut I on in Csne Duout censee fron C--18n cii thetrociíLicnei fi sing coot tof Ghanwhic Ltseits i no be foundI. ri noon t instin iiet ni Stivino L_ sua non nei orSouth es Clooyslii s cimostentirely dendont cro the irriti Tnioiohltort o)eo kicirn ostlembeLInuri on Cinoche, ArroyoS 7CC i i i 10 t ( t O f or en t r ocring this beechlending root nonibscirurl n O'fl rtrs- "urn chou: 85Gb bui i srin Ghoo¿clone neri ori iris by Gici-'tkrrrrris toc' dtoi i'i) 1 1 , ,, ç- ' 1, '- 1 Ut suriniterri coi -tíciru:nrrmnit oìcrcc cr-iicofrisorelpneducti.cn rem er ges e'ir'rctuh:iictoce Lo rhc Eu Fore thinJotu ourtos pinirbuotion int_bric,etc iscoutre; to flore beco r'esLniclrrd trirbi: Fantipronte inchoc in nowthe;Lvcirv floree h on S ir r 5f51Gr3gL Pren Lnoe in titoErrstOOtc'egiorrin;noti r_ho cose furo bici crourti SO rind LIC 'crirçreiieur cf noncecorers cinici cLing tri-Ver' irererienicrícilocidrirn innS hutinertS end male trinity msriìriOïs Etdrrc 1KtnFr'o Fem;pioinedthat be'oreth r ceo e-:o obt1flEd -rcm FenLLe in wheti the eet.o- Ghena end that ebot tim tt Zeaand hia cnn Charwevt_abia frcrr; FamPram decded thevchouldbuild thor own canoes and tïavniiod to Sewiicco ( or Wasa) in the 3ronAhsfo reglo n to the art. Rfter saver-sis:ars returnedand beçanloc:;ai piduot onwhIch ha a muj.L:Lplicd,'ii aonLob:a,io as:ìdtohae ba-cn 'very stcon' and tohave wcdver yheart i-Fui craF, :c the 7kllyr Fan boa In :hosa davathere uomono plant'ed up oidcs. n mcn- u,. ma and lirio cnì .::nc.ra oa'oac-ih yo hov rfnd -nr o EI'ir-r th:tvcry bnoy. rontheir carootee breococOa L r..L\/,.o p r r r r r 'em end Porr-r :-r,io, db--F.fur +Fhirp a-provricna of onto 05 wyJ, a- Lrìnp rio:: iormnty-les Le roc bu'h uhr have acme oad o k'top. cr-tels oo huli ywomorarr in sera PorrosrOad hO rr er a i ng a taa m n i consistara o a e'oup :rmrFrornr-rr -r r.rora'onoe rere which served aorur::o-F-Pin The d a p'rrt:,sF pLy noiJed on, The words Ptolbe are corroe yrr-ta sida. nporentlyhis nich- mraeramesninc'rrcrtimeorulrtrrv hurrirrp Thia ma-n t 'r ree' . ,. vrv um r u c r r3rr um e oerv-r :Lntarv;i-orsd rar con-f'trovtad much cl the informatícri obtrr OOti -From ta'vy-rrIrrLh ± ore but ctis a;raroa;irjvy thecrrjutrbty; arL' :Lrrrar ret.bra that; in tGdP thr-v tuk 5 renomma oft-temucLvçr aiL- L h° Lrnat-° the /-ugu'atf'atSr,aIrtricorr many compran Ic a vtrr'r' to r-ro Fr err p nontr, hr- C *ryFtC artt nt tmIaucrb--t'F: car rcFrr cmi r t r r ' )1) Cc f in r C r riI o ti i 4rc 600parrmcrrs direct-t; lv rcrr:rduc;Lrrçre-arino-oIn the Frareose - ht eer'ryiyra yrj: t, t carJeihartaa;ihrehead cf t' r. contraía J , l'arr hra hoard eroe-iod'tnr' art riparl'i pOoplo evrarttvtrar'r:hrn'eira ay'tordra',they rcn±tnr;a in tt anal attempt tra -titad: a purchaseriraot beryonyt'i, 'tu r ncrPaayrfFrnt: other thanarnit'ra.rarIatrof Ltahora 'bra r,arstr'uttJor-r or:qrrcrrrnaaalto ca-a tori Jrr'raa:'tn orador Jar r"eoerivmct:i°rr;rme rt'tr'rtaoeuìapjíec Forrra hut rt;icd roio; r "Ji r. i, r"c 'u r 'rc L ( "tV t t L L O o I r j mar rum r,d t u r t r r r'-, co-titrach 'o-S r'Ctc'f ut. a! yr. ra userai taraic'FptrI '"tu o-poro a i.P at. 'T' a'': atr-' ' r nra-a-, acr.aparcoai o-t' ebout C 0Í .000 will at thi s time be paid to the company leedor end delivery dotes estimated between l'-3 months - The fir-st nort of the programme is to find a uitbie tree. within t he, unofficia J. TArea worked by that canoe carver, This seemed to be a 6 x 6 km square centred on the village.. Thr esi:rictínn is probably self--imposed by a feasible walking distsoce in terms of time end effort in much country consideri ng terrain weather and load carrying i .0. equipment end fuel -Oocsionol ly territories over iap with another group tutthere is noanimosity as onegroup will simply put theirmark on a selected treeand it will be left alone. 'rho carvers probably have family connections snvwev Conoe ocrci ers rJorote mainly in the Forestry Department dc-lIned 0Jnreservod Closed Forest Zone ( UCFZÌ which is control led by the hands Department - After payment cf 02 ODO at the local lands of-tice the carver their approaches the plot concessi oncì re who may be a locl chiefOÏ O town dweller who has- been granted the land concession for generai ogr-icu!tural purposes associated with UCFZ P].ots In the case of the former rights tothetreeusuallyfollow negociaticns accompanied by drinksv acost of around 02, DOD to thu carver. However. if the-re iscompetition for the tree from a logging company c-r simpl y an over ambitious concessionaire the. price may go as high es 016, 000 i_n cash - This is well above the 02/cu- ft - recommended by the Forestry Department who ar-e - responsible for the 'ReserveClosed Forest Zone'( RCFZ) - l'bis whole process may take up to one month, Carverc ps-ei'ur to c-ut the tree in wetter times of the year as the water content of the bole al lows the tree some bounce or soring when it c-mashes to the ground on fe il ing - Crown -ici isge condì tJ, un i s- u sed as an- indi ca-b or-here j-E the tree shatters cmcracks the effort hasbeen wasted,the tree i a-left and t-hoprocess repeated at aloss tothe cartor - Should he be unlucky encugu he mcv be lïble for ad Jaco-nt crop damage. This can be covered by drinks or up to 0-15000 os-ah rom:snsebion ove n though every effort may hove been made to fell th tre-o ina predetermined diroction The c-root-ion o-i 25% o-i the Closed Forest Zone (closed indicat e ao closed -icrost c-onopy os reserva s soie It! -for -' \C 1--:, aim CO'P'' 10S a gec tip',aaLT de-ii,nd source of to which th r ejat ivel y poorly organi sod carvers- have lit t io accra s s mai nl on the grounds of e-Ffordableor loe. Whenthey-rarely dc take atree from the reserves it is one cireody reJected by the lova....-s 'for reasons of -torm io, bent, twisted cc" simply oid and over eturts. In this condition wood quclity olsodetenioretes end is not e ptehie tri the loggers (there coy he o connection hers between the moturity of the tiree nd the preference 0f the convers for soft , os opposed to herd wowo) . Extreme over motunitv lesdo to heort rot which is sometimes unseen until the tree is felled or even in some coses when the beginnings f the heort rot ore only discovered neox' the end of the corving of the hull, rendering it useless otthe lost moment The selection of the tree end the hollowing out is frought with unknowns fc' he hes .icorver . He first must decide on where to out beoning in mind. the size of conors ordered end the possibility of o bonus hoi 1 from the rem emden of thebole .30 m from buttresstocrownis preferred ors thiscon provide s Poli end on Rni-Fo or even 3 Kpenyos insome coses .This bonus cokes up fe' previous losses and on everoge ofI --125boots/tree con be used os o basis for-Furtherstudy. The suppi ier'occomponying the writer described o period when h trees were -Sei led be-Sore his or-icr woo ful-Fi lied and onother cose when the next company visited built 35 huls in one year from a -Forgot ten hut much lower number o-F tress. He estimoted on Overage of E out of IP tr-eco os useohie with more good years Lhon hod - Disoorded t reos ore not processedin onwo exceptforthe col leotionof loose Frogments -For fuel, It woo felt thot the Poli is theul. tímote canoe os -Fromtheirpoint -F view any longer would consume too much bole to render the remoincier useoble and from the -Fishermens point o-F view the long boots ore difficult tu steer ond become unotoble wïth the :increo sing L/B ratio osbeam isultimately dependont on the diometer o-Sthe tree. The Lree once felled is Inspected and the decision tocen where to moRe the-cuts defining, the -Fore ond aft limits o-F the hull or hulls, Inter-nol condition is only then visible, it a smoll fouit is discovered o change in the size c-F the canoe moy be possible requiring morketinp ohoneeri, hut.i-S longe the 1og is di sc;ordrsd - Due tu t he irrenul er-ityoforos s out s exrsmíned by t he writer opproximote as-s o-f-' the ir-ces only could ho determined. Three- trees exomined showed oges. of 50 00 end 140 yeors old - None o-t she people involved in concio production who e-ere interviewed hod coy lde of the eges o-S trees esce t go-e-ses ot i00 200 yea-re on average and did not Rnow about growth ring counting until it wee demons t-rotec Arumine t he 1ng is in good conti tion shoping the conos ici begun by ..fn:. the sheer'- It sheer' line i s drown ont ho 2h -- log, by the team leader so that a slice can ho removed from th upper surface There is no guarantee that the log it se 1f is horizontal as i-F cut on a hill síde it can lie at any angle allowed by the slope. The carver may al so decide tht to obtain the best advantage from the log the vertical axis o-F the forthcamin canoe may inclined when compared to the actual vertical axis cf th log ie. hì log and canoe are rare lv upright on flot ground. Some guidelines ere used. by the team leader for dimension proportions, The breadth of t:he canoe ìs the rc>címucn allowed by th diameter of the tree - Horizontal proportions arc measured in handspans with the curvature u-F the shear line one handepen less in height above hase line (bottom of the hullin thiscase] at midpoInt than st the fore and a-Ft ends. F\ measuring stick is used to transfer di mencione to another part of the boat. Cutting for bottom thickness is guided by piecing a straight piece of vrocd tronsversel.v from sheer to sheer and using the same measuring stick. subtracting a further handepan from the known depth o-F tc bol i - The insIde bottom line :1 a. therefore dependent on thesheer line the forefoot and similar a-Ft sections are then cut to follow the -sheer line by height. Side thickness varies from builder to builder but is abcut 1/2 a handepn . Fishermen prefer hulls with much rocker' but it was pointed out that it takes a good builder to do this using a bent tree or carving a short hoot from e wide tree, The bottom the lightened hull is tilted over by using monkay jacks allowing access to the- endsand keel, The angular tumble home is a squared up m-provement on the natural curvature ofthe logwith long handled gouge us ad to finishthetopsides probably for' decorative purposes only. The bulky wood removal is aided by a chein stew. This is us-ed for tree felling, roughshaping and for crosscotti ng the interior wood which is then removed with a 2 handed edse, Finishing is by smaller adze. With no interruptions this ethole operation cao be completed in one week -P'rrangemert s can then be made. for a tractor to be hired to haul the new hull to a roted which wii I allow access by an appropriate size truck -Hulls mev i le for months while these arran ement s are rada, resol t ing in a payment of between C5L1OO and 520,000 depending on ehe difFiculty o-F the tow, Forest paths are cleared by the oomoany to allow accese by the tractor. At the junction ci' the forest path and main road the responsi bi 1.it,y passes to the supplier who paysthe be lance on inspection cl the hu.l, /rreínont5; ore then made by the suppl 1er to transport the hull to the beech for finish:ing, this tokes one d from Central Pegicn ta the Western Region cort but can again take months of arrangin to find the right truck going in the right diro:tion Por the longer canoes unofficial deal u ere currently favoured with drivers of the Atlas Trucking Co. of Tome who have several large flot bed low loaders Transport ru HRewkw to the Accra- area costs about C5CJ00 in rdtit:ion to loading costs of about C4 000 Unloading is covered by 'drinks as well. as the charring o-F the hull Beach carpenters then fit cut the hull with bulwarks, thwarts ano on 0/0 mounting for about 060,000 For a largo hull. Rome are fitted with ice boxes which is e;tra as le neme carving end pe:inhing The-Final part i-u the delivery o-k the hull to the purchasers vil lege which involves hiring a crew end outboard motor for the trïp. In Jumapo the chief aft he carpenters providedfurther information and confirmed the generai. production procedure.. Ha had resided there for 10 yaars and roi:urned to Pram Pram for 2-3 months mId-veer. He said thai: he intended cou Ing or in