DOCSLIB.ORG

US$2,000,000,000 Anglo American Plc Anglo American

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
US$2,000,000,000 Anglo American Plc Anglo American OFFERING MEMORANDUM US$2,000,000,000 Anglo American plc Anglo American Capital plc US$1,250,000,000 9.375% Senior Notes due 2014 US$750,000,000 9.375% Senior Notes due 2019 Anglo American Capital plc (the “Issuer”) is offering US$1,250 million of its 9.375% Senior Notes due 2014 (the “2014 Notes”) and US$750 million of its 9.375% Senior Notes due 2019 (the “2019 Notes” and, together with the 2014 Notes, the “Notes”), with such Notes to be guaranteed (the “Guarantees”) by Anglo American plc (the “Company” or “Anglo American” and together with the Company’s subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates, “Anglo American Group”, the “Group”, “we” or “us”). Interest will be paid on the Notes semi-annually and in arrears on April 8 and October 8 of each year, commencing on October 8, 2009. The 2014 Notes and the 2019 Notes will mature on April 8, 2014 and 2019, respectively. We may choose to issue only one series of notes or two or more series of notes. We have the option to redeem all or a portion of each series of the Notes at any time at the redemption prices set forth in this Offering Memorandum. The Notes will be unsecured senior obligations of the Issuer and will rank equally with all of its other existing and future unsubordinated indebtedness. For a more detailed description of the Notes, see “Description of the Notes and the Guarantees” beginning on page 116. An investment in the Notes involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 9. Offering Price for the 2014 Notes: 100% plus accrued interest, if any, from April 8, 2009 Offering Price for the 2019 Notes: 100% plus accrued interest, if any, from April 8, 2009 Application has been made to the Financial Services Authority in its capacity as competent authority pursuant to Part VI of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (the “UK Listing Authority”) for each series of the Notes to be admitted to the official list of the UK Listing Authority (the “Official List”) and to the London Stock Exchange plc (the “London Stock Exchange”) for each series of the Notes to be admitted to trading on the London Stock Exchange’s Regulated Market. References in this Offering Memorandum to the Notes being listed (and all related references) shall mean that the Notes have been admitted to trading on the London Stock Exchange’s Regulated Market and have been admitted to the Official List. The London Stock Exchange’s Regulated Market is a regulated market for purposes of Directive 2004/39/EC (the “Directive on Markets in Financial Instruments”). The securities offered by this Offering Memorandum have not been recommended by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) or any other US federal or state securities commission or regulatory authority nor have such authorities confirmed the accuracy or adequacy of this document. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense in the United States. The Notes and the Guarantees have not been registered, and we do not intend to register the Notes or the Guarantees, under the US Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or any securities laws of any other jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Notes are being offered and sold in the United States only to qualified institutional buyers in accordance with Rule 144A under the Securities Act and outside the United States to certain non-US persons in accordance with Regulation S under the Securities Act. For further details about eligible offerees and transfer restrictions, see “Plan of Distribution” and “Transfer Restrictions”. Barclays Capital Inc., BNP Paribas Securities Corp., Goldman, Sachs & Co., Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and RBS Securities Inc. (collectively, the “Joint Bookrunners” or the “Initial Purchasers”) expect to deliver the Notes to purchasers on or about April 8, 2009. Joint Bookrunners Barclays CapitalBNP PARIBAS Goldman, Sachs & Co. Morgan Stanley RBS Offering Memorandum dated April 6, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS NOTICE TO INVESTORS . ........................................................ ii MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION .................................................. iii PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION ....................................... x NON-IFRS FINANCIAL MEASURES ................................................. xi OVERVIEW ..................................................................... 1 RISK FACTORS.................................................................. 9 CAPITALIZATION................................................................ 17 USE OF PROCEEDS .............................................................. 18 BUSINESS DESCRIPTION . ........................................................ 19 ORE RESERVES ................................................................. 48 SELECTED FINANCIAL INFORMATION .............................................. 58 OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW .............................................. 59 REGULATION ................................................................... 90 SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT, AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.............. 94 MANAGEMENT OF ANGLO AMERICAN PLC.......................................... 98 MAJOR SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION ............................................. 114 RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS.................................................. 115 DESCRIPTION OF THE NOTES AND THE GUARANTEES ................................ 116 BOOK-ENTRY SETTLEMENT AND CLEARANCE ...................................... 