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Infection Cycle of Watermelon Mosaic Virus

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Infection Cycle of Watermelon Mosaic Virus Infection Cycle of Watermelon Mosaic Virus By TAKASHI YAMAMOTO* Agronomy Division, Shikoku National Agricultural Experiment Station (Senyucho, Zentsuji, Kagawa, 765 Japan) Among the viruses occurring in cucurbits transmission. As to other vectors, many of in Japan, the most prevalent ones are water­ them showed low parasitism to cucurbits and melon mosaic virus (WMV) and cucumber low ability of transmitting WMV, so that their mosaic virus (CMV) . Of them, WMV occurs role for the spread of WMV in the field was mainly in the summer season in the Kanto not clear. A survey conducted in fields of region and westward. The WMV diseases in cucurbits in 1981 spring to know the kinds of cucurbits cause not only systemic symptoms aphids which fly to the cucurbits at the initial such as mosaic, dwarf, etc. but also fruit mal­ incidence of WMV showed that more than a formation, thus giving severe damage to crops. half of the aphid species sampled were vector In addition, the control of WMV is quite dif­ species (Table 2). The initial incidence of ficult as the virus is transmitted by aphids WMV occurs usually in the period from mid­ and that carried by plant sap is also infectious. May to early-June at the survey site (west Thus, WMV is one of the greatest obstacles part of Kagawa Prefecture), and this period to the production of cucurbits. coincides with the period of abundant appear­ The infection cycle of the WMV, including ance of aphids. In this period, vector species the routes of transmission of the virus by less parasitic to cucurbits also flew in plenty aphids, which is the most important in con­ to cucurbits. It is inferred that these aphids trolling the virus is briefly presented in this may take part greatly in the primary in­ paper, based on the research results reported fection of WMV, namely, the infection to in the "Epidemiological studies of watermelon cucurbi ts from wintered hosts (virus-source mosaic virus".rn> plants) . Species of the vector aphids Wintered host plants as the source of the first infection of WMV The main route of infection with WMV is through aphids. As shown in Table 1, many The range of WMV hosts is limited: mainly kinds of aphids transmit the virus in a non­ Cucurbitaceae, and few other plants such as persistent manner. Of them, 23 species have those of Pedaliaceae, Leguminosae, Chenopo­ been reported as vectors in Japan. Further­ diaceae, and Amaranthaceae. In areas where more, by adding several species distributed in cucurbits are cultivated throughout the year Japan, the total number reaches as many as under structures.;.;,~. in Shikoku, Kyushu, and nearly 30. Among them, Avhis gossyvii and other regions, WMV is transferred from Myzus persicae are highly capable of trans­ cucurbits to cucurbits. Namely, the winter­ mitting WMV. 18 > Particularly, Avhis gossypii ing infection-source plants are cucurbits. occurs abundantly on cucurbits, and is re­ However, in the regions of the open culture garded to play a principal role for the virus where no cucurbits are grown in winter, it has not been fully clarified that ·what kind Presented address: of plant serves as the wintering host. Major ,:, Toyama Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Research Station ""inter crops which are infected with (Goromaru, Tonami, Toyama, 939-13 Japan) ,:.. ; Glasshouses or vinylhouses 260 JARQ Vol. 19, No. 4, 1986 Table 1. Aphid s1>ecies reported to be vectors of WMV-2 (1982) Species References Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji et Kondo Wyman, 197910> A. lactucae (Passerini) Coubriet, 19624> 13 A. pismn (Harris) Swift, 1949 ' Aphis cit?