Association Between Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency and Cystic Fibrosis Severity
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B Cell Activation and Escape of Tolerance Checkpoints: Recent Insights from Studying Autoreactive B Cells
cells Review B Cell Activation and Escape of Tolerance Checkpoints: Recent Insights from Studying Autoreactive B Cells Carlo G. Bonasia 1 , Wayel H. Abdulahad 1,2 , Abraham Rutgers 1, Peter Heeringa 2 and Nicolaas A. Bos 1,* 1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; [email protected] (C.G.B.); [email protected] (W.H.A.); [email protected] (A.R.) 2 Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, GZ, The Netherlands; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Autoreactive B cells are key drivers of pathogenic processes in autoimmune diseases by the production of autoantibodies, secretion of cytokines, and presentation of autoantigens to T cells. However, the mechanisms that underlie the development of autoreactive B cells are not well understood. Here, we review recent studies leveraging novel techniques to identify and characterize (auto)antigen-specific B cells. The insights gained from such studies pertaining to the mechanisms involved in the escape of tolerance checkpoints and the activation of autoreactive B cells are discussed. Citation: Bonasia, C.G.; Abdulahad, W.H.; Rutgers, A.; Heeringa, P.; Bos, In addition, we briefly highlight potential therapeutic strategies to target and eliminate autoreactive N.A. B Cell Activation and Escape of B cells in autoimmune diseases. Tolerance Checkpoints: Recent Insights from Studying Autoreactive Keywords: autoimmune diseases; B cells; autoreactive B cells; tolerance B Cells. Cells 2021, 10, 1190. https:// doi.org/10.3390/cells10051190 Academic Editor: Juan Pablo de 1. -
Normal Fibronectin Levels As a Function of Age in the Pediatric Population
Pediatr. Res. 17: 482-485 (1983) Normal Fibronectin Levels as a Function of Age in the Pediatric Population MICHAEL H. MCCAFFERTY,'~"MARTHA LEPOW, THOMAS M. SABA,'21' ESHIN CHO, HILAIRE MEUWISSEN, JOHN WHITE, AND SHARON F. ZUCKERBROD Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, Albany Medical College of Union University, Albany, New York, USA Summary pediatric population with age has not been reported. This may be important in terms of appropriate interpretation of prevailing Fibronectin is an important non-immune opsonic protein influ- levels in children with various disease states, because normal encing phagocytic clearance of blood-borne nonbacterial particu- concentrations in children may be different from normal levels in lates which may arise in association with septic shock, tissue adults. This study was designed to measure fibronectin levels in a injury, and intravascular coagulation. In the present study, serum large group (n = 114) of normal children in order to define its fibronectin was measured by both electroimmunoassay as well as normal concentration as a function of age. rapid immunoturbidimetric assay in healthy children (n = 114) ranging in age from 1 month to 15 years in order to delineate the temporal alterations in fibronectin with age. Normal adult serum MATERIALS AND METHODS fibronectin concentrations are typically 220 pg/ml + 20 pg/ml. Serum concentration is 3540% lower than normal plasma con- Healthy children (n = 114) ranging in age from 1 month to 15 centration due to the binding of fibronectin to fibrin during clot years were seen as outpatients or as inpatients for minor surgical formation. Children between 1-12 months of age had significantly procedures. -
How Does Protein Zero Assemble Compact Myelin?
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 13 May 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0222.v1 Peer-reviewed version available at Cells 2020, 9, 1832; doi:10.3390/cells9081832 Perspective How Does Protein Zero Assemble Compact Myelin? Arne Raasakka 1,* and Petri Kursula 1,2 1 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, NO-5009 Bergen, Norway 2 Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Myelin protein zero (P0), a type I transmembrane protein, is the most abundant protein in peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin – the lipid-rich, periodic structure that concentrically encloses long axonal segments. Schwann cells, the myelinating glia of the PNS, express P0 throughout their development until the formation of mature myelin. In the intramyelinic compartment, the immunoglobulin-like domain of P0 bridges apposing membranes together via homophilic adhesion, forming a dense, macroscopic ultrastructure known as the intraperiod line. The C-terminal tail of P0 adheres apposing membranes together in the narrow cytoplasmic compartment of compact myelin, much like myelin basic protein (MBP). In mouse models, the absence of P0, unlike that of MBP or P2, severely disturbs the formation of myelin. Therefore, P0 is the executive molecule of PNS myelin maturation. How and when is P0 trafficked and modified to enable myelin compaction, and how disease mutations that give rise to incurable peripheral neuropathies alter the function of P0, are currently open questions. The potential mechanisms of P0 function in myelination are discussed, providing a foundation for the understanding of mature myelin development and how it derails in peripheral neuropathies. -
