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The Plutarch's Life Alcibiades in Steven From moralizing biography to historical novel: the plutarch's life alcibiades in Steven pressfield's tides of war Autor(es): Verdegem, Simon Publicado por: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/34700 DOI: DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-0902-7_14 Accessed : 8-Oct-2021 08:52:23 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. pombalina.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt HUMANfTASVOL. LV I MMTII SIMON VERDEGEM Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (Belgiu111) FROM MORALIZING BIOGRAPHY TO HISTORlCAL NoVEL: THE USEOF PLlJIARCH'sLIFEOFALcmL4DES'IN STEVEN PRESSFlElD'S TlDES'OF WAR* I. Introduction Several of the protagonists of Plutarch's Vitae Paralle!ae continue to appeal to the imagination of modem people, including authors of historical fiction I. One of these figures is Alcibiades son of Cleinias. ln 2000 Doubleday published a book entitled Tides Df Wár: A Nove! Df A!cibiades and the Pe!oponnesian Wá? ln this bestseller written by Steven Pressfie!d an anonymous Athenian reports the tale that his grandfather Jason told him shortly before his death: when asked whether there was a person to whom his thoughts kept returning (p. 24), the old man related how a certain Polemides, who was in prison on a charge of the murder of Alcibiades, had told him the story of his life, which for a long time had been dominated by his alleged victim. Tides ofWár is Pressfie!d's second nove! situated in ancient Greece. When working on the first, Gates Df Fire: An Epic Nove! Df the Batt!e Df Thermopy!ae (Doubleday London, 1998), Pressfie!d found Plutarch's Spartan * I would like to thankJeffBeneker for checking my English. I See e.g. Andent Greece in Fiction (hrrp:! /www2.rhul.ac.uk/Classics/N]Llnovels.htm!) and Fictional Rome (hrrp:/ /www.stockton.edu/ ~roman/fictionl). 2 Ali our references to Tides ofWar are to the Bancam Books paperback edition pub­ lished in 2001 (ISBN: 0-553-81332-3). ___f---uS1MON VERDEGEM Lives "hugely helpful"3. ln the acknowledgements at the end of Tides olWar (p. 603), the Chaeronean is mentioned as well, after Thucydides, Plato, and Xenophon. Ir is the purpose of the present paper to examine how in writing this book Pressfield made use of the Life 01ALcibiades. We will thereby distinguish between those parts of the Life in which Plutarch tries to provide us with a better insight into Alcibiades' character by describing his TTpá~ELS' and those in which he more emphatically focuses on his protagonist's ~eoS',j. II. Tidings ofWar Between his commission as general by the Athenian fleet at Sarnas in 411 and his return to Athens in 408 ar 4075, Alcibiades gained a series of important victories for Athens in the Hellespont and the Propontis. Several episodes in Tides ofWar can clearly be brought into connection with historical events from this period that are included in the Life 01 ALcibiades. ln this first part of our paper we will examine to what extent some of the stories told by the narrators in the novel are based on the corresponding parts of Plutarch's biography. 1. The Siege 01 Chalcedon Plutarch's version of Alcibiades' victory at Chalcedon differs from those of Xenophon and Diodorus. According to the Chaeronean (Ale. 30.1 -2), the satrap Pharnabazus came to raise the siege while the troops of the Spartan harmost Hippocrates made a sortie; but drawing up his army 50 as to face both enemies at once, Alcibiades put the former to flight and slew the latter. Xenophon, on the other hand, relates that Pharnabazus cam e to the aid of the Chalcedonians but had to retire to Heracleion because a wall erected by the Athenians prevented him from .1 From his answer to Richard Lee's second question in the interview Pllblished in the spring of 2000 in Solander: the Magazine 01 the Historical Novel Society. 4 It should be clear from our formulation that we find the distinction between "das C hronographische" and "das Eidologische" in We izsacker (1931) ali too rigid; cf. e.g. Hamilton (1%9), xl. 5 On the variolls chronologies proposed for the years 411 -406, see Krentz (1989),11-14. 