136 UNITED KINGDOM TAX CONSIDERATIONS .......................................... 138 MATERIAL UNITED STATES FEDERAL TAX CONSIDERATIONS .......................... 141 PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION . ........................................................ 143 TRANSFER RESTRICTIONS........................................................ 146 LEGAL MATTERS ............................................................... 149 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS ........................................................ 149 DESCRIPTION OF ANGLO AMERICAN CAPITAL PLC................................... 150 GENERAL INFORMATION. ........................................................ 151 i In connection with the issue of the Notes, any one of Goldman, Sachs & Co., Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated or RBS Securities Inc. (the “Stabilizing Managers”) or any person acting on behalf of a Stabilizing Manager may over-allot Notes or effect transactions with a view to supporting the market price of the Notes at a level higher than that which might otherwise prevail. However, the Stabilizing Managers or person acting on their behalf is not under any obligation to do this. Any stabilization action may begin on or after the date on which adequate public disclosure of the terms of the offer of the Notes is made and, if begun, may be ended at any time, but it must end no later than the earlier of 30 days after the issue date of the Notes and 60 days after the date of the allotment of the Notes. Such stabilization shall be in accordance with all applicable laws, regulations and rules. NOTICE TO INVESTORS This Offering Memorandum is a confidential document that we are providing only to prospective purchasers of the Notes. You should read this Offering Memorandum before making a decision whether to purchase any Notes. You must not use this Offering Memorandum for any other purpose, make copies of any part of this Offering Memorandum or give a copy of it to any other person, or disclose any information in this Offering Memorandum to any other person. We have prepared this Offering Memorandum and we are responsible for its contents. You are responsible for making your own examination of us and your own assessment of the merits and risks of investing in the Notes. You should rely only on the information contained in and incorporated by reference into this Offering Memorandum. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information, whether orally or in writing, either different from that contained in this Offering Memorandum or not set forth in this Offering Memorandum, and if you believe that there is any other information upon which you wish to rely that is either different from or not set forth in this Offering Memorandum, you should request that such information be included in a supplement to this Offering Memorandum, and, if not so included, you should not rely on it at all. We are offering to sell the Notes only where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this Offering Memorandum is accurate only as of the date of this Offering Memorandum, regardless of the time of delivery of this Offering Memorandum or any resale of the Notes. By purchasing any Notes, you will be deemed to have acknowledged that (1) you have reviewed this Offering Memorandum; (2) you have had an opportunity to review all information considered by you to be necessary to make your investment decision and to verify the accuracy of, or to supplement, the information contained in this Offering Memorandum; (3) you have not relied on the Initial Purchasers or any person affiliated with the Initial Purchasers in connection with your investigation of the accuracy of such information or your investment decision; (4) the Initial Purchasers are not responsible for, and are not making any representation to you concerning, our future performance or the accuracy or completeness of this Offering Memorandum; and (5) no person has been authorized to give any information or to make any representation concerning us or the Notes, other than as contained in this Offering Memorandum. If given or made,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • North America Other Continents
    Arctic Ocean Europe North Asia America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Africa Pacific Ocean South Indian America Ocean Oceania Southern Ocean Antarctica LAND & WATER • The surface of the Earth is covered by approximately 71% water and 29% land. • It contains 7 continents and 5 oceans. Land Water EARTH’S HEMISPHERES • The planet Earth can be divided into four different sections or hemispheres. The Equator is an imaginary horizontal line (latitude) that divides the earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres, while the Prime Meridian is the imaginary vertical line (longitude) that divides the earth into the Eastern and Western hemispheres. • North America, Earth’s 3rd largest continent, includes 23 countries. It contains Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, the United States of America, all Caribbean and Central America countries, as well as Greenland, which is the world’s largest island. North West East LOCATION South • The continent of North America is located in both the Northern and Western hemispheres. It is surrounded by the Arctic Ocean in the north, by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and by the Pacific Ocean in the west. • It measures 24,256,000 sq. km and takes up a little more than 16% of the land on Earth. North America 16% Other Continents 84% • North America has an approximate population of almost 529 million people, which is about 8% of the World’s total population. 92% 8% North America Other Continents • The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of Earth’s Oceans. It covers about 15% of the Earth’s total surface area and approximately 21% of its water surface area.
