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Fictional Reconstructions of Cato Manor by Selvarani Pillay a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For

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Fictional Reconstructions of Cato Manor by Selvarani Pillay a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For Fictional Reconstructions of Cato Manor In At the Edge and other Cato Manor Stories and Song of the Atman by Ronnie Govender by Selvarani Pillay A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of KwaZulu-Natal 2014 DECLARATION Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate Programme in English Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal South Africa I declare that this dissertation is my own unaided work. All citations, references and borrowed ideas have been duly acknowledged. I confirm that an external editor was not used. It is being submitted for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Humanities, Development and Social Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. None of the present work has been submitted previously for any degree or examination in any other University. Selvarani Pillay Student name 15 November 2013 Date TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One ………………………………………………………………………..….6 Chapter Two …………………………………………………………………………33 Chapter Three ………………………………………………………………………..67 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….111 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………..117 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Maadha Peedha Guru Dheivam I, the author, wish to use the popular vernacular adage to convey my gratitude: Maadha Peedha: My parents, family and friends for their unstinting love and support. Guru: My Supervisor, Lindy Stiebel, for her eternal patience, astute guidance, constant encouragement and support. Mr Ronnie Govender, for his generosity in sharing his views, for providing me with information and allowing me access to his unpublished works – all of which helped make this study possible. Mr Nanda Soobben, who selflessly shared his memories and who generously, provided me with prints of his paintings of Cato Manor. Dheivam: Lord Krishna, without whom, none of this would have been possible. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Michel Foucault (http://www.michel-foucault.com/gallery/gal.html................................…......................9 Figure 2: Panopticon (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/foucault/) …………………………………………….…..11 Figure 3: de Certeau (http://www.jesuites.com/histoire/certeau.htm) ..……………………………………...…....18 Figure 4: Map of Cato Manor (Ronnie Govender, At the Edge and Other Cato Manor Stories, 1996) ……….….31 Figure 5: Ronnie Govender (http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2009/05/17/sunday-read-interview-with-ronnie- govender).....................................................................................................................................................................33 Figure 6: First shipload of indentured labourers to arrive in Durban 16 November 1860 (Barlow Govender & Tulsidas P. Naidoo) ………….……………………………………………………….……………………………..35 Figure 7: Indentured labourers working in the Sugar Cane fields (Barlow Govender & Tulsidas P. Naidoo ……………………………………………………………………………………….….……… ………………......36 Figure 8: Map of Cato Manor (http://www1.durban.gov.za/durban/government.abms/cm/cmda/location- map/location) …………………………………………..…………………………………………….……………. 40 Figure 9: Market Gardens (Govender & Tulsidas P. Naidoo) …………………………………...………………...42 Figure 10: Typical house in Cato Manor (Nanda Soobben) .………………………………………………….…....44 Figure 11: First house in Cato Manor to have a telephone (Nanda Soobben) ……………..……………………....44 Figure 12: Typical improvements on homes in Cato Manor (Nanda Soobben) .…………………………………...44 Figure 13: Shops in Cato Manor (Nanda Soobben) .………………………………..……………………………...44 Figure 14: Mural reflecting the Group Areas Act on the A.B.H. (Nanda Soobben) .……………..….....................46 Figure 15: Beerhall riots, Cato Manor in flames http:/ww1.durban/government/abms/cm/cmda/history/history/)………………………………………………........51 Figure 16: Cartoon- Cato Manor Housing for Indians (Nanda Soobben)………………………….………………54 Figure 17: Cartoon – Indian indenture to South African citizens (Nanda Soobben)…………………..