106th OMICS Group Conference
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Accepted Abstracts (Oral)
Earth Science-2013 Page 73 Fabio Alberto, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Flood effect in tropical livestock production: Colombian case Fabio Alberto Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Columbia
limatic change shows transformations in meteorogical and environmental topics, changes in frequency and intensity of Cphenomenon like El niño/la niña - Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and rains’ frequency and intensity. Those changes are a threat for tropical sustainable livestock production. On other hand, problems like inadequate land use, inappropriate technologies and deficiencies in public policies, are a big risk for livestock productivity and rentability mainly for small farmers, as result decreasing their incomes and quality of life. Different researches have contributed to identify effects in dry season for tropical livestock, milk production and fodder quality, while researches for identifying effects in rain season are not common. Actually, this is the goal of this paper. Based on information collected from different institutions and farmers, also direct observation during field visits, this research shows some elements for characterization of the affectation in six livestock regions in Colombia during 2010 and 2011. 62 small towns were visited and more than 600 villages. Flood have affected animals and fodder also soils when cows were walking inside while had been waterlogged. This was the main effect of increase in rain in almost all the milk production in States in Central Colombia. Towns in North Region show the main affectation in the fodder availability. Other States show strong damages in infrastructure for flooded prevention in Magdalena and Cauca Rivers. In other regions like Mojana and Bajo Cauca, the main affectation was in roads. In other regions like Uraba and south of the country, the affectation was soft because the rivers flow to the north of the country, region that receives the rainwater of almost all Colombia. In general the livestock suffered great damages because the forage production was decrease, this affected their welfare, additionally the long movements looking for dry soils and food, show increase in diseases and mortality, mainly in pregnant cows and calves.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 74 Habibullo I. Abdussamatov, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
The decrease of the total solar irradiance leads to the little ice age Habibullo I. Abdussamatov Pulkovo Observatory, Russia
yclic bicentennial variations of the solar radiation energy absorbed by the Earth remains uncompensated by the energy Cemission to space as a result of the thermal inertia. The Earth’s average annual energy budget at during long time period will reliably determine the course and value of an energy excess accumulated by the Earth or the energy deficit in the thermal budget which can define and predict well in advance both the direction and amplitude of the forthcoming climate changes. Since the early 90's observed a decrease in both the TSI and the portion of its energy absorbed by the Earth, the Earth will have a negative balance in the energy budget also in the future what leads to a drop in temperature and to the beginning of the epoch of the Little Ice Age since around the year 2014. The increase of the Bond albedo and decrease of the greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere will result to the additional decrease absorbed portion of the solar energy and to reduced greenhouse effect. The influence of the consecutive chain of feedback effects will lead to additional drop of temperature which can surpass the direct influence of the effect of the TSI decrease. Start of Grand Minimum of the TSI the bicentennial cycle is to be anticipated around in the year 2043 ± 11 and the beginning of the phase of deep cooling of the 19th Little Ice Age in the past 7,500 years around in the year 2060 ± 11.
Biography Habibullo I. Abdussamatov graduated from Samarkand State University and took a course graduate in Leningrad State University and postgraduate course in Pulkovo Observatory. He is the head of the Space Research of the Sun Sector at the Pulkovo Observatory and the head of the Selenometria project on the Russian Segment of the ISS, Dr. Sci. He is an expert in the area of solar physics and the solar terrestrial physics-the Earth's climate. He is the author of more than 150 scientific publications, 2 scientific inventions and 2 scientific monographs including“The Sun Dictates the Climate of the Earth”. St. Petersburg. 2009.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 75 Maria Jose Iturbide-Flores, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
REDD+: A reality, a dream or a nightmare for low-middle income countries such as Guatemala-A multi-level exploration of design and implementation Maria Jose Iturbide-Flores Lincoln University, New Zealand
he nested approach within the REDD+ mechanism, guided by a REDD+ agency, will help to reduce emissions from Tdeforestation and forest degradation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in low-middle income countries such as Guatemala. For this research, three potential scenarios for REDD+ are proposed and investigated: (a) dream scenario in which an independent body (nested within a national and local level approach and an international framework) will implement the REDD+ strategy, having responsibility for monitoring, reporting and verifying (MRV), channelling international funding, and overseeing the operation of social and environmental safeguards; (b) a reality scenario in which the government has the overall responsibility (national approach) but independent projects (at the local level) are undertaken in line with international expectations; in this scenario, the weakness of the political administration could pose a threat to effective REDD+ implementation (weak MRV) social and environmental issues may not be adequately taken into consideration; and, (c) a nightmare scenario in which a weak and ineffective national or subnational approach is likely to have adverse social and environmental effects. In this scenario, the biggest threat is the conversion of native forests into fast growing forest plantation, benefitting mainly the private sector.
Biography Maria Jose Iturbide is a Ph.D. Environmental Policy and Planning student from Lincoln University, New Zealand; and she is in her last year of research. She has a master’s degree in Environmental Sciences from Universidad Del Vall de Guatemala, which is her hometown. She has more than 15 years of working experience mostly in the government sector where she has implemented several environmental policy and planning projects. She has also worked as an international consultant for International agencies like: Jica, GIZ, Dutch Agency and others.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 76 Marika Tatishvili et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Gridded data set for climate change assessment in Georgia Marika Tatishvili, Elizbar Elizbarashvili, Mariam Elizbarashvili, Ramaz Meskhia and Shalva Elizbarashvili Georgian Technical University, Georgia
ased on the monthly mean precipitation and temperature gridded data set 1936-2008 period it was ascertained that Btemperature and precipitation change have heterogeneous nature for Georgian territory. The warming and cooling centers have been detected in west as well as in east parts of Georgia. Warming and cooling regions and centers have been maintained in some months and have seasonal character. For whole Georgian climatic system the multiyear variation of mean temperature doesn’t occur. The highest temperature background has been fixed in 1966 and was equal to 11.8°C that corresponds to the period of solar maximum activity. After 2002, Georgian climatic system mean temperature did not exceed 10.5°C. The precipitation change nature has heterogeneous nature too and was maintained in warm and cool periods of year. The highest precipitation level has been fixed in 1963 that corresponds to the atmosphere meridian circulation period. The lowest level has been fixed in 2000 and was 830 mm.
Biography Marika Tatishvili is the author of more than 45 scientific articles. Her specialty is theoretical physics. In 2006, she has rewarded Doctors degree in Physics and Mathematics. Her interests are cloud physics, meteorology, quantum physics and climate change.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 77 Nair Emmanuela da Silveira Pereira, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Correlations of remote sensed chlorophyll-a data and results of numerical model of the Tropical and South Atlantic Ocean circulation Nair Emmanuela da Silveira Pereira University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
he South and Tropical Atlantic Ocean is characterized by important large scale features that have seasonal character. TThe interactions between atmospheric and oceanic phenomena compose a complex system where variations in physical parameters affect the distribution of chlorophyll; for example, upwelling driven by seasonal winds cause increase in the biological productivity in the region of Cabo Frio - 23°S 41.5°W . Previous studies showed that physical variables display high values of cross-correlation with chlorophyll-a, with strong dependence of latitude and variability in the biological response time. This study aims to correlate data of chlorophyll-a from MODIS with the results of a hydrodynamical numercial model. The annual and semi- annual signals are predominant both in MODIS and model data but, even excluding these components, the correlations are still high. As an example, cross-correlations showed an inverse and instantaneous response of the biological variable to the sea surface temperature in the equatorial region; the Fourier analysis of chlorophyll-a showed a strong signal with period of 2.34 years in the equatorial region, stressing that the source of variability of chlorophyll-a in this region is not restricted to phenomena with seasonal character; but this signal is not evident in the series of the sea surface temperature.
