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Home , 2 Kings 8, Edom, Elath, Eliphaz, Ezekiel 25, Gedaliah

Published by Maney Publishing (c) Exploration Fund to perhaps evidence, Historians have about by sackJerusalem Babylonians'; rendered seriously in usually There references the with be leave precise in thejews Interpretations period, from conquest recorded 15, and (2 16), some post-exilic 2 Sam. said, 587 the and biblical less and A It a EDOM inferred.' the on to fury is in is detailed precis contents B.C.' extent in noting I without more 8. one certainly, examine. perhaps for 'throughout commonly rule some in overstates of and the Esd. text-books to and of 14). references Num. Edom Edom; side This relationships ' monarchic of serious. the Edom by of Mitchell only 4. John assistance, a in vary.j. In , survey of qualification, vindictive the 45, the an the AND absence 587/6 20. view, unless but the the according what said, allusion the question work that Bright labour about general all .... 14 It days biblical quite (1972, M. (as and Dahood B.C.' has tf. case. Edom which period. on the I Edom of of directly Historical arose between THE have spirit, Myers yet the ofJoram, led possibly set the (1972, Crystal Edomite under Bruce to Edomites of historical to Not that texts, 143) this By unpublished) history but because to up has basis any played its tried (1970, the We in you and and a (1971, or your enough a C. presentation they 329) when goes two Edom in somewhat FALL the been Bennett, hostile or historian, king evidence (cf. J. are of indirectly, literary to put Cresson, son shall Gen. you cast did of to 587 a such sword 272) he serious actually R. show background further speaks Bartlett 386) on you part . the of garrisons, commonly ofJehoshaphat, and shall actively oifall pursued attention break contact 27. B.C. BARTLETT their more passages says general by or of break cautiously elsewhere one-sided on makes OF you Israel, 40: in destruction serve of difficulties surely archival excavations still: to joined Burton This pity. 1977,2-27), the his own' a that certain shall ' participate the study Ed between his loose , and 'cut yoke has it historical Babylonian your should 'That held but is as om owes Babylonian the brother difficult (2 the live, particularly presentation (1977,8 Macdonald. suggests Obad. all off remains. entitled been for Kings fin.ally from ground brother; perhaps if Edomites - of army the the nota every Edom west the not probably jerusalem in in the given with background. . to your Edomites Edomites 11-14, 8.20) purposes the f.) of little coming of often that 'The side explain The male when and shortage invaders c. the Nebuchadnezzar, that the destruction neck true of either 'helped 845 The the in toJudah's first condemnation Ps. 'to I. wadi Israel start so the in sword'" is 41' we however the of in II, became B.C., ~ did Edomites the of this Edom' clearly strongly 137, second has history .... the to fecall on 587 of , events this with intense in the participate, day' 'Edom the Ezek. been archaeological the subject the of It paper experience Babylonians evident the his (I difficulty the of the the nature B.C. can side wilderness of expressed, (verse 'may Kings remedied Ed 35.1-36. hatred servants' and tradition of revolted as 587 Davidic earliest we hardly I om- Ed of some must have from now and and 22). B.C. are om the II. of is of Published by Maney Publishing (c) Palestine Exploration Fund T. 8eit Ziklag. 8eth-pelet" Miulm. Adora· PALESTINE .Dimonah . Beth hakke,.m· EXPLORATION .Kh. !.iyib L-J~Om o --- tOkm QUARTERLY Published by Maney Publishing (c) Palestine Exploration Fund A somewhat EDOM Edom's well Judah sword' cause, ofEdomite of The c. Amaziah's southernJudah, diplomatic references time Kings 'had group (whose and troops Ostracon B.C.) Qinah -Qeini "anal presence for known material [Qo]s'anal, Jerahmeelites, Edomite to settled 272-73). the from the . changeover Arabah affair, Gen. had 800 war an its an have end picture late I It 'lest of earlier again B.C. enough sketch (Lemaire excavator, of of 36 against may J be of on economic is is AND from vengeance 6. among destruction of ostraca independence SSE was pre-exilic not) influenced could name, was Edom sent Similar Judah's from is now (2 the J confused 6) to invaded raid, bloodthirstiness 2 the activity relationship) an be is It Kings an Tell invading within this from seized Edom, probably of THE whole or in from feared. inevitably Israel. enemy, has clear, Assyrian further Tell Arad, Kenizzite$ Edomite draw ostracon the 1977, Qosa' should from west Kh. his early common expansion. el-Kheleifeh 30% pottery Arad, often with 14.7) brutality city and Arad FALL witness, between Edom victory (see population el-Kheleifeh, that the Aharoni el-Gharrah from of Arad, or on But from history and of evidenced 171 also (see is defeated] at the the come Kh. account been a period - Bartlett one-sided, and and names name Malbata's (as has the often letter on Tell Edom's from - Edomite OF excavations with f., and Biran southern a sword a the ostracon in see In et- yet Edom and Assyrian raid Qinah the process the been to suggested to was there'. cf. dates JERUSALEM the Taiyib Aroer, the attested 734/3 east, a vindictiveness, an relating make make Gray from unpublished) of tribes in subsequent (Tell Gulf 1979,53-66), Glueck udah number by which and oppression. found on Tawilan discovered presence Valley occasion Edomite Num. the and names and late to but the end to 24, Qinah extending that B.C. this the movement Cohen NNE (1970, of whence "Ira) Ramath-negeb period and of in Judah doubtless at possibly that to 701 at dated Iron fragmentary Aqabah; this of point Edom 20. 