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Sunshine and Shadow: a Study of the Well-Being of Queensland's Children During the Inter-War Years

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Sunshine and Shadow: a Study of the Well-Being of Queensland's Children During the Inter-War Years Sunshine and Shadow: A Study of the Well-Being of Queensland's Children During the Inter-War Years Author Nunn, Elizabeth Nunn Published 2010 Thesis Type Thesis (Masters) School Shool of Humanities DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/569 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367654 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Sunshine and Shadow: A study of the Well-Being of Queensland’s Children During the Inter-War Years Elizabeth Juliet Nunn Bachelor of Arts Master of Arts Graduate Diploma in Local & Applied History Graduate Certificate in Public Sector Management Graduate Certificate in Arts (Writing, Editing & Publishing) School of Humanities Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Griffith University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Philosophy November 2009 Statement of Originality I, Elizabeth Nunn, declare this work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. Elizabeth Nunn November 2009 2 Abstract This research is about the well-being of Queensland’s white children and young people during the inter-war period. There are three case studies covered in this thesis – mountain camps, seaside schools and sand garden competitions. Mountain camps were held in the temperate climate mountains of Southeast Queensland to the west of the semi-tropical and tropical coastal plain for urban boys, and subsequently girls. They were the working-class children of parents who could not afford to send them away from Brisbane’s heat during the enervating summer vacation. Seaside schools, which generally lasted for two weeks, were held at a variety of locations in Southeast Queensland and Northern New South Wales. Many of the children and young people who attended these schools had not previously moved away from where they lived, let alone visited a beach. Sand garden competitions attracted hundreds of young participants and thousands of spectators, young and old. One of Brisbane’s newspapers promoted them, and the majority of the competitors were from Southeast Queensland. Most of the successful participants were girls, and they prepared and practised for weeks leading up to each year’s competition. Although three or four generations have passed since the inter-war years, these aspects of the child movement in Queensland remain important topics to be studied. Not least, they illustrate how debate about the impact of the semi-tropics on the sickly and unfit urban children living along the Queensland coastal plain was translated into political and social action. Each of the case studies discussed in this thesis represents an attempt by contemporaries to address concerns about the relationship between environment and inheritance, through extending education to the outdoors. In each of 3 the following case studies, progressive and philanthropic individuals and groups who ran these popular camps and competitions achieved their aims despite degrees of indifference from government. This thesis has set out to draw on a range of sources – ranging from government statements to personal accounts, snippets of film and newspaper reports – in order to better understand a seemingly forgotten chapter in the Queensland history of child health movements. In the process, it has aimed to bring greater recognition to events and programs admittedly often short-lived and sometimes elusive, but which were nonetheless significant to those involved in their promotion, as well as enjoyed by significant numbers of children between the wars. 4 Contents Statement of Originality..............................................................................................2 Abstract.........................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................6 1 Introduction...............................................................................................................7 2 Mountain camps: ‘Days of Healthful, Unalloyed Pleasure’................................25 Summer Camps in a World Context ........................................................................26 Queensland, Australia..............................................................................................29 The Children’s Welfare Association........................................................................32 Dr (Sir) David Hardie ..............................................................................................34 1919 Mountain Camp ..............................................................................................41 1920 Onwards ..........................................................................................................50 3 Seaside Schools: ‘A Taste of Paradise’..................................................................57 By the Sea ................................................................................................................57 The Hon. H.F. Hardacre...........................................................................................61 Seaside Recreative Schools......................................................................................63 Queensland Seaside Schools Emerge ......................................................................68 Major Seaside Schools.............................................................................................72 4 Sand Gardens: ‘This Pleasing Pastime’................................................................88 Sand and Organised Play: From Land-Based to Beach-Based................................89 Town Planning for Playgrounds ..............................................................................90 Land-Based Sand Gardens.......................................................................................97 Beach-Based Sand Gardens in Australia .................................................................99 Popularity...............................................................................................................115 5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................119 Bibliography .............................................................................................................124 5 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my principal supervisor, Dr Fiona Paisley, and my associate supervisors, Professor Paul Turnbull and Associate Professor Regina Ganter, for their patient supervision throughout the research and writing of this thesis. Thanks also to Dr Jonathan Richards and the students of the Ideas group, particularly Lee Butterworth and Shane Coghill; Dr Robyn Heales and Dr Bill Metcalf of the Graduate Research School; Sue Jarvis and Jill Jones of the Centre for Public Culture and Ideas; and Dr David Adair and Janice Mitchell of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance provided by staff of the Queensland State Archives, State Library of Queensland (including the John Oxley Library), Brisbane City Council Archives, National Archives of Australia, Education History Services of the Department of Education and Training, University of Queensland Libraries (including the Fryer Library) and the Griffith University Library Services. Finally, I would particularly like to thank my husband, Eric, for his encouragement and support. 6 1 Introduction The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role that notions of health and well-being played in the lives of white children and young people in inter-war Queensland. It will do so by examining in depth the meanings and values ascribed to mountain camps, seaside schools and sand garden competitions in Queensland from 1919 to 1939. The social reforms that it explores all relate to Queensland education, health and welfare policies and practices at all levels of government, and the way they influenced the well-being of Queensland’s children and young people during those years. The thesis takes the form of a series of select case studies. Mountain camps were held in mid- summer for Brisbane children, in the mountains of the Great Dividing Range. They introduced children to what were assumed to be the invigorating qualities of mountain air and country life. Seaside schools were held at Southeast Queensland beaches for children who lived to the west of the Great Dividing Range that runs from the north to the south of Queensland. It was felt that the children living in the west needed a yearly escape to the coast. Sand gardens were competitions involving children in structured activities on beaches in Southern Queensland and Northern New South Wales. Each sand garden that was produced within the competition rules was a two- dimensional pattern of the competitor’s creation. The events described in these case studies reflect the growing concern in Queensland by the end of the first decade of the twentieth century that the state’s children needed to be taught to take responsibility for their physical fitness and moral health. This move was embedded in other earlier ideas – for example, the country life movement and nature knowledge.
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