…………..64 INTRODUCTION In this thesis I will be exploring the fictional reconstructions of Cato Manor through the selected texts, At the Edge and other Cato Manor Stories and Song of the Atman by Ronnie Govender. I wish to establish a greater understanding in respect of the South African Indian context in respect of the connection between the writer, place and identity. The history of Cato Manor has been documented especially with regards to the 1949 Riots and the Beerhall Riots, however, there has been very little written or documented in respect of the vibrant community that was created by the Indian indentured labourers who had lived there. My interest lies in the literary representation of Cato Manor through one of its sons, Ronnie Govender. Govender is the recipient of many highly acclaimed literary awards, however, very little has been written that critically engages with his texts. This thesis, through a study of the selected texts of Govender, aims to add to the body of knowledge on South African Indian writers generally, but chooses to focus specifically on Ronnie Govender and his fictional reconstructions of Cato Manor. In Chapter One I will be discussing the point that when considering literature from a spatial viewpoint it is imperative to take cognisance of the difference between the seemingly interchangeable terms of ‘space and ‘place’. I will refer to spatial theories and show how space becomes place. Place according to Barker is the “focus of human experience, memory, desire and identity” (Barker 2000:291), thus it can be reasoned that place is socially constructed. Space only becomes ‘place’ when there is an emotional and social connection with it. I will focus on theories that link space, place and power. I will also be looking at Michel de Certeau (1984, 1993) who argued that it takes people to turn a space into a place; a place is valueless without people. As people walk, they weave spaces together that can never be plotted on a map. Cato Manor in respect of ‘place’ became ‘home’ to the indentured labourers who bought land from the sugar baron, George Cato. The word “home” alludes to identity, a place of belonging and nostalgia. Rosemary Marangoly George argues that “the politics of location come into play in the attempt to weave together a subject-status that is sustained by the experience of the place one knows as Home” (1996:2). 1 This thesis will investigate the concepts of memory and nostalgia with respect to the reconstruction of Cato Manor as a place in the selected texts of Ronnie Govender, At the Edge and other Cato Manor Stories (1996) and Song of the Atman (2006), in order to show the sense of dispossession and the struggle by Govender to maintain a sense of ‘home’ in Cato Manor. I will argue that the ‘home’ that Govender speaks about in the selected texts has been shaped and defined by the political landscape of South Africa. The widespread consequences of apartheid ensured that there was no unified South African identity. It generated fractured or dislocated societies. This dislocation is echoed in the literature of the writers of the time including Govender. Space became the pervasive tool for the ruling government of the day to wield and implement power. Entire communities were displaced at the will of a discriminatory government which validates Foucault’s view that space is inextricably linked to power. For Foucault, the one is understood in terms of the other, and it is important to take cognisance of “[t]actics and strategies deployed through implantations, distributions, demarcations, control of territories and organisations […]” (Foucault 1980:68). Correspondingly when one looks at Cato Manor, a melting pot of cultures, one sees a space that was exposed to the oppressive power of the apartheid government. With regards to the literary text, Foucault viewed the text in the context of it being, for example, part of a greater framework of texts and institutions. He was mindful of the space that the text was created in and the spaces produced by the text. This thesis will investigate Cato Manor during the formative time when Govender lived there, as an example of spatial relations that have been manipulated by those in power. This thesis will investigate primarily the experience of the Indian residents of Cato Manor, which I will argue in this chapter is a typically diasporic experience. I will be using the work of the theorist Vijay Mishra (2006), who posited that the first Indian diasporic communities which entrenched their ‘roots’ in places like South Africa, would forge their own identities and try to re-build or reconstruct ‘mini-Indias’ so that 2 they could hold on to the identity of their motherland. Cato Manor became a typical ‘mini-India’. The focus of the thesis is Cato Manor, a township that became ‘home’ and a ‘mini India’ to the indentured labourers who had decided to stay on in South Africa after their indenture. I will also discuss the dual identity or hyphenated identity of the residents of Cato Manor as discussed in Chetty (2002:337-346). Firstly I will examine the residents’ preservation of their cultural heritage and secondly I will look at their assimilation of a South African identity. The notion of a separate ‘Indian’ identity was a source of passionate disagreement to many, including Govender who discusses this in an interview with Chetty (ibid). I will also explore the concept of memory, nostalgia and literature as described by Boym (2001). When roots are put down in a place, like the indentured labourers did in Cato Manor, and made it a home, attachment to the place
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