·icola van der Goot Adlerz, 19782> ,,,., A. cleroclenci?•i Matsumura Yonaha et al., 197920> ** A. crciccivora Koch Greber, 1969"> A. fa.bae Scopoli Molnar & Schmelzer, 196411> A. frangulae beccabunuae Koch Karl & Proesler, 19768> ** A. ul1wines Matsumura Yamamoto et al., 198zts> ,;,:, A. r;ossypii Glover Lindberg et al., 195610> Komuro, 1956°> A. 1niddletonii Thomas Adlerz, 19782> A. na.stu,rt.ii Kaltenbach Karl & Schmelzer, 1971" "'* A. ne1-ii Boyer de Fonscolombe Tewari, 19761r,> ** A. ri,1nicis Linne Yamamoto & Ishii, 198017> * A. sanbuci Linne Karl & Schmelzer, 19717 > ,:,* Aidacorthwni rna.gnoliae (Essig et Kuwana) Yamamoto et al., 198218> ** A . nipponicurn (Essig et Kuwana) Yamamoto et al., 1982181 7 ** A. solani (Kaltenbach) Karl & Schmelzer, 1971 ' " A. (Neomyzus) circumfiexumi (Buckton) Karl & Schmelzer, 197171 Brachycaudi,s (Acai,dus) ca1·dui (Linne) Karl & Schmelzer, 19717> *"' Brevicoryne bra.ssicae (Linne) Coubriet, 19621> 7 C1yvto11iyziis 1·ibis ( Linne) Karl & Schmelzer, 1971 ' Dysavhis crataegi (Kaltenbach) Karl & Schmelzer, 19717 > ,., Hyalopterus 1w1.mi (Geoffory) Karl & Schmelzer, 197171 * Hysteroneura seta1-iae (Thomas) Coubriet, 19624> "* Livavh:is e1ysinii (Kaltenbach) Adlerz, 19741> *" ./1,focrosivhwm euvhorbiae (Thomas) Greber, 1969''> * Macrosivhoniella sanborni (Gillette) Karl & Schmelzer, 197171 Myzus cera,s·i (Fabricius) Karl & Schmelzer, 19717 i *'' M. (Nectarosiphon) persicae (Sulzer) Anderson, 1954:P Phorodon lmmiili (Schrank) Karl & Schmelzer, 197171 *" P. hu11ml-i javonensis Takahashi Yamamoto et al., 1982181 ,..,;. Rhodobimn porosiwi (Sanderson) Yamamoto et al., 198210 ,,,;. Rhopalosiphurn maiclis (Fitch) Coubriet, 1962<1> ,:,* R. padi (Linne) Karl & Schmelzer, 19717> Semiaphis <lai,ci (Fabricius) Karl & Schmelzer, 19717 > •>* Sitobion akebiae (Shinji) Yamamoto et a l., 19821s> ,.,,:, Toxoptera cit1-icidus (Kil'kaldy) Yamamoto et a.I., 198218> ** Uroleucon f onnosanimi (Takahashi) Yamamoto et al., 198218> ** U. ( Uromel<in) gobon-is (Matsumura) Yamamoto et al., 198218l ,i, Aphid species ooccurring in Japan. "* Aphid species reported to be vectors of WMV in Japan. ( Sako et al., 197712>; Tanaka et al., 19791<1>) 261 Table 2. Aphid species collected from the cucumber and pumpkin fields during the approximate p-eriod of first infection of WMV in Kagawa (1981) Cucumber field (May 2, 9, 16, 23, 30)11> Pumpkin field (May 20, 27, June 3, 7)"> No. of aphid No. of aphid Aphid speciesc> collected Aphid speciesc> collected (% of total) (% of total) * Acyrthosiphon 1>isum 1 ( 0.4) * Acyrthosiphon 1>isurn 6 ( 1.0) Aphis c'it1'icolct 2 ( 0.9) * A7>his citricolct 9 ( 1.5) ,:, A. craccivora 5 ( 2.2) ,:, A. craccivora 63 (10.3) '' A. gossypii 30 ( 13.1) A . gossypii 123 (20.1) A. odorikonis 64 (28.0) A . oclorikonis 316 (51.7) A. sp. 1 ( 0.4) A. Sp. 3 ( 0.5) '' A iilacorthu1n m.agnoliae 3 ( 1.3) ,:, A ulacorthimi nipponicmn 1 ( 0.2) * A. solani 31 (13.6) ,) A . solani 14 ( 