Biography Nair Emmanuela Pereira da Silveira graduated in Oceanography at the Oceanographic Institute of the University of Sao Paulo (SP, Brazil) in 2009 and is currently completing her M.Sc. Program in Physical Oceanography, with researches on large scale numerical modeling of physical and biological parameters of the ocean.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 78 Yelena M. Gambarova et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Rare vegetation conservation in Gobustan National Park, Azerbaijan Yelena M. Gambarova1 and Adil Y. Gambarov2 1R.I.S.K. Company, Azerbaijan 2SAHIL IT Company, Azerbaijan
he Gobustan State National Park (GSNP) is a nationally important desert/semi-desert located west and south-west of Baku, TAzerbaijan. In 2007, Gobustan was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered being of "outstanding universal value" for the quality and density of its rock art engravings. The Study Area at Gobustan contains a wealth of historical and archaeological sites and is also known for its rare vegetation. The desert communities in GSNP represent the most ecologically important habitat. The great age of many of the desert communities and their slow growth rate further enhance their botanic significance. Climate change and various anthropogenic activities are causing large losses to natural habitats in this area. The importance of this habitat type is one of the reasons that the Gobustan desert has been proposed as the State National Park, so that some level of protection is offered to this desert. Plant communities such as these, which develop very slowly are particularly susceptible to this disturbance and are easily lost, taking many years to recover (at least 10-12 years). Remote sensing technology in combination with Geographic Information System (GIS) can render reliable information on rare vegetation cover. The analysis of the spatial extent and temporal change of rare vegetation cover using remotely sensed data is of critical importance to rare vegetation monitoring. Change detection as defined by authors is temporal effects as Variation in spectral response involves situations where the spectral characteristics of the vegetation or other cover type in a given location change over time. The authors describe change detection as a process that observes the differences of an object or phenomenon at different times. Change detection and monitoring involve the use of multi-date images to evaluate differences in vegetation distribution due to environmental conditions and human actions between the acquisition dates of images. In this study, The Vegetation Index techniques of change detection were applied.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 79 AbdAllah A.T, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Efficiency of sentinel organisms as biological monitors for heavy metal pollution AbdAllah A.T Department of Biology, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
onitoring heavy metal pollution in aquatic and terrestrial habitats using sensitive chemical instruments is not valuable. MHeavy metals exist in aquatic environment as complexes or free ions. Only free ions are available for living organisms. Moreover, if the analysis with those instruments resulted in nonhazardous concentrations of metal pollutants in the studied areas, the results don't actually reflect the extent of heavy metal contamination in living organisms as the metal concentrations can be transferred and multiplied across the food chain from one consumer to the other. Some living organisms especially, mollusks have the ability to detoxify metal pollutants within some organelles of their tissues. Furthermore, those organisms can accumulate those metal pollutants at their low levels in the inhabitant areas several times so that bioaccumulation factor can be calculated for heavy metals within their tissues relative to that of their inhabiting aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The present work discuss the roles for selecting appropriate biomonitors and their efficiency to monitor heavy metal contaminants determining the contaminated areas that will be unsafe for human uses.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 80 Ajay Kumar et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Impact of climate variability on land productivity in India: A panel data analysis Ajay Kumar and Pritee Sharma School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, India
his paper explores the impact of climate variability on aggregate land productivity of major food grain and non-food grain Tcrops of the country using secondary data with panel set for time period, 1985-2009. Secondary data for similar period was taken from various sources; and linear interpolation and graphical projection methods were used to identify the missing values in the available time series data. Value of production of fifteen crops was calculated by farm harvest price (at constant price 1993- 94); and these fifteen crops were taken from thirteen major agriculturist intensive states of the nation. Cobb-Douglas production function model was incorporated. Per unit land productivity (in monetary term) as dependent variables was regressed with thirteen different socio-economic and climatic factors. To identify the cross sectional independence, Pesaran's test was used. For group-wise heteroskedasticity, Wald test is applied in regression model. To address the presence the autocorrelation, Wooldridge test is incorporated. To remove the presence of serial correlation, heteroskedasticity and cross sectional autocorrelation; the linear regression, heteroskedastic panels corrected standard errors estimation model was used. This paper provides the empirical evidence that climate variability negatively affect the aggregate value of production; it means that climate variability negatively affect the land value in India. On the other hand, government expenditure on agricultural and allied sector; rural development; irrigation and flood control is an important factor that may mitigate the adverse effect of climate variability and increase the land productivity. This paper suggests a policy and future research gap.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 81 Ali. A. Hosseini et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Study of iron oxide nanoparticles size effect on carbon nanotubes dimensions, synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition method, using MgO as support for the catalyst Ali. A. Hosseini, Malihe Mohamadi and Fatemeh Sojudi Physic Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mazandaran University Babolsar, Iran
n this work the effects of MgO-supported iron oxide nanoparticles size on CNTs dimensions; synthesized by CCVD method has been investigated. The supported iron oxide nanoparticles are produced by impregnation method. Fe(NO ) . 9H O salt I 3 3 2 and MgO powder were used as precursor materials for Fe and MgO, respectively. In order to provide different size nanoparticles, loading ratio of Fe to MgO in samples was varied through 15%-85%, 25%-75%, 35%-65%, and 45%-55%. Carbon nanotubes are synthesized using prepared support as catalytic substrate employing CCVD method. Acetylene and Argon gases are used as carbon source and carrier/cleaner gas, respectively. According to our results, with increasing the loading mass ratio of Fe to MgO, the catalyst nanoparticles size is increased as a result of which the diameter of synthesized CNTs increases.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 82 Amrit Banstola, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Perceptions of rural Nepalese: Climate change as a human health risk Amrit Banstola Department of Public Health, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Nepal
ery little is known concerning the local people understanding of climate change and the consequences it places on their Vhealth and well-being. This paper analyzes how the people of the remote areas of Nepal perceive climate change as a human health risks. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 195 randomly selected respondents in ward number one, eight, and nine of Sardi Khola VDC of Kaski District between September and December 2012. Large percentages of respondents identified diarrhea (89%), allergies (69%), asthma and respiratory conditions (67%), malaria (65%), and sunburn (59%) as being associated with climate change. In addition, a large majority of respondents said that climate change poses a serious danger health impacts in their family (93%) and their community (92%). The study also showed that the respondents were more likely to see people in developing countries (93%) as being at risk than people in their own nation (90%). Increasing rates of serious disease (worldwide, 91%) and water shortage (in Nepal, 86%) were seen as the most likely consequence of climate change over the next half century. Overall, this study shows that people have higher risk perception about climate change as a human health risk. Those who were literate (72%) and concerned about the issue of climate change (81%) perceived higher risk than those who were illiterate (25%), and not concerned about the climate change issue (18.2%). It is recommended that the government and the NGOs need to strengthen public health awareness about climate change.
Biography Amrit Banstola has completed his degree of Bachelor of Public Health (BPH) from Pokhara University. He is the founder cum editor in chief of Public Health Perspective (PHP)—the first public health online newsletter of Nepal. He is climate change health activist of Nepal and a youth leader speak column writer for Climate Himalaya, an India based organization that works on climate change issues of mountainous countries of South East Asia. He is also a country coordinator of HIFA 2015 and teaching assistant at Kantipur College of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 83 F. Arkian et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Long-term study of Urmia Lake climate and factors affecting sudden decrease in water level F. Arkian and B. Ziaie Marine Science and Technology Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Iran
rmia Lake is the second salty lake in the world and located towards the northwest of Iran. In the last years, the level of water Uhas decreased intensively. In this research, climate of the lake has been investigated by using data of four meteorological stations (Tabriz, Urmia, Maraghe and Bonab) near to lake. The data includes parameters such as (mean, maximum and minimum) temperature, precipitation, number of rainy days, mean of humidity, mean of the wind speed, hours of sunshine and evaporation. The season and annual mean of parameters have been calculated. Significance of time series trend of parameters is evaluated by Man-Kendall method. Also for determination of drought or wet years, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was studied. The results show a significant decreasing trend in precipitation and significant increasing trend in temperature in the stations (except Urmia Station). By examining the standardized precipitation index, decrease in rainfall has been observed in recent years. Climate of lake was studied by using Koppen, De Martonne and Emberger methods in the period before and after the reduction in level of water. In this section, data of Tabriz and Urmia stations has been used, due to the long period of data archive. De martonne and Emberger methods show climate changes from semi-dry to dry in Tabriz station.
Biography F. Arkian has completed her Ph.D. of Meteorology from Islamic Azad University. She is a Faculty member of North Tehran branch of this university as Assistant Professor. She has published more than 20 papers in several journals and serving as an editorial board member of Marine Science and Technology Journal.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 84 Aziza Berrada et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Application of remote sensing and Geographic Information System to elaborate urban quality index: Case of Casablanca, Morocco Aziza Berrada, Hassan Rhinane, Atika Hilali and Youssef Badraoui Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University Hassan II-Casablanca, Morocco
he urban environmental quality remains currently difficult to be assessed because of overlapping of several natural and Tanthropogenic factors having socio-economic and environmental outstanding impacts. The fast developing and uncontrolled urbanization is behind the development of some negative side effects on the urban environment. Many studies demonstrate the ability of remote sensing and Geographic information system to monitor urban environment quality. Casablanca, Morocco’s economical capital is facing a fast growing demographic development amplified by a massive rural depopulation and all this in an anarchic way. This lead to the urban change, development of informal settlements and lack of green spaces. This study is made possible by using a SPOT-5 image of Casablanca city, taken March 16, 2004 merged with 2.5m spatial resolution and census data. Indicators were defined and listed in social, economic and environmental categories. An index of environmental quality in Casablanca city for the 17 urban municipalities was calculated after the Standardization and weighting of indicators used. The results may be useful to city managers and planners who are concerned with urban environment quality issues and sustainable development. Keywords: Urban Quality Index; Indicators; Remote sensing; Census data; Metadata; ArcGis
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 85 B.C. Joshi, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
A study of evolutionary phases and tectonic frame work of Chamoli central crystallines of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttrakhand B.C. Joshi Institute of Earth Sciences, Bundelkhand University, India
agolgad mylonite zone of Chamoli Garhwal is evolved along regional Jutogh Thrust (MCT II) and is characterized by Higher NHimalayan Crystalline Unit. Rocks of Pokheri group (Chails) are thrust over by hanging wall quartzite of Jutogh thrust sheet. These metamorphites suffered mylonitisation in ductile condition during the Himalayan orogenic movement and further experienced ductile brittle deformation in subsequent periods. Crystallines have experienced four episodes of deformation. D1 is related with the end phase of the Caledonian Orogenesis and formation of Himalayan sedimentary basin in which folding of basement rock caused activation of Kalsir thrust (MCT I). D2 is related with end phase of Hercynian Orogeny. D2 is interpreted to reflect southward dislocation movement of Central Crystallines. D3 is related with thrust sheet glides further south and development of cleavages at deeper zones and at higher level. D4 is marked as Tertiary Orogeny when thrust mass glided further south and fracture cleavages were formed. D1 marked as Caledonian orogeny, remobilized and folded the basement and formed arena of sedimentation to produce bedding (S=S1) under varied pressure and temperature conditions during Proterozoic to Ordovician period. D2 relates with Hercynian orogenesis when isoclinal folding movement took place. D3 episode developed coaxial tight folds with D2. Later deformation produced close F3 folds that are refolded together with both F1 and F2 and at last open type F4 folds were formed. D4 is related with Tertiary Orogeny when Jutogh (Hafla) thrust sheet glided further southward and final uplift of Himalaya took place. These tectonic units have been plastically deformed and forms duplex system. The Hafla (Jutogh) quartzite near the thrust witnesses increasing trend of flattening and low volume loss. The obtained values of K fall in the field of flattening and show oblate shape of ellipsoids ). Rocks of Hafla (Jutogh) group are mylonitised due to shearing during nappe movement as evidenced by the presence of various types of shear sense indicators, viz. S-C shear planes, pressure shadows, fractured and displaced grains. Stereographic C-axis plots show asymmetrical and incomplete cross girdle pattern showing progressive simple shear of Lister and Hobbs (1980) with typical single girdle pattern of Mancktelow (1987). The relationship among C-axis girdles and all structural (planar linear) features may be indicative of activation of basal prism ‹ a › slip system along Jutogh thrust zone during intensive mylonitisation.