1971, of of occasion the Edom region were Tell the Tell carried the a and of iIi to for is rebellion Edomites, , the B.C.). 533), is few 18, 1976, Age was in Arad; supply border said Their a by also perhaps and the a roughly Dead Malbata, (cf. thatJ an el-Kheleifeh the perhaps over 237-40, (if Nabataean the Umm Edomites hints memory where and and miles when Aharoni the and according pottery the exaggerated region away and the to Aharoni the release (to This comes 139; upper Ramath-negeb several Sea. udah's of feelings intermarriage be ostracon Edomites had from 'lest country at period reading his which settlement further or el-Biyarah compare compiling Edom Khirbet grain, south not J978, some captives'. a PI. twelve ostracon of was left is people capture list anything a to stratum migrated of the uncommon Ed country conquest centuries. seal 'Edomite' 1970, Period II). to 598/7 of pent-up the a of Edomite may mentions threatens 20-23)' apparently of west. pf Edom om's No. legacy 2 and Old spoke miles Edom's names Ghazzeh the bearing Chron. text There with ~fEdomites southern a his 28 Edom's of (Kochavi of B.C., appears 1 40 is have should easy; IV line oversimplified readiness Testament westwards was N.E.B. Clearly, for , f., west of perhaps ruins of in hatred, equally, lis.ts All from Edomite The interest ware, comparable in (seventh-sixth Ed a contains 2 'to greatest 32). the is drawn a 28. certain1y what man been Kings this at the not of interest ,low, of om renamed happen no Judah outside come Edomites 2 Israelite Arad, to translation) Arad. Among the 17, comparable 'Edomite' 1977, area Edom's and with west Kh. purely suggests suggestion probably with (to in be seems under reinforced refer affinities, and from unspectacular the 8. head prosperity, an out the allowed say memory Ghazzeh at in Level - the picture; to of the the 2 very According 774; with order Joktheel, Edomites I tradition Assyrian this region southern a with the prob~bly military. the to nothing pressure military to bears Arad K~mtes, ed1tor of century sword. walls second that clans.' called good some be VIII 6 city', those may Wadi time, wadi 197, were with that in that the 15 by of the of by an (if a of to a 2 of Published by Maney Publishing (c) Palestine Exploration Fund Judah Jerusalem, Judah its Gadite good nezzar available little however, (1g68, despatched south-eastern if 's as The on but see campaign, the from argument expressed alter expected rather pertains 2 'from Babylonian, seen him further and situation? ''; 756 rather might distinctively the Assyrian attractive Individual 16 Nebuchadnezzar have far results vv. as Syrian Rudolph boundary f.). Another precise Uehoiakim] bands reason, This, sense; Aram as the as the a 31-32, at 226), perhaps be than a been the towns Many a collective to the Arabs' border to this is to period, is expected in preliminary Hatti here, A in than Burney desert then, temptation for it of Edomites, the Jer. to supported the king Chaldaean 588/87, him. location borders in connexion rebellion passage here used and the passage was Edomite argues time, the Edom the fear scholars line mentioned Jer. Edomites, later a the for land zone (Wiseman 13. was Arad of original perhaps bands east There asJudah generation or directed Ammonites, noun to of (1903, was the to future though 35. was 19: and, in of rather strongly of in which support the and sent the in which operate. and after their is to by ostracon's ostracon 2 and the 'The I 2 troops have drawn of with is for which based I, Kings not situation Kings as the Jer. army oracle found offarming out however, 365), southeast the northern no in '''Edom'' against' Arabs tried such three horizons those 1956,70 than has Aharoni connected has very cities followed investing Jer. earlier, independent Moab that the Chaldaeans, and came 35. two with between the of in and 24. raised 24. for often the referring that to activity the years who reference dating clear. against the II, Syria, of 49. Edam companies, the to population resist 2, local 2. Kedar example, were sent prospect f.; of up and the widened earlier in bei (1970,28) the Edomite in recorded to Chaldaeans been In the reference much dwell see , IfT: of of this the There which replace land against Negeb Syrian, G. would south them 599/98, of they Nebuchadnezzar's and . probably jerusalem vas whom only Peshitta also The and evidence and explained higher, to the alleged ist date. speculation in than saId of that even PALESTINE Edom comments by are was and forces might against the Noth to Schreibfehler of ~Q~irim, in the settlemen ostraca, bands are himself not 'Syrians' appearance to Nebuchadnezzar Ammonite the the om, as Judah Hazar, But Zeph. more was and from in Rechabites Kedar and the wilder probably too Accepting kingdoms scouring shut be the reference and ofMoabite political (sec 1958, land, certain might be and by of in Judah Teima far distinctively the out 'tent-villages' BM observes, likely and up the mixed as further reference the is any 2.8, which that t Herrmann with south mountains in is on army of 133-57).IfJer. 2 the we (sugg'rU) come. Syrians, and usually text possibility rule. vv. circumstances Kings the EXPLORATION of the no oder case keeping and the of region to or Edom to this, to teUJeremiah: 'Edomites'; versions Assyrian said, - Rudolph Chaldaean sharply and and 28b-29 Hazor'. desert of Moabite destroy 21946 destruction south. with sou have Edom's How economic it there Korrectur'. and campaigned to There Syrians".' 