about o year end would search "not ionwid" for e good site but had- heard of one i0 m away -Medium sized trees ir his creo were not a -problem, he said> but he had not found a tree large enough -For- a Poli during hì. time there - Ho suggested that the oreo hod been previously logged over during the early dove cf the fO ..buuines or by other canoe builuers. He alec seid that be-Fore the advent of the troc-toc the Al i weet he biggest canoe os eny larger hull would be too big for the group of 30 hired menIC)haul out o-F the forest - "Soft" and 'horb" wewa trees could not he differentiated when starting but it would nec-d 5 men weeks to carve out the hull. His price --kur on Ali 5 years ego was 04--8, 000 end 16 years og:o 01 >000, cc-mpisred Lo about 0200, 000 today I. 1960) . Tb-is pertly rcfict the inflatìon end changing cedí--retes :tn recent year-s - r °tt'o In Chano any development work hosed on the dug-c ut canoe must he sure that there ore enough trees o-Fthe repuir-ed size and quality to uctiuf the corìse fleet requirement over a specified period, e spcvci r t ly x-F there is e requirement to expand the export market - At this 2t point in time the writer is of the opinion that no nicer answer can he given. Et is apparent that canoe carvers are having to move further and further away fromthe coast in their scorch for appropriate trees. Opinions amongst them varied from "the Eastern Region is finished" to "there ore plenty of trees in the West". It is also apparent that there is pressure from loggers woo can pay a higher price. I ftc orest rooucts Industry Board (FF18) estimate that per unii: ores U(IFZ stocks ore 40% of RCFZ. They also state that up to 1975 2/3 of theai1owble.exportable wawa crop was not being token by the logging companies In the last few years however, Wwa exports have increased to between 40 end 50% of total exported weight of trees- In 1978 the 28 year fulling cycle was otongad to 15 end it was planned to have felled all over--mature stock by the end of the -First cycle. riSOaccorriing to the FIB the minimum girth rule of 11 '(or 1. 1m diameter)which enables a tree to be felid after 50-50 years will not aflow trees to grow to a size which is of use to canoe builders. it is said that wawa is the most abundant tree end could comprise of up to 80% o-F standing rçiatur-a timber' in Ebene The FF18 and F. O Kumasi hove indicated that they will send appropriate information to the prcect and centact with the 0.D.A. 1985-1989 'Forest Inventory Prolectt with o similar request has been made. Canoe production and therefore vood consumption may be estimated on basis of th results of the 1986 canoe census E sea artìcìe by Odoi-Akersie) and compared with previous figures. It would therefore appear that there is 5 buffer stock of "over mature" trees whichis under oressure -From iciggere: and canoe carvershutthesizecfwhichis unFncwr. diminishing and nt being replaced under present conditIons end legislation. Other trees used occasionally for canoe building include Unirs and Odunte hut the Former twìts when dried and the latter ismuch heavierthen wowo - 29 Th 1OCE rodur.ticn çjP 3 rçk í(Ì r h eci L L Thc il 5 oftha Qfl(J / r J t &tJ O t r ;tt:t T h:L :ttLh b:Lçtt iod ii íhrt ortd t jtcotod (Jdjocont Lotio Pi n hoobour o: 1ocro .ot the t5.mo-t:)-rth; \LCTL t iÇ'/t W( C U \OOiS Ut1iOY' tT.t.rLtOttOt Sorie of U hdoot bctcn c'.Lttdott or r.. cne titi for \&O1OtJ reort z i o V of ertgino , oientfut'd or OCnCti led orco r í fl r,. tt) -- ooht wero und or COfl.ttOLJOtiC)fl fO tort itlt" 1 ro Aû U oni 70r /\i Lnr:r pisnnd toL;htít ort ovor r:oO5sJ vrttH tvhu:.iding piciced up. Thooumporty 'thoof t-tosc:'mLcttj thitea ive boots.ihe Gerrnor co roiì. 1oo:f provi Lict ti h Deutz morirte OfirO Jut ìit O rvd crrrn: u';hr thon roiurt ::roo to ijn o :it : parts for thcto uor ir ento . Spoc J Licencecoulc«'e ob;orìou fur o eu ,, this wasin-Frocuent °ísw cIUL: ion aud pcu o rHJ OOOt L2r-tUr i t British irJ i?P4-- Ln «ot 1 L«fi o- O 3 r) ose boa s ai-ud ho i,5e t tofOt'f Lntj:Ï'I «'0 iipodmointotnsoppliasThe- to ir udod no': engvee oso spore ports e\ív'soo it;s coo no: ' fittint 5100 aid trott wi.nohos A tour of the ye rd showed xec wood workIripup:i pee st in sated ct atLan:ion. eisa a ooncï :tlaor-ust t ut-irs :enci built L y dto yood our ow0tf ít urtro ortiro Jr ioo ion before newtrioTs. ::rsno or ui5LOJ OiS ori:o a prahltest catinrdincioho nottut auto rOof: hOt t" ¡fetíi$:h J ni: ir'it udo woo/i tiin ctrtt:i:ruoj iort hosto (Neroleot cidorriohil)-tot' k--i -«'rotororti olas i L.WL,arid DdurnChic'rnnhuru e:cul fr to5epfonk end dtectingItis oit'otied tor h- morth 5.-s:price Ort W55 02/co.ft td: ir otu:: hitS oc«'orna sosti later. yaror 3LOK i/ififtiE TA'd]BAOT : T hs vio rt ho cts lvrord yì ri t t?d withoutroc: stags oídn:-:rupoileciti 050ihr rOd otitctsi the Potct1-:octipi- Ci/LInot-,c:t',sd Ctatti --i s Piert'dot y :if h co t t - ti t J t t - \o/r t J r- tO 37 43 td 4-9 dsrtnsihv ore PoLL c:ioc-ctIt-irortr tOit were thtebaut vro ri v:rsi:sti-te rïi-rns a0 tstJnttet-ti- 'tif equi_pt--art -E::tonej-,-itotoo- cti tno:ctu? c]otoiìtyri tr15t1;?ìt,tsttiO 30 * seen together wi t h s ful ].,y op u ipped machine shop woodworking snap, log converting hand saw and sel-f -made w o od k i I n) These asset s are the result u-Fa substantial personal investment by the Australian propnieter. Under conet:ruotion were a 43' 49'. a cIirder pram and a 9m dory. Th -Foreman explained that the staff of 23 were ex Ç3IE0C Eskondi and wore being upgraded to produce European standard boats eosaihlv with an e're to an export market that marine grade plywuod is available bc-div from TVLC from/4to ii !4 th akne se and theirmain problem wee hcsrrJwere, Import itcenuos depend on -Foreign ourrency available and they were usually allowed 60% o-F the amount requested. Ghanaiar expatniate, for example, had cavidad the Tempest and Y nabo motors on it for the trawlers under construction. Several dories were awaiting delívey because o-Fa cJebov in the local galvanising o-F a stern gear component - A state boatyard supplying and fishing!$: vessels in the Nes-tern Region it retains a tc tal o-V 166 staff with 5L.i-arpente-us c;urrent ly uroducing 3 r 2 ' and 2 r 30' trawlers by their awn naval architect but hosed on FAO designs. Other awn designs a ì-e 35,50 arid 65 footers - Contrary to information given at Terna ElekondI. is obliged to -Find -F:ittings and fastenings locally -Hcvygauge goivanised rc-o-Ping nails were in abundance irr all yards visit-ed but plain steel bolts were seen hereond. sic-cubs-se. Sekondi rel so complained that once hulls nd decks- were completed V-hr-v were ordered to tow th hu.I Is to Terra for engine insta? laiton ansi fit ting out - Payment i a then made to Terrrre -with Sekondi not recai vi ng its share - Another oc-mIamI. was- over the'istakerr apsc.ificot:icn for the reduction ga-ar,shaft rend prop from Kcl vin for the first 42 hull - The naval- archi toot at Tema rep-parent i y ordered the c--ternear without reference to the noval architect at 5e tondi, with the result that the shafts were too shout and pro-pallors tooi arge as well as gearbox ratìos somehow being changed from the Kelvin quotation seen by the writer - The naval architect here was unaware of the di-F-Fere ncc between BHF and SUP - However, the standard of building was hr her than Terna with plenty o-F repair work in hand and enquiries coming in - Staff training :is on--going here with electrical mechanical and hoatbuilding apprentices -The young poupin spend' time ín basi collegare and oren progress to higher education - Wood work:ing equipment at the vos-d was ins poor c-tate with nr 31- 1ooI I vuiie h1oder or sproe end t h: we1dirì::hcp vs usín wornout equiprnontund c:ccRud v:L;or Tho chinu Ghop wusioIJ. uquTppsd und 'funct:on:ng.Ihe wr: tsr ua shown ioc o n g u q u p i um h rI o m y iono I n h n unworkublu on dulivury - A newinurinined DAF ungine of i 12¡-1H wLth reductior whic-' huh been importedgr i vu tui. y by a u aman ut t h Dhano1e B1i- Star Lincoruse on hi n fai:her 'y boutwhich huci been re--eu led, nod aMercedes motor had beentcmorteh for ofe roy company ucingtheir own foreijncurrency ai. lownuIntereutT as ecpreasod :in establinhing ane&port narhet - yAgf Ei3ATi3ki.LDiLhi(; i:P .ELljI-1A T hi ai s no o anp e ofì privato¡3hanaìnn twnecI yard. Plnhsing way ìn o:ucgress o FAO 32boat but work on a 4D 'in 4rcme wa 'bal td authere were no boite nr mar v hindin cinchMild etee]. bultr wer' seen In uco as wet). as theucuni ig nulle. Some galvunised boIta areuiuiIah1e ir Tema ma.rReI: A ¿2-9 eI-i :ia'a draught trawlar wee onthe slip hetnfi nistedthe engine wee a 92 HP Indianbuilt PhOTON Ut herdust nn uualìuhi:e were thu FAO 70' design 2 of which built by lar to A years agowere stillnit ti ng onthu beachin front o-F Elmina Castle wait Ing for ungi nus. PrYertul e shibiLeci many arduosfromowners who were arrangingmotors bofo re commencing a hullThu yardis somewhat run down butthr:.r prices were lowest etid the iViuneging Director was cri. ticrI unucussury wc-sto und overheucis suchus ire officeLaff a' t thevarious OP-lOGS There are 50 empi oyees inci ucling apprentices. The foreman Hhart ¡-tPmcru was et illu:c eteful for attending the FAO hoathutiding course in Sierra Leone in i Again 2yacnt hulls were seen, UIL' cual ting newfunds and another based cot; ho FAO 35 'dc sign stretched to 42' and aquípped wtth a Per k:ï ne enginecv Its- French owners. Other WO\ -n I j - I r F L is n aqoaíntencee who noing :n ucimpanscesearchlight, etc, when visiting from abroad N machine shop wee seen thband saw had no blade and the ci roui-s:':saw and planer had blades past. their best ' C'n - '- - Elmira harbour and the adjacent rundewere fullof /2 foshed jnCn 'lcr rn n io t- o h obviously notreceived atLenì:ion for s long time - unemplifiee the leoR ofpuiprent and r-e ;s:nee to sInn un engago in proper maintenanco - tJINEEU _IDïE Pns t h o r ox s otri oto cwrod vo rd ftho ownersbeingtheIt3iionovo1Aychitect, Coosor Orini Tho port intention of this 1ord is nicer from H hc r mzjrtr n e 1r SilO hL F'L) design ss e motor roller :vooht The t:rhs,r interesting verSe? seen wos on DASiTNI designed 40' beech lending be-at. This resembled en onlergen li/CZ bet with a diese? motor end tunnel, The nxamsls seen wesbeingrsv-engìnnd totake a SG HPJANMAP end hod on nguier tunnel the. +çrwend siete of which oppeored ond boyoncit ho maximum 15° ongle recommended. It i bei.iovtsd that there i.e o socond example in operation with a more rounded tunnel. No sales are yet reported. Pain prevertod work on the Ooy of the visit. oil the work ts outside. FAC designs ore offered together with 76 and 40 ORSIN:t. designed fishing vessels. The i 10 tof f wore currently building 4 x 3b end 4 e SCi' trawler's with work stopped on 2 e 70' and eSC)' ) ong keeled verNi .The rsna woods ore employedO5 we? J. estdahcmo- ( FritocJoni.a Afnicena) for decking - Now woodwor-kinu, moch:nery hd jest been o r d e r e d. The on --segni-f'ícant change e in canoe design were seon at WINNESA. Photos show sterne end stern posts. fastened to cenoes to el low tops ide pl onking to be roi sd ocsnn!derobl - This is apparent iy not a now laco judging by the agenT some of the canoes- seen. A? so at Winnebe was the Wioneba--Joron Outboard motor repeir project . Th:t s is now entirely Chnien run ss t Joponese volunteers ic-ft et the end of 1954. 4 tidy -fork for 3 meohanics end a rroreger was see n wit. h workshop mechanic-s tools end fi;ed. epuipirent including o press but litt.iei.n the way of spore carts. Pres for 'Jflì quote e lo-r' unit Cvsr'hou? OtGOGOOnO Ogener'o.. cue at 02,250, occluding spa...... A propeller ís 03,500 rrd plug COO. There ore piano by the directore for other fishing sites, 9I-CJG OUSFOSO : r i. y r rd woe' so t. or t o'pr- n u i Nr e n s -s t huiIdin end repair soso in 1;Ne c-entree? region. it -r: most poor-, o'op d \(rr rd :nr I, open . TI only buildingsuiO S corrugated shoot store> an office end e wcd r-r or-etico OY'SO. here Is hard standing, it. is entirely send end theresi-e no moos no.; of any kind. 34 employers oil told include 17erirport.