Biography B.C. Joshi did his D.Phill. from Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun affiliated to H.N.B. Garhwal University Srinagar, Uttrakhand. Currently he is a faculty member in Bundelkhand University, Jhansi. He is also members of various academic and administrative bodies presently.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 86 David Anokye Asamoah et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Beyond the rock and the hard place: Africa, the environment and biodiversity governance in the 21st century David Anokye Asamoah and Esther Maritza Wiltshire Jones African Model Forest Network Initiative (AMFI), South Africa
nvironmental policies are painstakingly extricating themselves from beaurocratic planning and the legacy of their colonial Ehistory. The current decade has seen the emergency of a new doctrine for protected areas that repositions governance and people at the heart of the project to reorganize our relations with other species and the environment. This evolution remains fraught with conflicts. Leading conservation biologists make the case that in the face of new global extinction, protracted areas have ceased to meet the special and temporal requirements of biodiversity conservation. But they also advocate an antidevelopment agenda backed up by compelling remote sensing imageries targeting development free ecosystems particularly in Africa and Latin America. By contrast landscape scale partnerships such as those promoted by the international model forest network see development as the driver of sustainability and biodiversity governance in such ecosystems. There are nearly three billion poor and half a billion hungry people in rich biodiverse environment around the world and it makes little sense to believe that the latter can preserved in the long run at the expense of the former. There is a need to reinvent a popular economy of the environment, but debate or in Africa laws and policies. A large and growing number of community conservation initiatives in Africa, Asia and Latin America are taking place outside the formal confines of conservation projects or bureaucratic decision making. All demonstrate the capacity of local society to formulate and carry out conservation endeavors that are profoundly liberating, without necessarily resorting to the discursive and instrumental rationality of conventional forms of conservation, decentralization or electoral politics. These evolutions and contradictions constitutes an opportunity for rethinking Africa’s environmental and economic future in relation to web of related issues, particularly tenure, natural resource governance, development capabilities, climate policies and democracy.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 87 Ebenezer Bonyah et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Application of area to point Kriging to Buruli ulcer incidence in Ashanti and Brong Ahafo regions of Ghana Ebenezer Bonyah1, Owusu-Sekyere Ebenezer2 and Ossei L3 1Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Kumasi Polytechnic Institute, Ghana 2Department of Geography University of Development Studies, Ghana 3Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
uruli ulcer (BU) is the third most common mycobacterium disease after tuberculosis and leprosy. The disease eats through Bthe skin, muscle and bone, leaving victims with disfiguring and debilitating craters. Ghana is the second most endemic country globally, after Cote d’Ivoire with over 1,048 cases with the most endemic regions being the Ashanti, Greater Accra, Central and the Brong Ahafo. The paper uses Area to Point Kriging (ATP) method to model the spatial distribution of Buruli ulcer incidence in the Ashanti and Brong Ahafo Regions of Ghana. The ATP method used consist of three steps; filtering of noise in the data based on Poisson kriging, the mapping of the corresponding risk at a fine scale and estimating geographical clustering of the disease at the administrative units. This paper focused on the spatial analysis of Buruli ulcer incidence in the Ashanti and Brong Ahafo region in terms of sex. The research revealed that there is large range of spatial autocorrelation in males than in females in the various administrative units. The administrative units in Brong Ahafo close to Ashanti region have high BU incidence than the units far away from the Ashanti. The clustering analysis revealed that only Amansie West district is statistically significant for both sexes.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 88 Edmore Kori, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Climate change vulnerability: Can environmental sustainability play a role? Edmore Kori Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences, University of Venda, South Africa
t is universally accepted that environmental sustainability is a fundamental pillar to human sustainable development. Since the IEarth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the environmental sustainability cause has taken centre stage in human development debate. With the aim of achieving sustainability, many treaties, conventions and summits have been signed, convened and held since then. However, another serious threat to humanity has emerged in climate change. Many countries are vulnerable to climate change and it is threatening to derail human development at a faster rate than environmental degradation. With general reference Africa and specific reference to southern Africa, it is the considered view of this paper that sustainable environmental management can significantly diminish a population’s vulnerability and enhance adaptation to climate change. The previous decade has witnessed more frequent and severe climatic extremes in the southern African region. Droughts have dominated the inland areas while floods ravaged the coastal areas. Future projections are that southern Africa will become even drier. For that reason this paper focuses on vulnerability to drought. Considering the low economic development and high unemployment rates in the region, especially the rural communities, it will be difficult to rely on the economy to reduce vulnerability. Humanity will, therefore, naturally look up to the biophysical environment for survival. It is arguable then that if the biophysical environment is degraded then humanity faces an even greater threat to climate change. In view of this observation, this paper posits that a sustainable biophysical environment can significantly reduce climate change vulnerability and enhance adaptation for the rural poor. As such detailed research can establish the role of environmental sustainability in reducing climate change vulnerability and enhance adaptability in rural poor communities.
Biography Edmore Kori is a Junior Lecturer in the Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences at the University of Venda in South Africa. He holds a Master of Environmental Sciences (Cum Laude) from University of Venda. This paper is a part of his Ph.D. research proposal development. This therefore, seeks input about its research ability, possible focus areas, among others.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 89 Ketema Ghebremeskel Mahari, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Accompanying drilling with additional investigation: A successful case history in Eritrea Ketema Ghebremeskel Mahari Geological Consultants and Water Development Experts, Eritrea
ack of potable water is among the crucial problems in developing countries, especially in arid to semi arid regions, like Eritrea. LIn such cases groundwater is the best if not the only resource to be looked for to alleviate the problem. A Norwegian Church Aid funded groundwater development project was implemented by Southern Zone Administration of Eritrea for ten villages dispersedly located in Southern Zone of Eritrea, which are with long history of water source problems and failed attempts. Among the earlier trials to assuage the problem in the villages, 14 failed groundwater development attempts and resettlement recommendations can be mentioned. Despite this, a project, encompassing, ground water investigation, drilling, pump testing and pump installation, and succeeded 100% with borehole success rate of 82%. Among the main reasons for the success is the follow up of the drilling work by the site selector and the additional hydrogeological and geophysical works done based on the drilling results along the drilling work. As drilling test boreholes is not financially astute in Eritrea, further hydrogeological and geophysical investigations accompanied the drilling work incorporating the new ideas developed about the subsurface environment from drilling results. Consequently, 14 successful boreholes out of 17 drillings solved the water source problems of the villages, fully granting access to 7,270 people in 1,841 households with clean potable-water. Thus, performing additional investigation alongside drilling is time and cost effective, increases success-rate and enriches hydrogeological understanding of the groundwater investigating professionals making them more realistic for future works.
Biography Ketema Ghebremeskel Mahari , 33, is Eritrean Geologist working as consultant in Eritrea. He graduated in Geology from Asmara University in 2002. Mr. Ketema has actively worked in different phases of turnkey water supply projects. He has worked in more than 150 projects and prepared more than 100 different size technical reports. He was formerly working in Universal Water Consultants holding different positions and founded Summit Geological Consultants and Water Development experts in 2009 and has diversified the services of the firm to provide pertinent services in Hydrogeology, Geophysics, Geotechnical and other related services partnering with local and international firms and professionals.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 90 Lim Sopheap et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
A study on the spatio-temporal characteristics of current and future flow quantities in Ou Sya, Ou Kontrom and Peam Pul: Using SWAT model Lim Sopheap1,2, Monichot2 and Ku Khemlin2 1Mekong River Commission, Cambodia 2Cambodia National Mekong Committee, Cambodia
tream flow is always changing, from day to day and even minute to minute. Precipitation and temperature are the main Sinfluence on changing streamflow in the watershed. The world is changing at a significant rate in terms of climate change and this change can affect the water resources. Therefore, awareness about this changing has driven efforts to local water resources for improved insight into water resources infrastructure and management. This paper presents the spatio-temporal characterization of current and future available quantities of water for irrigation based on climate change regarding the three basins namely: Ou Sya, Ou Kontrom and Peam Pul located in Kompong Speu flowing into Mekong River Basin. To determine variation of flow in these three basins, Soil and Water Assessment Model (SWAT) was applied in this study. The model has been run for a period of 18 years from 1997-2007 for baseline. Most rainfall stations employed in this study were chosen surrounding catchment and using MQUAD method for creating average rainfall for each subbasin. The result of calibrated flow meets satisfactory agreement with the observed data. For scenario, 24 hypothetical climate change scenarios were used to cover the possible ranges of ariability from 1980-2080 for global model. Then, after downscaling to Cambodian regional, two model such as CNRM_CM3 and GISS_AOM Models were selected. It is then watershed downscaling was done to get the best model for this watershed, CNRM_CM3 was obtain. When this model scenario was incorporated into SWAT model, the future conditions in the three basins above were postulated. The results demonstrated that the three basins would experience an increase flow-out under climate change. These results are relevant to planners; they can be useful in formulating realistic watershed management policies for providing sufficient Water Consumption for irrigation in those three basins.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 91 Manisha Gupta, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Design and testing of compact circularly wide band antennas for modern communication system in different environmental conditions Manisha Gupta JECRC University, India
onventional Microwave antennas in general are linearly polarized antennas which operate at a single resonance frequency Cand have low gain & narrow bandwidth therefore these antennas could not find practical applications in modern communication systems. However their compact size forced antenna designers to modify them to achieve higher bandwidth and gain performance. In the present paper, extensive simulation and experimentation is done to achieve compact circularly polarized antennas with higher gain and wide bandwidth. Input impedance, return loss, gain, VSWR and radiation patterns in different planes are simulated through procured simulation software and based upon these simulation results, planar antennas are fabricated & tested with available resources. The simulation analysis of compact planar antennas is carried out by applying procured simulation software. By selecting proper feed location so that input impedance to feed line, different antenna parameters will be simulated. Based upon simulated outcome, antennas on RT Duroid/Glass epoxy FR4 substrate are fabricated with procured machine and tested with procured experimental setup. Return loss and input impedance are measured through vector network analyzer. Radiation patterns of fabricated antenna will be measured in anechoic chamber. To avoid reflections, we put the antenna geometries inside the anechoic box. This paper on antennas has a significant application in communication research where compact antennas are needed for operation in wireless and mobile communication systems. Basic micro strip geometries are small in size and in their conventional form; these are linearly polarized and operate normally at a single frequency. They also have narrow bandwidth and low gain but their compact size over shadows these limitations of patch antennas. Therefore designing and development of such antenna has its own importance.
Biography Manisha Gupta is Associate Professor in the Department of Physics at JECRC University, Jaipur, Rajasthan. She has 14 years’ experience of Teaching and Research. She has done Ph.D. from University of Rajasthan, on “Computer aided designing of Micro-strip patch and array antennas in different environmental conditions”. She has published papers in various national and international journals and conferences. One of the papers has been awarded a certificate of merit by Institution of Engineers (India) (IEI). She has organized various IEEE, DST, IETE, MNRE, ISTE sponsored National conferences. She has been awarded by “Rajasthan Energy Conservation Award-2010” by Hon. Chief Minister Mr. Ashok Gehlot for outstanding contribution in the field of Energy Conservation.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 92 Mostafa Allameh Zadeh, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Earthquakes activity pattern shape discrimination based on mathematical neural networks and climatic change Mostafa Allameh Zadeh International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Iran
his paper is shown that some adapted preprocessing can help neural networks in classifying climatic change shapes by using Tbroad-band seismograms. The extracted features by statistical and neural methods show the shape discrimination problem. The extracted spectral curve by a three-layered perceptron from Long-Period records on seismograms gives the best recognition rates among many classical neural and non neural discrimination methods. A preliminary experiment with computer simulation showed that this approach is promising the recognition and segmentation of characters on earthquake records can be successful to predict the regional climatic changes.