24. some Judahite is dated with too Ammonite thern and Edomite (see rather "Come, 1975, of (see with possible the been in 2: did ofa shows, they Ed and is inaccessible defined That is empire The it.' bands 'The (1968,294) none which is Bartlett scholars reinforcements activity 49. no Ammonite to Malamat secondary fringes om. as 278, Edom their link ranging a developments and from than took read This 599 'When of pressing and Rudolph danger There 28-33 military and Lord Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar Just that to is with Arad, of and activity gave border Edomite QUARTERLY threats Syrian or open much not 'Edomites' Aram ofJ attack the behave the land 1979, with have let the 598 how sent and Nebuchad- refers 2 Gray seems to 1962, and udah and of clear, way Moabites, attack Kings to reason action them; observes us ostracon be that line, B.C. plunder circular the 5g-(2); lived against against raiding sharply is yielded against troops, follows 598/97 makes others troops in based easily go to of to 1970, to more 147). very but, fear and was this but 24. the the his on for all or be in to to of Published by Maney Publishing (c) Palestine Exploration Fund e an Hazar-shual, Dlbon Cl!leI tl.n:- ~owever, B.C. Ramat or glVes towards scholars deportation uttered seventh established; destroyed after 597 (~oth B.C. possibility, Kenyon have Judah not Neither B.C., Mirsim nothing edomite'. once Judah ~ifficulties: Aharoni this Negeb for was much tIme, I NEB followed and meant ED this the I) Edomite. Lachish Judah B.C. teU OM destruction shows Beersheba, verse on of shut 597 a of no that been Ramath-negeb or translates after watch (?) 1958, Rahel, into is is this that cities us the reason It by of we century'. followed that definite AND Lachish (1979, B.C. (1970, argued taken up taken him, after at means that is This (but 'shut the still that doubtful II, region the may the take-over the first, but from thus from Kenyon the 155). Ziklag. But was (cf. they Engedi two it THE suggesting for if into 597 extended see 298), entrances capture text. into it reconstruction mentioned up' 1 beginning in sugtru according was attribute to Shea that B), Nebuchadnezzar's not in that Lachish placed within and the a was At supposing by The listed were sites the show Aharoni fact B.C. exile', at partial grounds argues exile, If had FALL easy in The Judaeans there (1979, Negeb Tell the and owing of before this the Debir this 1979, Negeb fact Negeb as proposed the of inJoshua destroyed the and upon southern succumbed that south region were toseejust older to Arad at Jerusalem, surely wholly that Edomites time. 'besieged', Meshash is of was as destroyed. that problem destruction to OF region 297) to 587 113-16); so, from here that that Jehoiachin 1970, all), the in Ramath-negeb the the thus in Aharoni 'shut this the no who is commentators past JERUSALEM Stratum and (cf. Albright another. between suggests sixth B.C. ostracon the for 597 taken brought walls. envisaged plausible, without. Judah southernmost Tell major 15.2 vulnerability 24, by remained land south whatJeremiah Hayes short we is had rather up' a to Bethzur region Ramath-negeb the and, following B.C. to We easily (Kempinski Edomites, small note Zakariyah, the J-32 may into of There or (1975, 'was VI disturbance destructions escaped campaign was duri.ng (1967, Aradand campaign that of Only know 24 the secondly, is the Edomite and blocked than .. became at trust reappear 27), exile'. by but Hebron solved fortress Judah's, non-existent. (with and and presumably none deposed, Babylonian Arad date was fortifications (e.g. Miller BDB just the 2 167) Beersheba of town the the each Kabzeel the deportation I or Arad Engedi 7) had the no Tell Alt which 1977,818 by went if elsewhere, attack, down Edomite Lachish in was Streane as has Chaldaeans even exilic the Nehemiah suggested was we to was which it in of force of ruins. link 1977,475; Negeb the and little (1925, in be were Beit and 's was Tell the destroyed historical out suppose been mind, he lost erected to towards that winter == left activity traced period 'toude A. Alt's in strong is list about compares and did in According connects remained f.), Jekabzeel, after ed-Duweir 1B99, 'somewhere that Mirsim, sacked destroyed cities excavated, in 108 th~ to to missing; Lemaire whether Ramath-negeb 598/97 ofNeh. that list, at but not none 587 Judah, suggestion the Weinberg thatJer. kingdom of598-97 who there 597 = in has enough chain the any and least Negeb is early Arad 106) 'the then the this after in 1953,280 Edomites'. B.C., the in 2 camein'.Jer. B.C. Bethshemesh, invaded Josh. largely other Babylonian archaeological poJ't11ated B.C., mind; between 1 to Kings ifJer. final against in gates Aharoni in (1977, thought was 701 (whether Molad"h, J. is and the in seventh and passa in Albright all f~r 13. to Indeed, 597 597 25-30: (2 B.C. weak, one 1969), falls; cities 6. hard but, the relieve phase not occur B.C. Noth a 13. Kings were ostracon 18 but disappeared 24.2 B.C., f.) rather the was 1, 235), number sous allowed Lachish direction c. f. This middle necessarily that 19 Jer. (1979, 'Now according inferred evidence there down Dimonah century which and and was Lachish 930 ifwith then Negeb; kept (1932, at andJer. sieges Bethpelet, in (1960, but dates 13.1gb, them.' destroyed. Ie 23. Bethzur, following Tell reads than the evidence 597 13. and controle' a there not 24 are he in him of 8) closed, to threat of might 410), or most from verse 18 does and 105), from does and 587 Beit and B.C. 3) the the and 588 is The III 28 for 587 the - two re- the 35. too 'all == in 17 no to f. is a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Palestine Exploration Fund judgement Judah Ammon. 