ísro who Wi C Lii I'. r n e .e r 'on i -'p -. it t croft to e31H00 design. tipeo GOend 73 loot ore err: olor offered confirmingM'urfo:cd 's aaociatiunWIth theiS[O" roarRet Most hauled outboats an hereseirned to helouai production. Woodispurchasedinboards and planedat another woodworcing shop. The wood pi led sl±pwa bui ii: ah the end of 95 is unfinished and boat continue to be hauled and launched byruiler' acrossa tend bach,UnIv 3boats were moored in Mumford cove because of the rough conçut io encountered intb's raíni season.Yard staff bo hih bope'u of a breahwater from the point running east parallel Lo the 'coast hut thiswould seemunliRely to happenin the near future if at ail. Not much help seemed tobe forthcoming from the head office andagain t:he loca i ly pur chased cune heed tiri ve screw'(roofingnail)in use insteadofthe square gaivanised nails usedat Tema. Several second bancmar ne engines were waiting to be installed this togetner withthe wide selection of propel lure on ciel lar Nul Is at ta st e tu the equipment situation ier'e, ne - CONGLU2IUNG AND GUMNENDAT i: ONG i y The boatyards in Ghana are the most cacable and productiveyet visited by the writer in West Africa. Standards varyand al 3suffer from the lack of equipment ond engines as e direc;t result of the foreign e The EEC Pro isct which will eventual lv orovide engines end spa res amongst other gear for the inshore 'Fleet i s deliberately setting arride a percentage of its budget toc spare purchases long after the or' o»rct has finished, This thought for the future isr are. i , A one week r e f r e s h e r o o or s e fo r b o a t y a r d w o r k e r s a t t h e Foremen/Production Manager level covering subdect rsuch as galvanic scaler; pre-fabrícation, production engineering. produotic. n planning, cngìne sì se and sterngear calculetions wood curing hull finishinçr etc. Possibly on íntroduction to other forms of construct ion such as double diagonal and F,R'P, 2 A work shop ongeare sign. par'ticulari y trawls to update and r efr'esh owners. Across the board problems concerning gear were constantly brought to the writers a t t e n t io n G A N G ET S General The -koreg oing drrrrc riotion nf canoe prsrìuL;tinn ìs the result of a short visit to Ghana and is fr orn Ls boat bu i. Ide rs no i. n t of view . The only hard st at i s t io s available on canoa s i s the k yearly canoe census. Considering the importance of the canoe i n Chano information i nthe production and usage ci' the. ronce i lack i n g 36 - 6pThugyestion A tho:rough study from the 'Fores t bose to the export morket would be useful Pecomisended experts would be e socio logtet forrter econorn:Lst/merkotir expert end s bostbuilder/nsvel Architect. io osteblish timber stocks for- futur-e cenco bui ldìng e short consul tency is recommended From the omount f interest shown 'Lo the possibility e-Linboard disnl engines in trcditìonoj cencos end con sidening t he not ions J. -Fuel / fore ign currency saving possible it is proposed thet repr-esentoti vos from the Deportment o-F Fisheries end Poatyards be invited to Cotonou to witness demon-st ratiOnSof the 3 types o-F inborrd owor'vd conoce under construction by 156/DEN, Some of the erds visited ore ly capable o-P pr' oducing their nun exemple foam FAO nions. - 36 - P PAEL IN1tFY AN1LYEiS î 966 GPNUE El y b. UOLl1KERiE Tntrocotion The proiicuc canoe 'Frame survey was conducted in October '1951. The results oF that survey have been used os the basis for estImation of catch end effort of the artisanal fisheries sector Elince the last survey many tructura1 changes in terms of canoe fleet size, Fishermen population and oth er oconomio variables of the artisanal fi ebenes have t oRen p lace Th current frame survey is essentially oimed at up daimgthe, squired data to reflect the present shoot ion, The objectives of this survey as In the previous ones vere as follaws (a) To establish the current number' endstructure o-F the canoe fIoul: as the basI s'For sciection cf sa-mp J s i Ing sites for catch assessment oF tha exticanal rector ( b) 'The information collected include the number oIFishing villageic landing beoche canoe bysize category and activity or operation, level of motorisatic'n migration pat t,erne and different types of gear u r cad (o) On the basis of the above informoticn so e-stimate the number of artisanal fishermen and ibei:' ci hex' acuno nia act ivi ties Ed) To identiFy and pl an for the provision c-F required inputs for the industry. The canoe frame survey programme covered ei period 14th January to 16th April 191136 . The fir''at two weeks wer'sdevoted to th trainino of the field enumerators at the varIous Regional Centres, The training course included practica J approach to the col lect ion o-l-' t he required data from t he ChIe-F Fishermen and their subordinates, theoretical and practical exercise s in the canoe and gear ideni. i-Fluet ion. The -Field work -'For canoe frame survey took between two- ant- three weeks to complete. Post caricai chucks ori e-f' saloctud landing centres were conducted in zar'ly iipni i - It muet be remarked that the field' enumer'atorci c'scurI ved maximum co'-operation from both Chie-F Fisher men and other fishermen in carrying out th-Lr assignment . F he LJhJ. ei Fishermen provided relevant data on their respective fishing v Iiaao The other iihermen assioted th enumerators in idantìfyin and physically count±n the canoes at both Pishnp iilla-es and lrCfldiflp bache. The analysis which fo1iow is based on the data collected by the field e n u m a r a t e r s. The Departiiient. of Fisheries wishes to ecpress its appreciotior and thank to the í:ro;ect Coordinator DI'JIEk/N3BtAY/FA3 Frogramme: for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West. Africa( lOAF) based in E3onin foi r prou i d i n g f unii s w h io h e n a b I ed t lie s u ryey t o b a conducted. It :i s hoped that they and other agencies would come ta aid when we need funds Lo carry out the next survey. ':.:-::cfLnï:: The current frame survey reuesls an upward trend in the: overall canoe fleet from 3938 units in 11481 to 8288 units :n îYfE.. There. ts thus ar :incrcase nf 35O unïts represent ing s cent ri seOVC1 a period of fo .r end half years t see Tables 2 and 3) . An tntereating feature s the inclusion o. f smc). Tone-man plant. can:sc which are used for hook and tine and casi.: i citing. These cencas ire predominant in the Western and Ce'' tr ei Regions .The ra are increases in the ca i aie -Fleet popui aticot n all the regions.. The relative shares of the canoe fi vet:arcs 24 per cent. 23 per cent 16 par cent 14 per cant for Waste rn G renter Acora Volta and Central Region rcssnctively The Greater' Accra Region has the híghrsl: increasa in absoluto nuncbcsr of units. Prochechiv the nein reason for the overall increase in canoe fleet is due to the fact thai; the locally bui it inshore vesse Is have bercone e: t reme J y expensive which places limit on the ability of the fishermen ro purchase these bessel cr hence more canoes are acquirud ínstsrad Secondly with sorne improvement. of the economy in genes si and the fishing input supply sii;uati,on it appears. th trend in external mi gr at ion of fi shernren end canoes noted in tPo earlier survey has been reduced - On regional basis, the Greater Accra Region has overtaken the Central Region in recording t;hrr highest ounher' of canoes The resuts are as follows; Gratr.r Accra 2R?6 units, Central Region 2 864 units, Western Region 'i ,652 uni t s and Vol ta Region S6 urcì.1; s - With except i on oF beech seì nie carroces, which decreased slightly from 833 units to 602 units, ai .1 other type's of canoes rcsc.ordied incrvsscrrr Poli/Ali canoe-cr.the largest account for 48% cf the canoe fled; for 1966; the relative shares for other types of canoe are 21 per cent for set net 13 percent for line 'lO percent for beach seine. 6 percent. f'or drift gili net and 3 percent for small one-ma r'canoe - LEVEL. OF OTORISATIO: The overo]i level cf motorisation of the canoe is put at 52 percent - On Reione.i bis Greeter /\ccrce Region has the highest niotor:ised cencies o-F61 percent Central Region 63 percent, Western Region 43 percent, end Volte Region 27 percent. The level of motorisai:ion is low in the Volta Region because about 72 percent of canoes ero beech seine most o-F which do not use outboard motors - FIGHINS VILLAGE LANDINE EÌEAGHES: A otal o-F162 fishing vil legos comprising 269 landing hr:ochee acte covered in the Canoes Survey -For 1996 cc compared withi BO fishin vil legos with 222 landing beaches in 1981( Table 2) The total number o-F fishing villages for the two periods in almost the same while there is an incr ease in landing, beaches -From 222 in 1951 to 269 in 1985. 47 now lending beaches eppeer tu have been established - ES.LtED C FISHERMEN'; About 108,285 canoe Fishermen ere estimated to be operating in the artisanal sector in 196 Ç Table 43 as compared ei th 64 000 -{-':I chnrfm,ec in 1981 - Poli/Al i-Fi she:rmen account for 56 percent, beech seine fishermen 27 percent end the remainder going to set net line, dri-Ft gill net; these- -For one--men canoe are negligible. On regional basis 36 per-cent of the ronce fishermen are based in the Greater Accra Region, 31 percen in Central Region, 18 percent in Western Region and 15 percent in the Volte Region. About 90 percent are full t----ei fishermen while part time fi s-hermen operate mainly with the beach seine, the latter are engaged on daily basis as nt heu 1 ers - MIGRATIOH flFISHING H0LI1JAYS Usually aclay or two in s week set asido for maintenance o-F -Fishing gear and canoes ii known as c-Fishing holiday' Generai Iìi Tuesdays observe:ìt:y majority of -Fishermen as fishing holidays especially L Greater Accraand CentralRegìons. Some Ohm-i stian fis hem- men al so observe Sunday as non fishing, day - However some variations in the observance m:-F fishing, hoi ieiays ere in the Volta Region and Western Regions -In Western Region some beaches observe Sundays. other taise eìt her Tuesdays o Thursdays - In the Voi ta Regìon. Wednesdays, Tuesdays and Sundays are observed et different landing beaches, Internal migrat ion occurs mainly during the harm Ç sardïnella) season between Julv end September - At the ste o-F the season in early July the schools of herring ncrn JI appear first in the Western Region and move oastwar'dmm - Fc fi shermen from the Western Region foi low the movement of t h roh e L s et r h' 1c,at1 o thy Ge U a' erd Crr Lr Accra Regions fcc-Fishing operations and returns to base after a few weeks-. Thereis aneths-r internal migration of fishermen from Ningo in theGreater AcoreRegion to Axim.ithinWest;rn gion. There is also externi rcmigration of fishermenbased in Terna. Nin'o, Ada Framprern to fogoBenirIvoryCoast durjng October toearly December. Manyof i:hs.sefiserr'ec carry outfishing operations make sc-me money inforeign exchangebuy fishinggear and otheressential inpotsand return home in good time for the Christmas. -. UM5JiPL om' cos nRîxu; sunvey Fis} guurdiriqleach A1/Poi). re DrIft qt aaa Setna Crnoaa Cacja et Canoas Ç:as Vc) V ?O ::- 45 43 49(34 )t43(í373) 114(31C1Cti) 107 3I3 70) 291$ (353L (2o)157(337) 920(9) 44) 1t5(4O 74c. 26S(t.o) -55(7) - 42 2?9 13 4S45a) 700(95) 9) 269 807(91)4008(3255)ITh1(198)392(326) 504)(44b 252(0) 8258 (4i27 v1 nf motoriU,on in p thesIs Xi,. 00X505 0E CA08 ERAMS survsss 0E 5961 ARO -1586 (RSGIONALSASXS) VitaçonestAccra ReqtonlCantral Reior;Wastorn q rimthig V1fl.e 4? 42 rdnqtachE 3 Ali/Poli cmOeS 92 s7s:J 3- .eeh 5e&n CaflCe2 340 410 263 45. 5 110 137129 n&CIO( 773 928 78? 700 3334 -e cno<; 413 707 201 335 41 17 gi1irc. czrccE i 16 . 52 80 2?? rCa,Ce$ 474 534 2822 51b1e II1 C[4Ä6Gt4S 11 1981 1986 FRí % 51 6 6 1 6 4981 4961 1986 1966 484 7 56 7 8O Getr Accr'. 2422 31 297 34 23 2535 37 214 3 349 34 zterr 3497 21 I62 22 345 T o t S 6936 1OO, 82E8 41350 Th5o 1VÇ.9..:4j.;53;1-R\flS: 1986 9:0:1.19» Beaoh r . A11/No1i Sel oui:.)r1fOIlS rt L.Sr 151m N 6 6.1 0 N S'l1 1411. 