Biography Mostafa Allameh Zadeh has completed his Ph.D. from International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and (IIEES). He is the director of CTBTO Seismic Networks in Iran, a premier Bio-Soft service organization. He has published more than 25 papers in Seismology journals and serving as an editorial board member of repute.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 93 Nishanth T et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Variations of surface ozone and its precursors over Kannur Nishanth T and M.K. Satheesh Kumar Department of Physics, Govt. Brennen College Thalassery, India
he concentrations of trace gases are quite low in the atmosphere, yet they play a vital role in varying the ambient air quality Tover a region. Moreover, their chemistry could effectively modulate radiative transfer which often results climate changes. Exploring the schemes of interactions among these gases is highly essential to understand their potential role in the radiative forcing that lead to the dynamics of the atmosphere. In addition to this, the secondary species produced from the pollutant trace
gases impart environmental impacts that can be expected with modifications to their sources and sinks. Ozone (O3) produced on the ground level is one of the important secondary pollutants in the atmosphere which has a strong influence on human health
and agricultural crop yield. O3 is produced in the troposphere when methane (CH4), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and
carbon monoxide (CO) are photo-chemically oxidized in the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) present in the ambient air. These
precursors have a wide variety of sources by which they exhibit a non-linear effect on local O3 production and its variation is
strongly influenced by meteorological processes. The tropospheric3 O concentration is determined by downward transport from the stratosphere, dry deposition to the Earth’s surface and photochemistry in the troposphere involving its precursors. Being a
strong oxidant in the atmosphere, tropospheric O3 plays a significant role in the radiative balance of the atmosphere. Thus, the
diurnal and seasonal variations of surface O3 are quite significant to explore the chemistry and its impact on the radiative forcing
of atmosphere. This would further lead to the investigation of the major role played by the efficiency of O3 towards global warming
and thereby the climate change. This study mainly focuses on to the seasonal variation of surface 3O and its prominent precursors
NOx, CH4 and total non-methane hydrocarbons at Kannur (11.9°N, 75.4°E, 5m asl), a rural location confined between the costal
belt of the Arabian sea and Western Ghats in Kerala state. The study further revealed that O3 and NOx have a very strong inverse correlation during the period of observations suggesting the possible VOC sensitive characteristics of the study location.
Investigations were extended to classify the photochemical production of O3 from NO2 during day time and a strong
correlation between variations of [NO2]/[NO] and day time O3 was obtained. Besides, monthly average, maximum and minimum
CH4 concentrations have been observed in December and in August in a year. The diurnal variations of CH4 are quite similar
to that of NOx and it has been found that CH4 shows a gradual buildup in early morning hours of all days in a year due to the
peak traffic emissions and boundary layer processes. CH4 is observed to be fairly low during noon time and thereafter it starts increasing in evening hours of all months. The prominent organic species detected in the ambient air at this location throws light
on the influence of complex chemistry involving VOC and its major role in the enhancement of O3 at this site. This attempt could
classify the variation of tropospheric O3 concentration which acts as a tracer in the atmosphere to monitor the chemistry of trace gases over a rural location in Kerala.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 94 Patrick Hitayezu et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Linking agricultural land-use change and climate change adaptation: A micro-economic review Patrick Hitayezu, Edilegnaw Wale and Gerald Ortmann School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
he imperative of land-use change for climate change adaptation in the agriculture sector has a considerable potential to Tjeopardize the sustainability of ecosystems’ functions, particularly for small-scale farmers in the most vulnerable agro- ecological systems where such functions are key to livelihoods sustainability. According to the IPCC, effective climate change adaptation strategies are expected to recognize land-use sustainability by focusing on landscape development. So far, climate change adaptation has received considerable attention among the economics scholarship. The treatment of this topic has covered various approaches. Therefore, it is appealing to investigate the treatment of land-use change in climate change adaptation economics. To that end, this paper (i) overviews systematically the essential ideas behind the commonly applied microeconomic frameworks in the literature, and (ii) attempts to identify the position of each approach to the economic research for climate change adaptation, by proposing a unifying theoretical structure on which the contribution of each approach in the climate change adaptation economics research can be mapped out. The sustainable livelihood framework is selected on the basis of its explicit consideration of both aspects of interest (climate change adaptation and sustainability of land resource use). The risk chain and the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model are used as underlying processes. The review unveils the central instrumental role played by the costing approach (cost-benefit/cost effectiveness analyses), although this strand stands out to be underexplored in agricultural adaptation literature. It concludes by proposing possible avenues for future microeconomic researches. Keywords: Climate Change Adaptation; Land-use Change; Sustainable Livelihood Framework; DPSIR; Risk Chain
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 95 Prafulla K. Jha, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
The effect of pressure on the structure and dynamics of rutile phase dioxides Prafulla K. Jha Department of Physics, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, India
he sequence of phase transition in ZrO2, TeO2 SnO2 and RuO2 has attracted a special attention in the field of crystal chemistry, earth science and materials science. The lack of an adequate behavior of rutile type SiO , SnO and RuO motivated many T 2 2 2 theoretical and experimental studies to understand the phase transition and amorphisation under ambient and extreme conditions
like high pressure. This rutile type phase undergoes structural phase transition under high pressure to the CaCl2 type structure. Of particular interest for accurate prediction are where and whether phase transition occur, since these give rise to density discontinuities, which can account for known seismic effects or even after the convention patterns in the mantle. In the present study, we present the first principles study on lattice dynamics, Raman modes and phonon dispersion curves with high pressure
for SnO2 and RuO2 in ferroelastic Rutile to CaCl2 phase. The phase transition pressure from rutile to CaCl2 structure obtained in the present study is in excellent agreement with experimental Raman, X-ray and Brillouin scattering data. The softening of the
Raman active B1g phonon mode, which is responsible for the structural phase transition, is demonstrated.
Biography Prafulla K. Jha has been a fulltime Professor at Department of Physics, MK Bhavnagar University, Bhavnagar, India from September 2007. Prof. Jha is a theoretical condensed matter physicist with some overlap with experimental aspects. His research includes- First principles calculation of electronic structure and vibrational properties of complex solids, first principles and model calculation of vibrational properties of nanomaterials, Raman spectroscopy of nanomaterials and materials at high pressure. There are several recognitions to his credit that include ICTP, Trieste, Italy and TWAS associateship, UGC Research Award by University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, young scientist award from the DST, Govt. of India. He has published more than 120 research papers in the referred reputed journals. He is member of the editorial board of quite a few journals. He has visited many international laboratories for academic purposes.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 96 Rajeshwar Singh Banshtu et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Application of remote sensing and GIS in hazard assessment of glacial lakes outburst floods in Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh, India Rajeshwar Singh Banshtu and Chander Prakash Civil Engineering Department, NIT Hamirpur, India
ountain glaciers interact sensitively with climate and therefore they are considered as climate indicators. The climate Mchange of the 20th century has had a pronounced effect on glacier environments of the Himalayas. Warmer climates of the past 100 to 150 years have resulted in widespread glacial retreat and the formation of glacial lakes in many mountain ranges.The formation of moraine dammed glacial lakes at the snout of the glacier and outburst floods from such lakes are a major concern in countries such as Bhutan, Tibet (China), India, Nepal and Pakistan. These glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF,) can cause extremely high water discharges as well as large mudflow events. Triggering events for an outburst can be moraine failures induced by an earthquake, by the degradation of permafrost and increased water pressure, or falling of a rock, snow, or ice avalanche into the lake causing a flood wave with a subsequent outburst. The instantaneous discharge of water from such lakes can cause flash floods, enough to create enormous damage in the downstream areas. The hazardous lakes, however, are situated in remote areas and are very difficult to monitor through ground surveys due to the rugged terrain and extreme climatic conditions. Therefore, remote sensing data and GIS are ideal tools for studying and monitoring glacial lakes and assessing their hazard potential. GIS is capable of integrating and aggregating the data acquired from different sources i.e. topographic maps, satellite data, published reports etc. Glacial lakes are identified and mapped from the satellite data using image processing tools. The glacial lakes and surrounding characteristics such as slope, geology, geomorphology, etc. are used to identify the potentially dangerous glacial lakes. A comprehensive approach by coupling of remote sensing, geomorphometric analyses aided with GIS modelling for the identification of potentially dangerous and hazard assessment is used for the present study of glacial lakes in Himachal Pradesh.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 97 Riadh Abidi, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
New consideration of bacterial sulphate reduction in extreme condition (up to 170°C) Riadh Abidi Campus Universitaire,Tunisie
icroglobular sphalerite (90-180 µm) is a major form of sphalerite in the abandoned, Triassic carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb Mdeposits at Ain Allega and El Aguiba, northern of Tunisia. The sphalerte occurs as yellow colored rounded grains, (<30 µm in size) in colloform bands, dendritic structure, spherolitic aggregates composed of rounded to subrounded microspheres (<15 µm in size), massive bodies and impregnated grains resulted from deposition in open spaces. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron-microprobe analyses (EMP) showed that globules of sphalerite in the carbonate matrix are composed of agglomerations of individual sphalerite grains, from a few nanometers to a few µm in size. Individual sphalerite microglobules are from 20 to 60 µm diameter. So microbial nanotextures made visible by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) after etching, include sphalerite nanospheres (10-90 nm) and bacterial filaments. The observed sphalerite nanospheres are interpreted as in situ metabolic products of bacteria sulfate-reducing. However the δ34S of microglobular sphalerite present a higher value from +10 to +16% suggesting a hydrothermal activity. The microthermometric analyses in two-phases (liquid and vapour) fluid inclusions calcite associated to globules of sphalerite suggest that sphalerite were precipitated by a higher-temperature (170°C) and higher salinitye (16.37 wt. % NaCl equivalent) solution originated possibly from a basinal brine. We suggest that the combined biogenic nano- to macrotextures of sphlerite, sulfur isotope data and micro-thermometric are evidence that microbes have a significant role in formation of the Ain Allega and El Aguiba carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits in hydrothermal condition (170°C).
