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Download Book (PDF) Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts London Publications of the German Historical Institute London II-X-X TTitelei+Vorwitelei+Vorw Steinbach.inddSteinbach.indd I 331.07.20091.07.2009 110:21:050:21:05 UhrUhr Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts London Herausgegeben von Andreas Gestrich Band 67 Publications of the German Historical Institute London Edited by Andreas Gestrich Volume 67 R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 2009 II-X-X TTitelei+Vorwitelei+Vorw Steinbach.inddSteinbach.indd IIII 331.07.20091.07.2009 110:21:050:21:05 UhrUhr Almut Steinbach Sprachpolitik im Britischen Empire Herrschaftssprache und Integration in Ceylon und den Föderierten Malaiischen Staaten R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 2009 II-X-X TTitelei+Vorwitelei+Vorw Steinbach.inddSteinbach.indd IIIIII 331.07.20091.07.2009 110:21:050:21:05 UhrUhr Bibliografische Information der deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar. © 2009 Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH, München Rosenheimer Straße 145, D-81671 München Internet: oldenbourg.de Das Werk einschließlich aller Abbildungen ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Ver- wertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Über- setzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Bearbeitung in elektroni - schen Systemen. Umschlaggestaltung: Dieter Vollendorf, München Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (chlorfrei gebleicht). Satz: Typodata GmbH, München Druck: Memminger MedienCentrum, Memmingen Bindung: Buchbinderei Klotz, Jettingen-Scheppach ISBN: 978-3-486-59043-2 II-X-X TTitelei+Vorwitelei+Vorw Steinbach.inddSteinbach.indd IVIV 331.07.20091.07.2009 110:21:060:21:06 UhrUhr INHALT Vorwort . IX 1. Einleitung. 1 1.1 Britischer Imperialismus . 4 1.2 Imperiale Integration . 9 1.3 Die kulturelle Dimension imperialer Integration . 15 1.4 Zivilisierungsmission als Kontext und Ausgangspunkt der Anglisierungspolitik. 18 1.5 Sprachpolitik. 23 1.6 Die Auswahl der Fallstudien . 33 1.7 Untersuchungszeitraum und Periodisierung . 39 2. Die Anglisierungsmission in der Anfangszeit britischer Herrschaft in Ceylon: Die Colebrooke-Cameron-Reformen 1800–1840 . 43 2.1 Einleitung . 43 2.2 Die Ausgangssituation: Die Entwicklungen in Ceylon bis 1830 44 2.2.1 Die Bevölkerungsstruktur Ceylons zur Zeit der Herrschaftsübernahme. 44 2.2.2 Die Anfänge des britischen Bildungssystems in Ceylon 47 2.3 Die Untersuchungskommission . 54 2.3.1 Die Voraussetzungen für die Entsendung der Kommission . 54 2.3.2 Die Entstehungsgeschichte und die Aufgaben der Kommission . 56 2.3.3 Die Besetzung der Kommission . 58 2.4 Die Untersuchung vor Ort . 59 2.4.1 Die Suche nach Informationen . 59 2.4.2 Die Ergebnisse der Kommission. 67 2.5 Die Debatte um die Reformvorschläge Colebrookes und Camerons . 70 2.5.1 Die Haltung der Regierung in Ceylon und in London . 70 2.5.2 Die öffentliche Meinung in Ceylon im Spiegel des Colombo Journal . 72 II-X-X TTitelei+Vorwitelei+Vorw Steinbach.inddSteinbach.indd V 331.07.20091.07.2009 110:21:060:21:06 UhrUhr VI Inhalt 2.6 Die Umsetzung der Reformvorschläge . 84 2.7 Fazit . 87 3. Die Wende in der Sprachpolitik 1840–1870. 91 3.1 Einleitung . 91 3.2 Die Bildungspolitik unter Gouverneur Stewart-Mackenzie (1837–1841) . 93 3.2.1 Die Strukturreform . 93 3.2.2 Das Engagement Stewart-Mackenzies für die lokalen Sprachen . 94 3.3 Die Entwicklung der Integrationspolitik . 97 3.3.1 Offizielle Politik und koloniale Praxis in der Regierungszeit Stewart-Mackenzies. 97 3.3.2 Die Integration im Rahmen des Civil Service vor der Reform von 1870 . 100 3.3.3 Chancen außerhalb des Civil Service . 110 3.4 Die Herausbildung einer englischsprachigen Elite . 115 3.5 Die Weiterentwicklung der Sprachpolitik im Bildungssystem. 120 3.6 Die Reform des Bildungssystems 1865–1867. 126 3.6.1 Die Untersuchung des Morgan-Komitees . 124 3.6.2 Die Empfehlungen des Komitees . 127 3.7 Fazit . 133 4. Der gelebte Kompromiss: Englisch als Sprache der Elite 1870–1900 . 139 4.1 Einleitung . 139 4.2 Die Föderierten Malaiischen Staaten . 144 4.2.1 Die Rahmenbedingungen in der neuen Kolonie . 144 4.2.2 Der Einfluss der Straits Settlements . 147 4.2.3 Die Sprachpolitik im Bildungssystem . 150 4.2.4 Ansätze zur Integration. 161 4.3 Die Kronkolonie Ceylon. 167 4.3.1 Die Weiterentwicklung der Sprachpolitik nach der Reform von 1869 . 167 4.3.2 Der Integrationsprozess am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts. 173 4.4 Transfer von Ceylon in die malaiischen Staaten . 180 4.5 Fazit . 186 II-X-X TTitelei+Vorwitelei+Vorw Steinbach.inddSteinbach.indd VIVI 331.07.20091.07.2009 110:21:060:21:06 UhrUhr Inhalt VII 5. Koloniale Sprachpolitik im Spannungsverhältnis von Angebot und Nachfrage 1900–1930 . 