Figure S1
1. 3',4',5'-Trimethoxyflavone
Cpd 19: 3',4',5'-Trimethoxyflavone; C18 H16 O5; 11.… x10 4
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 11 11.05 11.1 11.15 Counts vs. Acquisition Time (min)
MS spectrum peak list
m/z z Abund Formula Ion
311.09372 -1 9100.8 C18 H15 O5 (M-H)-
312.09564 -1 1448 C11 H15 N6 O3 S (M-H)-
313.09493 -1 547.25 C11 H15 N6 O3 S (M-H)-
2. 3'-Geranylchalconaringenin
Cpd 11: 3'-Geranylchalconaringenin; C25 H28 O5; 1… x10 4 7
6 5 4
3
2
1 0 10.25 10.3 10.35 10.4 10.45 10.5 Counts vs. Acquisition Time (min)
MS spectrum peak list
m/z z Abund Formula Ion
407.18631 -1 55923.5 C25 H27 O5 (M-H)-
408.18916 -1 11171.83 C17 H31 N2 O7 S (M-H)-
409.18588 -1 3975.38 C17 H31 N2 O7 S (M-H)-
410.18856 -1 959.04 C17 H31 N2 O7 S (M-H)-
3. Dehydrocurdione
Cpd 46: Dehydrocurdione; C15 H22 O2; 15.824: -ES… x10 3 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 15.8 15.85 15.9 15.95 16 16.05 Counts vs. Acquisition Time (min)
MS spectrum peak list
m/z z Abund Formula Ion
233.15453 -1 5230.5 C15 H21 O2 (M-H)-
234.15844 -1 807.37 C15 H21 O2 (M-H)-
4. Polidocanol
Cpd 52: Polidocanol; C30 H62 O10; 17.622: +ESI E… x10 5 1.4
1.2 1 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 0 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 Counts vs. Acquisition Time (min)
m/z z Abund Formula Ion
583.4412 1 8820.41 C30 H63 O10 (M+H) +
584.44513 1 3353.26 C30 H63 O10 (M+H) +
585.44541 1 827.22 C30 H63 O10 (M+H) +
600.46842 1 83070.76 C30 H66 N O10 (M+NH4) +
601.4715 1 27828.99 C30 H66 N O10 (M+NH4) +
602.47363 1 6586.78 C30 H66 N O10 (M+NH4) +
603.47744 1 1217 C30 H66 N O10 (M+NH4) + 605.42385 1 7389.64 C30 H62 Na O10 (M+Na) +
606.42801 1 2621.84 C30 H62 Na O10 (M+Na) +
621.39842 1 1056.28 C30 H62 K O10 (M+K) +
Table S1: Compounds identified from gut bacteria of water monitor lizard.
S. Compound (s) Formula Structure Reported activities
No
1. Lumichrome C12 H10 Antimicrobial properties
N4 O2 against bacterial
pathogens (Ahgilan et al.,
2016, Massaro et al., 2014).
increased the
photosynthetic rates and
growth of soybean plants
(Khan et al., 2008).
2. S-Methyl-1-thio-D-glycerate C4 H8 O3 No activity reported.
S
3. omega-Hydroxymoracin N C19 H18 No activity reported.
O5 A component in the Anti-
inflammatory functional
food composition
https://patents.google.
com/patent/
WO2012115469A2/en.
4. Simulansamide C22 H23 N Shows strong inhibition of
O6 platelet aggregation (Wu
et al., 1996)
Exhibit antibacterial
activity, cytotoxicity and inhibit DNA isomerase
enzyme (Zhou et al.,
2011).
5. Callytriol C C23 H24 Antimicrobial activities
O3 (Tada and Yasuda, 1984).
Having antifouling
activity against barnacle
and metamorphosis
promoting activity in
ascidians (Pallela and
Ehrlich, 2016)
6. 7- C23 H25 N Inhibitor of
Formyldehydrothalicsimidine O6 metalloproteinases
(Chang et al., 1998).
Exhibit significant
inhibition of arachidonic
acid, collagen and platelet
activating factor-induced platelet aggregation.
Inhibition against
thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (Chang et al.,
1998).
7. 1,3,8-Trihydroxy-4-methyl- C24 H26 No activity reported.
2,7-diprenylxanthone O5 However, 1,3,8-
trihydroxy-2,4-
dimethoxyxanthone displayed anti-HIV-1
activities (El-Seedi et al.,
2010). It is a constituent of
the fruit hulls of Garcinia
mangostana (Yannai, 2003).