B Cell Checkpoints in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
REVIEWS B cell checkpoints in autoimmune rheumatic diseases Samuel J. S. Rubin1,2,3, Michelle S. Bloom1,2,3 and William H. Robinson1,2,3* Abstract | B cells have important functions in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In addition to producing autoantibodies, B cells contribute to autoimmunity by serving as professional antigen- presenting cells (APCs), producing cytokines, and through additional mechanisms. B cell activation and effector functions are regulated by immune checkpoints, including both activating and inhibitory checkpoint receptors that contribute to the regulation of B cell tolerance, activation, antigen presentation, T cell help, class switching, antibody production and cytokine production. The various activating checkpoint receptors include B cell activating receptors that engage with cognate receptors on T cells or other cells, as well as Toll-like receptors that can provide dual stimulation to B cells via co- engagement with the B cell receptor. Furthermore, various inhibitory checkpoint receptors, including B cell inhibitory receptors, have important functions in regulating B cell development, activation and effector functions. Therapeutically targeting B cell checkpoints represents a promising strategy for the treatment of a variety of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Antibody- dependent B cells are multifunctional lymphocytes that contribute that serve as precursors to and thereby give rise to acti- cell- mediated cytotoxicity to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases -
Tests for the Evaluation of Preterm Labor and Premature Rupture of Membranes
Medical Coverage Policy Effective Date ............................................. 7/15/2021 Next Review Date ....................................... 7/15/2022 Coverage Policy Number .................................. 0099 Tests for the Evaluation of Preterm Labor and Premature Rupture of Membranes Table of Contents Related Coverage Resources Overview .............................................................. 1 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Diagnosis and Treatment Coverage Policy ................................................... 1 Ultrasound in Pregnancy (including 3D, 4D and 5D General Background ............................................ 2 Ultrasound) Medicare Coverage Determinations .................. 13 Coding/Billing Information .................................. 13 References ........................................................ 15 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE The following Coverage Policy applies to health benefit plans administered by Cigna Companies. Certain Cigna Companies and/or lines of business only provide utilization review services to clients and do not make coverage determinations. References to standard benefit plan language and coverage determinations do not apply to those clients. Coverage Policies are intended to provide guidance in interpreting certain standard benefit plans administered by Cigna Companies. Please note, the terms of a customer’s particular benefit plan document [Group Service Agreement, Evidence of Coverage, Certificate of Coverage, Summary Plan Description (SPD) or similar plan document] may differ -
Neoplastic Transformation Inactivates Specific Trans-Acting Factor(S
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 1744-1748, March 1988 Biochemistry Neoplastic transformation inactivates specific trans-acting factor(s) required for the expression of the thyroglobulin gene (differentiation/DNA-protein interaction/thyroglobufln) V. ENRICO AVVEDIMENTO*tt, ANNAMARIA MUSTI*, ALFREDO Fusco*, MARCO J. BONAPACE*, AND ROBERTO Di LAURO§¶ *Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Molecolare, II Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universita di Napoli, Naples, Italy; and fLaboratory of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Communicated by Maxine F. Singer, October 5, 1987 (receivedfor review February 18, 1987) ABSTRACT The expression of rat thyroglobulin gene is sible for the block of the thyroglobulin expression in trans- repressed following the transformation ofrat thyroid cells with formed thyroid cells. Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. The expression of a reporter We report here data on the expression of the reporter gene gene fused to the thyroglobulin promoter is down-regulated in for chloramphenicol acetyl transferase fused to the Tg pro- transformed thyroid cells in transient or in stable transfection moter, designated Tg P-CAT gene, in transformed cells assays. DNase and exonuclease HI cleavage-protection analysis either in transient or in stable transfection assays. We show: reveals that a promoter binding activity located at -60 base (i) that this marker is down-regulated in transformed thyroid pairs from the transcription start site is substantially reduced cells; (ii) that a specific Tg promoter binding activity is in transformed thyroid cells. The repression in the trans- substantially reduced upon transformation; and (iii) that the formed cells of the reporter gene joined to the thyroglobulin Tg P-CAT gene in transformed cells can be reactivated by promoter can be reversed by fusion with normal differentiated fusion with a normal differentiated thyroid cell. -
