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Aerosol Science and Technology: History and Reviews Edited by David S Aerosol Science and Technology: History and Reviews Edited by David S. Ensor Aerosol Science and Technology: History and Reviews Edited by David S. Ensor RTI Press ©2011 Research Triangle Institute. RTI International The RTI Press mission is to disseminate is a registered trademark and a trade name of information about RTI research, Research Triangle Institute. The RTI logo is a analytic tools, and technical expertise registered trademark of Research Triangle Institute. to a national and international audience. RTI Press publications This work is distributed under the are peer-reviewed by at least two terms of a Creative Commons independent substantive experts and Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 one or more Press editors. license (CC BY-NC-ND), a copy of which is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ RTI International is an independent, by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode. nonprofit research institute dedicated to improving the human condition. Library of Congress Control Number: 2011936936 We combine scientific rigor and ISBN: 978-1-934831-01-4 technical expertise in social and https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2011.bk.0003.1109 laboratory sciences, engineering, and www.rti.org/rtipress international development to deliver solutions to the critical needs of clients About the Cover worldwide. The cover depicts an important episode in aerosol history—the Pasadena experiment and ACHEX. It includes a photograph of three of the key organizers and an illustration of a major concept of atmospheric aerosol particle size distribution. The photograph is from Chapter 8, Figure 1. The front row shows Kenneth Whitby, George Hidy, Sheldon Friedlander, and Peter Mueller; the back row shows Dale Lundgren and Josef Pich. The background figure is from Chapter 9, Figure 13, illustrating the trimodal atmospheric aerosol volume size distribution. This concept has been the basis of atmospheric aerosol research and regulation since the late 1970s. This publication is part of the RTI Press Book series. RTI International 3040 Cornwallis Road, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194 USA [email protected] www.rti.org Dedication It is fitting to dedicate a book on history to two pioneers in the field of aerosol science who will be sorely missed. Othmar Preining A teacher and researcher who led the European effort in aerosol science, as summarized in a biography authored by Helmuth Horvath in Chapter 1. On the behalf of his many colleagues and friends, this book is a modest effort to preserve his memory. Sheldon Friedlander A leader, teacher, and researcher who led the American effort in aerosol science in a wide range of efforts, as summarized in a biography authored by George Hidy in Chapter 2. On the behalf of his many friends and colleagues in the aerosol field, this book is a small effort to preserve his memory. v Contents Preface vii Acknowledgments viii Part I. Biographies 1 Chapter 1. Othmar Preining: An Austrian Pioneer of Modern Aerosol Research (1927–2007) 3 Helmuth Horvath Chapter 2. Sheldon K. Friedlander: Aerosols’ Man for All Seasons (1927–2007) 33 George M. Hidy Chapter 3. Uncle Sasha: Alexandr Georgievich Sutugin (1940–1988) 53 Alexey A. Lushnikov Chapter 4. John A. McClelland: The Scientific Work and Legacy of a Physics Pioneer (1870–1920) 71 Thomas C. O’Connor Part II. Research Institutions 103 Chapter 5. Exploring Inhaled Particles and Human Health at the New York University Institute of Environmental Medicine 105 Beverly S. Cohen Chapter 6. The Clean Air Commission of the Austrian Academy of Sciences: A Historical Sketch 123 Helmuth Horvath and Othmar Preining Chapter 7. Aerosol Research at the University of Minnesota Particle Technology Laboratory 143 Benjamin Y. H. Liu, Virgil A. Marple, Peter H. McMurry, Thomas H. Kuehn, and David Y. H. Pui Part III. The Legacy of the Pasadena Smog Experiment 241 Chapter 8. Reminiscences about Pasadena, ACHEX, and Beyond 243 George M. Hidy Chapter 9. Memories and Legacy of the ACHEX Mobile Semitrailer Air Pollution Laboratory 265 Gilmore J. Sem, William E. Clark, George M. Sverdrup, and Virgil A. Marple Chapter 10. Measurements of the Three-Dimensional Distribution and Transport of Aerosols: Precedents Set by the Three-Dimensional Pollutant Gradient Study in Cooperation with ACHEX 297 Donald L. Blumenthal vi Part IV. Military Applications and Nuclear Aerosols 315 Chapter 11. Aerosol Wars: A Short History of Defensive and Offensive Military Applications, Advances, and Challenges 317 Arthur K. Stuempfle Chapter 12. Chernobyl: Observations in Finland and Sweden 339 Jussi Paatero, Kaarle Hämeri, Matti Jantunen, Pertti Hari, Christer Persson, Markku Kulmala, Rolf Mattsson, Hans-Christen Hansson, and Taisto Raunemaa Chapter 13. The Development of FIDO (Fog Intensive Dispersal Operation) 367 Ian Colbeck Chapter 14. From China’s Great Wall to Hollywood’s Great Spy— The Story of Military Smokes and Obscurants 377 Christopher A. Noble Part V. Reviews 