8. 3',4',5'-Trimethoxyflavone C18 H16 Trimethoxyflavone show
O5 antibacterial activity
against Gram positive and
Gram negative bacteria
(FERNANDES et al.,
2013). Flavonoids exhibit
antibacterial and
antioxidant activities
(Süzgeç-Selçuk and
Birteksöz, 2011).
9. Desmethylmaprotiline C25 H29 N No reported activity.
glucuronide O6 However, Desmethyl
Maprotiline itself is
antidepressant drug
(Rotzinger et al., 1999,
López-Muñoz and Alamo,
2013).
10. 4,4'-Sulfonyldiphenol C12 H10 Significant increase
O4 S TUNEL positive cells in
neonatal testis, disruption
of the expression of
apoptosis, autophagy, and
oxidative stress-related
factors (Shi et al., 2018).
Affect fetal development
and increase risk of
adverse health
consequences during
pregnancy (Speidel et al.,
2018).
11. L-Homotyrosine C10 H13 N Competitive inhibitors
(Do et al., 2016).
Derivatives have
antifungal activities (Lee
et al., 2014, Capobianco et
al., 1998).
12. 6-Paradol C17 H26 Reduce inflammatory
O3 responses in activated
BV2 microglia, most effective in
neuroinflammation-
associated with CNS disorders without toxicity
(Gaire et al., 2015).
Antibacterial activities
against Mycobacterium
smegmatis (Galal, 2008)
and Candida albicans
(Abourashed et al., 2007).
13. trans-2-Hexyl-1- C11 H20 It is a main component of
cyclopropaneacetic acid O2 cascarilla essential oil that
has antibacterial activity
against Mycobacterium
avium and antifungal
activities against some
fungi (Opdyke, 1979).
Acute cytotoxicity in mice
(Opdyke, 1979).
14. Lauryl hydrogen sulfate C12 H26 Commonly used as an
O4 S adjuvant or synergist with antimicrobials and
insecticides (Baker and
Grant, 2018).
To control immature
mosquitos (Piper and
Maxwell, 1971).
Rapidly biodegradable in
the environment (Singer
and Tjeerdema, 1993) and under laboratory
conditions (Leal et al.,
1991).
Responsible for oxygen
deprivation and
suffocation (Piper and
Maxwell, 1971)
15. 11S-hydroxy-tetradecanoic C14 H28 It is an anti-oxidant,
acid O3 cancer preventive and hyper-cholesterolemic
(Gomathi Rajashyamala
and Elango, 2015).
16. 2-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic C18 H30 Dodecyl benzene sulfonic
acid O3 S acid is extensively applied
anionic surfactant
(Mimanne et al., 2012).
No reported activity itself.
A novel, biodegradable,
and efficient Brønsted acid catalyst used for the
reaction of indoles/4-
hydroxy coumarin with
aldehydes to obtain a
bis(indolyl)methanes/
bis (4- hydroxycoumarin-
3- yl)methanes.
(Mimanne et al., 2012). The coumarin has
therapeutic potential for
antibiotic, anti-
inflammatory, anti-
tumor, anti-coagulant,
analgesic, anti-HIV,
cytotoxic, anti-apoptotic,
anti-oxidant and
insecticidal activities
(Pawar et al., 2013)
An emulsifier for
agricultural herbicides
(Mimanne et al., 2012) .
17. Tetradecyl sulfate C14 H30 Its sodium salt is used as
O4 S formulations for treatment
of adipose tissue (Dobak,
2017).
Treatment of Pyogenic
Granuloma (Moon et al.,
2005).
The infiltrations of
sodium tetradecyl sulfate
into stromal tissues can
cause tissue necrosis
(Goldman et al., 1986).
18. Bis(methylthio) selenide C2 H6 S2 Volatile bis(methylthio)-
Se selenide found in natural
elephant garlic and onion
oil (Meija and Caruso,
2004).
Selenide is the
intermediate component
in the metabolic pathway
of Se in plants (Hudson et
al., 2012).
19. 5-Valerolactone C5 H8 O2 Valerolactone and some
analogues exhibit
antioxidant activity
(Sánchez-Patán et al.,
2011).
20. Cycluron C11 H22 Cycluron has pesticidal
N2 O activity and effective for
the control of
monocotyledonous
germinating weeds
(Matolcsy et al., 1989,
Draber and Fujita, 1992). 21. Atenolol C14 H22 Hydrophilic β-adrenergic
N2 O3 blocking agent (AGON et
al., 1991).