Intradiscal Injection of an Autologous Alpha-2-Macroglobulin (A2M) Concentrate Alleviates Back Pain in FAC-Positive Patients
Orthopedics and Rheumatology Open Access Journal ISSN: 2471-6804 Research Article Ortho & Rheum Open Access Volume 4 Issue 2 - January 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Pasquale X Montesano MD DOI: 10.19080/OROAJ.2017.04.555634 Intradiscal Injection of an Autologous Alpha-2- Macroglobulin (A2M) Concentrate Alleviates Back Pain in FAC-Positive Patients Pasquale X Montesano MD, *Jason M Cuellar MD, PhD, Gaetano J Scuderi MD 1Spine Surgeon, Montesano Spine and Sport, USA 2Spine surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA 3Spine surgeon, USA Submission: December 14, 2016; Published: January 03, 2017 *Corresponding author: Tel: ; Email: Jason M. Cuéllar MD, PhD, 450 N. Roxbury Drive, 3rd floor, Beverly Hills, CA 90210, Abstract Objectives: A cartilage degradation product, the Fibronectin-Aggrecan complex (FAC), has been identified in patients with degenerative disc disease (DDD). Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) can prevent the formation of the G3 domain of aggrecan, reducing the fibronectin-aggrecan G3 complex and therefore may be an efficacious treatment. The present study was designed to determine a.b. The ability of autologousFAC to predict concentrated the response A2M to tothis relieve biologic back therapy. pain in patients with LBP from DDD and Study design/setting: Prospective cohort Patients: Main Outcome 24 patients Measurements: with low back pain and MRI-concordant DDD Oswestry disability index (ODI) and visual analog scores (VAS) were noted at baseline and at 3- and 6-month follow-up.Methods: Primary outcome of clinical improvement was defined as patients with both a decrease in VAS of at least 3 points and ODI >20 points. -
Proteins That Interact with the Mucin-Type Glycoprotein Msb2p
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/786475; this version posted September 29, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Msb2p Interacting Proteins Prabhakar et al. Proteins That Interact with the Mucin-Type Glycoprotein Msb2p Include Regulators of the Actin Cytoskeleton by Aditi Prabhakar, Nadia Vadaie, Thomas Krzystek, and Paul J. Cullen† Department of Biological Sciences at SUNY-Buffalo, 14260-1300 Running title: Msb2p interacting proteins Key Words: protein microarray, mucin, MAP kinase, actin cytoskeleton, Msb2p, actin capping, secretion, glutamine synthetase. † Corresponding author: Paul J. Cullen Address: Department of Biological Sciences 532 Cooke Hall State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo, NY 14260-1300 Phone: (716)-645-4923 FAX: (716)-645-2975 e-mail: [email protected] 36 pages, 8 Figures, 3 Tables, , 1 Supplemental Table; 50,465 characters 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/786475; this version posted September 29, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Msb2p Interacting Proteins Prabhakar et al. ABSTRACT Transmembrane mucin-type glycoproteins can regulate signal transduction pathways. In yeast, signaling mucins regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways that induce cell differentiation to filamentous growth (fMAPK pathway) and the response to osmotic stress (HOG pathway). To explore regulatory aspects of signaling mucin function, protein microarrays were used to identify proteins that interact with the cytoplasmic domain of the mucin-like glycoprotein, Msb2p. -
Characterization of a Novel Peripheral Nervous System Myelin
Characterization ofa Novel Peripheral Nervous System Myelin Protein (PMP22/SR13) G. Jackson Snipes,** Ueli Suter, * Andrew A. Welcher, * and Eric M. Shooter* *Department ofNeurobiology and f Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 Abstract. We have recently described a novel cDNA, protein could be detected by either immunoblot analysis SR13 (Welcher, A . A., U. Suter, M . De Leon, G. J. or by immunohistochemistry. Northern and immunoblot Snipes, and E. M. Shooter. 1991. Proc. Natl. Acad. analysis of SRI 3 mRNA and protein expression during Sci. USA. 88 .7195-7199), that is repressed after sciatic development of the peripheral nervous system reveal a nerve crush injury and shows homology to both the pattern similar to other myelin proteins. Furthermore, growth arrest-specific mRNA, gas3 (Manfioletti, G., we demonstrate by in situ mRNA hybridization on tis- M. E. Ruaro, G. Del Sal, L. Philipson, and sue sections and on individual nerve fibers that SR13 C. Schneider. 1990. Mol. Cell Biol. 10:2924-2930), mRNA is produced predominantly by Schwann cells. and to the myelin protein, PASII (Kitamura, K., M. We conclude that the SR13 protein is apparently exclu- Suzuki, and K. Uyemura. 1976. Biochim. Biophys. sively expressed in the peripheral nervous system Acta. 455 :806-816). In this report, we show that the where it is a major component of myelin. Thus, we 22-kD SR13 protein is expressed in the compact portion propose the name Peripheral Myelin Protein-22 (PMP- of essentially all myelinated fibers in the peripheral 22) for the proteins and cDNAs previously designated nervous system. -
Inhibin Α Subunit Is Expressed by Bovine Ovarian Theca Cells and Its Knockdown Suppresses Androgen Production