    [Show full text]
  • Notice of the 2021 Annual General Meeting
    Notice of the 2021 Annual General Meeting Wednesday, 5 May 2021 at 14:30 This document is important and requires your immediate attention 20 Carlton House Terrace If you are in any doubt as to any of the proposals referred to in this document or London as to the action you should take, you SW1Y 5AN should immediately consult your stockbroker, bank manager, solicitor, accountant or other professional adviser authorised under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. If you have sold or otherwise transferred all of your shares, please send this document, together with the accompanying documents, immediately to the purchaser or transferee, or to the stockbroker, bank or other agent through whom the sale or transfer was effected, for transmission to the purchaser or transferee. Notice of Annual General Meeting Notice of Annual General Meeting Letter from the Chairman Dear Shareholder Voting 2021 Annual General Meeting Our current Articles of Association (Articles) do not allow us to hold I am pleased to invite you to the 2021 Annual General Meeting (AGM) our AGM in a combined physical and electronic format. We are of Anglo American plc which will be formally held at 20 Carlton House therefore unable to offer shareholders online voting facilities during Terrace, London SW1Y 5AN on Wednesday, 5 May 2021 at 14:30. the AGM. To address this going forward, we are seeking to amend our Articles at the 2021 AGM. Following the disruption to our 2020 AGM, caused by social distancing measures implemented by the UK government to It is important that shareholders do still cast their votes in respect manage the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, our preference of the business of the AGM.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Annual Report 2020
    ANGLO AMERICAN PLATINUM LIMITED INTEGRATED ANNUAL REPORT 2020 REPORT ANNUAL INTEGRATED Integrated annual report 2020 Anglo American Platinum Limited Purpose: re-imagining mining to improve people’s lives We are grounded in our purpose to re-imagine mining to improve people’s lives. We are transforming the very nature of mining for a safer, cleaner, smarter future. We are using more precise technologies, less energy and less water; we are reducing our physical footprint for every ounce of PGM and base metal we produce. We are combining smart innovation with the utmost consideration for our people, their families, local communities, our customers, and the world at large – to better connect precious resources in the ground to all of us who need and value them. Our focus is on our four strategic priorities to deliver the next phase of value creation for stakeholders. – Stimulate new markets and leverage new capabilities – Embed anti-fragility across our business – Maximise value from our core – Be a leader in ESG Refers to other pages in this report Supporting documentation on the website Full annual financial statements (AFS) Full Ore Reserves and Mineral Resources report Environmental, social and governance (ESG) report Notice of annual general meeting www.angloamericanplatinum.com/investors/annual-reporting/2020 Contents 1 Our report 4 Strategy, PGM markets and 99 Our economic contribution in Zimbabwe business model in 2020 1 Approach to reporting 101 Mining and concentrator operations review 2 Reporting principles 38 Strategic priorities
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya | Year 2| Important Questions Key Knowledge Vocabulary 1 Where Is Kenya on a a Large Solid Area of Land
    Kenya | Year 2| Important Questions Key Knowledge Vocabulary 1 Where is Kenya on a A large solid area of land. Earth has Kenya is in East Africa. Nairobi is the 1 continent world map? seven continents. capital city and Mombasa is the largest An area set aside by a country’s 2 What is life like for city in Kenya. 2 National people living in Kenya? park government. The Tana river is the longest river in 3 Maasai one of the best-known groups of 3 What is a national Kenya. people in Africa. They live in park? southern Kenya Mount Kenya is the highest mountain in 4 Endangered Any type of plant or animal that is 4 Which are the main Kenya. in danger of disappearing forever. animals living in Kenya? 5 migrate Many mammals, birds, fishes, 5 What is Maasai insects, and other animals move culture? Kenya lies on the Equator, which means from one place to another at the climate is hot, sunny and dry for most certain times of the year. What is life like for a 6 of the year. ocean A large body of salt water, which Kenyan child compared 6 The Great Rift Valley is an enormous covers the majority of the earth’s to my life? valley of mountains which runs from the surface. north to south of Kenya. The valley has a 7 Capital A large town. Each country has a chain of volcanoes which are still ‘active’ . city capital city, which is usually one of Lake Victoria, the second largest the largest cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Country by Country Reporting