For the treatment of
Hypertension and angina
(Akarim et al., 2015).
Prevent migraines
https://www.drugs.
com/ monograph
/atenolol.html.
Antimicrobial activities
against Micrococcus luteus
and Candida tropicalis
(Gölcü and Yavuz, 2008).
22. Palmitoleamide C16 H31 N Palmitoleamides are fatty
O acid amide with
antibacterial activities
(Zaher et al., 2015)
23. HClO Cl H O A powerful oxidizer and
deproteinizer (Eryilmaz
and Palabiyik, 2013).
Has good microbicidal
activity (Eryilmaz and
Palabiyik, 2013).
Widely used as
disinfectant (Kunawarote
et al., 2010).
Reacts with several
biomolecules, especially
carbohydrates, amino
groups, proteins, thiol,
thiol ether, heme as well
as overcomes pathogens
to fight infections in the
body (Kunawarote et al.,
2010, Pattison and Davies,
2001, Wang et al., 2007).
Important role in bacterial
killing (McKenna and
Davies, 1988).
Play role in host defense
by killing pathogens and
initiates cell apoptosis
(Tian et al., 2016).
24. N-Acryloylglycine C5 H7 N Used in the preparation of
O3 hydrogel and as a drug
carrier (Deng et al., 2011).
25. N-Methylcalystegine B2 C8 H15 N Calystegines are
O4 polyhydroxy alkaloids act
as α-galactosidase
inhibitors (Asano et al.,
1997).
26. Desmethylnortriptyline C24 H27 N No biological activity
glucuronide O6 reported.
27. 3'-Geranylchalconaringenin C25 H28 This compound belongs to
O5 class of flavonoids
(Stevens et al., 1999,
Rauha, 2001).
The derivatives of this
compound exhibit
antibacterial activity (Feng
et al., 2014).
Inhibit α-glucosidase
irreversibly and
moderately inhibit α-
amylase activity (Sun et
al., 2017). 28. (3b,21b)-12-Oleanene-3,21,28- C45 H74 No biological activity
triol 28-[arabinosyl-(1->3)- O15 reported.
arabinosyl-(1->3)-
arabinoside]
29. Chondrillasterol 3-[glucosyl- C47 H78 No biological activity
(1->2)-glucosyl-(1->2)- O16 reported.
glucoside]
30. 8,8-Diethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-2- C14 H30 Used in citrus fruit
octanol O3 flavourin
http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/compound/
hydroxylcitronellal_diethy
l_acetal#section=Top. Repellent activities
against Tribolium
castanenum (Weiqing et
al., 2009). 31. Polidocanol C30 H62 As a sclerosant for
O10 varicose veins (Collini,
2000).
Antibacterial activity
against S. aureus (Sadick
et al., 1996).
Exhibit excellent
performance in
improving scalp
dryness, itching, micro-
inflammation, and in
normalizing
disturbances of scalp
lipids (Schweiger et al.,
2013).
32. Acetylenedicarboxylate C4 H2 O4 The catabolism of 2-
butynedioic acid acts as a
precursor of nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide
(Heard et al., 1981).
33. Methimazole C4 H6 N2 Anti-thyroid drug,
S normally used to treat
Graves' disease, an
inhibitor of the enzyme
thyroid peroxidase (Sainis
et al., 2016, Urquiza et al.,
2013). Its derivatives
exhibit antibacterial
activity against P.
aeruginosa and E. coli
(Sainis et al., 2016).
Antibacterial activity
against P. aeruginosa, E.
coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus
and S. epidermidis bacteria
(Urquiza et al., 2013).
34. Pyrazineethanethiol C6 H8 N2 Derivatives of pyrazine
S inhibiting 50% of the
growth of Streptococcus
faecium and E. coli (Bobek
and Bloch, 1972).
35. Salmefamol C19 H25 N Salmefamol is useful for
O4 treatment of respiratory
diseases
https://www.adooq.com/
salmefamol.html.
Used as a bronchodilator
https://chem.nlm.nih.
gov/chemidplus/rn/
18910-65-1.