193 5.1 Einleitung . 193 5.2 Die Föderierten Malaiischen Staaten . 197 5.2.1 Die Entwicklung der Kolonie . 197 5.2.2 Das Bildungssystem zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts . 199 5.2.3 Chancen für die Integration . 216 5.3 Die Kronkolonie Ceylon. 229 5.3.1 Das Bildungssystem zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts . 229 5.3.2 Politische Reformen und partielle Integration . 237 5.4 Horizontale Integration im Britischen Empire . 244 5.4.1 Die Bedeutung der Metropole . 244 5.4.2 Die Imperial Education Conferences 1911, 1923 und 1927. 251 5.4.3 Verknüpfungen an der Peripherie. 256 5.5 Fazit . 262 6. Schlussbemerkung und Ausblick. 273 Verzeichnis der Tabellen und Grafiken . 291 Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis . 293 Abstract . 305 Personenregister . 307 II-X-X TTitelei+Vorwitelei+Vorw Steinbach.inddSteinbach.indd VIIVII 331.07.20091.07.2009 110:21:060:21:06 UhrUhr II-X-X TTitelei+Vorwitelei+Vorw Steinbach.inddSteinbach.indd VIIIVIII 331.07.20091.07.2009 110:21:060:21:06 UhrUhr VORWORT Eine Dissertation entsteht nicht nur im Archiv und am Schreibtisch, sondern im- mer auch im Austausch mit Experten und Kommilitonen.1 Mein besonderer Dank gilt meinem Betreuer an der Universität Konstanz, Jürgen Osterhammel, der mir immer sehr viel Freiraum bei der Entwicklung und Gestaltung des The- mas ge lassen hat und gleichzeitig mit Rat zur Seite stand, wenn wichtige Schritte be sprochen werden mussten. Nicht zuletzt verdanke ich ihm neben theoretischen Überlegungen zur imperialen Integration die Anregung, mich mit Ceylon aus- einanderzusetzen. Bedanken möchte ich mich auch bei jenen, die im In- und Ausland das Ent- stehen der Arbeit mitverfolgt haben und in vielen Diskussionen Anregungen ge- geben haben. Dazu gehören unter anderem mein Zweitgutachter Stig Förster (Universität Bern), der bereits als DFG-Gutachter das Projekt betreut hatte, An- drew Porter (King’s College London), der mich dazu einlud, mein Vorhaben im Im perial History-Seminar am Institute of Historical Research zu diskutieren, Paul Kratoska (University of Singapore), der mich als Experte für Malaysia wäh- rend meines Forschungsaufenthalts in Singapur beriet und Niels Petersson (Uni- versity of Sheffield), der während des Entstehungsprozesses Anteil an der Arbeit nahm und mir immer wieder interessante Literaturhinweise gab. Viele weitere, darunter Kolloquiums- und Tagungsteilnehmer in Deutschland, Großbritannien, den USA und Singapur ließen sich nennen. Einen nicht unerheblichen Anteil an der Arbeit haben auch zahlreiche Mitarbeiter und Mitarbeiterinnen in Biblio- theken und Archiven. Insbesondere bedanken möchte ich mich bei Werner Alweiss von der Universitätsbibliothek in Konstanz, bei der British Library, bei den National Archives in Kew, bei der Cambridge University Library, den Na- tional Archives of Singapore und der University Library der National University of Singapore. Eine internationale Forschungsarbeit ist nur möglich, wenn sie entsprechend finanziert ist. In diesem Zusammenhang danke ich der DFG, die den Sonderfor- schungsbereich „Norm und Symbol“ an der Universität Konstanz unterstützt hat, und Rudolf Schlögl, der sich in diesem Rahmen besonders um die Nach- wuchsförderung verdient gemacht hat. Das Deutsche Historische Institut in Lon- don (DHIL) hat in zweierlei Hinsicht zum Gelingen des Projekts beigetragen. Bereits die Diskussion in einem frühen Stadium der Arbeit im Kolloquium des DHIL war sehr produktiv. Besonders gefreut habe ich mich über die Aufnahme des Werkes in seine Reihe im Oldenbourg Verlag. Geholfen haben mir in dieser letzten Phase insbesondere Antje Steinbach, die jedes Kapitel mehrfach Korrektur gelesen hat, und David Bruder (Universität Konstanz), der die Arbeit lektoriert hat. Hafiz Noor Shams 1 Die Dissertation wurde an der Universität Konstanz erstellt (Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11. Dezember 2007). II-X-X TTitelei+Vorwitelei+Vorw Steinbach.inddSteinbach.indd IXIX 331.07.20091.07.2009 110:21:070:21:07 UhrUhr X Vorwort danke ich sehr dafür, dass er mir als Absolvent des Malay College das Titelfoto zur Verfügung gestellt hat. Gewidmet ist die Arbeit Ernst Deuer, der über Gleichberechtigung nicht redet, sondern sie lebt und mir dadurch immer wieder Zeit für die Arbeit an der Disser- tation eingeräumt hat, und meinen Kindern, Katharina und Marius, die auf ihre Weise zur Fertigstellung des Buches beigetragen haben. II-X-X TTitelei+Vorwitelei+Vorw Steinbach.inddSteinbach.indd X 331.07.20091.07.2009 110:21:070:21:07 UhrUhr 1. EINLEITUNG We contemplate permanency in our tenure of this island, conquered for us by the sword of our Gallant Country- men; but the most permanent conquest of all would be the universality
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