    COUNTRY BY COUNTRY REPORTING PUBLICATION REPORT 2018 (REVISED) Anglo American is a leading global mining company We take a responsible approach to the management of taxes, As we strive to deliver attractive and sustainable returns to our with a world class portfolio of mining and processing supporting active and constructive engagement with our stakeholders shareholders, we are acutely aware of the potential value creation we operations and undeveloped resources. We provide to deliver long-term sustainable value. Our approach to tax is based can offer to our diverse range of stakeholders. Through our business on three key pillars: responsibility, compliance and transparency. activities – employing people, paying taxes to, and collecting taxes the metals and minerals to meet the growing consumer We are proud of our open and transparent approach to tax reporting. on behalf of, governments, and procuring from host communities – driven demands of the world’s developed and maturing In addition to our mandatory disclosure obligations, we are committed we make a significant and positive contribution to the jurisdictions in economies. And we do so in a way that not only to furthering our involvement in voluntary compliance initiatives, such which we operate. Beyond our direct mining activities, we create and generates sustainable returns for our shareholders, as the Tax Transparency Code (developed by the Board of Taxation in sustain jobs, build infrastructure, support education and help improve but also strives to make a real and lasting positive Australia), the Responsible Tax Principles (developed by the B Team), healthcare for employees and local communities. By re-imagining contribution to society.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerosol Optical Depth and Direct Radiative Forcing for INDOEX Derived from AVHRR: Observations, January–March 1996–2000 William R
    JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 107, NO. D19, 8010, 10.1029/2000JD000183, 2002 Aerosol optical depth and direct radiative forcing for INDOEX derived from AVHRR: Observations, January–March 1996–2000 William R. Tahnk and James A. Coakley Jr. College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA Received 20 November 2000; revised 13 July 2001; accepted 12 November 2001; published 20 August 2002. [1] Visible and near infrared reflectances from NOAA-14 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) daytime passes are used to derive optical depths at 0.55 mm, an index of aerosol type, continental or marine, and the direct effect of the aerosol on the top of the atmosphere and surface solar radiative fluxes for the oceans in the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) region (30°Sto30°N and 50°–110°E) during the January–March 1996–2000 winter monsoons. Comparison of aerosol optical depth and radiative forcing in the Northern Hemisphere with those in the Southern Hemisphere suggests that the additional pollution sources augment the 0.55-mm optical depth by, on average, 0.1 in the Northern Hemisphere. As a result of the aerosol, the region of the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere loses about 1.6 WmÀ2 in reflected sunlight and the ocean surface loses about 5 WmÀ2 during the months of the winter monsoon. Aerosol burdens and the aerosol direct radiative forcing are a relatively constant feature of the Northern Hemisphere, although the southeastern Arabian Sea experienced considerably larger aerosol burdens during the February–March 1999 INDOEX Intensive Field Phase (IFP) than in other years.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex 1: Parker Review Survey Results As at 2 November 2020