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN ‘Free’ inhibin α subunit is expressed by bovine ovarian theca cells and its knockdown suppresses androgen production Mhairi Laird1, Claire Glister1, Warakorn Cheewasopit1,2, Leanne S. Satchell1, Andrew B. Bicknell1 & Phil G. Knight1* Inhibins are ovarian dimeric glycoprotein hormones that suppress pituitary FSH production. They are synthesised by follicular granulosa cells as α plus βA/βB subunits (encoded by INHA, INHBA, INHBB, respectively). Inhibin concentrations are high in follicular fuid (FF) which is also abundant in ‘free’ α subunit, presumed to be of granulosal origin, but its role(s) remains obscure. Here, we report the unexpected fnding that bovine theca cells show abundant INHA expression and ‘free’ inhibin α production. Thus, theca cells may contribute signifcantly to the inhibin α content of FF and peripheral blood. In vitro, knockdown of thecal INHA inhibited INSL3 and CYP17A1 expression and androgen production while INSL3 knockdown reduced INHA and inhibin α secretion. These fndings suggest a positive role of thecal inhibin α on androgen production. However, exogenous inhibin α did not raise androgen production. We hypothesised that inhibin α may modulate the opposing efects of BMP and inhibin on androgen production. However, this was not supported experimentally. Furthermore, neither circulating nor intrafollicular androgen concentrations difered between control and inhibin α-immunized heifers, casting further doubt on thecal inhibin α subunit having a signifcant role in modulating androgen production. Role(s), if any, played by thecal inhibin α remain elusive. Inhibins are glycoproteins of gonadal origin that play a key role in the negative feedback regulation of FSH pro- duction by pituitary gonadotrophs. -
Glycosylated Fibronectin As a First-Trimester Biomarker for Prediction of Gestational Diabetes
Glycosylated Fibronectin as a First-Trimester Biomarker for Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Juha P. Rasanen, MD, PhD, Caryn K. Snyder, MPH, Paturi V. Rao, MD, PhD, Raluca Mihalache, MPHN, Seppo Heinonen, MD, PhD, Michael G. Gravett, MD, Charles T. Roberts Jr, PhD, and Srinivasa R. Nagalla, MD OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential clinical utility of and placental lactogen were significantly associated serum biomarkers for first-trimester prediction of gesta- (P,.001) with GDM. After adjustment for maternal fac- tional diabetes mellitus (GDM). tors and other biomarkers, glycosylated fibronectin dem- METHODS: Maternal serum concentrations of glycosy- onstrated an independent association with GDM , lated (Sambucus nigra lectin–reactive) fibronectin, adipo- (P .001). Adiponectin, high-sensitivity CRP, and placental nectin, sex hormone–binding globulin, placental lactogen, lactogen demonstrated modest classification perfor- and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) were mea- mance compared with glycosylated fibronectin (respec- sured at 5–13 weeks of gestation in a case-control study of tively: area under the curve [AUC] 0.63; 95% confidence 90 pregnant women with subsequent development of interval [CI] 0.53–0.71; AUC 0.68; 95% CI 0.60–0.76; and GDM and in 92 control group participants. Ability to AUC 0.67, 95% CI 0.59–0.75; compared with AUC 0.91; detect GDM was assessed using logistic regression mod- 95% CI 0.87–0.96). Glycosylated fibronectin levels above eling and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. a threshold of 120 mg/L correctly identified 57 GDM case Classification performance and positive and negative pre- group participants with a positive predictive value of dictive values were reported at specific thresholds. -
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Phenotypes in Patients with Renal Arterial Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Journal of Human Hypertension (2000) 14, 91–94 2000 Macmillan Publishers Ltd All rights reserved 0950-9240/00 $15.00 www.nature.com/jhh ORIGINAL ARTICLE Alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotypes in patients with renal arterial fibromuscular dysplasia A Bofinger, C Hawley, P Fisher, N Daunt, M Stowasser and R Gordon Hypertension Unit, University of Queensland Department of Medicine, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia ␣ Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a significant cause of one (1.2%) PiSZ), suggesting that 1-AT deficiency is renal artery stenosis, especially in young females. A not a common aetiological factor in renal arterial FMD. ␣ ␣ rare association between FMD and 1-antitrypsin ( 1- However, despite FMD being three times less common ␣ AT) deficiency has been reported. We compared the 1- in males than females, and carotid artery dissection AT phenotype distribution in 83 patients with renal being a rare occurrence, a male with PiMS deficiency arterial FMD with those published for Australian popu- phenotype presented with internal carotid artery dissec- ␣ lations. 1-AT phenotyping was performed by isoelectric tion and had bilateral renal artery FMD. Further, a patient focusing between pH 4.2 and pH 4.9 on polyacrylamide with PiSZ deficiency phenotype was one of two sisters gels with PiM1M2, PiFM (non-deficiency alleles), PiMS with FMD and was more severely affected than her PiMM and PiMZ (deficiency alleles) markers. Following pheno- normal phenotype sibling. These two patients from the ␣ typing, 1-AT genotyping was performed in 10 patients present series together with nine culled from the litera- ␣ to confirm the presence of S and/or Z alleles.