40. suppose. both; inhabitants campaigned precise is precise: and On individual heard of 18 to all interesting, considerable further: Edom's policy fourth region on and Edom this evidence centuries unless their the (who [he done; Ahikam, which any the the I border behind capturing meeting Other I It Jews territory would that provides we Jews rebelled, year, may between for great other is knowledge Edom's iniquity there Most we they were time B.C. follow the Edom upon from country hard son and in these of have Edom as who have, scale have hand, may damage is was view king Edomite had of during beginning to of ofShaphan, far the Arad no only is national the is around evidence Edom, cities complaints the turn were agreed was the still indicate it south little partly not firm been of of apparently most ofpast any between The but but 'Rejoice suggestion seems , passages and Babylon momentJerusalem on present the dweller you he he of specified; to to to in evidence as help your interest to but Jerusalem driven, punishment as reliable the come. Edom's with will Edomite will Edom's to Bethzur relationships exile'. Moab lie for you well relationships, shall Judah's most Arad as there reoccupy Negeb Tyre, Arad and Edom lies iniquity, keep uncover low Edom's governor or Jeremiah's in had also joinedJudah usually as ofL. Similarly, become in likely, and it But that and the the piece in be recent is old ofjudahite behaviour and does and in to and you destroying left gaveJudah in the 588-87 and no need glad, H. communal land become came origin; this of the among enemy 597 towns behaviour your 0 a of quoted mention the cup first, perhaps in say Brockington not over your drunk Bethzur are remnant wickedness. that daughter Edomites evidence fell. of is of 0 exile and !sa. view, Beersheba to appear shall B.C., sins'. nothing; to support U daughter that second, PALESTINE not them, taken in in iniquity, without known the people It stock, the 587 z; picture multiply places 34lyricises no and might discussing ofEdom's Ammon the took memory the that pass; the might always in Ammonites in] land longer; either for of over to then proceeded strip events destruction 587 and (1969, fromJ population that as rather another udah Edom, Babylon Lam. be.particularly with any rebellion have region Edom's of Edom's 0 of ldumaea. escape hypotheses. all by B.C. by Ed were yourself daughter Edom of the there Judah. active over crimes, and revolt a surrounding the udah serious om, the Ed 195) EXPLORATION the 4. than he is partly in two same and associated to Jews om's behaviour 21 attitude less could had is across Babylonians the neighbours would will the would they of that settle could commitment Edom's or bare. no Uer. to f., unless in the consequences. of sword easy late appointed past returned Edomite punish, three thing. On for evidence recent. the brought Zion, Edom be the towns themselves bring be 27). find rather seventh 587 example, to enmity lists the it with in relied willingness the Jordan hundred which is find is refuge who If Edom's 58g--87 and or Zion's basis B.C. disaster, and a 'may from population). accomplished, natural probably for her. than the Gedaliah at on case QUARTERLY by than as and upon encroached will in In Mizpah'. settlements any Probably Edom's to in further the of says all indicate Babylonians The much years punishment of'they B.C.: her other presence 's Edom, Moab early descend what one the refuge to Edomites besieging for to obvious affected actions, nothing the give 'When for places as might inflict north when lands part. sixth little And Jer. that It and that any son but the for on it. at in in is Published by Maney Publishing (c) Palestine Exploration Fund Judah went EDOM oracles no catchword of Wolff(I977, take indicted against beside by piece Obad. Edom anything, begin words power Wevers possession it and 852). threatened threatens, Israel' (vv. here 25. In 10,12; lob, is explanation present Joel. form 4 in We 10-1 Because it Ezek. the take 13, with and back, t.~e This of with of the and the the and in. n;tay 32. 10; of Ammon AND the in 1969, 15a). sword this are the Ammonites 2) Both possession that ch. doom rather accusation the case 'I oracles distress.' latter the 35 similar 'desolation', 15; as the of 'Because has the brings addition owe sword 84) on ~il1 is 36). you we attacks The THE Edom the RSV and 76, thought . for of perish reminiscent Edom same grievously no against and emphasizes charge, less for 'Egypt have bring more There the said, ~54). terms. against land first this a at for firmer and because FALL and the of new will Moab, you is guilty are the of Philistines. Edom, phrase, with seen, Edom, and is them' oracle also the is to 'These Edom in foreign Amos violence appears shall In are NEB if be similarly time given. charge: cherished Why present, ground earlier prophetic Tyre properly Edom's worst offended OF Ezek. than called the determined show they for Egypt of four the 'he . under become Ezek. of (vv. a 'Because we I. Edom the two his JERUSALEM several sword'; The nations, desolate part and their pursued have the done I several of oracles, prophecies close If587 7. the follow with I, 3-4) threatened. anger ifnot charges crime nations are perpetual the the understood, 35· situation 24, other in played Egypt. tradition took final wicked a shed to similarity centuries. brings nations Ezek. desolation, name 3,4,7,9,14,15). taking but long-standing is much part you/Moab brief the the tore wilderness, his the times with is revenge, in punishment'; nations. innocent made and Edom's that by They word, people brother about mind Greek ofa country perpetually', and is 25. of enmity, no more In a vengeance than tradition to in not these Mt is number it and accusation; Mal. Ezek. prose against 12. colourless take share vague; Ezeki~l, has (as how, in the of.