114 72.0 :29 greater /ccra 2980 28241 418 4929 4750 23209 1712 '790 930 75 51estern 1164' 7,215 9980 3592 990 3213 S e ). 29.,301r 60 120 146? 5.3.19 9.S195 212 41 TASkS V COMPARISON OF5U39Y7:T177'ì 969 973 977 98! 986 Fishing villages 95 9! 200 iO Landing Beaches 269 257 235 222 269 Outboard motors NA NA NA 3 698 4 327 Total canoes 8 728 13 236 13 72 6 938 3 2735 Ali/Poli canoes 2 375. 2 245 3 005 3 359 6 008 Beachseine canoes i587 i 08 26] 833 1307 Sat net canoes 3 347 2 973 .3 332 1 734 1 76! Line canoes 734 676 1 174 66! 068 Drift gitinat canoes 351 392 Oe man canoes - - 252 F.atimsid N" o Fìsherman NA NA 13! .000 54 .057 08 285 TABLE VI. REV 5681) PSAIIE SURVEY 61311MAl!?F IGURES Fishing Landing Beach Set TOTAL REGION Ah/Pohl I Loe Drift Gill One Nan village beech seine Watan Net canoe (canoes) r ta 32 413 3139 23 17 [ O/Accra 44 52 75 I 551 198 658 120 24 3 O7 i Central 45 78 21 I 559 926 139 4------96 :35 eStero 72 112 481 703 98 93 172 TOTAL 276 797 3 959 i 652 4 55 2ota to table VI Io January 1987, the Fishery flnrch Unit io Vnlid a partial .r0110.,-09 si 9175 frame survey and aa a reaul tsome of the figurers err nip litiv reviscd (n3. toil i COmplets uindinga will be presented in a report currently undar epanatlon my 1.7.9 .... and O. o Neushie at FR13With tite kind permiss ioof N Lornoreng i o o o ...... table VI above taken Prom the report. 42 ocjconomio ee ejf s cense fir b y Jan int.'oduotios For someennew to West \fnloend br isellv uFrniiei with tIie +isher.es in thispert SiCfl5 WCJC (e çr err an oeilent introduction to the complexity end di íerslty o f West Afri sen fisheries, pert iouler ly the potent :is2. i tcf the artisanal sector.Iwo rionsIn Wetí\frìcodi themrì vrinterms ofhighproduct ion figurerandwel I dcve1orehd x)r in nu ur c-1d hn Ç them. Ghenaian fi rhnrmerì. moreover,ore regulerly foundin nearly e dozen othercoetei çountriv oftencontributing subetntial ly to the ro spect :ivo natiei ca t:che in jt.etever 30 years,Cha na'r neri. no Fisheriesher developed -From a mangi nai. inof-Fec ive end site npert--time activity to e major industry catching nearly 203 300 tons of fish a year. dust asorplosive has heen thee/eopnontof the inslend fisheries after thecreation othe VnitsLdo i;, the ÓQ's fo.ion --- w n riO O urno Dam. The annual catch here is officiel lv crIme ted -st eround 40,000 tons a year. The fol lowing re ort -Fcc u s e s ori- sono oF t he me Icr socio-esoncmic and socio-oul-turs3. i;nplicat t cns cf particularly thcanoe fisheriesuhin-hir usuel ly choP nrc.: refers to when te i kingabout art i sane- I-fi oteriori. n Phon - Although thcountryhas a substantialfleet o-F so --- col led inshore yessed. even thesmeller ones Of inn)yp- tn PO ar-e oftenconsidered es part. o-F the 'indt.stri.el -Fisherias' Fart I j r o-F ir'r c,anoe fisheries Contrary to many other countriesd;±ch ho-vo n.-:isiec::-- similci' growth in the annual c-etch figures, the morcase fish production in Ghana not boon caused p-r inoipe-----y L. industrial vesselswhich oftenoutcocipete the.small--ecoI- fishermen. Thearl;irejnal fishermen,whichers ms-nt Y canoe--fishermenarectueily takingthe bulk o-Ftlia ntsI catch, Where canoe -Fi shor'rnon aciccunted for roughle rhird of the total catch in the mid si;'ties (the rest being caught by larger, often foreign industrial vessels) ,their average share has been over 70% the last ten years. In the sema period, the volucce of -fish caught by canoe fishermen bas increased from between 30 and 40, 000 tons to an average of over 160,000 tens a year, peaking n 1996 with a record catch of 190,000 tone according to official figures (see table VI) The number of art i canal fishermen, to-r , bus been on the increase While the tota], number oscillated between 00 and 60,000 from 1946 to 1962, the number today is estimated at 105,000, up from 61,000 only ten years ago. The total number of canoes end the other bond, has shown lit t. le variution Sefore 1964, which is widely recognized as the "toke»o'f year" of Chonoian fisheries, it was estimated that there were about 6,000 canacs in the country, whila the latest canoe frame survey from 1966 produced a total o4 6,296, representing on ìncrease compared to t'ha previous count in 1961 which had shown the only significant' decreose in the number c-rLancee 'n Lhana (, ce1aLn j It may thus seem to be a paredo' that number of canoe fisherman has shown such an increase, but the ep3.anati on is simple. Although the introduction of outboard engines 'fraed" labour usually required -far paddling, it also opened -for the nossihility ofutiiising new fishing methods, notably the local adaptations of the purse-seine such as the wca, poli/sive nd chiRi na oye which started to appear in the 1960 s - The use of these heavy seines require both a large canoe and considerable manpower. Thus, ChoRare artisanal fisheries has increasingly been employing larger canoes (a trend already apparent with the dIffusIon f the eli-net in thu. 1940 's) , enabling fishermen to use heavier gear while requiring larger number cfPCOiCto handle it - The average number e-f fishermen on each canoe has thus increased accordingly, almost 4-fold since the 1920's, as shown in table 1 below. IIBLE I f3EVEL0NIENT 0F CRt0-0IZE PE9 CANOE IN 1920's 1940's 1963 1977 1961 1986 N'o-f' canoes NA. N - A. 8,000 6,422 6,938 6286 N° of fishermen N.A, N A 56, 000 61, 000 64. 067 108. 260 Average o raw per canoe 3 6 '2 itl 12 (Calculated from various source) 44 It ehuid here be edded thet the tendency towords larger canoes does not corne so3.e1y os a result cf introduction of new fìshin gear end outboord engines oirrr Infrostructuro]. end tsc rt:1gîcai deve ìoprnont. inìrd , too, gave boothuilders the possibility c-E constructing larger canoes L cr i- n(JS -Ouiu Le ou io ìb tr tractors -Encre the felling sito to the increasing network of numberíng roads from which they could be carried by large lorris s to the Fi shing rtl.I loger. Thi s latest factor I r becoming more end more important. os ls-rgo-rize rowe treos required for the canoes ore getting scarcer cocí have to he -Fetched farther away -From th coast - Never-tb-c-less preference for certain fishing methods over others remains the principal reo son for the -Fi she rmen 's choice of canons and in the ce-ses wOerrr- personal economy penmi t r; t. ho investments renuired, the tendency has obvi ouslv bean towaros srlect'n tc cc i r methods producing larger catches, os shown below. TABLE Ii ; Co%-PitB:[SuN OF CANOE FELABE ELIRVEYP. 191-9-9 1969 1973 1977 1961 1965 13.) Poli/Ali canoes 2,315 2244 300í3 3.359 4,008 (51 2%) 8ch seine 1,587 1,081 761 833 507 (12 0%) cefos s Sat net canoes 3,347 2,s7-3 3,532 1 738- 1,761 11 Line c3noCs 783 676 1,, 174 651 1,066 (42.0%) Drift Sìllnet 351 352 (83.7%) canoes 1. 1) One-man (2) - 282 ( Total 8,726 8,2:38 8,4726,9388286 (1) counted together w:Lth 'set net. cono er" be-Fore196 (2)not. counted be-For--c 1985 t 3) percentoce motor'i;ed in parenthesis Source : 1966 canoe frame survo-v( sac article by Odo i -A k e- r si. e) It should be noted te hot the surveys barre bean undertaken at differ--eel: tirrrrs c-F the year,rot. îkin. into account seasonal var-lotion - Thus, the relciti.'-el'- Icr î 961 figure con partly heottr'ibuted to the fact that: tebe ;eurrry was to conducted at a time c-t' the- year elien mmv co-rice r Ic-Ftter -Fish in other cou et rias - 45 i h a chic. of fish:ing methods to employ and consequently the type of oancas however)is not determined solely by sooncinto factors In Ghana. fishing is vary much bound by localtradition and custom which goes along et hnic; I i n e s O n e i. a almost tn th5: flOSitlOnof s-eying 'tell cae hew you fish, and I shall tal1 you who you ara', or at least which ethnic group halong to. Fisheries in Ghana is dominated mnly by i:hre ethníc groups) -the :rjL)te, the cia ' ¡Ada rtgmc enci the Ewe who each operate to a large extent within theIr own eogrepbical home bese area, but net exclu aies iv su One thusFinds) for example, a number o-F Fente fishermen based In the more Ni mo dominated area we st of Cape ihres.Points and anumber of permanent Ewe enclaves fer away from h orne i. n t h.e Volta region. Gos reason -this is possible without causing too much conflict with th local fishermen ía t hat the out alders" tend to employ Fishing methods which are not saen as directly competItive with those employedlocally. 1he Ewe fishermen are seen primarily o beach-seinees, and aIthough i:ha number of marine beech-seine ftseirnen has decreesd substantially over the last 20 veers thìs dues not; naces sarl y mclv reduced f5 shIne cnctivity among th Ewe. hay are after aiJ. ins; dominant forceIn the rugh ly product i.vs Volta Lake fishery ( where incidentolly, theEwe have abandoned beach seining in favour of new and moreapropríata methods developed by them specificaUy for theartificial lake - T h e Ge /Aciangmeon the ci: her hand have made that r r e p u t at i o n primarily as skilled line -Fishermen, another ctivìty which bas -steadlyshowed considerabie improvement s tnanks partlv to loca1 ingenuitin adapting new gear and technical aIda to loca1 conditions. Finally the Fanta who were the firet to lakeup all--fishing) have also been at the fore front when ji. eames; to employing the more recent ly I n t rod cc ecicanoe purseseines, This being s-aid,i.t Is clear that one elso finds alarge number of Ga ¡Adangine-or a -Few Ahente or Nz :icra owni n ann operating poli/all canoes, and both Fantiand Ewe maydo some- lIne -fi shing or gill-netting. Th type off:Lshing one conduct s at envpointi nt:iina,of course dep to e iarge extent on the seasons, in Ghana as eve uywd e.re else It musi: also beremembered the Ghansian fi sherman u-F all majorethnic groupsare varymobile a mahl uynot restricted to theír own borders but, which extends to several e5 ti' can ccl n-I I i' a r!gl n -ne C Ghanaianfishcsrmen and its impact on thefisheries ofother countries:1 s bri-F)v dis-cused further on - St edles on the canoe -Fisher le sin Ghana have sa- U-r tended to be purely on the economIcs c-Fthe -Ushirg nativi, t y itself based loegaly on detailed cuestionnaires on the nc. hands end more or lese arbitrary assumptions about 'the financing, ut.lizai:ion aocI deprec I etion of boat.s,gfear'er engines on the oi:her The lot ter do not a lvav s correspond to reality as is very difficult to errìv' a at: evarees" for the canoe fishei"ies. riar,ír, Of equìpmant, -For instance, taRes place in many''Fc-c'ms depending un general factors rengin From t:he ava:i isbi tity of petrol l'or transport of new c: a n e e s to be ab eto utilIze outboard engïnes at ali. etc); the market availability cf the equipment Ç car end enoïnes o re ofteni n very stìort supply in Ghana, with subsenuent: effect son prices) ;the coat ar'd availability of -bedon currency I i-f' tho -Fishermen ho-vo: to purchase equipment ebroad) t he total availabiLity c-f cash which may dec11 ne chc'amcctical ly from one suer to another following the occasional absence o-F tha cold upweul ing and subsequent failure c-F the sardinel ial the "open market" interest rate levels on privete loans Ç hank loans being hard to get, particularly -Forfishermen) etc. In other words, it is difficult to 'eta -Firm end stable o-F picture the situation - in additi,. an, the ec:cncrsiic situation varice' enormously from 'Fisherrcianto»F isherman, even i-F one considers only the "owners", whether we talk about canoes. engine-s or gear. t-tore such factors ss L,e of' fishing pursued indivídual family relations, personal contacts, property ownership (esseentIal to obtain hank loans) and not the least the way th,e shar-o---s stem Is. implemented on the various canoes, oan give substantial variation - gecause of these many variablesand the way di -F-'-ferent researchers have chosen to :interpret i: h en s ve, J i a s i h e methods of analysis employed, the Ctif-tc-rent atudiv,s produce at tîcnes almost contradicting conclueions on the economïc viability of canoe fisheries In Ghena - Lawson and Kwei Ç 9?4) for instance, compared the cepita-l/output ratio o-f canoe and inshore vessel fìshenie and arrived t the figures 2,S i for the former and G, G and G 5 ( for privately and state weed motor vessels reapect::ive'ly) for the latter, giving a very fevourebia imoress'lon o-f' the viability of modern canoe fisherIes. 