    Annex 1: Parker Review survey results as at 2 November 2020 The data included in this table is a representation of the survey results as at 2 November 2020, which were self-declared by the FTSE 100 companies. As at March 2021, a further seven FTSE 100 companies have appointed directors from a minority ethnic group, effective in the early months of this year. These companies have been identified through an * in the table below. 3 3 4 4 2 2 Company Company 1 1 (source: BoardEx) Met Not Met Did Not Submit Data Respond Not Did Met Not Met Did Not Submit Data Respond Not Did 1 Admiral Group PLC a 27 Hargreaves Lansdown PLC a 2 Anglo American PLC a 28 Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC a 3 Antofagasta PLC a 29 HSBC Holdings PLC a InterContinental Hotels 30 a 4 AstraZeneca PLC a Group PLC 5 Avast PLC a 31 Intermediate Capital Group PLC a 6 Aveva PLC a 32 Intertek Group PLC a 7 B&M European Value Retail S.A. a 33 J Sainsbury PLC a 8 Barclays PLC a 34 Johnson Matthey PLC a 9 Barratt Developments PLC a 35 Kingfisher PLC a 10 Berkeley Group Holdings PLC a 36 Legal & General Group PLC a 11 BHP Group PLC a 37 Lloyds Banking Group PLC a 12 BP PLC a 38 Melrose Industries PLC a 13 British American Tobacco PLC a 39 Mondi PLC a 14 British Land Company PLC a 40 National Grid PLC a 15 BT Group PLC a 41 NatWest Group PLC a 16 Bunzl PLC a 42 Ocado Group PLC a 17 Burberry Group PLC a 43 Pearson PLC a 18 Coca-Cola HBC AG a 44 Pennon Group PLC a 19 Compass Group PLC a 45 Phoenix Group Holdings PLC a 20 Diageo PLC a 46 Polymetal International PLC a 21 Experian PLC a 47
    [Show full text]
  • Coriolis Effect
    Project ATMOSPHERE This guide is one of a series produced by Project ATMOSPHERE, an initiative of the American Meteorological Society. Project ATMOSPHERE has created and trained a network of resource agents who provide nationwide leadership in precollege atmospheric environment education. To support these agents in their teacher training, Project ATMOSPHERE develops and produces teacher’s guides and other educational materials. For further information, and additional background on the American Meteorological Society’s Education Program, please contact: American Meteorological Society Education Program 1200 New York Ave., NW, Ste. 500 Washington, DC 20005-3928 www.ametsoc.org/amsedu This material is based upon work initially supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. TPE-9340055. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. © 2012 American Meteorological Society (Permission is hereby granted for the reproduction of materials contained in this publication for non-commercial use in schools on the condition their source is acknowledged.) 2 Foreword This guide has been prepared to introduce fundamental understandings about the guide topic. This guide is organized as follows: Introduction This is a narrative summary of background information to introduce the topic. Basic Understandings Basic understandings are statements of principles, concepts, and information. The basic understandings represent material to be mastered by the learner, and can be especially helpful in devising learning activities in writing learning objectives and test items. They are numbered so they can be keyed with activities, objectives and test items. Activities These are related investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Climatology of South American Seasonal Changes
    Vol. 27 N° 1 y 2 (2002) 1-30 PROGRESS IN PAN AMERICAN CLIVAR RESEARCH: UNDERSTANDING THE SOUTH AMERICAN MONSOON Julia Nogués-Paegle 1 (1), Carlos R. Mechoso (2), Rong Fu (3), E. Hugo Berbery (4), Winston C. Chao (5), Tsing-Chang Chen (6), Kerry Cook (7), Alvaro F. Diaz (8), David Enfield (9), Rosana Ferreira (4), Alice M. Grimm (10), Vernon Kousky (11), Brant Liebmann (12), José Marengo (13), Kingste Mo (11), J. David Neelin (2), Jan Paegle (1), Andrew W. Robertson (14), Anji Seth (14), Carolina S. Vera (15), and Jiayu Zhou (16) (1) Department of Meteorology, University of Utah, USA, (2) Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA, (3) Georgia Institute of Technology; Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, USA (4) Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland, USA, (5) Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, USA, (6) Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, USA, (7) Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, USA, (8) Instituto de Mecánica de Fluidos e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad de la República, Uruguay, (9) NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, USA, (10) Department of Physics, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil, (11) Climate Prediction Center/NCEP/NWS/NOAA, USA, (12) NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, USA, (13) Centro de Previsao do Tempo e Estudos de Clima, CPTEC, Brazil, (14) International Research Institute for Climate Prediction, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, USA, (15) CIMA/Departmento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, (16) Goddard Earth Sciences Technology Center, University of Maryland, USA. (Manuscript received 13 May 2002, in final form 20 January 2003) ABSTRACT A review of recent findings on the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) is presented.