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 98 Rishi Kumar et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Reductions of PPM in thickener overflow Rishi Kumar, Gaurav Goel and Abhishek Gupta Indian School of Mines, India
hickener is one of the most widely used solid/liquid separation device. When a single isolated particle settles without Tdisturbance from other particles it is called “free sedimentation”. But when the concentration of particles in suspension rises, the velocity of a solitary particle decreases because of interference with other particles and this is termed as “hindered settling”. The term “Lamella sedimentation” describes natural sedimentation of particles in liquid, with or without a flocculant over an inclined plane, known as lamella plane. The purpose of this kind of sedimentation is to recirculate maximum possible process water on continuous basis. To recirculate this water it is required that it contains minimum possible suspended solids which is measured in terms of ppm (parts per million) of thickener overflow. Thickener underflow is discharged as tailings by pumping it to tailing dam. This project helps in understanding the limitations of lamella thickener and various parameters affecting its performance. This study is in accordance with the present ore of deposit 10/11A and ore characteristics being sensitive parameter in mineral processing may change in forthcoming years. So, conclusion and suggestions are helpful for present circumstances as they may yield better results with no extra cost.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 99 S.K. Sharma, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Impact of climate change on public health - A case study from India S.K. Sharma Environmental Education and Geography Department, Carman Residential & Day School, India
oday, the environmental movement faces its biggest challenge of global warming. Human activity has increased the level of CO by 36% from the 1750 pre-industrial level of about 280 ppm to its present level of 383 ppm. This has increased the T 2 global average temperature by 0.8°C, with another 0.6°C in the pipeline due to thermal inertia, producing a long-term impact of 1.4°C. The three main climate factors that affect malaria are temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity. In India, 0.8°C increase in temperature and 7% increase in relative humidity over and above 60%, has affected transmission of Anopheline mosquitoes during monsoon season which has enabled these mosquitoes to remain active and to spread most infectious diseases like malaria, dengue, yellow fever and encephalitis, putting millions at risk. There is historical evidence of associations between climatic conditions and vector-borne diseases. Malaria is of the great public health concerns in India and seems likely to be the vector-borne disease most sensitive to long-term climate change. Malaria varies seasonally in highly endemic areas. Early last century, the river-irrigated region of north India experienced periodic malaria epidemics. Excessive monsoon rainfall and high humidity were identified early on as a major influence, enhancing mosquito breeding and survival. Recent analyses have shown that the malaria epidemic risk increases around five-fold during heavy rainfall period which enhances malaria transmission because it increases relative humidity and modifies temperature.
Biography S.K. Sharma has completed his Ph.D. at the age of 31 years from Bordeaux University, France and postdoctoral studies from Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lauassne, (EPFL), Ecublens, Switzerland. He is the Head of the Environmental Education and geography Department at the Carman Residential & Day School, Dehradun, India. He has published more than 35 research papers and is member of 6 international scientific societies.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 100 Sarika Kanade et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Biodegradation of malathion by PGPR Sarika Kanade1, Vikram Khilare1 and Avinash Ade2 1Department of Botany, V.N. College, CIDCO, India 2Department of Botany, University of Pune, India
or the degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide, malathion, five plant growth promoting rhizobacteria viz.Rhizobium Fmeliloti, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus polymyxa were used. These were isolated from the root nodule of Trigonella foenum graecum (Rhizobium), sugarcane rhizoplane (Azospirillum) and garden soil (Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum and Bacillus polymyxa). The tolerance to the malathion was observed by measuring the colony diameter of these PGPR on their respective cultivation media. TheRhizobium meliloti showed growth up to 200 µg/ml concentrations. The remaining PGPR i.e.Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus polymyxa showed growth up to 1000 µg/ml. By taking the sub lethal concentration of malathion in the respective broth cultivation media these PGPR were inoculated and incubated for 10 days at room temperature. The amount of residual malathion after the treatment of PGPR was measured by GCMS method. The estimation of residual malathion after 10 days was calculated on the basis of area occupied in the gas chromatogram under GCMS analysis. The maximum degradation was found in case of Bacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas fluorescenswhile least degradation was found in case of Azotobacter chroococcum. Other two PGPR were moderate. To identify the degradation whether extracellular or intracellular the TLC analysis was performed by taking the cell free extract of the malathion degradation assay which showed that there were no degradation of malathion but after sonication of the bacterial cells, the malathion degradation products were reported which were analyzed by GCMS.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 101 Simin Tavallaei et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
The impact of global warming on climate change in Systan (Iran) with particular emphasis on 120 days local wind regime Simin Tavallaei and M. Saligheh Tarbiat Moallem University, Iran
ystan province is located in the eastern part of the country. It is subjected to Asian south eastern monsoon. At planetary scale, Sthis area is located between tropical systems and sub- tropical ones. This leads to the occurrence of the 120 days Systan’s local wind regime (Lovar). The velocity of this wind is very high. This wind is capable of generating huge amount of dust particles as well as sand storms in the region. This will lead to a lot of inconveniences as far as the human life is concerned. This study is fed by V and U wind data corresponding with East-West and North-South wind system. The research method is based on correlation regression technique. This study suggests that recent global warming creates changes in the magnitude and velocity of this local wind regime. According to the yearly rate coefficient, maximum wind velocity shows a 0.376 meter/second increase. Moreover, the corresponding monthly velocity increase coefficient on average is 0.9 meter/second. However, May’s figure indicates the highest value (0.244 meter/second). This in turn, is associated with the increase in the wind velocity in warm periods. This could be explained by the increase in temperature and deepening of the surface thermal low pressure which is associated with the secondary low pressure monsoon system.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 102 Simin Tavallaei et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
The investigation of climatic change impacts on flood occurrence during 2011-2030 time period in Bakhtiary Basin Simin Tavallaei, Hejazizadeh and H. Nasserzadeh Tarbiat Moallem University, Iran
his study aims to investigate the impact of climatic change on the flood occurrence using Atmosphere Ocean General TCirculation Models (AOGCM) in Bakhtiari Basin. It is based on the simulation of temperature as well as precipitation data for 2011-2030 time period using CGCM3 and A2 diffusion scenario. Doing this requires the application of down scaling method based on proportionate precipitation method and subtraction procedure pertains to maximum and minimum temperature. In order to simulate the floods of the basin, Hydrological Engineering Center- Hydrological Model System (HEC-HMS) were applied. This study suggests a decrease in discharge up to 357.7 m³ comparing to the observed one in April 2000 happened in the study area. However, this figure is related to %6.1 error. This paper further suggests a decrease in precipitation as well as increase in maximum and minimum temperature in the study period. In effect, there exists 20 percent decrease in precipitation as well as 1.5 and 1 degree increase in maximum and minimum temperature respectively. Despite of decrease in precipitation level of study period, there exist extreme precipitations compared to the based study period (1989-2010). This in turn, indicates an increase in the flood occurrence for the study period which invites the precautionary measures regarding the basin.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 103 Simon Mariwah, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Urban land use/land cover changes in the Tema metropolitan area (1990 - 2010) Simon Mariwah University of Cape Coast, Ghana
and use and land cover changes are local and place specific, occurring incrementally in ways that often escape our attention. LThis study sought to detect changes in land cover in the Tema Metropolis of Ghana from 1990 to 2010. Multispectral Landsat Thematic Mapper data sets of 1990, 2000 and 2007 were acquired, pre-processed and enhanced. Unsupervised classification of the images was performed and six land cover classes (water, wetlands, closed vegetation, open vegetation, cropped lands, and built-up) were derived. The post-classification change detection technique was performed to derive the changes in land cover and their corresponding change matrices. Between 1990 and 2010, built-up areas expanded steadily to become the most prevalent land cover type in the metropolis, reducing vegetation cover dramatically. High population growth with its attendant rise in the demand for housing, and increasing commercial activities, were found to have influenced land cover changes over the period.
Biography Simon Mariwah has completed his Ph.D. at the age of 29 years from the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. He is a Lecturer at the Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Cape Coast. He is an editorial board member of the Journal of Environmental Research and Management (JERM). He has extensive research experience as a Senior Research Assistant, Principal Research Assistant and now a Lecturer at the Department of Geography and Regional Planning. He has published 10 papers in reputed journals, and has attended several international and national conferences and workshops.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 104 Tendayi Gondo, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Stepping up to the challenge? Climate risk assessment practices among planners in urban Ethiopia Tendayi Gondo Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Environmental Science, University of Venda, South Africa
limate change and the risk it posses has emerged as one of the most important issues of the 21st century that threatens the Cphysical well being of urban infrastructures. Academic and professional planners have taken a leading role in assessing the implications and in drafting planning instruments designed to deal with the impending climate risk. Current research in third world countries provides limited anecdotal guidance regarding appropriate responses to the challenge. The paper analyzes the extent to which urban planning authorities in Ethiopia have stepped up their risk management efforts. It specifically questions the extent to which various municipalities have incorporated the major elements of the integrated risk management process - including among other elements risk planning, risk prediction and risk management. The analysis also deciphers the major factors that drive the adoption and/or non-adoption of risk management best practices by some municipalities. Empirical evidence relate to a Delphi study in which a panel of 114 urban planning experts drawn from 19 cities and/or towns were interviewed. Study results reveal that the bulk of municipalities have not adopted credible risk management practices. Their understanding of climate change related risk is limited towards economic and/or commercial risk as opposed to environmental and social risk. Virtually all municipalities had no meaningful loss management plans. Lack of co-ordination with national disaster management agencies, limited resources and the general absence of an active constituency have compounded the situation. A multiple scale approach that hinges on raising awareness would be the first initial step towards solving the existing challenges. Such a paradigm shift would require that each planning authority propose a sound climate related policy that is guided by a clear vision.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 105 Tushar Kanti Das, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
IGGUME- Idea of geomagnetism-cum-geospot for understanding the mechanism of earthquake Tushar Kanti Das Institute of Radio Physics & Electronics, Calcutta University, India
dea of Geospot has been developed from Geomagnetism for explaining the internal dynamics of earth, such as, mantle Iconvection leading to plate motion, as a consequence of which earthquake occurs. A Geospot is a zone of strong magnetic field formed at the boundary of outer core and mantle, known as D- region . Energy evolved out of the destruction of magnetic field by the process of magnetic reconnection is utilised for supplying energy for effecting the internal dynamics of earth. Plate motion is sustained by the mantle convection which is energetically feasible due to the energy evolved out of the annihilation of magnetic field of a Geospot. If a Geospot happens to be present below a fault plane, thermal stress is developed in the fault due to the energy evolved out of the annihilation of magnetic field. Rupture occurs, when the stress exceeds the critical value, i.e., when the breaking of crustal rocks constituting the plate is reached. As a result of this rupture there is a violent displacement on a fault plane which produces the compression in one part and dilation in the other. This sort of contraction and dilation helps to generate charges appearing on the rocks due to Piezoelectric effect. These charges flow through the conducting path developed in between two consecutive horizontal layers, thus forming two plates of a capacitor. These charges produce oscillating current on passing through the conducting path and give rise to electromagnetic emissions which are detected with the help of antenna during earthquakes.