} much said'. interpretation: strongly Seir r~putation to blood with parallelism, with Amos two and verse possession Day I. 'acted udah, arch-enemies; any 33. addition and or in a (used 2-5 of The the the Moab better upon As co~ntries whom common gave when in this 24, minor of mainly witnessed 3 'because (as I. by again in 25 their former sword revengefully for suggests), violence parOt in concluding I for the Eissfeldt over received them', I. is with and is the to content, contrast as of expansions Wolff a land.' not coming of reveals on second in form; the shall do ... 4" their collection Lord charge the Ammon Joel4. you the specified, both event. secondary this (for the (~amas) and poem then p~ople concludes: prophetic editorial (1966, are houses', be the is to against the~theme addition that second (vv. out see Egypt, repeats angry the feature, mine, 19 'the guilty Edom The of first (e.g., in of Zimmerli with perhaps 5-9), the (EVV. of 377) Philistines any 7. ch. mountains four material pair, introduction and for cf. two the Israel third and Lord of 10-27,. words to in verses appears, 'Thus more the 25, observes) Mt Ezek. blood' of ever, with the different house undated in 3· oracles, against we echoes sword taking oracle which Seir hated to Ezek. 19): 1962, book than than 7-8, will this but the are 29. the (cf. 19 (if of of is if • > Published by Maney Publishing (c) Palestine Exploration Fund juxtaposed in misunderstood. century with her what physical clothing' bare tail-end', the is saying conventional destruction 2. foundations!' In bare not prophet 'As which expected the rejoicing charge multiplying somewhat is Ps. - an 'You made material The it claimed countries to to 20 not mind. similar and 14), themselves Ezekiel, 25-29,30-33, enemy a children. MT rejoice 35. people you This Perhaps at pudenda Ezek. The charge Ezek. phrase was magnified (titlz~anj. specified a against see plunder least laid 26, ~arU, B.C., shield of cries: rejoiced 'The Particular involvement ,just over taken fourth to threat 'buttocks', to brings (probably is Wevers when Hab. 35. of unrealistic with Edom 35, against concerned behave. in humiliating one's above that closely (Lev. most ~arU Judah. But terms. the The ancient as as 'Rejoice the (!sa. 13 others Ezek. it'. 34. but Such to then, yourselves Apart the a your oracle from in 3. those of most over appears us whichever ~ad is be words possession fate commentators The verb 20. 1969, 37, all Lam. complaints 13 is Db any 22.6), psalmist's paralleled but Not Judah at Israel's Edom's This and 35. probably enemy haysod a in heights one beside brings (cf. the famous Edom - 18, of Zeph. not left or ad. from phrase last (vv. nation carah one cry any one 267) sexual against enemies 4.21 10 not. to as that Albright 19; who inheritance is a over inJudah 12a against and chest to that be enemy behaviour of way for possession 14.-15) military on falls.' Sellin, attitude, with 2.8, in - !sa. bah Edom. have a is accusation it 'and cry in here , and them or an threatens me, begin the overtones. the probably Israel number the Jerusalem's is God Edom the we words have person 3. (2 which is additional wholehearted for 10,Jer. said become me In city may 0 among Jerusalem 1946, against after Piel general ehron. common is who 17), necessarily take idea The with act. Obad. my the is with in are of not concluded of expected of wanted of frequently attributed be usually one's which 587 who the to the of separated enemy' humiliation much the Jerusalem; 13), against Ed given It 48.26,42, meant) accusation of the verse entirely several our your based all dispossess. 24. is charges understanding om comment 12, claim house taking phrase, PALESTINE RSV enough is humiliation that land ntplztsh simply Edom' possession', is Edom II), to joy thought quoted by Edom reflects herself mouth, II: means of and depicted Edom upon that is possess of the attributed that clear. to the is an of and translates, and out thus possession whom . general against it a Dahood in an (Ps. of Edom is cries (v. Israel, enemy, vv. phrase is on following dominant does it; that any 'the 'lay ajar utter in and is the the vv. based warned to imaginative, a 6) The the but that the 141. 1-14, conventional as oppose this might 1 out and similar specific daughter is land she of Old bare', EXPLORATION I. 2-10 multiplied in not (Gen. advice 'revilings' contempt, because to a Edom Cad an lands the whether (1970, sense 36. how 8, ofPs. againstJerusalem, 35.12. not 'Rase in connexion shall woman of Israel's 15b amount not Testament; gloss is accretion ha.fsod Is. theme sin v. This as be Yahweh 'strip', Israel surely 24. charges so action enemies is 5 of 53. to have of 137.7: an couched be of 273) of appropriate the dramatic In given it it, much 20). (absent gloat the the he your is of magnifying drunk Babylon, that 12), being enemies was charge bah oracle in to Ezek. nations and rase another given the verse and has of suggests, two and In enigmatic (Wevers the and a are Edom in over here cedar words they of Ed desolate'. in on charge events PS. Judah taken despoiled Provo from is and in it! Old nations 36. made. Israel om's much, to from QUARTERLY Micah which presentation 12. his any and used or means 'gave might 137 who familiar conventional us Down using work is 2 against strip in The people. Testament; rejoice oneself comparing the 1969, 24. part of587 accused of the to in particular the others; the would v. might of might Ps. is 7.8, I and my Edom's Human 587 possess' charge, possess LXX), a 17; (Zeph. herself 'to to enemy 14 laying of think, object in ninth to word 268). over land me', 137, lose B.C. and and B.C. 