0th-ar studios seers to cc-nut: o-F' thc:i r 'was'l'o taccio-t o-at "the abject living ccndii:i-r-ns o-1 tb:: p's a- " 1cc i.n the rural fishing industry '(R-Fut cart Dse'Fa-Ln,-ì. crac-L, itt'29l sed to portray canoe fishermen as-a debt-ri athen, i gnaw---;nt recur of people deprived of env economic sense living inalmost tot'c! poverty. The. propcn"wcnt,s o-Fthi enoie-j: a'b utOWwould 'resus to he contradIcted by the yac-y way the conos fi,shsr-ioe has developed i,nGeria- and the cnor'eorirg "olurr-vo-f" in-e'atment undertaken, both relativo and she-cluta Lv íh 'Sahermen 7 thmse1ves. Ockn Pk 9IIYin thsIfcetQcoreL i:ece' conducted cmt h. ert ísno I 'i shc31ts inGhnt. r2cocnl thei3 rd ikeths 4oJ. 3cir p:Lnt The et mns.it± n4 ril't telisn: 1 î torts ee: apercts. uvitcrptd cssto i t e th tel. fishc:o ernt t. n. o smol î, el-in t s pnrL! on otl i: hin 'lciiniinI r:e Th:is71e3y be on ridcrLoieinent3t Eno i -tm l-ci cosidorohie Ontount2 atmammy eintbconos ll-lchmt:-iss i-forinstemos ro'lsctod byi:ho font te mt ohErOv r Deportmsnt. cf Fìshmnims has hocicnje -Ccit eLro nr'fioht ç nu or y tin prions)thrshas notebonn anyprotetamm insn3ltnen in rocien tvemos, 'it-is ftot iote r:ircEmmc jei 'nr 1tlyomottìt et,tn lhe.rïi i readily is .ofacçoco. aratImati,ott ç,f te" o ticeiettt1. cif outboard mngetnsn end anehcintOCi\C.i tGt nno ..btt:..e io a io ort einst ico t t miri t bn t te.1 fuIr, o me yetctod -l-no the oance--l'i she mmm n or o tI on a tt te. i roWttier C .il-ç; nhopretc nr at r;be available ein (nGnsidmmntIeet quciil-ttemnn.al-tel-mr l-'ce neto% ' irn o' t i 'ç.3 ,j Loatt pi ,r 'I 5 1e i i step i nç Ç q. t ' viseitsesmod to oten-Fir'tn.NoteumsI1v.rol: inì fiahie.mcit'i hcvri. access tec such terge ernounts o-Fnanny, anctLi sro ssortnti::-ha n trendtowardsth concientoole ion of cat - nejas Oflll s i,00r imite thohmn-ds ofaol-y m few,tton1tt1y prtci3.to, int'l-sn 'reteirndfisherman .It is not,inususi to-Findpea.to ci\t!nel-an, three tosein canons touth dì, the en'tireu and ciquimmont. tent - h nm' shut t r' t t a I put them into Jorge policenano rather' thai eimnhar-n vn n nu I. which havebecome vmri expcinsí vs1 oppa '0ml-tn' bottom-n ichs reach of eve-n thecuore walt--to-dc inns-st mmc.Ito: c-ic-nor. t motor vsoeI -tishnì.esnove hamm unpnr-cinrcel-nt a -cr te-co problems lately.rennIne -Ic' cmfc'ncJusnt encina- br-cok ---- end lockinf sporeper-tato obcrr:01otc' ç-l- el-no uo to tpçoycn rn-F san-cm o-Fthin -l-mw i cite-c'--Fateuit-ct-n t.ri cocote. - Not tel-totinn ctnernc-ts i_ntç"ì'ittttC-imbu c, a-cr-:. iciitti. -f'LsJJ,y equt.ped ,cclì.c1ancto with entino. qot-nr-rso ira,cit ---- Ite'C qii i ci-1 t -' It P" -,JLr' t oct whether o-t-'-f'ictolreti'pmo.l-Jn)crrcr-nt:e nl-nomt'm,.-nlrctc£0 laociiPut anrrPP ti Iiilt - Ghono, howmrîer1ciad score risceple n:nmpt,ctetcc e------ttij: tu 9tC.r C-t- ovaulobitett:y of c-:quîpmentr nthccr lettont_ho i- ,..cetrc. t tlter,tern Pcrgelan;tl-henrnmeno -trecjus'ce'meintente-l- eh-_c------48 bed gore to Cote dIvoire with their cencos in order' to sorn CFA Francs to buy equipment locally there. Moreover there ere no indications that the fishino communities in Ghana should he sufferinG under worse living condi1:ions than the maerity o-E other rural communities - Casual visits to even small físhin villages certainly do not give such on impression - One finds several solid cornet-blocK houses of recent ciato, often quite well -f'urnished and many others under construction Foc r water end sanitation on the ott-icr hand, tenda, to he a problem, but nutrìtíonally the fishermen and their families appear bet ter off than many of their Forming compatriot s, sometel ng confirmed by recent UNICEF studies - The development of Ghana 's fisheries over thel ast few decodes hashodan impact on the overall nutrition levels in the whole country os well, and thanissin part to the canoe fishermen, fish hs become of major importance to th nutrition of the entire nation. ireody 25 years ago, the per capita consumprion ci-' fish was three times' that cf meat in terms of weigh-t arid si times in terms of calories, foliOWfl the development period 1964-1959 when t here hod been a four-fold Increase in -FI sh-consumpl: ion in which must be charactenired almost as a revolut:lon in consumption pattern Todav the overall ccnsunìntìon s probably around the same eveJ, or prhats slightly lwr when allowing for the increase In popul ation end door-vase in imported fish during a period c-E rei ative slipht augmentation in the ciomsrstíccatch. One point that has been recurrent in some- cf' the. 000ncimio studies re-fe r.red to earlier is thatcanoe fisherme;n show a vary low levs'i of produ ci i vity cooperad to t inshore vessels colleagues- One study fr-orn the Corrhroj Aegic-n gave the physical productivity o-F labour cro the vessels tç he nine times that rif canoes This :Ls' hardly surprising, canoe fish in-g i s unquestionably ver labour intensiveand"inefficient" on a per capita basis, But the point remains that this ha 0!lowed the canoe fish ----I es not only to persist, but even to expand beyond expectotrions We have nero a rather rare example where new, though admittedly not ver-y complex technologies, hove been successfully Introduced into o traditional a-rtisanal -Fisheries and adapted to- local ccnditions with the desired effect cr-F increasing production substantially, but at the some tirs without the detrimental consequence ofreducing muchneeded ecnr 1 oyrnent Une cannot discuss the sccío--eocnornjç asrvec.rts' vif artisanal fisheries without mentioning the fact that l'y soeps a large number of peopì.e emoloved and were the cenour to be replaced by the more 'productive (hut alsoTuoh more cost iv) motor ver el s maybe e much a OLi or 90% of the current canoe--fishermen would be out of a oh, LiU S t as important for the generai labour market. in 0h una arethe many jobs generated by the canoe fisheries crutside the fishing act ivïtv;t self, fiest and formc!st in the process5 ng end market ïng of l:he fish, It lv ciutte difficul t to eut miete the exact number of 'fish p r ores e o r s¡traders ( thuya activities often overlap) co n n octeLi to th canoe fishery. Therele -f' or instance) a problem whon i t comes to the dìrt irrt icin between full-time and part-time or' occasional workers. asmany are engaged n these acrivities only during t'ho peak firhine seasons, and official figure s in r'scnt year-a havebeen scarce. Pa et studies. however. indicate that the number of fi eh p r eco s so r r/ traders usually referred toas fish mammies, is at ieat equivaien: to the number" nifieho,rnen, thus one can assume their number to he well over i00000. In strict economic terms, the fi, sh--mammies reoresont anct he r lur i. n t e n si vo, oct ivi t y whore individua productivity :15 very low- However, the simplicity of their methods and cperat ions has- probably been instrumental in helping the arti canal fisheries curvi ve and to s orne extent prosper during a long partedcf b leak peefnrrrrance in ca her sectors cf Ghana! s economy- The pro sonco o-i"the fish-mammiss at all of the country! e 229 landint beaches presently in use allow the fishermen to continue to operate from their traditional hases and to keej: up their wide--spread settlement pattern along the coasi: which currently counts 12 fishIng villages. Out the most important soeío-economic point about the fish--rnammi, es, and which at t imes i s over' loc'ked in mc'ro cth000 oj s o u -or r' tu ci H. fisheries.is t hat the fi sh-rnarrrsi as ,rr eus ually the. fisherinen!s wives or other fe-main relatives, Thisboso n one hand impertent ìmolicatìonr; for he individual household onorniec All too often economic studies of art is-anal fisrue-les «ro t nnl,v in Oben's-. but in other West African nount - (iL I,,, )CL n a - i r account that afi. shermanr catch uf 'fj'l'iusual.) y contributes twice to the i ncome of a bouyeho.id : 'f):rsi: when the fisherman sells to his wi,fe and secondly whe,n she sells- the (mostly processed) 'fh e other traders or' directly to t,he consummer The profi t rear'-gi,n the xì,frs makes In 'tarot ccv's's's the large,st share cf thedáil-v i-,oureho'r,,r ox rr'n'sers - fisherman 'soar-ni rrg,s canbe bet. ter' charactnx'i.zod as Hi-s c'en 50 pocket money and in the cose of owners of boats engines er g most of it may go to maintenance fuel, sundries, repayment o-F loans and investments into new equip Failure to recognize the importance cf the women through fish processing and trade is probably what leads some economists to conclude that fjshermn and their families live in abject poverty. One may hapa lo point outthat the; wives of -Fishermen frequent l.1 provide needed Iacne to their husbands. Îheoretically the condi t icine attadhecí to these famil loans are the same as -Far other merke tloans ín practice a wife will be morelenient particularly when it cames to intora st peymen t s which are normai iv around F105 to he paid back within a year or less, This mcv s e a tePr'ibly exploitativeamidi tians at first sight. but h o- n one con siders t he inflat ion level sin Ghana( the average rate in the period 1979--1084 was 72%] a 50% :Lnte-reet rate mey cotudly entail a loss-tot he- money--lender it the loan is not Pepa iciq uioklv .Not surprisinly, many money-- lerdo r s demand to be paid back in Rind (-FI eh) rather than cash. it should be remembered that the price cf certain items suchas engines or twine increases even-Fast er than the g e n e r a. I inflation level due to the scarcity o-F hard aurroocy and the plunging value of the cedi in recent ears (see table III below) XII Dcv L .eet of e-xchanFyc rate Ce to US$1 1975 1926 1 .75 1978 Apr. 1963 2.76 A p r - 1983 -- Oct. 1963 2223 Dot 1963 - Mar.1984 30.00 Mar.1984 - Aug. 1904 35.00 Oct.1984 - Dcc. 19134 3B3O Dec.1964 - Apr.1965 50.00 Apr' 1965 -- Aug. 1986 53,00 A u g. 1086 Oct. '1986 S'700 Dcl: 1905 Jan.1966 60,00 J a n, 1966 - Sep. 19813 OOJ]0 Sep. 10813 Present 'WeeR l Fores Saie' and changing rates( rate Dec 1987: 17600 a-adíe U 13$] This cfciveloprnent is ín part a result rif persistent overvaluat icn-s- a f the cadi at the of-Ficial exchange ate, which inevitably has been accompanied by a parai 3cl er-r'Rrt rate which determines the actual once of mc-st inc-ctr,d goods, a, outboard- engines. But the -FaIlo-F tne velue et theesdiin risaiiihsito thea»srn!) disonL nun pera'mrnce or the tThone:Lan ccencnìì, whinh hri r ne ei r cuit h rete ornnus 4% in the GNP nor cenitì fcarn 1J7 no Çt> one of thworst per-Formercee in the. worlcL Or this background, the leveioprnrntn in theer:isnne i fishnj,es sector inrecent years i even moreimpressive The conos fishermen have nt only shown greet ski le whn t omcr to adopting newtchnoiopv to lacci conditions.they havei so monagta meets a whol s secio-economie not--syn tern which mcv not be veryprofitable- co ehema.onitycnF fishermanf al though some bort-ownarc ore stetntngto reu.r- gr es members cfan enclusive andquite weai.thy cires) ,they arcsot:least cnaging to make e decent living togetherwith their families whosefemale meniberselmoet invariablears involved in thfisheries rs well hu s O canoe-owner who usually is also the herb OF a monoe c:ornpanv" theresponsibility -Fortile we.Lì--ineing. of' me-ny indivi duals -Fi esta-t' foremost f rbi t-iown 'ere which can count: apto 18-20 menfincluding apprentices) but clsfor their wivesor othar- femaleneistive:; whdctue processing end market ingno the-fisting uni tmay directly or indirectlyinvolve some30-36 people. tccidihn- ce. value rif the 000CiB,engine and gear,and ji:becenicecirr thatheading e canoecompanyisnoten insignificat busIness Opecr-a-tirJn iti_s cihwiss Icct eresting tc note that recruitment to ar-ti sanai fishing inOhana ippstereto hevecy good .3.c: report s Inreceni: yearsha'íe wemnedabout the in-- average ageo--F' cenca --i'-ishermen hut our