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Impact of the Climate Change to the Small-Scale Fisheries and Their Adaptation in Kota Belud, Sabah

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Impact of the Climate Change to the Small-Scale Fisheries and Their Adaptation in Kota Belud, Sabah International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 11, No. 6, 2021, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2021 HRMARS Impact of The Climate Change to The Small-Scale Fisheries and Their Adaptation in Kota Belud, Sabah Nurrul Fazlina Osman, Jain Yassin, Jamal Gabir, Suhailie Bakrin To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i6/10115 DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i6/10115 Received: 04 April 2021, Revised: 30 April 2021, Accepted: 16 May 2021 Published Online: 03 June 2021 In-Text Citation: (Osman et al., 2021) To Cite this Article: Osman, N. F., Yassin, J., Gabir, J., & Bakrin, S. (2021). Impact of The Climate Change to The Small-Scale Fisheries and Their Adaptation in Kota Belud, Sabah. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(6), 240–252. Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s) Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com) This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode Vol. 11, No. 6, 2021, Pg. 240 - 252 http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/IJARBSS JOURNAL HOMEPAGE Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/publication-ethics 240 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 11, No. 6, 2021, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2021 HRMARS Impact of The Climate Change to The Small-Scale Fisheries and Their Adaptation in Kota Belud, Sabah Nurrul Fazlina Osman Borneo Research Marine Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Jain Yassin Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Sabah Branch, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Jamal Gabir Institute Borneo Studies (IBS), University College Sabah Foundation (UCSF), Jalan empelang, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Suhailie Bakrin Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Sabah Branch, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Abstract Social studies on small-scale fisheries are important first-stage metrics for understanding the impact of the fishermen's livelihood towards climate change. This approach is important for regions where management resources are limited. This study aims to access the climate change awareness and explore the ecological and social resilience and their potential adaptability related the climate change among the small-scale fisheries in Kota Belud, Sabah. This study using the structural interview with ten respondents were selected in Usukan and Pintasan of Kota Belud coastal area. The results show that the small-scale fisheries are not aware of the impact of climate change on their livelihood. Moreover, the sea produce was getting smaller and farther from the coastal area and most of them demonstrate weak adaptability toward climate change impact. Thus, fast action is required from the government and other stakeholders to constructing the best adaptation strategies to overcome the rising climate change. Keywords: Small-scale Fisheries, Climate Change, Livelihood, Ecological And Social Resilience, Sabah. 241 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 11, No. 6, 2021, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2021 HRMARS Introduction Marine capture fisheries have been recognised globally for their significant roles in the food supply, food security, and income generation. For instance, in Malaysia fisheries sector has produced 1.85 mt productions with a value estimated at USD 3.3 billion or RM 14.5 billion (Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2020). To date, globally, out of 35 million fishers are classified as small-scale fishers and it is estimated that another 20 million people participate in the post-harvest sector on a small scale (FAO, 2021). Although there's no official record of the number of small-scale fishers in Malaysia, past nearby ponders have reliably found that small-scale fishers constitute more than 65% of the by and large fishermen populace (Omar et al., 2012; Ramli et al., 2013). In Malaysia, Sabah was recognised as one of the highest contributors to the national fisheries sector for many years with an average of 208,159.34 metric tonnes per year worth an estimated 1 billion ringgit from the period 2012 to 2018 (Insitute for Development Studies, 2020). Moreover, Sabah is the second largest state in Malaysia and has a rich treasure of natural resources. Besides having a very fertile land area for agriculture, the coastal area has a lot of marine biodiversities, from the coast to the deep ocean. The uniqueness of its natural resources also makes Sabah highly renowned for its natural and cultural tourism industry. Amongst the areas that have such privileges in Sabah is Kota Belud. The strategic geographical location of Kota Belud district which has oceans in the northwest and highlands in the southeast makes Kota Belud among the unique and potential areas of agriculture, fisheries, and tourism. Several locations in Kota Belud district such as Mantanani Island, Tamu Besar Kota Belud, and Polumpong Melangkap that are located at the foot of Mount Kinabalu are already recognized and famous not only at the national level but also at the international level. Howbeit, the main concern by society at large is the environmental stress due to the degradation of the ecosystem and natural resources (Yassin et al., 2021). Therefore, the sustainability of the fisheries sector is determined by the environmental factor especially climate change. The rising of global temperatures by drastic changes in weather and climate can be seen through extreme changes in rainfall, resulting in more sudden floods, droughts, or intense rain, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves making life miserable especially for those who are trapped in poverty. The impact of climate change threatens people with flooding, food insecurity, economic losses, water scarcity, infectious diseases, extreme heat, and displacement (Magawata & Ipinjolu, 2014). Hence, the negative effect of climate change will affect the productivity and profitability levels of fishers, especially small- scale fisheries. Realising the importance of the environmental and social in ensuring the sustainability of small-scale fishers, this study attempts to concentrate on achieving two objectives. First, to evaluate the climate change awareness of small-scale fisheries. Second, to assess the ecological and social resilience and their potential adaptability related the climate change. The discussion of this paper provides a better understanding and insights on the impact of climate change on small-scale fisheries and their adaptation to Kota Belud. Background of the Study The population of Kota Belud district consists of multiculturalism, and the majority are from the Kadazan/Dusun ethnic group, Bajau Samah, Iranun, Ubian, and Chinese. While the economy is dependent on the agriculture and fishery sectors. Nevertheless, due to its lower 242 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 11, No. 6, 2021, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2021 HRMARS position from sea level and climate change, Kota Belud is always facing environmental issues especially frequent threats of flooding. Kota Belud is a federal consistuency in Sabah, Malaysia and is currently divided into four districts, namely Pintasan (formerly known as Tempasuk), Tempasuk, Usukan and Kadamaian. Kota Belud is situated less than 50 kilometers from the Kota Kinabalu and covers an area of 1,372 square kilometers which consists of 173 registered villages as in 2021. Kota Belud are divided into 20 mukims, namely Kulambai, Ambong, Sembirai, Kota Belud, Kedatuan, Pirasan, Tempasuk, Rosok, Taun Gusi, Keguraan, Rampayan, Dudar, Kelawat, Kinasaraban, Lasau, Mangkulat, Woriou, Taginambur, Kebayau and Kadamaian (Kota Belud Liaison Office, 2021). Each district has their own district officers and a total of 150 head villagers. Figure 1. Pintasan and Usukan in Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia (Source: Modified from sabah.edu.my) Literature Review Impact on Climate Change on Small Scale Fishers Changes in climatic factors modify the efficiency and dissemination of marine and freshwater fish species, contrarily influencing the vocations of fishery-dependent communities around the world. A study in Zimbabwe demonstrated that small-scale fishing is the community’s essential vocation movement. More than 62% of fishermen expressed that fishing income is declining, owing to declining fish catches. Of members, 98% perceived nourishment buys as the essential source of nourishment. In this manner, 78% of the small-scale fishers see their family units to be nourishment uncertain due to declining livelihoods from fisheries (Muringai et al., 2019). Another study by Islam et al (2020) was embraced to evaluate the impacts of climate alter on the hilsa shad fishery system and the versatile measures taken by fisher communities in Bangladesh’s coastal locale. It found that climate alter has colossal unfavorable effects on the country’s most impoverished fishing communities by affecting their job resources, particularly by diminishing the hilsa stock upon which their employments are based. Climate alter has potential impacts on the life cycle stages and relocation designs of hilsa.
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