'Do two her her (on the the its cf. be be be of of Published by Maney Publishing (c) Palestine Exploration Fund EDOM physically phrase This from that, active. to people', and charges ofthe pictured been more arch-enemy, with taken fashion, Edom excitement, dramatiC' calamity. have sub criticising occasion, the ofa silent!' for taking threatens plundering the warns the behav~~ur These help example, 'al enemy wisdom conquering use boasting At There my on seems so the gloated', serious. note as and 'Do had J (c)): These part Edom AND 'stand first verses lucky. God of the erusalem of 'looting plague') into an repeated as just He Edom cutting apart, sense not let inJer. Edom behaved the rejoicing, in is, to in authentic principle glance, 'in (v. warns tradition: behaving in is the is addresses refer THE verses not ~87 against They all The as me however, rejoice in aloof' as imperfect: being poetry Ps. 5 suddenly army. his in past, herself this. of or offailing for f.), 40. Obadiah a YQur in B.C. to off phrase charges 50. to Judah's Obadiah translation, FALL vv. goods', in appear figuratively, speak her the make what the fugitives boasting, I credited that when attitudes Camad chronicle The indulging The 'al 3, looking I heart these It just 12-14, the that with good time in failure contemporaneity is sometimes yabo' 'you and those use she of to it in poet the OF interesting Edomites should your cutting to ancient 'On and as some particular be the minneged) clear provide all Edom's v. of reason of' and with did; pick especially back on and middle dramatically you JERUSALEM should entering rather misses 'elohenu glad of Babylon derives need. 13, who of the Edomites in foreigners the enemy as at the Ed refugees delivering that allies precisely were cast he not however, ofT Babylon's up with vividly in usual enemy day when expresses are for om's directly, help day gloating, is of than fugitives not and Ps. the the can Edom we' ways. be his lots falls, the vividly caution like a (v. not the that in behaved; that miseries description al or immediacy have activities 38. are he description understood perhaps found picture entered to the be to of for gates, against 7), ye~era;, imperfect one with urged these of comfort. up you stumbles' dramatically the was behaviour. In any 'do I strangers vividly Jerusalem, the used entering rejoicing RSV, and the I ... imagining survivors in of fact ('my safety us day stood not looting activities;in not active of largely them.' assuming slaughter occasion his to important delivering " 'you in typical 'may literally, are conquest- suggest gloat, the imparting of Edom of of the in behave 587 among friends of gates as in aloof, the (Prov. Judah's a against carried and the this Babylonian participation were author , and an emotion our Edom; could from B.C. the gate urged hostile do original. is way boasting, in too that historian's (v. as and the killing God to up events in clearly The not 24. like terms his' offhis us, of have to which 8) note misfortune, is easily in others, survivors. a is the to Edom's strangers God's rejoice', 17). my or behaviour. our imagination. projecting - RSV docUlpented come was manner 2 avoid one - The ·;ometimes enemies' activity of sympathy the some that accused Kings wealth, and companions 'entering in ears that the 'like and the after people translates description of poet Jerusalem's and prophet part the in and then foundation,.in fall Gloating, and the these them'. appropriate he prophet, one vv. ruin, 2. in all, savage suddenly himself, may of taunts 'You was so of imagines suggestion and of in 7, v. by foreigners the doing 1-10, of reminiscent may Jerusalem- verses on. distress, is the vv. of II. these much he them'. BDB stand Edom, looting should gate not of behaviour There (v. standing rejoicing fall. poet'; Obadiah not in not Edom 11-14 nothing in turns Edam's simply can verses 2), (p. of Edom to more lively aloof some spite have The keep The that but and my 21 are the not is the th~, 39,_ so, be he is to of a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Palestine Exploration Fund John ' Jerusalem around between of as HeUenised third work). enough author of of clear retire Babylonians Uosephus, 34). papyri thatJudas perhaps burning guardsmen, than knowledge the for redactional 167). concubine, presupposes into translation (Eumenes Persian surely I between 36.19 been Edomites behaviour (Torrey 22 of Daniel, an lying the the story tvlarisa which In All We I the century no Daniel, that eparchy It Hyrcanus and satrap Esdras be It temple. of indeed (cf.Jer. Marisa pre-exilic after is between this kings previous of Bethzur reckon 1910,31-67). Darius come is letter followed. (according Idumaeans and perhaps is (Gk. regroup, use were in I), BJ cities fortified clear the of has the the work appears fits not and the are Artabazos 587 B.C. 587 Dan. and is 1. by of happily was of and daughter The temple linguistic could lastly been 52.13,51. ' from well 6$ being a ldoumaioi) with situation past I that surprising like later Idumaea Alexander Idumaean and I this B.C., suggestion associated , B.C. Greek times, and