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Conservation Advice Caladenia Colorata Coloured Spider-Orchid

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Conservation Advice Caladenia Colorata Coloured Spider-Orchid THREATENED SPECIES SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Established under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The Minister approved this Conservation Advice on 31/10/2019. Conservation Advice Caladenia colorata Coloured Spider-orchid Conservation Status Caladenia colorata (Coloured Spider-orchid) is listed as Endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) (EPBC Act) effective from the 16 July 2000. The species was eligible for listing under the EPBC Act as on 16 July 2000 it was listed as Endangered under Schedule 1 of the preceding Act, the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Cwlth). Species can also be listed as threatened under state and territory legislation. For information on the current listing status of this species under relevant state or territory legislation, see http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl The main factors that are the cause of the species being eligible for listing in the Endangered category are its restricted extent of occurrence and fragmentation, limited population size and projected decline due to the threats of grazing, weed invasion and habitat degradation. Description The Coloured Spider-orchid is a deciduous, perennial, terrestrial orchid emerging annually from an underground tuber that grows 5–25 cm in height. The single leaf is linear-lanceolate, densely felted with a red base and grow to 10 cm in length. Flowers are about 5 cm across, generally cream-green with reddish or purple-brown markings, dark glandular tips to all segments. They are, however, variable and can sometimes be wholly purple-brown, pale cream-green with reddish labellum calli and marginal teeth, to wholly pinkish to dark reddish. The labellum (lip) is a flat, single lobe with an elongated tip that curls under, margins that are shortly fringed-dentate and a mid-lobe that is usually darker. The dorsal sepal is narrow throughout and erect, and the lateral sepals have a broad, flat, almost horizontal base and narrow pendulous tips. Petals are behind the flower and similar to dorsal and lateral sepals but shorter (Bates 2011; Jones 1991b). Plants from Bangham, Geegeela and Fairview Conservation Parks and the Lower South East ascribed to Coloured Spider-orchid tend to be much larger, with sepals to 60 mm long, and frequent examples of uniformly pinkish to reddish coloured flowers. It is possible that these have been misidentified (Bates pers comm. 2010). The species is dormant during summer, and dormancy is broken in response to autumn rain, with leaf emergence occurring in late autumn-early winter. The flowering period of the Coloured Spider-orchid extends through August and September in South Australian and from September to October in Victoria (Bates 1992 cited in Obst 2005; DSE 2009). The species is pollinated by sexually attracted male wasps (Bates 2009, 2011). Distribution The Coloured Spider-orchid is known from South Australia and Victoria. The historical distribution of this species is unknown, but it is likely to have occurred in southeast South Australia and southwest Victoria (DSE 2009). Generally it is thought to be absent from high rainfall districts (Bates 2009, 2011). South Australian historical records of the species range Caladenia colorata (Coloured Spider-orchid) Conservation Advice Page 1 of 8 from the Barossa Valley in the north, through the Murray River and Murray Lake flats to the upper south-east of the state. The species is now considered extinct in the Barossa Valley and from Beachport (DENR 2011). Additionally, there is uncertainty as to the correct identification of records from Coorong National Park (NP) and the lower SE of SA extending south from Bangham Conservation Park (CP) (R. Bates pers. comm. 2010). In Victoria, the species is known from the Lower Glenelg in the state's south-east. The Coloured Spider-orchid has been observed at 58 sites comprising 28 populations, although currently only 12 populations have been vouchered and only seven are currently confirmed and extant. Data on current population size may be an underestimate, as flowering rates vary from year to year, depending upon rainfall. Coloured Spider-orchid populations have between 5,000 and 5,700 plants dependant on seasonal conditions (Table 1). Table 1 Summary of population location, size, tenure and threats at all known sites. Sub-pop. Size (flowering plants) Threats Population Vouchered? No. sites Area Manager Maximum Most recent (High Medium Low) count count CONFIRMED AND Extant EXTANT sites Hartley 1: Y 11 4,102 3864 (2015) 23 private grazing (H); weed private properties (10), (2006) ha AC invasion (M); no formal protection (M) roadside (1) Hartley 2: private Y 6 1,220 1012 (2015) 2.3 private grazing (H); weed properties (5) (2005) ha invasion (M); no formal protection (M) Tailem Bend: private 1 10 (2013) 10 (2013) 2 ha private property Coonalpyn 1: private Y 2 16 (2005) 4 (2006) <0.1 private grazing (H); weed property (1) ha invasion (M) Coonalpyn 2: 1 209 1 (2006) <0.2 private weed invasion (M); no private property (1), (2005) ha CDC formal protection (M); roadside (1) disturbance/destruction (M) Mt Boothby CP 1 28 (2005) 20 (2006) <0.1 DEW ha Padthaway CP 1 2 (2005) DEW NOT SEEN IN ≥14 Recorded YEARS sites Monarto CP Y 1 0 (2005) 0 (2005) DEW Langhorne Ck: private 1 0 (2004) 0 (2004) private property (1) Milang: private Y 4 0 (2004) 0 (2004) private grazing (H); weed properties (3), reserve FoN invasion (M); no formal (1) protection (M) Clayton: private 1 ? (1991) ? (1991) private property (1) Mt Monster CP Y N/A not seen for DEW many yrs Desert Camp CP N/A ? (2005) DEW UNCERTAIN Recorded IDENTITY sites Coorong National 12 273 31 (2006) <0.3 DEW grazing (H); weed Park (2005) ha invasion (M) Potters Scrub Bangham CP Y N/A 230+ 65 (2009) 4 DEW grazing (L); (2004) sites disturbance/destruction (L) Near Bangham 1: N/A private private property (1) Caladenia colorata (Coloured Spider-orchid) Conservation Advice Page 2 of 8 Sub-pop. Size (flowering plants) Threats Population Vouchered? No. sites Area Manager Maximum Most recent (High Medium Low) count count Near Bangham 1: N/A private private property (1) Geegeela CP N/A 330+ 205 (2009) 6 DEW weed invasion (L); (2003) sites disturbance/destruction (L) Mt Scott CP N/A ? (1999) DEW Fairview CP Y N/A DEW Naracoorte: private N/A ? (1999) private property (1) Spence – Coles Rd N/A 60 60 NLC (estimate) (estimate) (2007) (2007) Big Heath CP N/A (1999) DEW Penola – Lucindale Rd N/A <20 <20 (1999) WRC (1999) Kongorong: private Y N/A private property (1) Glenelg CP Y N/A DEW EXTINCT Kapunda: private Y private Extinct (only record property (1) 1979) Beachport Y N/A Extinct (only record 1923) (Bickerton 2018. pers. comm 6 December 2018; Moritz 2018. pers. comm. 6 December) In 2015, total number of known plants over the seven confirmed and extant populations was up to 5,000 plants in the South Australian Murray-Darling Basin region (Moritz pers. comm. 2018). The most significant population is ‘Hartley 1’, containing between 3,900 and 4,100 individual plants in an area of approximately 0.23 km 2. In Victoria the species is known from one wild population containing approximately 150 plants (DSE 2009). The seven confirmed and extant populations extend across 18 privately owned properties, two Conservation Parks and two council-managed roadsides. Three populations extend across multiple land tenures). Five of the privately owned properties are under Heritage Agreement (a legal contract, registered on the property title, between the landowner and the South Australian Government to protect native vegetation in perpetuity). Relevant Biology/Ecology Little is known about the biology and ecology of the Coloured Spider-orchid. The species is dormant during summer, and dormancy is broken in response to autumn rain, with leaf emergence occurring in late autumn early winter. The plants flower from late August to early October, and the flowers remain open for a few days to a few weeks, depending on pollination and climatic conditions. Fruits usually take 5 to 8 weeks to mature following pollination, and plants reproduce solely from seed. The average longevity of Coloured Spider-orchid plants is not known. The species grows in a complex relationship with a mycorrhizal fungus that initiates seed germination, and assimilates some nutrients for the orchid. The type and degree of dependence upon the fungus, particularly of mature plants, is not known. Pollination is probably via sexual deception through the process of pseudocopulation (Peakall & Beattie 1996), with the pollinator being a black thynnid wasp (NOSSA 2011). Plants freely hybridise with other co- occurring Caladenia species including Thick-lipped Spider-orchid ( C. cardiochila ), Starry Spider- orchid (C. stellata ) and Mallee Spider-orchid (C. verrucosa ) (NOSSA 2011). In South Australia the Coloured Spider-orchid grows in sandy, fertile soils but also in rock outcrops and in mallee/broombush associations (Bates 2009). This species grows in woodland dominated by Eucalyptus leucoxylon (South Australian Blue Gum), E. fasciculosa (Pink Gum), Caladenia colorata (Coloured Spider-orchid) Conservation Advice Page 3 of 8 E. porosa (Black Mallee Box), Allocasuarina verticillata (Drooping Sheoak) and Callitris gracilis (Southern Cypress Pine) (Bates 2011; DENR 2011; Jones 1991b) The Painted Spider-orchid occurs in the following habitats (Obst 2005): • Eucalyptus leucoxylon subsp. leucoxylon +/- E. fasciculosa +/- Callitris gracilis Woodland Native mid-storey species of this association include Golden Wattle ( Acacia pycnantha ), Broom Baeckea ( Baeckea behrii ) and Sweet Bursaria ( Bursaria spinosa ). Native understorey species of this association include Austrostipa sp., Dianella revoluta var. revoluta, Twiggy Guinea- flower (Hibbertia virgatus ), Kunzea pomifera, Sticky Sword Sedge ( Lepidosperma viscidum ), Yam Daisy ( Microseris lanceolata ) and the Paper Flower ( Thomasia petalocalyx ) (Obst 2005) . • Eucalyptus fasciculosa +/- E.
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