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Proceedings of Spie PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE SPIEDigitalLibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie SPHEREx: an all-sky NIR spectral survey Phillip M. Korngut, James J. Bock, Rachel Akeson, Matthew Ashby, Lindsey Bleem, et al. Phillip M. Korngut, James J. Bock, Rachel Akeson, Matthew Ashby, Lindsey Bleem, Justin Boland, Douglas Bolton, Samuel Bradford, David Braun, Sean Bryan, Peter Capak, Tzu-Ching Chang, Andrew Coffey, Asantha Cooray, Brendan Crill, Olivier Doré, Tim Eifler, Chang Feng, Salman Habib, Katrin Heitmann, Shoubaneh Hemmati, Christopher Hirata, Woong-Seob Jeong, Minjin Kim, Davy Kirkpatrick, Theresa Kowalkowski, Elisabeth Krause, Carey Lisse, Philip Mauskopf, Daniel Masters, James McGuire, Gary Melnick, Hein Nguyen, Hooshang Nayyeri, Karin Oberg, Roland dePutter, William Purcell, Jennifer Rocca, Marcus Runyan, Karin Sandstrom, Roger Smith, Yong-Seon Song, Nathaniel Stickley, Jeremy Stober, Sara Susca, Harry Teplitz, Volker Tolls, Stephen Unwin, Michael Werner, Rogier Windhorst, Michael Zemcov, "SPHEREx: an all-sky NIR spectral survey," Proc. SPIE 10698, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2018: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave, 106981U (6 July 2018); doi: 10.1117/12.2312860 Event: SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, 2018, Austin, Texas, United States Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie on 7/31/2018 Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use SPHEREx: an all-sky NIR spectral survey Phillip M. Kornguta, James J. Bocka,e, Rachel Akesonb, Matthew Ashbyc, Lindsey Bleemd, Justin Bolande, Douglas Boltone, Samuel Bradforde, David Braune, Sean Bryanl, Peter Capaka, Tzu-Ching Change, Andrew Coffeye, Asantha Coorayf, Brendan Crille, Olivier Dor´ee,a, Tim Eiflere, Chang Fengf, Salman Habibd, Katrin Heitmannd, Shoubaneh Hemmatib, Christopher Hiratad, Woong-Seob Jeongh, Minjin Kimh, J. Davy Kirkpatrickb, Theresa Kowalkowskie, Elisabeth Krausee, Carey Lissei, Philip Mauskopfl, Daniel Masterse, James McGuiree, Gary Melnickc, Hien Nguyene, Hooshang Nayyerif, Karin Obergc, Roland dePuttera, William Purcellj, Jennifer Roccae, Marcus Runyane, Karin Sandstromk, Roger Smitha, Yong-Seon Songh, Nathaniel Stickleyb, Jeremy Stoberj, Sara Suscae, Harry Teplitzb, Volker Tollsc, Stephen Unwine, Michael Wernere, Rogier Windhorstl, and Michael Zemcovm,e aCalifornia Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA bIPAC, Caltech, 770 S. Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA c Harvard Smithsonian CfA, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA dArgonne National Laboratory, High-Energy Physics Division, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439,USA eJet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA fUniversity of California Irvine, 4186 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA gDepartment of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 140 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA hKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon, 34055, Korea iJHU-APL, SES/SRE, Bldg 200/E206, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723, USA jBall Aerospace Corporation, 1600 Commerce Street, Boulder, CO 80301 USA kUniversity of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA lArizona State University, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA mRochester Institute of Technology, College of Science, 74 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623,USA ABSTRACT SPHEREx, a mission in NASA's Medium Explorer (MIDEX) program recently selected for Phase-A implemen- tation, is an all-sky survey satellite that will produce a near-infrared spectrum for every 6 arcsecond pixel on the sky. SPHEREx has a simple, high-heritage design with large optical throughput to maximize spectral mapping speed. While the legacy data products will provide a rich archive of spectra for the entire astronomical commu- nity to mine, the instrument is optimized for three specific scientific goals: to probe inflation through the imprint primordial non-Gaussianity left on today's large-scale cosmological structure; to survey the Galactic plane for water and other biogenic ices through absorption line studies; and to constrain the history of galaxy formation through power spectra of background fluctuations as measured in deep regions near the ecliptic poles. The aluminum telescope consists of a heavily baffled, wide-field off-axis reflective triplet design. The focal plane is imaged simultaneously by two mosaics of H2RG detector arrays separated by a dichroic beamsplitter. SPHEREx assembles spectra through the use of mass and volume efficient linear variable filters (LVFs) included in the focal plane assemblies, eliminating the need for any dispersive or moving elements. Instead, spectra are constructed through a series of small steps