S. perhaps the by How Esdras. Ant. 2. date the Bethzur he the in Adora, incorporated to and this be Torrey's at Hebron, A. to 37 rebuilt might the for in to land Darius ignores falls took Eissfeldt the order Torrey, reference called Marisa, III, of Judah XIII. of version then the features and Cook I reference the gone; created the end burned Esdras (Diod. the these 24 account that due south A back Hebron the 'numerous Marisa, 'so with who most that 257; be Babylonians. (as 2. is ff.) of real son useful illustrious 'the of and the argument but to (in this reached to that 22 Great originally given (1966,576), verses of 1 in 259/58 events on the suggest attribute see to the was of in the XIX. Esdras 4.45: Artaxerxes, of fact the wh~n the explicit part plains to respectively, westwards the the Charles of the statement Bethzur I and Artaxerxes, the Hebron terminus revised third the Edomites Judas' incorporation Esdras same given, story to by 95. Idumaeans that final is Idumaeans played in J cities B.C. 4.7-16) 'You people south Edomite Bartacus', Philistine Ptolemy bracketed ofldumaea' that that udaea 4. the in 2; century For and I this the chapters translator'. of 50 1913, was PALESTINE (PZC Schiirer campaigns according ga. on 2 Aramaic) Esdras. a and Darius reference it (2 north vv. the to in by which to quo Chronicler our makes did by act probably might belongs believed the was Mace. but I). has totally be its Beers-heba Hebron son Idumaea, burning 47-51 three are 5; the would 59006, Azotus author, any B.C. to in perhaps by grounds of explained? Half of bringing also laid of2 had also cf. 1979,6; I of I (I a complained the Darius have the I Edomites Marisa. Esd. may to such very Esdras the in 12. guardsmen. alien, to Esdras' against Lagus Mace. Torrey belonged that Chron., that waste a disastrous least vowed be Chaldaeans, Arrian 59015 story and of the himself (I I century rewriting 38), EXPLORATION border a identifiable 4. present derive the (for including Esd. thing; that the Mace. Hengel forward stronghold theJews give I the time 45 Beersheba (sec 4. 4. accurate Esd. by of the nine relationship temple verso, Beersheba, 1910, to date to (and (Anab. Ezra, I 15), home 4. 42-46 the unambiguously orders the to of not of 2 from Esd. later Torrey build have Idumaeans 5.68). reality. results This, in 29 Kings miles Judah Chronicles 1974,11,172). the the and to of three Chaldaeans.' in were 84 its and 59804; only Adoreon and comes with of to the 4. we v. the reference the is old that Chronicler's 7.4.6) the been that whenJ present and Idumaeans f.) and 40a 'Apame, 50; NE 1 1910,40-44). for clearly 25.9 laying guardsmen, their In time part read see and with third Apama, story Greek that Mace. temple noted faced from 'the 312 Edgar though QUARTERLY beyond. some the irrelevant. of and and Aharoni and of before and and udas Idumaea witness and in Ezra, Marisa. the form century foundations B.C. of ascribes sequence to Idumaeans part The Nehemiah, a translation 4.59 4. Idumaea'. Philistines the There that the which confusion time daughter Ezra, the 2 1925, Plutarch Edomite 61 we walls living needs Marisa' original we Chron. and Darius is By Zenon region of and king's notes 1975, show three must must Ifso, 'as later hear long The It B.C. ran has the the the the the 10, by of of in to it is a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Palestine Exploration Fund should situation EDOM developed contracted Idumaeans contemporaries, imagination in temple, Judah's falsely Davidic harsh bitterness Babylonians, painful expression events That (1968, and to done against Edom be eJ- which 272; JerahmeeHte1) Kh. that mainly 8g), men cation sou.th 26; 1970, <:rarltang Gen. the to hal 36. which Oholibamah, 1 2 crediting 3 Taiyib, the For held Mal!)ata 19.2; The lto-li8 familiel been it idem A his Ghazzeh, Hormah-Zephath were 36. or 16-27. by was seems language; WIth an probably development maligned. on review an give of photograph, AND basic 224): ~outheast a catastrophe purpose. I 10-14. distress, added Edom's conquest in Edom Edomite 1938,88; it Chron. closer (see see crime being 1931, 587 the ~apology. Kh. which in traditions of , mixed of has For any is (where Hst up pictured to the Aharoni daughter grounds the see 24 ofShishak'slist Edom. hostility THE 'To The e1-Gharra, and mention derive. B.C. not of been to sent 82, Qinah of me 4.28; f.). in in of the two way Aharoni the naturally ldumacans attack the Lemaire behaviour should the would In heart The turned Arad'. 587 marriages fact surprising Timna 216), of argue The Edom text, right. and there identified Edomite Ions tribes FALL (Num. Ezra of this, from Robinson of villages 1970, that as Edom For responsible. of complaints of Edom of B.C. ofthisli.t to roots would all, perpetrated Israel's see also a Kh. only and Arad For from Eliphaz Anah, 1970, kill J977, concubine the and it the and Edom, But historic underline from the remained Edom 21. g. Lemaire such 14.45; (Aharoni 'is For the Ghazzeh, border, Ramoth-negeb's with mention OF list facsimile, and fugitives, ciani in Amalek' sharing Arad of be firm of 184J,621 For villainy - I of the 23; (and remaining 191; the that daughter of burning is the understanding Judah's and 587 speaks such expected JERUSALEM Beth-yeroham an originating the the the first another he Ramoth-ne~eb Edom's into 21.3; ofElau historic for experience apparently made Timna, it 1977, piece The destruction , 1979,329). enemy a by enumeration are of locates see seems by B.C. unscathed, Qinah Jews Idumaean point Jewish in f.; see oracles Deut. the of join the well Abel 191 implication the Abel of of appears of and , the (Josh. of against hatred derived who Aharoni to the prophetic identifi- obvious later sign against Zibeon, experience sons f. archetypal ) It in as the onJ known Babylonians. evidence which in which to I. 1933, looting since 1938, Gen. here' in bore Kh. (the historian, had the 44: Idumaean the 15. to as temple. NOTES of in of udah's of of a successful of for it wickedness, Edom complex precise from grievance Jerusalem the looting, its they Judah as and leaves father-in-law, Eliphaz Jerahmeelite north-welt Judahite and was Zepho, Teman apparently which and 3. 