242 THE USE OF PLUTARCH 'S LIFE OF ALC/BIADESlN STEVEN PRESS FIELD'S rIDESO F WAR_+-__ joining Hippocrates' forces (HG 1 3.4-7)6. Diodorus does not mention the satrap at alI (XIII 66.1-2). To put it briefly: only in the Life 01 Aicibiades does Alcibiades really defeat two enemies at once. The brief story that Jason relates at the beginning of chapter thirty-one of Tides olWar (p. 393) largely agrees with Ale. 30.1-2: the old man tells his grandson that Hippocrates and Pharnabazus attacked the Athenians "simultaneously"; thereupon "Alcibiades divided his forces and defeated them both". Since Xenophon and Oiodorus are also named in the acknowledgements at the end of Tides olWar (p. 603), it seems that Pressfield deliberately chose to use Plutarch's version of the battle at Chalcedon. ln our opinion, the reason was that it adds most to Alcibiades' glory. We are confirmed in our view by the fact that Jason states that "Alcibiades took Chalcedon". At this point he not only contradicts Xenophon and Oiodorus but Plutarch as well; all three ancient authors make it clear that Chalcedon did not fall on the day the Athenians defeated Hippocrates' troops (HG 1 3.8-9; XIII 66.3; Ale. 31.1-2). Pressfield's aim, however, was the same again: to render Alcibiades' merit as great as possible. 2. The Capture 01 Sefym bria Shortly after his victOly at Chalcedon, Alcibiades captured Selymbria. The episode in Tides 01 War that is connected to this event (pp. 393- 394) may be sllmmarized as follows: as the traitors within the city were forced to give the agreed signal prematurely because one of them had sllddenly backed out, Alcibiades went ahead with an advance party; when he was confronted by superior numbers, he had the trumpet sounded and ordered his adversaries to surrender and receive clemency; the Selymbrians concluded that the Athenians had already taken the city and accepted the offer; keeping his word, Alcibiades maltreated no one. ln general, this story, told by Jason, agrees with Ale. 30.3-10, the only detailed account of the capture of Selymbria that is extant from " The wall "from sea to sea" is mentioned in ali four of our texts but only in Xenophon is it of use to the Athenians during the actual battle. 243 __-f--,Sl\10N VERDEGEM antiquityl. There are, however, a few differences that are worth commenting upon. For one thing, it seems that Pressfield is mistaken when he makes Jason declare that Alcibiades only required "that the city return to alliance with Athens and hold open the straits in her name" (p. 394). Selymbria - as the first of the two maps at the beginning of the book c1early shows - lay neither near the Hellespont nor at the entrance of the Bosporus but on the northern side of the Propontis, about sixty kilometres west of Byzantium. Presumably Pressfield went wrong because he associated the capture of Selymbria with Alcibiades' triumphs at Chalcedon and Byzantium (p. 393: "Alcibiades took Chalcedon Selymbria and Byzantium"; cf. Ale. 29.6-31.6). Secondly, Jason reports that Alcibiades "Iud mounted the waUs" (p. 393), whereas in Plutarch he enters through the city gate, which is opened from within (Ale. 30.6: àVOLX8dallS bE T~S lTúÀllS alJT0). Pressfield may have been misled by Plutarch's statement that Alcibiades "ran to the walls" (Ale. 30.5: ~lTd -y'fTO bpÓ~L:J lTpàs Tà TELXll) bm we consider it more likely that he deliberately made this change in order to add to his character's heroismo As we will argue below, such tendency manifests itself more c1early in other parts of Tides oIWar~ . According to the Lifo 01 Aleíbiades, Alcibiades was negotiating with the Selymbrians when the main bulk of his army reached the city (Ale. 30.9). The Athenian general sent away his Thracian soldiers because he had inferred (TEK~aLpÓWvos) that the Selymbrians were in favour of peace and was afraid that the Thracians would sack the place (Ale. 30.9- 10). The narrator explicitly affirms that Alcibiades' judgment about the Selymbrians' disposition was correct (Ale. 30.9: OlTEp ~v). Ir appears that the outcome of the confrontation ultimately depended on Alcibiades' ability to assess the situation rapidly. This is not the case in Tídes olWar. 7 Diodorus simply reports that Alcibiades took the city by betrayal, obtained a lot of money from it, and left a garrison (XIII 66.4: TTPWTOV flEV ~llÀv~plav 8là TTPo8oalas ElÀEv, €oç ~s TTOÀÀà xplÍflaTa TTpaçáflEvoS €OV flEV TaÚT\1 cppovpàv KaTÉÀlTTEV).
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