2.3) "' B1·evicoryne brassicae 5 ( 2.2) •) Brevico1·yne brassicae 2 ( 0.3) ,:, Macrosiphwm euphorbiae 33 (14.5) Capitophorus hippophaes M egou.ra c1·assic(tuda. 7 ( 3.1) javanicits 4 ( 0.7) * Myzus (Nect.) prwsicae 30 (13.1) Ei,myzus i??ipatiensae 2 ( 0.3) * Rho1>alosiphimi 1nafrlis 3 ( 1.3) M egoura crassicauda 8 ( 1.3) "' R. pacli 7 ( 3.1) * Myzus (Nect.) persicae 35 ( 5.7) R. 11tfiabdorninalis 5 ( 2.2) * Phorodon humuli japonensis 1 ( 0.2) * Sitobion akebiae 1 ( 0.4) PleotrichophoritS glandulosus 1 ( 0.2) Total 228 Rhopalosiphurn nym1>haeae 9 ( 1.5) * R. padi 6 ( 1.0) Semiaphis heraclei 1 ( 0.2) * Sitobion akebiae 1 ( 0.2) S. ibarae 1 ( 0.2) Total 609 a) First incidence of WMV in the field; June 4. b) First incidence of WMV in the field; May 27. c) * : Vector aphid of WMV Table 3. Reciprocal transmission of WMV between cucumber and wintering cro1>s by a r>h id species Aphid species Transmission* Acyrthosi7>hon pismn Garden pea - Cucumber Aphis craccivora Broadbean } ~Cucumber Garden pea ~ Aphis gossypii Broadbean Garden pea - - ~ Cucumber Spinach Sweet pea - Myzus (Nect.) persicae Spinach --~ Cucumber <- - ,:, Arrows indicate direction of transmimission. 262 JARQ Vol. 19, No. 4, 1986 Table 4. WMV-transmission efficiency of Aphis gossgpii Factor Optimum condition Mot·ph, Age No significant difference Host plants Cucumber> Taro, Sweet pepper > Egg p lant, Pokeweecl Cucumber> Okra, Loquat, Weeds Pre-acquisition fasting period 1-2 hr Acquisition feeding period 1-2 min (5 sec) 1noculation feeding period > 1 hr (5 sec) Transmission by groups P= l-Q" Virus retention period Starved >4hr Released on plant > 15 min Serial transmission by single aphid 2-5 plants Temperature 2s 0 c WMV are spinach, garden pea, broad bean, Secondary infection etc.. 1•,1~> As garden pea plants with natural infection of WMV were collected every­ Although the number of diseased plants where,6,19> garden pea can be t·egarded as the caused by the first infection of WMV is not major wintering SOlU'Ce of infection of WMV. necessarily large, the disease spreads rapidly Since broad bean and spinach are also culti­ after the first incidence through the vector, vated abundantly like garden pea and their A. goss11pii and by the infection through plant growth duration overlaps with that of cucur­ sap, occurring during crop management prac­ bits of outdoor culture for certain periods in tices. Particularly, the role of A. goss11pii autumn and spring, and WMV is reciprocally seems to be very large. transmitted between cucumber and these crops As shown in Table 4, A. gossypii is able to by aphids as shown in Table 3, it is highly pos­ acquire and transmit WMV quite easily. The sible that these crops also serve as the win­ viruriferous insects maintain stable transmis­ tering source of WMV. sibility for many hours. Many of them can As given in Table 2, the first incidence of cause the disease in several seedlings of cu­ WMV occurs 1-2 weeks after the peak emer­ cumber by one insect. The large number of gence of aphids in spring, i.e. from mid-May A. gossypii emerged on cucurbits can explain to eal'ly-June. This time is later by more than how rapid is the spread of secondary infec­ one month than the time of incidence of CMV tion. It is considered that highly movable a late which is also transmitted by aphids like WMV.
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