Biography Tushar Kanti Das was Associate Professor and Head of Physics Department in a college under University of Calcutta and after retirement, acting as a Co-Investigator of a research project in the same University. He has done about 120 research papers out which 60 papers were published in national and international referred journals and the rest were presented in seminars/symposia held in India and abroad. His current research interest is seismic electromagnetic waves which are generated during earthquakes. He introduced the new terminology ‘Geospot’ in Earth Sciences similar to that of sunspot in solar sciences.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 106 Waqas Mehmood, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Theory of continental drift and plate tectonics Waqas Mehmood University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
he study area includes Dheri Qasim, Bela Bhadarsha, Pipli, Nalamuslamanan, Doberan and Khad of Azad Kashmir and TPakistan. The area lies along the western limb of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis in the sub-Himalayas of Pakistan. The study area is the part of Kashmir folds-and-thrust belt which is formed after the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. The lithostratigraphic units exposed in the project area are the rocks of the Rawalpindi and Siwalik Groups. The Formations exposed include the Early to Middle Miocene Kamlial Formation, Middle to Late Miocene Chinji Formation, Late Miocene Nagri Formation, Late Miocene Dhok Pathan Formation, Pliocene Soan Formation, Pleistocene Mirpur Formation and Recent Alluvium. Structurally, the area is highly deformed. The folds and faults are present in the area. The Rajdahni syncline, Malair anticline, Malair syncline, Chouk Bourjan syncline, Chouk Bourjan anticline, Panjar syncline and Panjar anticline are the major folds developed in the area. The folds are isoclinal, tight, open and northwest to southeast vergent. The major faults in the area are thrust; reverse and strike slip in nature. These faults include Chillayar Fault, Malikpur-Diljaba Fault, Malair Fault and Jhelum Fault.
Biography Waqas Mehmood has completed B.Sc. in Applied Geology & M.Sc. in Geology from University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad, Pakistan in 2012.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 107 106th OMICS Group Conference
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Accepted Abstracts (Posters)
Earth Science-2013 Page 109 Man Kyu Kim et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Impact of climate and land-use changes on populations of winter visitors in South Korea during the period from 2001 to 2012 Man Kyu Kim1, Jongchul Park2, Sunghan Hwang1, Sujeong Oh1 and Jisu Lee1 1Kongju National University, South Korea 2KNU Research Institute of Geographic Information Science, South Korea
he winter visitors are one of the important eco-tourism resources in South Korea and its population is seen as the indicator Tof environmental pollution. This research investigated how the environmental changes such as winter temperature and land- use affect the population of winter visitors in South Korea. The data on the number of winter visitors and change of land-use provided by Ministry of Environment was used. The temperature data from Korea Meteorological Agency was used in this research and Coldness Index (CI) was used to analyze the changes in the winter temperature. The wintering sites of the winter visitors are in along the western coast of South Korea in the main river estuaries. This research divided the migration habitats into four regions. The population of the winter visitors in these regions increased when CI increased for past 12 years. However, the three regions in the north and middle of the western coast showed decrease in population when CI decreased whereas the southern region showed increase in population. The population of the winter visitors in South Korea decreased significantly in the same period. There is a need for consistent research and monitoring of this phenomena: To see whether the migration of winter visitors concentrate in the southern region of Korea when the total population of winter visitors decrease as winter temperature of Korean peninsula drops. The change of land-use in the area around the four migration habitats did not affect the population of winter visitors in this research.
Biography Man Kyu Kim has completed his Ph.D. at the age of 37 years from Technical University Braunschweig in Germany. He is the Director of Institute of Geographic Information Science at Kongju Nat'l University in Korea. He has published more than 25 papers in reputed journals and he is serving as an editorial board member of repute.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 110 Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
The periodicity of Super Atlantic Hurricanes Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera Institute of Geophysics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
he variability of tropical cyclonic activity has been ascribed to different factors both of natural and anthropogenic origin. THere we show the periodicity of Super Atlantic Hurricanes (category-5). We suggest that the next period of category-5 Atlantic hurricanes will take place from 2013 to 2017 and the number of hurricanes would vary between 4-6. This Atlantic decadal fluctuation has some internal factors such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, African dust, etc. and some external as El Niño and La Niña. Addition to the required climatological conditions for the formation of category-5 hurricanes, the geography of the marine bottom of the also plays an important role and we show that occurring in 5 geographical areas. These results could be used to minimize human and economic losses during the next category-5 hurricane season, as well as to improve computational forecasting models.
Biography Victor Manuel Velasco Herrera has completed his Ph.D. at the age of 33 years from National Aerospace University. He has citation in Who’s Who in the World 2010 and has published more than 15 papers in reputed journals.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 111 Wonyong Choi, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Accelerated dissolution of metal oxides trapped in ice Wonyong Choi Pohang University of School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Science and Technology (POSTECH), Korea
ce is one of the most ubiquitous solids on Earth, being present in the atmosphere, terrestrial surface, and ocean environment. IMany environmental reactions taking place in ice are significantly different compared to aqueous counterparts. We investigated some redox chemical reactions in ice, especially those which have environmental significance. First, we studied the reductive dissolution of iron oxides and manganese oxides trapped in ice and investigated their relevance to bioavailability. When iron or manganese oxides were trapped in ice, the release of metal ions (Fe2+, Fe3+, and Mn2+) upon thawing was significantly accelerated. The enhanced dissolution of naturally occurring metal oxides in ice can serve as an efficient pathway for supplying bioavailable metal ions to organisms in the environment. We also studied the redox conversion of chromate and arsenite as model inorganic oxyanion contaminants in ice. The simultaneous redox transformation of chromate (Cr(VI)) and arsenite (As(III)) was greatly enhanced in ice both in the presence and absence of light. This characteristic phenomenon in ice described above is mainly ascribed to the so called “freeze concentration effect”. When water begins to solidify to ice, organic/inorganic solutes, protons, and dissolved gases are excluded from the ice crystals and subsequently concentrated in the liquid-like grain boundary region. The highly concentrated substrates in ice grain boundaries can cause distinct outcomes that are markedly different from the aqueous counterparts. The environmental redox chemical reactions occurring in ice may have significant effects on the chemical transformation processes in the icy environment such as polar region, upper atmosphere, and frozen soil.
Biography Wonyong Choi received Ph.D. in Chemistry from CALTECH (Pasadena, USA) in 1996 and joined POSTECH in 1998 as an Assistant Professor and became a fulltime Professor in 2008. His main research interests are mainly focused on semiconductor photocatalysis, environmental (photo) chemistry, and environmental ice chemistry. Dr. Choi has published more than 180 articles which have been cited more than 16,000 times in scientific journals. He serves as an editor of Journal of Hazardous Materials (Elsevier: 2008-present) and has been in the advisory board of Journal of Physical Chemistry (ACS: 2009-2011) and Energy and Environmental Science (RSC: 2008-present).
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 112 Armineh Barkhordarian, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Anthropogenic forcing is a plausible explanation for the observed surface temperature and specific humidity trends over the Euro Mediterranean area Armineh Barkhordarian Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany
uture climate change in general is an issue of broad interest- satisfying a general intellectual curiosity but also having much Fto do with practical managerial decisions about how to plan, design and shape our future on global to local scales. The principle aim of this study is to tackle the question, whether the recent change is a plausible harbinger of future change that is, we examine to what extent the observed climate trends in the Mediterranean region are already an indication of the conditions described by the climate change scenarios at the end of this century. With this purpose in the first step we assess whether the observed changes are likely to have been due to natural (internal) variability alone, and if not, whether they are consistent with what models simulate as response to anthropogenic (Greenhouse gases and tropospheric Sulphate aerosols, GS) forcing. We have determined that recently observed warming over the Mediterranean region has very likely an anthropogenic origin and thus will likely continue, albeit not in a monotonous manner. We conclude that anthropogenic GS forcing is a plausible explanation for the observed warming in the Mediterranean region (except winter). The consistency analysis of surface specific humidity (q), which is an important factor in human thermal comfort, indicates that the increases in annual and seasonal q over this region are very unlikely to be due to natural variability or natural forcing alone and that the large-scale component (spatial-mean) of the anthropogenic forcing has a detectable and dominant influence in the observed trends of q (except winter).
Biography Armineh Barkhordarian is a Postdoctoral researcher at Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG) in Germany. He received his Ph.D. in Geoscience from the University of Hamburg in November 2012. He has 4 peer-reviewed publications. His current research is about ‘Detection and Attribution of Anthropogenic Climate Change’.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 113 Mitzy F. Porras, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
The impact of climate warming on the interaction of aphid wheat pests Rhopaloshipum padi and R. maidis Mitzy F. Porras Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
heat production is limited by diseases and insects. Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is an aphid-vectored disease that Wcauses significant losses in cereals worldwide by reducing photosynthesis. BYDV is a virus complex transmitted by the aphids; Rhopalosiphum padi and R. maidis has been observed cohabiting on the same plant, there is a possible aphid attack strategy between the species that has not been studied and its sensitivity to climate warming conditions may play a role in reducing wheat production. Climate is a primary determinant for the growth of insects and crops. Given that likely climate change scenarios indicate global warming, is suggested that warming will modify aphid vectors spatio-temporal dynamics, increasing the number of aphid generations per year. Which mechanisms are behind the aphid distribution on the plant? Will inter-specific aphid interactions change with increased temperatures? Will aphid generation time decrease with increased temperature? The project has two phases: phase I the hypothesis the population dynamics of both species depends on their interaction on the plant. Phase II will test the hypothesis increased temperature affect the population parameters of both species. This project will provide many novel approaches to the study of the effects of climate warming on insect pests using a system insect-virus vector on wheat crop as a model system. Elucidating the interaction of R. padi and R. maidis will play a role in understanding virus disease spread. Both species have worldwide distributions; therefore outcomes obtained here can be useful in several countries to manage BYDV disease.