44 ing Shammah short, 38. upon suggests to and Edom their evidence, the influence, suggests the 9, hostile f.) which among horders on a enemy Kenaz 30j In earlier inevitable many Judah names semi-nomadic shows II). held', much slaughter; editing which clan (cf. the suggestl~ genuine, Gatam exilic was ancestors fact, the Edomite the series cf. and fight that go (2 Num. The family compare felt ArabIa meaning ehron. influenced world, Shammai. Temanite, andJudah a Num. a later ofa in first positively back of and of that (I those he history we coveted re$'ion eventually clan Edom or a very but the experience for (names of Chron. against names Judah. the was 32. Midianite, mining artificiality. their early Edom born must that that lists historical Negeb. to which 26. someJudaean improve 31. was independence I to ancestors) 12jJosh. that in 'delcent', group preparing clearly I in with Ezra Esdras the Satn. played Edomite.,material, Job There 13), the suggests otherwise rather less of of 1$, 2. Edom of the that site Edom 587 not I accept the south in settled which the 28, When See Reuel's Eliphaz Eliphaz, belonging Esdras be 2 monarchic I whom in narrative ~od. land, 16. he 587 .. critical 14.6,14; the Nahath ~2) prophetic is B.C. Chron. IS that also 11) 'rising', the went experiences, Idumaeans. upon a blamed and no knew, of 9, than that littl, should list inappropriate; in orCalebite as unknown B.C., with Ackroyd's sole is southern Judah and 2 Edom. Bartlett direct sons 2. would (for Obadiah the Edom a of Sam. followed the opposed the 8. a left clan to an refugees in 18, 6. also names from followers, already and 15· Reuel determinant.' Hebron stage Edom whose wnter burning the form 69 for Edom th~se for 6, Jews The come Num. and period; lZ3. of 17;Judg. complaints a par~)n 'here', wadi appearl fell 1969, gloat in the Negeb. Judah 26), has legacy lists (I his anything the appropn~te (cf. J by the two much belongs list further In was names, I, verdict bordenng Chron.~. name region to cannot region in to found Araba~ 10: in wel1- have and 1-20. and been 'there, most own , ,?T.), makes over this God draw- palr~, the (Geq,.. owe the the his 23 I. ThiS the the the for as ag) ~hat of !3j the cf; for 10 of 10 a .. Published by Maney Publishing (c) Palestine Exploration Fund Wolff, Wiseman, Wevers,J., Torrey, Weinberg, Zimmerli, -- -- Streane, &horer, Rudolph, Shea, Garstang,J., Robinson, Malamat, Noth, Hengel, Hayes,]. Gray,J., -- Glueck, Edgar, Dahood, -- Myers,J. Lemaire, Cresson, -- -- Herrmann, Kempinski, Aharoni, ------Kochavi, Eissfeldt,O., Abel, Bartlett,J. AIt, Charles, Ackroyd, Bright,J., BiTan, Burney, Brockington, Albright, Promdill.gs A., Black, ed. lAntIn-UIUl other (Baltimore), EAEHL. 1977· IgOO. 1978. 1977· 1975. 1979. 1946. 1979. 1975. 1967. W. F.-M., H. M., A. C. C. 1925. H. M., A. C. N., E., R. M., B. H., 1970. A., essa)'s Y., W., H. M., W., and P. W. M., C. A., D. W., C., E., S., 1972. 'Tel R., Goedicke 'Beersheba', 'The Edinburgh). TItIlUsloryoflsrati 1958. 'Aroer 'The 'Debir', 'From 1969. 'Debir', W., The F., S., H., C., A., 1979. R., and 1974 1971. J., (ed.), 1970. 1933, 1977. 1979. F., 193 197o. L. 1965. 'Judas 1977.J04landAmos Cohen, 1962. 1967. 1968.Jtremia 1969. 1841. 1971. 1910. 1962. 1969. I 1903. IV, 1975. Altntumskrwk (Studies land Mall:tata', 1977. ISgg 1913. 1972. 1968, H., A 1956. and brotherhood psalm 1932. I. Miller,j. Elotkiel 'Die . 225-42. Edomites TTtthisloryoftheJtwishptopltintheagtofJtsus .ftuJaism no. in history JoshlUl,jrulges Inscriptions 'Tell 'Three 'Nebuchadnezzar's 1938. 1925, of E'AEHL, Archaeo[og:vand The 'Tel 'Mari Biblical 'Post-exilic II 'Edom Elora 1969. . &«hUl Notes A 'The Gaue the ./trtmiaJr (Baltimore), 'Tell 'The 5 Tlte the R., Exile Clmmidts Einnahme Kings 'The historyoflsratl of Old Uerusalem). in in (New ', el-Kheleifeh Mall:tata of Giographit Stlldils 1940. Apocrypha Habakkuk', 101-50 1976. land on Ezra, and and Hebrew EAf.:HL honor M. unter M. Meshash', condemnation Is and (HAT, and Testamntt: TlStart/'IS seal to (2nd the (Biblischer I, rat (2nd I ofEdom',jSOT Hebraiques, Htllenism and Avi-Yonah Century (2nd ed., the : (Neukirchen- ofSeir restoration 171-78. Zenon 'Aroer, I Judah Hebrew Palestine: Nehemiah ofChaldtutln (republished ofEliakim',}BL Josia', (The Qadmoniot (London). ofW. (Herrneneia, (2nd •• LamntllJtions ed., von Bible: 377-92. ed., Old ostraca 3rd 1977.lsratlile 11I,771-75. IE} dt ed., and in Pap}ri in inscriptions', an and [a EAEHL London). in Anchor ed., Jerusalem Testament ed., in Paltstillt London). F. Chronicle text Bible, 1976'./E]26, PSnldepigrapha (London). 17,27'2-73. Old P}B London). Paltstine Kommentar, Studies introduction some (London). I, and the Stinesp'ring, (ed.), an of the London). from US of Tiibingen). II, Ttstament I, a kings Vluyn, 21, Ed Esther archaeological the sixth-fifth v New study London). 4,2-27. brotherhood (Cambridge BIble, Philadelphia). patterns 20--23. Ostraca III, in (Cairo). (London). om Enc.:vclopedia Arad', Stud}, books 1O