impressi oni s tts there are denti' of youngmen and bois active es and apprent i. cesThe major problem in this conocen i. on isin fact that large numbers of -Fj shermen s chi ldr-sn drop outot school early ai-'never attendit at ail, thus ke-.eping h illiteracy rein among fishermen much higher than mo-st e---t the resto-F'the populaLIonThe -hit'hermen, however, do net thint o-F this er a liabilityand point'ei:the eccincirnic'Irbit±iy oFi' hrc u thipc ree 'L nrcoilLt» s el cc u-meed r nn cv (- cre up among thethousands ofunemployed school- bavai' ti unsuccessFully tryingto make aLic ing itoicor-uornove other town - For'i II botes ceo 8herieIoo f:i ri erigi: ..i. One cennot Leib aboutthe socim--ocmnornicspcieti; canoefisherywithoutatlsn-t:1:-funning c- b nv O t ret j n fishermen *Few detail s are ,nown abouti he dynamics ci the rngratonstasir' magnitude or their overaLlsc,c1oeconorc1c impact both at home and abroad, though the questinn iv currently under study. Fol lowing are lust a few point s that should at least give an lntr'odaticnary picture o the situation. Ghonaian fishermen areFnown to have mí grated and ha ed themselves a far north as Gambia with a few mliv havis reaching Mauritania, and as far south as Congo at t:írrc; Migration to certain countries have occasionaly been restricted through poïitical decisions ir thrue count; (eg. Sierra Leone in late'80e and Mi aria ir' nary 80s) *In other countries. west currencies ci' local prin'v cant rol measures have di scoursped any invul venerI; by foreign fishermen (e... g Guinde Biscar nr ful ne.a un fall of Sekou louré) includi ng Ghanaiens ir most countries the presence of Chansian fi shermani s weil tolerated arai in some caves even encouraged Lh ough development assistance tothem e. g. Cote d'Ivoire Togo) as governments tend to realize that the Ghanvians make; an important contribution to the domestic supplies of' fish tatwo'aid otherwise not he avei i ohm to the ununtrie r, i n question * The presence of tThanoin canoe fishermen in other countries can achieve significant proportions sa the. figures below should help jliuti'ot T: .2 1V: PresenceO: Mandan canoes Countrie s Total lutai mato-- 71 Country ( Year) canoes* Ghansian: rizad cancos Uhanater Togo (1 983) 409 60 Cota ci' Ivcira( 83) 00 100 Liberia 1986) f328 36 290 Benin i 198?) *5- 212 .10 Total canoe owners i.n the case c'-f Togo. and heni n Benin dato refer to Cots nne unnI; vol u * P characteristics cf Ghansion fishermen osercst Ing in other countries is that they seldom employ methods that put them in direct competition wìth local ( tionol) fishermen ìn the resource exploitation. The cìLSìo exoepi: ions here arc EScojo sod bienno Leone whore some iocl fi. shermen have learnt end adanted methods end maua gement systems introduced by the Ebonaian fishermen. Ttie main groups irnst ing ore Fanta ( mainly pur se seine sardinelia and bottom---set gill nist-Eishenmen) and îdongjge mainly bandii ne end purse-se:i ne Ewe (main)yheochscine Table V gives o list of oenfin med r)hsprkfot: onfl Ghnai en fi shermen elon t he coasS: in rsoent veers (le. Sb86 EST) but thelist can nrobetl be e:iendud considerably. For ins tanee. there are stoJo iodjcc.ti or s that the mans of the "ESceirois" fishermen np eroi Ing. i n Gabon end Corìa are act voIls Ghanaiss on et leoni Ted generation descendant s o-t' Lrsansì-sn. Ti schermen she settled in benin. It is very to obtain mersc then s -s fr- ni s 2 cloture c-F Ebenes unen cotise sn-i ilvur-su. ceLi. fisheríes on the basis o-F short term visits-. and slit there exists written information on various sociolescisel end economic esnects o-F the canoe -Fisheries, therespnrcor-c to tic very limited understanding of the totality c-F an ortiscie fishing commurit, Studies tend to -Focus either on the -t- i snermen or on the fi shmas-imies , treotine t em as ti-so different ant it les t o such un eu t rene t hat o ne noirci irnos gets the ïmpression that theonly rs let ionshi P f nheiman b s uioilS 11-e -ni. e -e '- - '- It .s t:hls eelsarrst;ìon that often cives misleading results about the economic viability of the c-et inane! -Fi shenies - Cocnpcsrad to other production sectors in Ghana ii ïs doing ver well though there is room +or improvements, perhaps with some minor out side assi stance Procurement o-F equipment end inland market-ing of smoked fish ore a couple o-F problem ar-see that sprin :immediot:eÌ y to nor-n minci Possibilities-of introducing simple mechanical aids en the canoes and installation o-F crome security deviens ore to 'S others hut they woui b need the o e se s eme n t of a technological expert. When it comes to the impact of Ghanaian ft sherman migration, both on todo iocal. communities, Ghana as a whole and the various countries they migrate to this is a wide and complicated suhiect ehich i s curront iv under lonter-torm investigation Whatever the- results of this study, the undìeputehla fact re-mains,that: theb ynom:. am and se i i J. 0+ Ghanaiancanoe fishermen have been ineti'umentalin the development of'o viable ragiono isma ii-sc:aie -tisherics elonC the whole Westí',frioan coosi: and inthe Gulf of Guinea in p a rt CuI a r. Rorances cit Afful ,K t K. OsafoGviamah 1979 Economic Grganizat ion of the Rural Finhin J: n b u Cape Coast; CUS Research Ro port t". 19, Lawson R.M. & E. Keel 974 Afrios' Entr r eun'uEoCC 0,rT Ghana University Press. Udoi-ARersie, W. 1956 "Cost and Earning Study c-F Email Scale Marine Fisheries of Ghana," (draft manu'acriptl- o or ¡ A JC I ! L2 o' ; ç2:: ------L-- J 2 C - J-. i Cr: CCC - __-J. J J )__ \ r - - - ç C - - ___:z:J- - L a ' " CTC.. :C T - --n - ilC Chr- : b/ e-:-:1C -; C2: 'Yci'cb1 'ii .2J1'111AYcc.c VALO OF4pciIcc12'I$3 ç',ror5 '3,985 29 136 112/11 1133'd'i . 33/5 dine 025 519 54j07'1.,5 l,13o2,:so1Yç?2$.4S483.'9 j354.'52;59çj j.'.', S.irdi.n 42119Q/3. ::,¿ i.i.'9 'T ),8.Uîi33 '133,4' 33,4 £ i 1';tj. 01153140 3,2111,232cl i4i55,32,clocl.'ç? 233.5iris 27,590I 317,289.''17'4 24,288,13 £t' -iCketeì 111101309 3',521,.O :,3533O9, :364 ri,as5."3 iU.3.'93333 f1332 V 2533 93 6,22c3,o 2I1,48L 1368 7Ç'$Vq 1372.'14,9,.2'?3 y iur- t, 82'?1313 2136 IriVo 53 1024$ c9,23.'1 513 Iio.'4?5 'i i.' i iCRi S5iLZ Pu ir Rjtd rUne 3 1513.4 112 t'fO 099 6,194<5 ilGc33d1t13 3,205..6 '311,2132, 211 438 31« '3<1233.';' , 39,7133,602 1,308.'2 . 115,644,71 1T,b Mckcrn I 271.9 11 5533 022 USO 4',987, ï.' '1 '5, 201 5513311 1363 ron 33. 62,< 9122 <1300 795; 7''39 ii.' 1114.3 ¿1 3,713 029 2925 2') UlS'. 27 258.11 33'33 ',3111? Ui.'turrjto '1 2151.'I U 02« 3331< 1,4233.2 13,273,U4 5,1333,5 . 'R<,5"» , T t ç 'I 33 33, '< i ,.,,. 11 L d) T O T A Y.. iY-ORr \OY5S[YLYi 2.. DI7iUU iA'tYR vrstti L.' 2lBrcietmr 'I'3311.' '3 5%? 12:5 000 2 ',%30.9 239 3313' (<:113. 2,1)73,3 236,2 r9%ç,(. U.' Tr5cer Nrc 94,5 9334. 9(39 31%l'l,G 1,962,001) 213.' r . "L' :1 i I Fìrh i 702 .9 '231 US c'ct':. 3., Oli « 1Q. 1"<' '1'3123.6 2:'5,o<4.1so Ui ho 57?50 'i:(i'í.5..2 "u9,i3'iî'13I1 7,013,11 '., 11'111U0'(12, O tìr re 4.'1151.6 303 31,5 US 14,7 3.236,, 4I'c.'lI ',5(11 T o t .'' 6OT31:Uc.,6/, ,.4'.i''%. '3.032711'93? 4,755,0 20i,i9L7513: ',S3.0,11r '211,7 . 3.Lc'$, 2%? 167.0 .,:,' '16' 502 1399 2<'531.11' SOSr.'2LO33« 393,55« 7,%.,, 'c,7 .1) r,)', 3303 261,4 2,33115340 2631<5. 1 :3:11.2 'c'5e'5332 ',1103.'8 44.773.61 .1,3.102.'<)' 4.1 9:23. 766 36 407. 97« i',' '1 732'('1:3 1<2,1 U)l" 1<17 'i,<'11' '. 4 C.'IOTAt 62 121. 'i. 3,%: lUcIr 32'ii9,',' r,';s:7: (Thbe V Ccnt.) í94 Cedí Cdi 7 Tune f&si- Tran1pped 25 i333 - 243372 Tw, od icca11y 5 5i51 - 1O?O695 O532 9 hiripnrtr (frozer) - - 496 (safl:ed) - - - - 11 Fish exports (froen í - 1,816F 11C1. !eire fish consurtipton 20C' 369.8 - 2O9O629 233l71.S shery RearçhUnjt. Tenie. 58 hhntas on the ntivitje of Dhonic&n Fjee in Cotonau h y - An um Doy1 ï n t r od un t i o n Sheniafl fishermen have o. long tradition nt mi gratir to other countries for shorten end longer u rinds with the elm o-P saving up money for the Llurcha so of rnew canoe fishing gr or sicnoiy in order to build thamsolvs a good house in their home vi llego. Travelling outside to work gives them the opportunity to accumulate more money than at home by having to spend less on extended fomil: obligations- and avoiding domestic problems. Some travel as a teem or company Co wont for specific periodsranging from one week to three yEarn or more sharing the proceeds on their return home, as in the ca sr. o-t beech seine purse seine and hendline operators. Others travel more as individual s with o smaI canoe end such COPiOmay not char-e any moìos with othrs es they may only need a few young boys usually their own suns or' nephews to help in the operations an in the case o-P the tanti toga Ç tonga) fishermen lt is through such frequent travels that the Ohanalans have been chie to discover numerous fishing grounds. and transferred many useful technologies into meet West African countries, including the Peoples Republic of Denin. In Cotonou one can find three ident:tfieble Ghanaian fishing communities The Fanti o-P the Central Region - headed by tubino Arech 2. Ga/Adanme of Greater Acore Region - headed by Odja Dodjï 3,. Ewe/Anlo of Vol ta Region -hee dccl by Gina Ant honio - Fanti: My first contact with Che-najen fishermon in Cotonou was with the Fanti commun:L ty at t he fishing port and M - Kobina Armah who is in his ?O s was introduced as leader, He is a native cf Gornoc FeLe!and claimed to ha the first Fonti (or Ghanaian Pc-r that mat tor) to err J Cotonou .He came in s nail powered canoewith a .:-c nV 59 toga bottom gil mats about 25 yarns ago. Others cams tri join him loter The pr ant Fonti canoe fleet et the port is about i5 ali operating tog. nets rît»'isuring only about 50 metres in leneth, four or' five pieces for each canoe The. operational depths ore between 5and '0fathoms on soft or muddybottom. \ crewof threeLo four men use sailaid paddles to and from thefishing grounds Unfort unate 1v tieFOOLSs ±n Ootrmnou have rewa:Loed little more thor subsistence fishermen over the years and have not been able.toacquire motors or additional gearto improve theír operations. The only mon who is operating a small oli net; and outboard was prefinonced by a local woman and the gearis in ci very poor s tateat the moment, even though he has not finished paying for it Ga /Ad: The leader oft he Ga /Adongme community Mr Ocio Ddj1. arrived with his father JodJi about 22 years ago from Agoce near Grand Popo where t hey had set t led and worked for bouL. 15 years. Odja Dod ji is about 52 years old. The foL her who is a native cf Totopo near' Ado is fairly oldand is now resrine or home in Ghana. The oid man fi rs t brought wet sa and oli ne t s from Ada to goue. He first acquired an outboard rotor in '1965, o 25 HP Shark,to operate his watso and alinets before moving to Cotonov where he later acquired aehorknei. .The wotsa and shark nets hove since been sent hack to Ghana for riper atico there. Mr . Ahikwei Soi .popularly cal led Afa s Soi , cci-leedar o-F the Go '/Adongma community, is o Ga from Tema and about 55 years old .He first came to Cotonouoriout 27 veers ago with his canoe ,two 25-IP outboard engines( Johnson and Shark brands) , a crew of 5. and a setoftosehot tom gi l mets . Each 50 a for the Fanti s . T1'ie net s provad to ho superior to the Fanti nets from thvery first fishing trip. Thi a offendedtheFont i brut hers who accused t he Ga of using "juju fris fishing arid subsequently reported them Lo the authorities. The local fishermer also bocamo furious OS they would not tolerate the use cf "luJo in fishing, and the (3a were attacked rl ib cut:10eses mn dci von out Cotonov However', they managed to stop et Agou whore they met the Jod ii group. They settled aoci worked there rind within twa years o surface gi.11net was added to the toga The dcci sim tot: r,y' Cbetonou ago in we e mude after fìve years A native Beninese was brouithi: along to obtain permission to s r tLla ari t h r t j n h , j s - ìc- t + i nc I o crrc Prom KponeCn].y twu otille fiehing Unite clppertu beve meged to etiy forlacer period( ebout S yeer's) The lending beechin thee dayc weein front