Biography Mitzy F. Porras enrolled in Ph.D. in Entomology, and dual title degree in International Agricultural Development at Penn State University, is a biologist of Universidad Nacional de Colombia. She has worked and leaded projects in different countries on macroecology of insects in natural and agroecosystems. She has published articles on journals during her undergraduate program and got a Fulbright scholarship for her doctoral studies.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 114 Nina Langerholc, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Positions of the impact of natural factors on real estate appraisal in Slovenia with an emphasis on flooding Nina Langerholc Association of Social Institutions of Slovenia, Slovenia
his article discusses the role of natural factors, such as landslides, floods, sun exposure, panoramic views, the amount of Tfoggy days, the amount of clear days, wind, unpleasant smells, air quality, noise, and the frequency of hail and ice, in real estate appraisal. The discussion is based on the hypothesis that Slovenia lacks a quality database of natural factors that would be adequate for direct inclusion in the real estate appraisal, and that subjective perception of natural factors is the most explicit in the flooding factor. The main tool used for evaluating the participants’ viewpoints was a questionnaire through which 307 answers were collected. The results show that the biggest impact on the price is attributed to unpleasant smells, landslides and floods, while the biggest impact when buying a real estate is attributed to floods, noise and sun exposure. The participants think that natural factors are not sufficiently considered in the appraisal process, as their impact on the value is smaller than their impact on satisfaction with real estate. As the main cause, they define unsuitable legislation and unsuitable standards of the real estate appraisal. The comparison of inclusion of flooding in the real estate appraisal process in Slovenia and the US shows that Slovenia lags behind the US. It has been determined that the main cause for this lies in poor and not up-to-date national flooding maps, which is reflected in insufficient input data in the real estate appraisal. It has been concluded that consideration of natural factors would contribute to more objective real estate appraisal and also to a more just real estate taxation system.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 115 V.S. Parihar et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
First record of trace fossils from Mandai Formation of the Barmer Basin, district - Jaisalmer, Western Rajasthan, India V.S. Parihar and S.C. Mathur Department of Geology, Jai Narain Vyas University, India
ive well -preserved trace fossil species namely Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha, Tube burrows, Rhizocorallium, and Halymenidium Fare reported from calcareous sandstone of Mandai Formation of the Barmer Basin, Mandai area, western Rajasthan. This is the first record from Barmer Basin. The Mandai Formation is about 24 -26m thick lithostratigraphic unit deposited in the north -western part of the Barmer Basin. It is unconformably overlies on Early Palaeocene Bariyara -Dharvi -Sajit Member of the Akli Formation and overlain by Giral- Thumbli Member of Akli Formation. Its upper sequences namely pebbly sandstone, coarse grained sandstone, coarse to medium grained sandstone and medium to fine grained sandstone are correlated with Mataji Ka Dugar Formation by Parihar, 2009. The lithology of the Mandai Formation, it has mixed siliciclastic, minor carbonate and phosphorite facies. Here Mandai Formation starts with calcareous sandstone which are indicate extensive bioturbation. These trace fossils are preserved of full relief in white calcareous sandstone and reddish brown ferruginous sandstone around Mandai village. The present investigation area is located about 15km from Fatehgarh on Fatehgarh to Jhinghiyali tar road. They are identified as Thalassinoides suevicus isp.(Y -shaped branching, full relief, smooth wall tubes, horizontal to slightly oblique, displaying a network of triple junction, produced by decapods crustaceans), Ophiomorpha isp. (Commonly occur as vertical or horizontal, cylindrical tunnels system, sometimes its branched and covered by elongate or irregular pellets arranged perpendicular to the long axis and produced by crustaceans), Tube burrows isp. (do not show any spreite structure possibly made by allied organisms), Halymenidium isp. (they show back fill structure (spreite) indicate activity by the animal for either feeding or dwelling purpose, the pattern formed by ribblets approaches pigtail design, ribblets move distinct and straight) and Rhizocorallium isp. (horizontally or obliquely oriented, U -shaped dwelling and feeding burrow that show spreite between the limbs of the U, produced by some kind of annelids). Heterodonts Bivalve fossils are also reported here by Parihar, 2009. The entire ichnogenera shows shallow marine depositional environment. No age can be assigned on the basis of these trace fossil species as they range from Cambrian to Recent. The present investigations are continuing to get more fossils and index fossils which will solve the status of Mandai Formation of Barmer Basin of Western Rajasthan.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 116 Getachew Tesfaye Ayehu, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Integration of geoinformation system into the planning of Bahir Dar blue Nile millennium park, Ethiopia Getachew Tesfaye Ayehu Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
arks and recreational areas are positive elements of the urban space that can provide multiple community values for local Presidents and tourists. In order to fulfill these community values, well planed parks and recreational areas are seriously lacking. Geographic information systems (GIS) have recently emerged as helpful and effective tools for planning and managing park and recreation facilities and resources. The aim of this study is to describe the biophysical environment, the socio-economic conditions, indicate the appropriate places of the infrastructural services and to develop a spatial database system for the newly established park - the Bahr Dar Blue Nile Millennium Park, in the City of Bahr Dar in Amhara Region. In doing these data of spatial vector and raster as well as the attribute of the major variables land use land cover, bank erosion potential and socioeconomic conditions of the park were collected from QuickBird-2 satellite imagery ASTER DEM and semi-structured questioner. The GIS spatial analysis functions of ArcGIS were used in the analysis of the various datasets. Based on the above mentioned biophysical and socio¬economic characteristics, the appropriate places for the planned infrastructures of the park were identified. While doing all these, the prototype GIS-database was established and embedded with a variety of datasets including raster and vector data, and some ancillary data of the socio-economic conditions that are essential for decision making and planning development interventions. Thus, the study has indicated that GIS is a useful technical tool in integrating socioeconomic and environmental data in the process of park planning and management.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 117 Christopher M. Mabeza, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Messiahs or wolves in sheep clothing? Interventions by non-state actors in a changing climatic environment in rural Zimbabwe Christopher M. Mabeza Department of Social Anthropology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
his paper attempts to explore pathways of how rural farmers are coping with a changing climatic environment in rural TZimbabwe. My discussion is premised on interventions by both state and non-state actors. The paper asserts that in as much as interventions by outsiders have made inroads in building resilience by rural communities, the approach is fraught with contradictions and epistemic pitfalls. Rural communities, like sheep being taken to the altar are enticed to join projects by ‘outsiders’ with offers of inorganic fertilisers, seed and grand prizes of for example, heifers to those farmers who excel. Yet at the end of these interventions, there appears to be no exit strategy by the non-state actors often leading to the collapse of the project. In all this, who benefits from these supposedly gestures of good-will? However, in the midst of these interventions, some enterprising smallholders are making huge strides in building resilience to a changing climatic environment. These are farmers who have realised that ‘new situations demand new magic’ to borrow a phrase from Evans-Pritchard. This paper makes suggestions on how interventions by outsiders can play a pivotal role in rural development.
Biography Christopher M. Mabeza is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Social Anthropology, University of Cape Town. He is currently doing a research on adaptation to climate change by rural communities in Zimbabwe for his doctoral thesis. He has written two papers which are in press and both are on rural farmers in Zimbabwe and their adaptive capacity to climate change. He has also done consultancy work on awareness to climate change for the government of Zimbabwe which was funded by the United Nations Environment Programme.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 118 Maryam Ahankoub et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Lower-crust source for the Misho A-type granites from North West Tabriz, Iran: Geochemistry and Nd-Sr isotopic evidence Maryam Ahankoub1 and Ahmad Jahangiri2 1Payamenoor University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran 2Tabriz University,Tabriz, Iran
isho A-type granite body is located in 60 km NW of the Tabriz and SE Marand which has been intruded along Misho North MFault into the Kahar formation. This pink to gray body contain felsic minerals include quartz, K- feldspar, plagioclase and mafic minerals such as biotite and amphibole. General textures in these rocks are medium to coarse granular, pertite, myrmekite,
rapakivi and graphic. These rocks have high contents of SiO2, Fe2O3t/MgO, K2O Na2O, Rb, Ga, Zr and LREE and low contents of CaO, MgO, Ba, Sr and depletion of Nb and Eu. These rocks are peraluminous to peralkalin and plotted in the ferroan and
alkaline-calcic to alkaline fields on FeO/(FeO+MgO) vs. SiO2 and [(Na2O+K2O)−CaO] vs. SiO2 diagrams. Based on geochemistry
classification, the A-type granites belong to the 2A subgroup and formed in post collision setting in active continental margin. This body has been cut by basic dyke with dark color. Dyke geochemistry data show it is calk-alkaline. Based on the use of the isotopic ratios, the high consistent of 87Sr/86Sr(i) and negative values of ε Nd(t)of granites accords the ratios belonging to the lower crust.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 119 Okelola Olumayokun Francis, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Assessment of carbon dioxide emission from road transportation in south eastern part of Niger state, Nigeria Okelola Olumayokun Francis Center for Climate Change, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria
limate change, often referred to as global warming, is considered to be one of the greatest environmental threats facing the Cworld today is caused by the emission of green house gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. The principal green house gas is carbon dioxide. One prominent source of carbon dioxide emission is the transportation sector. Not much was known about the emission levels of carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas from the road transportation in the study area. Therefore, this study assessed the levels of carbon dioxide as a green house gas emission from road transportation in the south eastern part of Niger State. The three major south eastern cities investigated are; Minna, Bida and Suleja. The database shows the carbon dioxide data collected and their sampled junctions Gasman carbon dioxide gas meter was used to take the carbon dioxide emission readings in parts per million for the peak and off-peak periods of vehicular movement at the selected sample road junctions with their Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). Bar chart graphs were plotted by plotting the emissions level of carbon dioxide as recorded on the field against the scientifically established internationally accepted safe limit of 350 parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to curb global warming. Further statistical analysis was also carried out on the data recorded from the field using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software to show the variance of the emission levels across each of the locations of interest in the study area. The results established that emissions’ level of carbon dioxide from the road transportation in the study area exceeded the internationally accepted safe limits of 350 parts per million needed in the atmosphere. The study also shows the variations in the average emission levels of CO2 between the three study areas. Suleja is having the highest average emission level of 2856.458 PPM followed by Minna with 2731.146 PPM while Bida is having the least 2518.125 PPM. In the light of the conclusions, recommendations made for climate change mitigation via carbon dioxide emissions reduction from transportation are; introduction of the urban mass transit, the use of vehicles using renewable sources of energy like solar, electric and biofuel should be encouraged, urban afforestation should be promoted by tree planting especially along road transport corridors to help salvage the environment by absorbing CO2 being emitted from vehicles on the roads.
Biography Okelola Olumayokun Francis is a TWAS.BVA fellow young scientist. He is a member of the African Youth Forum for Science and Technology (AYFST). He is also a post graduate Google Student Ambassador and faculty of the Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. His interest is be a foremost connoisseur in Environmental cum Climate Change studies and contribute significantly to the institutional academic excellence by teaching, researching and fostering partnerships towards advancement on environmental sustainability. He has participated in series of the World Bank Institute courses. His interests straddle applied science development in the actualization of the Millennium Development Goal number 7 (Environmental sustainability).
He served at the highest decision making organ of Model UN sessions representing the Japan Ambassador in the Security Council and the South Africa Ambassador in the General Assembly. He has held many leadership responsibilities including the highly coveted President of the General Assembly of the Model UN sessions where he led the assembly to pass resolutions on the subject of Climate Change as a global concern.
He was nominated for the 2010 UNEP Champion of the Earth Award and Semi -Finalist of The Future Awards for his initiative projects on Climate change. He recently received the 2009 LEAP Africa national youth Leadership award, supported by the International Youth Foundation (IYF), USA and sponsored by NOKIA. He was listed among the youngest and brightest Nigerians in 2010 by The Future Project. He presently leads a team of researchers on a pilot climate change innovation research for the African Technology Policies Study (ATPS) network.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 120 Rajesh Pandey, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Evidences of active continental arc setting from Lesser and Higher Himalayan granitoids, Bhutan Himalaya Rajesh Pandey Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India
here is a lot of hue and cry on the origin and provenance characteristics of Lesser Himalaya and Higher Himalayan rocks, Tearlier it was assumed that they are passive margin sediments deposited on Indian oceanic front but in the last 3 decades, geochemical and isotopic analysis had changed the scenario, which indicates active continental setting instead of passive margin sediments means the geochemical study has great significance to work out recent active tectonic of Himalaya which is poorly understood. Granitoids and granitic gneisses have been distinguished in relation to understand the heterogeneity of Himalayan Orogenesis. My work is focused on geochemical and isotopic (Sm-Nd) analysis of Lesser Himalaya (Shumar Formation) and Higher Himalayan granitoids of Bhutan Himalaya from the Kuru Chu and Mangde Chu catchments, these granitoids and orthogneisses supports active continental setting theory.