in the spacecraft attitude across the sky, modulating the location of an object Further author information: (Send correspondence to P.M.K.) P.M.K.: E-mail: [email protected] Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2018: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave, edited by Makenzie Lystrup, Howard A. MacEwen, Giovanni G. Fazio, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 10698, 106981U © 2018 SPIE · CCC code: 0277-786X/18/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.2312860 Proc. of SPIE Vol. 10698 106981U-1 Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie on 7/31/2018 Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use within the FOV and varying the observation wavelength in each exposure. The spectra will cover the wavelength range between 0.75 and 5.0 µm at spectral resolutions ranging between R=35 and R=130. The entire telescope is cooled passively by a series of three V-groove radiators below 80K. An additional stage of radiative cooling is included to reduce the long wavelength focal plane temperature below 60K, controlling the dark current. As a whole, SPHEREx requires no new technologies and carries large technical and resource margins on every aspect of the design. Keywords: All Sky survey, linear variable filters, near infrared, cosmology, biogenic ices, extragalactic back- ground light 1. INTRODUCTION SPHEREx is an all-sky survey mission designed to address all three science goals in NASA's astrophysics division: 1. Probe the origin and destiny of our Universe. SPHEREx constrains the physics of inflation, the superlumi- nal expansion of the Universe that took place ∼ 10−32 s after the Big Bang. SPHEREx reveals the imprints of inflation in the three-dimensional large-scale distribution of matter by measuring galaxy redshifts over a large cosmological volume. 2. Explore whether planets around other stars could harbor life. SPHEREx investigates the origin of water and biogenic molecules in the early phases of planetary system formation { from molecular clouds to young stellar systems with planet-forming disks { by measuring absorption spectra to determine the abundance and composition of ices. 3. Explore the origin and evolution of galaxies. SPHEREx charts the origin and history of galaxy formation through a deep mapping survey. This survey measures galaxy clustering to trace the total light produced by all galaxy populations, complementing studies based on deep galaxy counts, to probe the cosmic history of light production, from the first galaxies that ended the cosmic dark ages to the present day. To accomplish these goals, SPHEREx conducts the first near-infrared all-sky spectral survey useful for a broad range of astrophysics. It will deliver to the community a dataset of lasting legacy in planetary, Galactic, and extragalactic science. Two workshops involving more than 90 scientists from outside the SPHEREx team have defined numerous scientific questions which could be addressed by SPHEREx legacy dataset and also discuss the synergy between SPHEREx and other astronomical facilities of the 2020's. The results of these workshops are reported in 1, 2. Figure 1. The SPHEREx scan strategy builds up the all sky coverage with a series of large and small slews. These follow a great circle, building a complete spectrum on average every three days. This circle processes as the Earth goes around the Sun, producing a full sky coverage every six months. Proc. of SPIE Vol. 10698 106981U-2 Downloaded From: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie on 7/31/2018 Terms of Use: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/terms-of-use At the core of the survey design are a set of linear variable filters (LVFs) placed 100µm above the telescope's focal planes. These are effectively bandpass filters with central wavelengths that vary as a function of position on the substrate. This focal plane configuration is used in concert with a scanning pattern designed to target each point of the celestial sphere at 96 locations across the field of view. Accomplishing this every six months, SPHEREx produces a contiguous NIR spectrum across the entire sky. In this paper, we present an overview of SPHEREx's science implementation with a focus on the payload design. Additionally, we report on fabricated prototype performance of key sub-sytems accomplished during the Phase-A effort. 2. SURVEY OVERVIEW SPHEREx adapts the WISE observing strategy, using a 700 km low-earth sun-synchronous orbit and pointing the spacecraft ∼ 90◦ from the Sun, so that observations follow along a great circle that includes the north and south ecliptic poles. Unlike WISE, SPHEREx carries out a sequence of inertial spacecraft pointings producing a series of long (∼ 150s) exposures. These enable the background-limited noise performance essential for sensitive spectroscopic observations. To prevent Terrestrial
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