389 Chapter 15. A Brief History of Respiratory Deposition Modeling 391 Chiu-sen Wang Chapter 16. Atmospheric Nanoparticles: Early Metrology and Observations (1875–1980) 411 Volker A. Mohnen and George M. Hidy Chapter 17. History of the Flow Diffusion Chamber Development 457 Michael Anisimov Chapter 18. History of Manufacture of Fine Particles in High-Temperature Aerosol Reactors 475 Sotiris E. Pratsinis Chapter 19. History of Virtual Impactors 509 Virgil A. Marple and Bernard A. Olson Chapter 20. Review of Particle Size Distribution Measurements of Engine Exhaust Before 1985 529 Gilmore J. Sem, Oliver F. Bischof, and David B. Kittelson Chapter 21. Trends in Airborne Concentrations of Total Suspended Particles, PM10, SO2, and NO2 in Five Chinese Cities 551 Shen Tian, Cliff I. Davidson, and H. Keith Florig Contributors 567 vii Preface Interest in the history of aerosol science has been growing over the past two decades. The assembling of the aerosol story has been the avocation of a small number of amateur historians. Beginning in 1992, Gil Sem successfully organized sessions at the annual American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR) meetings. Othmar Preining organized the first stand-alone symposium, which was held in Vienna, Austria, from August 31 to September 2, 1999. This successful meeting drew 75 attendees, and the proceedings, History of Aerosol Science, was published as a hardbound volume in 2000 (Preining & Davis, 2000). Gil Sem organized the second symposium, which was held in Portland, Oregon, USA, on October 13 and 14, 2001. Unfortunately, international travel was being discouraged in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, which limited the number of attendees. The second volume, History & Reviews of Aerosol Science, was published in 2005, with Gil Sem serving as the editor-in- chief (Sem et al., 2005). The third symposium was held in conjunction with the International Aerosol Conference hosted by AAAR in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, on September 8 and 9, 2006; approximately 40 researchers attended. I had the pleasure of serving as general chairman for that meeting and was supported by the AAAR home office staff and the AAAR History Working Group. This volume is the compilation of 21 chapters expanding on topics presented at the third symposium, and it covers a wide variety of topics, ranging from biographies to research reviews. During the editing process, an effort has been made to preserve the “voice” of the authors in order to provide historical context. I had the good fortune of support from my employer, RTI International, and the resources of the RTI Press in completing this volume. David S. Ensor Editor References Preining, O., & Davis, E. J., eds. (2000). History of Aerosol Science. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences. Sem, G. J., Bouland, D., Brimblecombe, P., Ensor, D. S., Gentry, J. W., Marijnissen, J. C. M., & Preining, O. (2005). History & Reviews of Aerosol Science. Mt. Laurel, New Jersey: American Association of Aerosol Research. viii Acknowledgments The RTI Press was launched to bring RTI International’s research, analytical tools, and technical expertise to national and international attention by serving as a respected outlet for RTI studies and analysis. Aerosol science has been an active area of research at RTI since the late 1970s and is currently pursued in a number of business groups. I am grateful to the support of Dr. Kathleen Lohr, Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Diane Wagener, Deputy Editor-in-Chief, and Ms. Karen Lauterbach, Managing Editor, for their willingness to take on this project. I also thank Ms. MaryBeth Branigan, lead production editor, and the other RTI editors and staff who contributed to the production of this book. Special thanks to Dr. Victoria Franchetti Haynes, RTI president and CEO, for establishing the RTI Fellows Program that provided resources to support this book. PART I Biographies CHAPTER 1 Othmar Preining An Austrian Pioneer of Modern Aerosol Research (1927–2007) Helmuth Horvath Othmar Preining was one of the pioneers of aerosol science in Europe. He influenced the development of aerosol research not only in Europe, but also in Japan and the United States. He was born and lived in a country that was shattered by both social unrest in the early 20th century and by World War II —times in which research money was very tight. Despite this, he managed to establish a strong aerosol research group in Vienna and to maintain contacts at the most important centers of aerosol research around the world. Youth and School Education Preining (Figure 1) was born on June 28, 1927, in Vienna. His father, Franz Preining, was employed by the Vienna Tramway, and the Preining family lived in Wien-Döbling. At first, they lived in the apartment of a relative. After his death, they moved in with Preining’s grandmother. In 1930, the Preining family obtained their own apartment at Döblinger Gürtel 11. Preining lived very close to this location most of his life. His primary school was around the corner.
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