On ASI plot both shows S-Type tectonic setting, and plots like TiO2 vs. Zr, Rb/Sr vs. Sr, FeOT against TiO2 and SiO2 versus Nb/Y represents that they have two different sources which are deposited on Indian oceanic front and are influenced by metamorphism, deformation, thrusting and upliftment. On pearce tectonic plots these rocks fall within the range of volcanic arc granite and orogenic granite, to discriminate the characteristics of Lesser Himalayan and Higher Himalayan granitoids Rb/Zr vs. Nb and RB/Zr vs. Nb plots were made and they clearly represent that Lesser Himalayan sequences belongs to active continental margin whereas Higher Himalayan sequences has some characteristics of active continental margin with some pre-arc and post- arc sources. Sm-Nd isotopic data also suggest that kyanite rich paragneisses of HHC represents the characteristics of Indian passive margin sediments and orthogneisses of Lesser and Higher Himalaya represents signatures of Active continental margin in which the Lesser Himalaya gneisses has older arc source and HHC has younger sources. As a result of this work it has been seen that geochemical and isotopic signature of Shumar orthogneisses of Lesser Himalaya has a definite range of T-Model age which indicates that it has a single source, whereas granitoids of HHC shows a wide range in their geochemical and isotopic signature, indicates that it has multiple sources during deposition and was tectonically consolidated with the northern margin of India, placing it structurally above the Lesser Himalayan Sequence, and later on it has metamorphosed and intermixed with passive margin sequences of northern margin of Indian Sub-continents and goes up to granulite facies of metamorphism.
Biography Rajesh Pandey is a Ph.D. student in Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 121 Akramosadat Mirlohi et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Dravite tourmaline from granitic pegmatite of north of Golpayegan (Ochestan area), Iran Akramosadat Mirlohi, Mahmoud Khalili, Seyed Mohsen, Tabatabaei Manesh and Alireza Nadimi Department of Geology, University of Isfahan, Iran
ourmaline is one of the accessory and mafic minerals which occurs in peraluminous granitic pegmatites from the North Tof Golpayegan (Ochestan area). The mineral assemblage of these pegmatites consists of turbidity K-feldspar (perthitic orthoclase and microcline), plagioclase (albite), quartz, muscovite (primary and secondary), zoned tourmaline (dravite) and biotite (Mg-biotite) in order of decreasing abundances. The leucocratic matrix is dominated by large K-feldspar with broad perthitic exsolution lamellae. Twinned crystals of plagioclase have undergone sericitisation. Anhedral quartz shows intensive oscillatory extinction and subgrain formation. Muscovites present as large and fine grains which sometimes curved and growth next to tourmaline and in or between feldspars. Tourmaline is usually euhedral and shows optical zonation (yellowish green color shifted to yellow at the rim). Small biotite is trapped between quartz and feldspar. Zoned tourmalines in pegmatite are mainly restricted to the sodium replacement and yellow tourmaline are driven from biotite which attacked by boron introduce. Evidences of alkali metasomatism such as coarsening domains in perthite, growth of new micas (sodic metasomatism), replacement of albitic plagioclase by microcline, distinct reddish coloration microclines in hand specimens and turbidity of the feldspar crystals in thin-section (Potassic metasomatism) are seen in these pegmatites. Based on the occurrence of H+ metasomatism which follow albitisation process and Quartz +Muscovite + (Na+, K+)=Perthite + H+ reaction, there is the possibilithy of tourmalinization
through K(Fe,Mg)3AlSi3O10(OH)2+1.67KAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2+NaCl(aq)+1.67HCl(aq)+3B(OH)3(aq)=Na(Fe,Mg)3Al6B3O9Si6O18
(OH)4+ 2SiO2+2.67 KCl(aq)+ 6H2O reaction which occurs in the presence of neutral to acidic solutions to form dravite in the studied pegmatites.
Biography Akramosadat Mirlohi did her Ph.D. in Petrology at the age of 31 years in University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. She has published 5 papers in journals (1 ISI and 4 Iranian Scientific Journals).
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 122 Ijaz Ahmad et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
A case study of co-seismically generated landslide at Hattian Bala, Kashmir, Northern Pakistan Ijaz Ahmad1,2, Adnan Alam Awan2, Sardar Saeed Akhter2, Simon Sadiq2, Mohammad Latif2, Sajjad Karamat2, Naseer Mughal2, Muhammed Qaiser Khan2, Anette lisy3 and Nasrullah Dasti1,4 1Institute of Geology, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of The Punjab, Pakistan 2Geological Survey of Pakistan, Pakistan 3Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Germany 4Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Pakistan
ashmir earthquake having magnitude of 7.6 dismantled the areas of Kashmir and KPK (formerly known as NWFP) in KNorthern Pakistan. Thousands of landslides were generated within few seconds. This prominent wedge-shaped rock failure is also the part of that devastating event. Here the study focuses the fault-related co-seismically generated landslide especially the Hattian Bala Landslide to investigate the causes of coseismic-failure and post-failure impact of geohazard of potential risk. This landslide failure was subjected to develop in the hanging wall of Bagh-Balakot thrust fault, which strikes NW-SE and separates the Kamlial Formation from the Murree Formation (Early Miocene). The latter is composed of red sandstone, siltstone and claystone, and it was in this formation that the present landslide occurred on Dana Hill. For this study, geological and hydrogeological maps, and topographical maps of scale 1:50,000 and satellite images like pre- and post-earthquake were used to assess and evaluate the causes and conditions of failure. Rainfall and tectonic deformation are considered as forcing agents to develop a progressive shear surface whereas earthquake generated stresses are the final forces to push the rock-mass over critical threshold. Field observation displays that the failure is asymmetric in its geometry and the wedge is steeper rather than gentler. This asymmetric wedge failure was initiated on Dana Hill (34°09 N/73°43 E, altitude 2,080 m) and the rock mass moved approximately eastwards. Surface rupture studies implicate that this wedge failure is controlled by Bagh-Balakot Fault which is a splay of Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). At the crown, Dana Hill is completely shattered, laterally spread and crisscrossed by cracks, slumps and slides, with the cracks striking mostly perpendicular to the synclines and anticlines, i.e. NNW-SSE. These factors are also considered to be responsible to accelerate the failure. It is concluded that this rock-mass, after failure, had created a potential threat in the downstream forming a dam on two streams. In the case of sudden dam breach, downstream area could come under threat due to flood. In the next monsoon season, this dam was breached slowly and proved a little damage on the way to downstream. Nevertheless, in the upstream areas, there a number of new landslides generated due to sudden drop of hydrostatic stress of reservoir causing damage to property and infrastructure. This risk-based geohazard in the form of Hattian Bala landslide can also be a precursor for future risks along the Bagh-Balakot fault. This study integrates the tectonic and engineering geological data to assess, evaluate geohazard by evaluating the failure causes and predict the georisks along the Bagh-Balakot Fault so that potential georisks can be mitigated.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 123 Qadeer Ahmad et al., J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Mitigation exploration risk of Jurassic reservoir by seismic inversion, Penobscot area, sable sub basin Nova Scotia, offshore, Canada Qadeer Ahmad and Anwar Qadir Bahria University, Pakistan
igh exploration costs require you to get it right the first time. Optimization technology innovate higher-value solutions. HInversion is one of those techniques which mitigate the exploration risk by reservoir prediction. It is a process of transforming seismic reflection data into quantitative rock properties like Porosity, Saturation and Pore pressure. Better estimation of reservoir properties yields in easing the risk elements associated with prospect. Now a day seismic inversion is widely used in predicting porosity from seismic data in wide range of scale with varying level of complexities. This technique has been applied on the 3D data in Sable Sub Basin, Canada for porosity prediction of Jurassic Carbonate Reservoir. Inversion algorithm performed on the 3D seismic data resulted in the generation of impedance cube. Impedance values have been transformed into Porosity by cross plot analysis. Different cutoff used in term of Impedance to classify the change in reservoir. Also Gamma ray (API) values embedded with impedance to separate the reservoir part from non reservoir part. In the study area hydrocarbon exploration risks in term of reservoir quality tone down by using the inversion technique and it also helped in identifying the sweet spots.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 124 Stanley Obinna Eze, J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013, 4:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.S1.011
2nd International Conference on Earth Science & Climate Change July 22-24, 2013 Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA
Extreme drought vulnerability in North West Nigeria drought vulnerability and impact assessment Stanley Obinna Eze Campaign Against Climate Change Nigeria, Nigeria
limate change has become our new reality. Iit brings with it change in weather pattern that can have serious repercussions Cfor all of us, upsetting seasonal cycles, harming ecosystems and water supply, affecting agriculture and food production, causing landslides, drought, and famine. Its effects are already visible in north western Nigeria, the climate variation in this part is not altogether new because it contains a significant portion of the Sudan-Sahara ecological zone of West Africa. However, since the early 1970s, climate anomalies in the form of recurrent droughts, frightening dust storms have overprinted their rhythms, creating short-duration climatic oscillations as against the normal cycles of larger amplitudes, the last 30 years have witnessed four severe droughts, numerous dust storms indeed, the weather of the region has become highly unpredictable making many citizens to wonder what has happened to the climate. The persistence of drought in parts of northern Nigeria during the 1980s and 1990s has been attributed to the prevalence of a stagnated anti-cyclonic circulation of the tropical atmosphere over areas that normally should be exposed to rising arm of the tropical Hadley cell circulation by mid-summer these cause themselves related to the tropical component of the global general circulation system. Most of the droughts that occur in this part have been found to be associated with late start of the rainy season and early cessation of rains, resulting in drastic reduction of the length of the rainy season. Drought and the total absence of rain in these this areas for of a very long time to the detriment of agricultural and other water-related activities is of concern in our country, it drastically affects agricultural yield and it kills livestock (two drought incidences in Nigeria- The 1970s and 1980s led to the death of millions of cows, goats and sheep, while food production was adversely affected). Drought also contributed to increased desert encroachment and excessive heat, both of which have an inescapable impact on human kind and the use of water in the ecosystem. Perhaps the biggest obstacle is lack of awareness and knowledge.
J Earth Sci Climate Change 2013 Earth Science-2013 Volume 4 Issue 4 July 22-24, 2013 ISSN: 2157-7617, JESCC an open access journal Page 125