    [Show full text]
  • Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved: John V
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF MIAH ALLAN BEAL for the Doctor of Philosophy (Name) (Degree) in Oceanography presented on August 12.1968 (Major) (Date) Title:Batymety and_Strictuof_thp..4rctic_Ocean Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: John V. The history of the explordtion of the Central Arctic Ocean is reviewed.It has been only within the last 15 years that any signifi- cant number of depth-sounding data have been collected.The present study uses seven million echo soundings collected by U. S. Navy nuclear submarines along nearly 40, 000 km of track to construct, for the first time, a reasonably complete picture of the physiography of the basin of the Arctic Ocean.The use of nuclear submarines as under-ice survey ships is discussed. The physiography of the entire Arctic basin and of each of the major features in the basin are described, illustrated and named. The dominant ocean floor features are three mountain ranges, generally paralleling each other and the 40°E. 140°W. meridian. From the Pacific- side of the Arctic basin toward the Atlantic, they are: The Alpha Cordillera; The Lomonosov Ridge; andThe Nansen Cordillera. The Alpha Cordillera is the widest of the three mountain ranges. It abuts the continental slopes off the Canadian Archipelago and off Asia across more than550of longitude on each slope.Its minimum width of about 300 km is located midway between North America and Asia.In cross section, the Alpha Cordillera is a broad arch rising about two km, above the floor of the basin.The arch is marked by volcanoes and regions of "high fractured plateau, and by scarps500to 1000 meters high.The small number of data from seismology, heat flow, magnetics and gravity studies are reviewed.The Alpha Cordillera is interpreted to be an inactive mid-ocean ridge which has undergone some subsidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire History in Western Patagonia from Paired Tree-Ring Fire-Scar And
    Clim. Past, 8, 451–466, 2012 www.clim-past.net/8/451/2012/ Climate doi:10.5194/cp-8-451-2012 of the Past © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Fire history in western Patagonia from paired tree-ring fire-scar and charcoal records A. Holz1,*, S. Haberle2, T. T. Veblen1, R. De Pol-Holz3,4, and J. Southon4 1Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA 2Department of Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia & the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 3Departamento de Oceanograf´ıa, Universidad de Concepcion,´ Chile 4Department of Earth System Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA *present address: School of Plant Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia Correspondence to: A. Holz ([email protected]) Received: 2 September 2011 – Published in Clim. Past Discuss.: 10 October 2011 Revised: 25 January 2012 – Accepted: 27 January 2012 – Published: 9 March 2012 Abstract. Fire history reconstructions are typically based recorded by charcoal from all the sampled bogs and at all on tree ages and tree-ring fire scars or on charcoal in sedi- fire-scar sample sites, is attributed to human-set fires and is mentary records from lakes or bogs, but rarely on both. In outside the range of variability characteristic of these ecosys- this study of fire history in western Patagonia (47–48◦ S) in tems over many centuries and probably millennia. southern South America (SSA) we compared three sedimen- tary charcoal records collected in bogs with tree-ring fire- scar data collected at 13 nearby sample sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Hemisphere Teleconnections and Climate
    Southern Hemisphere TeleconnectionsandClimate predictability Carolina Vera CIMA/CONICETͲUniversity ofBuenosAires,ͲUMIͲIFAECI/CNRS BuenosAires,Argentina Motivation • LargeͲscalecirculationvariabilityintheSouthernHemisphere(SH) exhibitlargevaluesatmiddleandhighlatitudes,particularlyinthe South Pacific sector, and fromsubseasonal to interannual and decadaltimescales. •TheactivityoftheleadingpatternsofSHcirculationvariabilityhasa large influenceon the climate of South America, Africa, Antarctica andAustraliaͲNewZealand. •In particular, they seem to have a role explaining seasonal predictabilityatsubtropicalandextratropical regionsofSouth America. SeasonalpredictabilityinSouthAmerica JJA DJF Surface Temperature Ensembleof13 modldelsof WCRP/WGSIP/CHFP Database Precipitation Osman andVera(2013) The La Plata Basin •The Plata Basin covers about 3.6 million km2. •The La Plata Basin is the fifth largest in the world and second only to the Amazon Basin in South America in terms of geographical extent. •The principal sub-basins are those of the Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. •The La Plata Basin covers parts of five countries, AiArgentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Global relevance of the la Plata Basin •LPB is home of more than 100 million people including the capital cities of 4 of the five countries, generating 70% of the five countries GNP. • There is more than 150 dams, and 60% of the hydroelectric potential is already used. • It is one of the largest food producers (cereals, soybeans and livestock) of the world. Extratropical
    [Show full text]