36. 7-hydroxy pelargonic acid C9 H18 O3 It is a saturated fatty acid
used as flavourings, the
derivative 4-
nonanoylmorpholine is an
ingredient in some pepper
sprays and has antifungal
activity, used as herbicide
as well as in the
preparation of plasticisers
and lacquers
https://pubchem.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/compound/
nonanoic_acid#section
37. Methyl jasmonate C13 H20 O3 A volatile organic
compound used in plant
defense and several
developmental pathways
such as germination of
seed, root growth,
flowering, fruit ripening,
and senescence (Cheong
and Do Choi, 2003).
Jasmonate are oxylipin, a
derivative of oxygenated
fatty acid.
Exhibit antibacterial
activity against E. coli, P.
aeruginosa, S. aureus, S.
epidermidis and C. albicans
(Andrys et al., 2018).
38. Trimetazidine C14 H22 Treat angina pectoris
N2 O3 inhibiter of long-chain 3-
ketoacyl CoA thiolase
activity (Kantor et al.,
2000).
39. 3-Butylidene-7- C12 H12 Antidiabetic activities,
hydroxyphthalide O3 effective agent for the
prevention or treatment of
diabetes mellitus in a
mammal. (D'orazio et al.,
2007). Used traditionally
for medicinal purposes in
Asia, Europe, and North
America (Leon et al.,
2017).
Phthalides display
different biological
activities including
antibacterial, antifungal,
insecticidal, cytotoxic, and
anti-inflammatory effects
(Leon et al., 2017).
40. 4-Methyldibenzothiophene C13 H10 S No biological activity
reported.
41. Adenine C5 H5 N5 Basic unit of DNA and
RNA and involved in
protein synthesis (Pardee,
1954).
42. 1,2-Epoxy-3,4-butanediol 4- C5 H10 O5 No biological activity
methanesulfonate S reported.
43. 4-Methyl-3-oxoadipate C7 H10 O5 An inducer of the mml
gene cluster in
Pseudomonas reinekei MT1
(Marín et al., 2010).
Intermediate in the
degradation of 4-ML by P.
reinekei MT1(Marín et al.,
2010).
44. Isopentenyladenine C10 H13 Promoting the growth
N5 of cytokinin-requiring
tobacco (Nicotiana
tabacum) callus (Laloue et
al., 1977, Gajdošová et al.,
2011). Isopentenyladenine and
their ribosides exhibit
anti-aging activities on
skin cells and cause
dedifferentiation and
apoptosis in leukaemia
cells (Bewley et al., 2006).
45. Idebenone Metabolite C13 H18 Bioactive compound
(Benzenebutanoic acid, 2,5- O6 isolated from the extracts
dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-6- of Casuarina equisetifolia
methyl-) (Pawar and Nasreen,
2018).
No biological reported
activity.
46. 10-Hydroxymyristic acid C15 H30 These are rare
methyl ester O3 hydroxylated fatty acid
methyl esters isolated
from aquatic microbial
sources (Littlefield-Wyer
et al., 2008).
47. (1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-pentyl- C16 H28 No biological reported
cyclopentanehexanoic acid O3 activity.
48. Eicosanedioic acid C20 H38 Also called arachidic acid,
O4 used for the production of
detergents, photographic
materials and lubricants
(Shin, 2004).
https://www.ebi.
ac.uk/chebi/searchId
.do?chebiId=CHEBI
Exhibit antifungal activity
(Pereira et al., 2016).
49. Dehydrocurdione C15 H22 Dehydrocurdione are
O2 terpenoids show
remarkable antibacterial
activity against B. subtilis
(Diastuti et al., 2014)
50. N-Undecylbenzenesulfonic C17 H28 Serve as disinfectant to
acid O3 S reduce microbial growth
in foods especially in
seafoods (Mixon et al.,
2008).
51. 2-heptyl-nonanoic acid C16 H32 Nonanoate and its
O2 analogues exhibit board-
spectrum antibacterial
activities (Chakravorty et
al., 2012).
52. DMDP C6H13 N Naturally occurring sugar
O4 analogue, having
activities against several
plant parasitic nematode
species (Birch et al., 1993).
53. 1-Monopalmitin C19 H38 Exhibit bactericidal
O4 activities against
Helicobacter pylori (Sun et
al., 2003).
No other reported
activity.
54. 11,12-dihydroxy arachidic C20 H40 Also called arachidic acid,
acid O4 used for the production of
detergents, photographic
materials and lubricants
(Shin, 2004).
https://www.ebi.
ac.uk/chebi/searchId
.do?chebiId=CHEBI
Exhibit antifungal activity
(Pereira et al., 2016).
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