oft Hat:J. do Plae... The fisherman were howeverllowd to vea the1hna port. eoer thauh it wee half finiehedby thee. ir arder Lu savethe corloee ancioutboard enginefaontho high surf. The -Fish was always earned to the hotelarea Oy cn-ala cerniere ee women werenot ¿el iwedinto Lhe canstrurt ion area The fie einer'tr wivee riadLo holte vi Lb the marKeting ci-F thcatch as they a wcrc no ot.heç- fish cnammies in thoec dove. Only a few peau lu cotre tobuy from the beech and the wcveerr hCLI o i ho I yi a e li. o L tanguate 1ecbi.embui; this lasted only a chart period In thase boys there were also IO or2 danegalesaline -r1ching oerioOs whechwere contracted byL he governmentta an iOL I °ri LO ÛC it L ) r N 1511 I L Í' from the treiri.ng pvcgrernne which lassed for about 4-Svacua to be precise, but or-t)y one is etui oreroting. Tha treinìng cantees were shipped bacK ira Daher after ticontract - The emtereenre of the present1 me cc-nos fi eatoccurred abOutiS /COiI ago When .i.:ciLirornoes erri ved cLrectlfron Ras nil i LI-1 o Ltloo b ou nc s tiri I operation -lirnoing theirleaders waslei.Nyonil. preently chief fisher-man o-FtheGe '/dangine community- Eachcanoe brought a crew o-KLi memberswho were -Fol J owed teten by 2 woman for each canoe. Presently thee-s erreii-active Iìnbline 00110eS basedin the port, inching regular threeday tripe with ice--bo;ae ori boce-o. UnliKethejnoetïve Lie/AIiaog1Trc i;ILy which ire i upr o ouo eh' c c-t t rni i l I r fishent-neci hevformed a ectialler group with a common :Ldeni: i K1 and objective cientiiiVC weekly meetingsto discussmatters ctencecIlingi: heir wont -. fOce en ire group takes hernieleave cevcerv yccer b-rrtvtercen iLi1 t t CLC il X UIh i e to mc no the- annual -tasi: i_val o-K the Ga /I-\dcengrne- peopleinlotte 1-Logues They e:L 1151 Kl-tepc-r-lob to help their agedearerire: to mai- erecr recava -Kerne LIcoresannI crhiìcirr_: nc:nrnai ly tael by iond rehiJe coo InirII trrerv! by s&ea also trrer-ry:Lrig various 11C?EidCO1rt0otCi thor ¿e 05w SrOnrJO 00111113 into tht evettnimfrciici libOre. there is cu-aye; the occecito Socreebunidyto pr-ovin;e the e Ocal our.c'eerecv ceeded _toc Deje expenses s-ndLcr buy inputs JI ita cobeit fus.l ad food -Fora -Fis-in i:r Sp The noreen providing the money, normallyo local cman> automoticel i y bocome.s the fishemmo. The some person is SL)OSOdiohelp withaccornodot ion * The crew may acquirelandfroman indìvìdul by paving o feeend make their ow nstucturesin the vill ae co there mer he no rooms to rent Ewe/Anlo: ThEwe/Anloco-çnuniLv issemer at dif±jcui t.to iCntSfv asostof i-te membershove acquirednoti.nnai.ity SLL u ho j (11 100 00 pO ou 01 i I I 05 1 ai sewher-s in Benin,or due tosorno cul turc) ti rei, lori, tien-. The group io hooded by Mr. Bi no Anthcninaged about 7G. ha was born ciSoc-nd Popowhere his fatherand gr ndfat hr from Kedi oserKoLa sievedend woi'kn csfiehoï'mn . The gi und a u'r oeho vlh m -, ' h' i from Kete to Fish in Graod**Popcj InCoLonos the t Aulo corrimuni 5T nTa:ini. in to5o and no toperai ions A note on neien weinen: The ,t5i jal tole cfthe: rumien who cl000mpi5ny the men on flshi.n,e; migrations is so surre the men by rey o-F cookinr:, weehingcf tictacand onorai heusoReeojn * i'here mcv be svsrl recre:, but normel)ycnJy two a'e accented es members of a conipenvThe two creelso given shs aiti endof iba opnrei±om:'s. v:ma'tîy GOpar cent of a men's share.l'ho women ore eeloted ti wivee f the síec'icr members of the, crow. If thrlanc e .rgulor fishmommy attouhed t'o t he company. the womenare mode responsi hi Ofor OOY'ket ing thO COtc:h bLIL otherwise thwomen ore poSe) o corrrri scine men t hie by ti':oi"-ish mammies *lt mustLe nrentionad herothat somatimns.s t'hamnar-mjes' ore eut.rcçmr fDöyìVìpthrmìsr: co:mcni,so:i,c:rcs OCIO ailowìn ties women te cuy part of the catc:h, and tnic in not.help;i ng the rumien or thisremen who on umano mercas: un'efc on some remore S'no'-srss::ce.o). hmeip ':5e'3.5r:rerte :ular it't: foie the hamedlincefishermen woo arevary dependent en ti' rima mmi: j r-m s Marcyct' the women one seas in 'ihrepai-t mev te cnn orti even though their bumeber:ds one mcn'bsrn cf a group.Thrice. warner cngcg'a tha:r:selremeir':the prepei"eeticin01"seriatim: i:. Charimeijar: foods and dishes-ire udor to eae-:'mai iui,r' ,ion though ihp hero:, :tmtnS ri,ìto dowith 'Fish oriii'u hisai' cannot acmpsrotcethan:Psore them fiehing comrmmurity as they Sn Bt'h'often hcue of forni), oreft Ijatjor:re 1ondinn nta Chariajav1 ':u1shermeri avn t1i:jd htn ny pcii. Jn th'.... c . r - _ f L \ many En1n ntio-3. aRinand thnr cwn nts meiL5,cia fishing.!\ sipper nfno of the Moho tjedarioio wase tinnedasoneof ohep ois who hove banefi.to tronen y cnv' n . t he 1 on The p re soce of t hoGhana an a ha o l a-n he i pad :t:c u5013Je uçc1u:i 1pai Generalivcalottons between Ghonan f:hormennd the local peopleinCotoncuhave been vs-ny condiol) It wonthwhiie ment ìoning that thefisherman ha-va al noculo-oc good relaticswi th the0santmant of Ft.nhar.an They' hove also been sup:.iìed with subs:i îoed fuel fan fishing.he'd et this is being w:t1Ln, fi'enr-en na,a 'Hir'nad vorn tu that 13et001 has started coming from Nigeria. The nulo ç,1ro')iom tas bran wi:h d-ho supplyf tenuta fishing gear. ihr Ghanaiana nec-d tri-go to Accra tu recuro moat of theirrequirements Out taiehas nut been Ci5'31.. hIc for sornetime nowdue1:o theclosure oftheGhana/Toga bardare, t,acai prices are justtac high even the :1.5cm or-v avail a b t e The fi-nhex'mensometime 1-ant.veer sent a aelegatiante Accra to at tend ajointmec L ing ci. tb 1: Lair' counterpart e the-re to discuss the pos-aih±lit'Las fheirjinn the Gf'ianeirins in Cotonou by wan ofinputs. The leader was fdino Anthoni cv. ITtin hopedt hat thegovorninant s concerned-will makethe necessary grounduoro to aetivtes results in the neon futur-e * Editnvv"s note A few otter Mr, hcì s coeur-t hid been vnj-tdcmrthy- 'ic-o--Gbore ber-dec r-ov s a cv pa n ci t 63 Fi sb moE ing an 'hnt Ing fish ïn Ghana z sume eam lee b y o. Fart I Ir traductIon s ho2rSnoren In ahana traditlanai f1 h smok inç ovens are round in shape and made of cIay mud oroil drums. The diameter of the clay mud ovens varies from appro;imateiv O'75 -1 «7Gm and the si of drum ovena depends on whether 2 or 3 drums are Joined, Normaiiy those ovens have one stoke pit but in New Takoradi a va r i. a t i on 'ri tb 6 stoke pits was seen (constructed accordIng to Ewe tradition, by a woman originally from the e sottlament near E mina) , In most Ghanaian villages. the traditicjnal round cmokicìg ovens were most commonly used, In 1969-70 EAU. together vïththe Fo cl Research Institute Accra . developed a rectangular sha .. ed oven which wa s cal 1 cd "[:o'kop amok ing oven " after' t he name of i:, he village whera the ir'st trials took place z Chorkor, a fishing viJuge 2-3 km east o Accra ,The. chorEar oven does not differ much from the traditional ovens in that it still can be ccnatructed with cicy mud , its major advantage result s frocs the new form a 1. 1 ows the usc of fr wire mesh trays- Up to 15 trays filled with -Fish can he stacked on this rectangular u'an ( '10-18 kg n-F -Fish par tray) Smoke and heat are contstnecl wît±n the thus created chimney of trays, which la ccn,'cred with plywood. The trays are construc i: ad with a medían or-osa piace aoci the oven has a middle wail -This gives added strength to both trays and oven) besides the middle wall provider gr-catar support tu the loaded trays an dot the same- time protects the median crass iece oF the- bottom tray 'From burning. The wa) 1 divides the oven into two stoke chambapr which allows for smoking of smeller uantities oF iith over ,u-sione chamber, using lese wood. The general e>;pa-rienra with the ohor-kor oven is- that it can be constructed at relatively low costs, it cg' hfl;!ct'.ticva1 overdh':i.tr tt t1 Ç iP) r Y ( 1 1 O3 C!UrILtv anr ty at' p !' Q;i u o iti. toOI)flrta iCZQtjn 'O QV u1o.Iy charadnd t'iichiïLìru iry ac a3ibie muoi Jo ti. m cjfli t'-f'00i_ rq a tomoe a tivan ¿auflt oi Tha Food Roaa:ch Inti_tut a. Licno1 aunai_1 an toman and Dva1auont tACI. and ny ttaroi_aic)o'5 i.n Gana ocLa:s. p'goanas with Cha QhOrkO.O ovan- .netimer vara1 or i:ation; cr flc n ;h name fishi n V ji 1 aa ita toad ReaaohInvii_Cutewithi' a can 1ï um EACI) concantratan Qn;Çntc)ajr thecortar oven Cv meo, pr'ovidioYOCfl iroupwithOnO; OVOnodtI) tayn. TPo woman the neulven haveto coil at nd epare the clay ed and thay are nnocturard to atnint irtthe cortst:rUCÇic)n ot Cta oven under nopervi_nian o-ta cavan.it invhan IeL tothy women to ccnnatruct avene far each renter UNICEF togothar with theiat.ic;nn3 Counci Iun Woman en Davalopment Ç NCWD a 3-own a etmilar approach, ococentrati np on iiaeaewhere thachantar aven hen not vet tOen i_nt rod oca d UNII)Et ntu'tadit}tavhorRc.trovert pL'oac. in tne cari hut hasintannitiud i_tneficrtv coidernLiy ei_nur: Ç - t Ç__ tt intnctitci_ngi_tie uva n cad a-rei utint woranit.vurvt.ruc;I:.Sor; rC ita ì:r'oìt tto;; tttv- rrha:rrn-C up -- CrCrrrdurtoti acidti rrtir;rr Çt1:Ç îtu I:Ç;)t;c i air nnaa iiTt,ri ïr;tpn:truriçt,r :irrd i.ehervrrtnnn .t he irrrFr3iovrr a :J theuI:cihrrr' ;v :.i i .:. ';rj ÛÇiV i. ; constuu Ç i_cia - Fvnnnr itres yrufrarirho vi neadV una uhr rrvartivi othau tjc- ur - n 1F -t rv a i t t C pays for wood wire noah a nc liCOl 3rfor' 3-hemrae end the tor- on at a mt J m it a r a' t try the new ovan: shintri_l Icarat vr- aboutt tacyntu vi:av t i tt';C1í ti-nj t t i I 'i j ii Cc Cr y Ct-a nro cuncrp3.tut J no:Co pc-apenCo the v'vOi through i.ol use If already in this phase more warnen ore interested in starting., they will receive 2-3 trays each and it is oc to there to construct or order' more. Refinement Phase -- UNICEF riow refrains from construct ing oven n or' trays but cont mues to arrange t he sale of wire scab as this is often difficult to buy, Further more they fol low up on the constructed hvene For problems like crackìng of walls or sagging o-F wire mesh. In this phase UNICEF investigates the women s mtcrest in starting groups Discussions ore initiated on basic bocines s principles like saving reinvestment ndcredi t Once t he contacts with the villagers are well estab lished, UNICEF tries to link up other programmes with the smoking groups) fx' example water - sanitation - weaning food - orsi rehydrcîticn sol ution px'ogramrne s n - during the lost phase, the women should become independcnt from UNICEF as for as the chai-kor oven i s concerned Grcups wit h suffìcient coherence and anagement capacit tee wiil be assisted in accuiring a 1 icence to import wire mesh As this in being written, UNICEF h not started this phase with any of t he villages-groups hut it is expacted that at least sorne of the groups will be able to errange far the wire mesh themselves coal-' According to the UNICEF puh 1 icat ion 'Improved -Fi smoking in West Africa" a charRar oven would cost between cedis 6,OEiJ and '7,600 This would cover - in 963 - tire casts of 1 1 smoking and 2 storage trays a-nd a cement plastered clay mud oven, Th same. oven and number of trays would cost closer to cedis 16, 000 in July 1066 Cofficial exchange rate cedis C'O US$ 1 or at i:otol of U8$ 167) However, women can start business on a limited scale wìth only 4 smoking trays and a hare earth oven, costíng 4-E, ODD cedis and slowly increasing the.. number of trays financed through the higher returns. Game of thoseusing s-chcrFor oven explained that the scarcity o-E wiremesh restrict ed expansion or replacement of trays moi-e- then th loch o' capitol.. Well maintained and protected from rain c earth aven con last for 4 years , the wooden frame n for 3 and the wire. mesh for 2 years. In the Western Region Oh-ana) the UNICEF chorFcy- civon programme i s carried out together with the n-c tone odm i n i st ra t i on of t he Na t i o n a I Council o n Dome n aU Development ( NCWO) , based in Sekondi -Especìal i y n Abcs r and Axirn -Fish smoking activities tare considerot e with between 200--300 traditi onol ovens - ebi in each - In Ahoesi thai-e is a -Fish smoting group hr ough which 2E women hóve constructed 4 chorkor ovens, ome of th women only use the chorkor oven while others use this oven for the first-high heet- pert of the smoking end finish the process in thetraditionsioven etlowerheat 11 smoked fih was stored the traditional way i n2m hiph round clay mud structures °°° with Pi:vwood or corrugated iron. Woman usIng the. ew Oven were general I y set i. sf ed w"i. tb its functioning. Discussions with tho smoktng f rh trio traditional way. however. revealed some problems. . P very unreliable factor wi t ht he chorkor oven i sthe aval iribi Ity of wire mesh without which it s :mposs:rbla to operate the oven The importance of the ava:ilahi3..ity of f.h.,yj re mesh is related to t. h snare orublam many fishlnp ';: .l aget face Often they are so cc::ngo s ted wa tn a t i. space risco funotionel lv . thet on room is left for erperiment; t ng ci t h new ovens. Therefore women have to be convinced of' t he usefulness of the new type and the ave:Uability of wire mesh before the crin he eripected to knor down their traditional ovens, A third problem hs cri, sert from t he now government policy to rerister people ìn order to collect smell scale enterprise end income ta Awareness about these now taìes is especial lv high in town crocs cod the bigger villages. C}ne fears that with e charbon overttrlF;y will run greeter risks to be registeredthan withthetraditionaltipc Lastly, for those already using the chorbor oven ii: seems to. be relatively easy to finance maintenance of o vene rind trays or to pay for more trays,but for manywomen it mightbe difficult: to raise the money necessary to start this improved way of smoking fish, Part' II tfaretinLofc i3hanaian worsen cre recponsthi-'fcc tI'urmar ketins of fU to 90 percent of the domestic fc r a end marine fishr " y produce. according to the FAO brochure Women in Fish Produotion Ç foora . is: . The co'caI t ad -fi. rib function on everal level s , Some women only cell their husband's share of the c:rit:;h to either' retc:i .1 'ars or wholesalers ,Others aLso buy addit i. anal f'i eh usual ly Pr or f'ishrçTen who are indebted to them. Many of thu ycringrr women are active as prcoer'sorc of fish50feri rctailecs :to coastal local market s. With xpeni.arc-e some women become large trders buying stoked fish or arc-an:;:fnh l'or the procerrii.I'g thamriel.vss. huy tranrirwirt the Finn upccuntry 'For wholesale or retailiii regional markets. Ti;cuyh it crIer happens that women from inland markets frave3 t,rthsrfirrhjry víllages to huy fish for rtrcrrker trig brick. rirrar. .. Fi ribsurinhiny;ir even 'Found in the ragi,onrrii market: cf Furien i 2ff orn Incur sea) were women buy Frozen fresh fi .i:'C;... rircucerr:ing thri'v themselves. i In to 1cl)ìte the economcrturns o fishnrt1ng one ha :o ov x'Sorne number' of dificu it::i e Foremost onehsto keepinmindthatsson±1 orniiil f i u c t u a t i o n s i n o t o h e c u c; ci n s i d e r - b i e p r :1 c e ctiffereno9. For exemple on 14th ist 98 the herber cf Axirn( Wtern Regicnrce:ved e bumper cei1:cI of °her:n Lsardinelie) .which were sold et only C O per ceate ( 23 Kg) Thí attrected man rneiniie fr-cm e Fer c Greater Acore Reío ere the 'ierrin ied vet ta p:eer in the coei:e1 weters. -oweve y . en AJgJEt 1th vU'? i:L. . hecni tic nrCC t (1 LC L vc 'uh eci ¿ i orate andteL i f i rh manmies without any fish ei. Secondly, most of the fishmarketing women are Illiterate re lying on a sharp memor as the conduot or; eht rensact iont Often they build up a capital to e point where they can lerci money to their husbands fer the purchase of boat e, ne t s ach motors hut they manage their business without. unin n concept of profit Lastly to learn about the cruel. r; end earnings oc fishmerket in one has to convert a variety of baskets heaps or bunches of fish Into one common uun:Lt of measurement Consequently, when one wont s to research the economics in detail, one. has to recordcr11 ec;t i on;; and transactions for e whole fishing season. 1 herefore che following figures can bu et mont iudicative as they wenu collected during one brief visit toShana, OtöcolIectec9tru\ugust1955 Sekondi/ TaKoradi/.xim/Kurneei i crate of herring (23 kg) cost C 500 (1 1 crate conci st s of 200-250 pieces of henri ng) costs of wood to smoke i orate. ccc tC iTO (C 100 wood C 20 transport C 20 carriers) 100 pieces of smoked herring soi ciretell; C ¿iDO in Takcsredi I r - Calculations for 1 crate of husrairyg (225 pieces) purohased in Tek credi j SelcI In Jrrkoradì kuuruasi Purchase cost C 300 Wood costs C 140 Transport costs C 0/ C 6 ital costs C 640 0 riTti Selling price C 900 Gross return C OcIO 5 Liurually when e worsen undertakes a nus:incrc trip Takoredi to Kumasi she smokes enough fi ehleiaker it baskets with her I tni:.tn t.h O C 22030ìt;cti3 PunhtE notO. IOC) crtto3 O 00. 000 1(ood cotO. I OÇJ x O I O 'tOliSO Trnopori: cotto 0v trcin - 10 bitOets C 50 0 000 tnoport in 1sRoradiin Kum1 G iSOC) ;itt;on t':iht:n:O.i_n0 Totnl oth. y , Siìn. ì:r:cc SOC) o-VISO píeot.v C SOLI 0112 SOIJ rot u t' n t.) LIti OXCì nO rn-toL. 5U" UI US S 522 '$CWQ ff,y0yin Kunoil e.pIinoci that y "big' botO'.vt 't , krjttiji t y u' 1 ç t no G 12,300 10,000, TOlycould :.ndj.cotr LOot tito .u),ytç,d figures ore retOco '.nnse'vaLivy- AttOt: uomo titus oio should I-sop in coins thot the "herring've,yson nJv i..eoto 3-4 mcmi Icy POr vttttt-Ofl5 thL ihn ourch,ysinn onO sei ling psi dco oem with Oiggnv cetoheo,rsduc:Lng theproi-'i t mtogins on i y omc i los oes coto toge o-Pt he -Vi ti: hItlomini e os-ci.) i h-o t n C 50,000 et her.sposel ta be, nOie to oporoto this leonI ct-U business The depentcrcnnt o-n Ecconousic Plocrcnirg of' the MI.t':i otryci Pgx-'ìcuitur-si.n Kumcsi c:cliocctswhctiotsois orcOstallmcsrtut príces of'fittOcin KUnmnct,ilistel-Fet; roi.).styinyuri:'oundinct rogiorsel tnarket pieces. Corco i.o itt it s s/-I stt-tr1q Clhorhor lt;'t;uidtttiosti-o nnc:our-nging sight t too villegn jy ,y ention fish ymok:inçpion-e yod 15 yesoso tini tOols -tirol:lot;- oouctic;n. cmiv rectcneuissr ovens t-cïth wire messO torys erst,in ossi.This yerto lot y :i.ndicc;tss ihet i u ßharcsttics.cyhtyrkcjt' -Fish omokini sven ï yys'eci. itrccrovemotnt and that ScricottUtti borcefits o-Ea ossi dotvy).nncn ni houebreit ac'-.rs, pr tu i s- I o Lt' - r,t -St 1- - Ponbisinco ecittic.intstsryi heroerst mois- inLice tictId tm-F tronpccr'l_citcic);''stet-eg - Tronsp-;;-t:. i-ccnot sc.t'oyyc'us,ilubie end tian take sonst idem--ohio tiros toctouct ctS' do J stopoc--itt c çtty' I(titO-i St 'JflCP' /n s;dvcsntscgscs-i' pruc.costsnd fitly is LIcei.tilOcttirtoi.cc'o until. priceshrot iitc,rcased - ,Jctt, est one fish mnmcti:.ic t'y ,oi\ctr-soc!ï.ot-:l:iy:inc:citç,ytthuIttittio sit' the fi-tUt iscysts c :I:ti--coryr'tol-c:dinitt duct-t.yOti_cvn ti-sn-Ft, n---- ut-cd "otO it " r ' ' g o 69 - problems rise the regione i merket oentre where i:he merohondire ho' sto he wet ched constcmnt i 'y vet i i it is sold 8ete.rences cited tJhICEF A prectical guide to improved fish smoking in West Africa Accro, 1983 (fl FAQ Vomen in Fish Production, Accro 1988. LISTE DES RAPPORTS PIPA TOT n!: IDAS REPORTE Document s de travoiT/Workjn repers De M. A. Etude de préfeot ib i J. i tEtechnique- de i 1965 ment d 'chris pouri e pche mer itime ertisoneie eu Bènin Cotonou Projet PIPASEp DIPA/WP./ 1 Bi cok Mìcheud , M .J Mi s sian ci ident iFico t ion des communeut h s 1985 littor'les de pEcheurs. ertisens eu Bénin. Cotorcu Pr'oet PIPA. 21P D:Pé,/vn:/2. Gulhrendsen Q,A, Frs liminery eccount o'ettempte to introduce 1985 eiternotiv types of smell. creft into West Afrioc. Cotoncu IDtF Frosct. Blp.. IDAF/WP/3, Bu ib rend sen O. Un compte-rendu prélimincire- sur ìes tentetives 1 966 h intrc\duire des types citer netife de pti te emhcroat ion en Afrique de1 'Ouest. Cotonou Projet DIPA, SOp. DIPA/WP/3, Jorion PJ M. The influence of socio--eccn omic and cultural 1985 structures on smoil- socle coastal fisheries deve lopmen tin Benin. Cot onou ID/IF Project L1J,"d' ,W-/d Jorion P.J,M, L 'influence des structures socio-ecoromicuac cur 1985 le développement des sdches 9rtiecnelrc su' Irs côtes du Bénin, Cotonou [--''cijat. DlPA, D I PA ¡ WP / 4 Te ndberg, , Prel:iminerv assessment cf the nutritional situctier '198G of subsistence fishermen's Projet DIP/I, 3l. ,IDAS/PP/E, Wijkstrom, O., Recyclage des per'sannels péciho us gestion at 1986 comptabilité ,Cotonnu ProJet DIP/I DEp DIP/I/PP/B Poliert /1. Development p lenni ng for sos 1 1soc la fj shnr-i a s I n 1966 West Africa, prectical and socio-econcmic art ac/c of fish production and proce s-sTing. PaLanca, II/iAL Project, Odp. , IO/\F/WP/'2. Collert Planification du développement des péchas arA i 966 nales en Afriqur de1 'Ouest Praduct:ion at traite- ment ou poisson,s-es aspects matériels tachn. qua et socioeconomiques .Cotoncu, Projet: DIP/I, !//' DIP/I/PP/P Van der Meeren. A. J. L. , Socic-sconooio aspect r cl intagrasc: 1986 fisheries development in rural fi shing villages 0, í'o onn Jr t a i. Haling, L. J. et Wijkstrom, O. .Les disi:onihilitis s-n m.ici 1986 Dot tic ov're s s. ..r le t' O F' P APp. , DIP/I/PP/P Akestor S. U. Design and triai of sailing rite10FertìsöflTil 1936 fisheries of Sierra Leone, Cotonnu, IDEE Pr c1ct. 31 n. lDAF/V'P/ i D V6tiliart R, Rapport ddtude prd liminaire sur i mdnant 1966 U1un abri cour la pbche merli: 1mo cr t i. canale E Cotonou. Cetonou Pro)et OlPE,Pip. OlPE/WE/l Van Hoof, L. Small scaic fi. eh production and marketint, in 1985 Rherc Sierra Leone. Octoncu. iTO! P Pro lent, USo. OAF / PF i i Everett. 8.\/. ,i-tn outline ±'act. African smal i-'scele fisher:. sc. 1988 Catonou lOAF Proj o t. . 32.,. lOAF/WE/IS Ele.ck»Michaud J . , et J . Johnson. Part iciet.inn communautaire aus 198? proJeta intbgrés' de pEcheo artisanalac, En cour': 'pn ei n ( l '" LE J Anon Reoort of the second lOAFi toison officers moot- 1967 ing; Freetown, Sierra Leone( i'il4 November 1938) CotanrL T t '" ° Anon Compte-rendu dele do stErne rEunion doc offic:i.are 1 957 de liaison du DIRE. Cotonc:u. Pro/ct DIRE, Sip. DIPA/WP/ i S Campbell R. J . Report of the preparato:' y tachni cal mee: t :inp on 198? propulsion in fishing canoes In West Artac Freetown Sierra Leone 10-iO November 1955) OotolLa IL ° '-'co ¿ici L Davy 0.8. Seamanship, Sail Ing and Motnrisation '198? Cot onou IDEE Poc:t . 35::,, iOJF."WPf i E'. Anum-tjovi, B. and J. Wnod, Observations on fiehinc: cP.:hodo in 1988 West Africa. tTc,toncu IDEE Prn::ot SEc. IEt../Wi_'/ 1H Anon Report c-F the third IDEEi.i.alsnn nffioors TecLini - '1 966 fïot.oncu IDEE Pr-cien i: SSo ., lOAF /ppi 33, Rapports is chniques at -dcc documents choir is/Se J o o t cd o-F trcyhì'ì c1 :'et:'or-t s:cncl doc:imcnTs Direction Nationale du F':'o/c:t McdéleEEi':In,Mise on piano et OIai'i 196F, d'eséoutìon. Cc-tunos FE-c'Lt lt!-: :3 ---- s 3 Sheves, G, T., Integrated amL 1scs]-,: fishc:'iee tr-njc'ct.s: '1986 ciples, cppr-oacbc:-. and prFEI:'oc-s ii' the i:nç't:st' of t t': Seoir protctvpci orcicì-c:t, °-'p-'cr''-:--o-'sntoci t the shop on Eioaì1. --cuaJoF isba-ri- aH-::.-.](-1 :srE: and Senapa-- nient. Lcma 211 ---- 23 Mc:- ía mi---r li':, S---'p - Sevee 8T Polets :tntpr3 dc: pohee orticonolec; enprorhev 1986 et voiutlon dens le. contexte du projet pillete. Docu- ruent pedsenté à I otelier nigsionol sur le diveloppecnent et J ecnénagument des ruec ert isenuJ oc, Lomé, 20 29 Novembre 986. OSp lOAF Newsletter' ,_ettru du ElISA, I Dctohui'/@cetcìbre 1956, lOAF Newsettur/Luttre du bIPA,2, Jon erv/Jcnvier 1966. lOAF sle t tee,' Lei t re du DIPA 3 June/Jul n1966. lOAF Nuwslutter/Lettre du DIPA 4/6, Sept jDec 1996, lOAF Newuluttoe/Lç5ttre du DIP/I,5. September 195'? Pr ice F--X,. Ropport sueu tges du reeve le geen iden tFicot ion i935 des poissar',c: Cotoncu, OCP/RAF/ 192/DEN 21-p CoJ, ler't A.et M. Giud:Lce i li Dévuicpoemuet des p6chories recel- 19134 times ut continentales du lepisciculture eu Gehen Some FAO( GOP/SAR/ 192/DEN) 7'2p Jet-rouan, J, P, , et M ,P ,Wilt io, Pour un développement intégré du s 1986 pêches ortisenelee du bon usegu dule parti:::ipe tejen et do la pl onittoat ion, Cotoncu Projet [lISA,lO?p Annexes. Manuel deTerrain N'. 1,