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Reproductive Biology of the Rio Grande Sucker Catostomus Plebeius

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Reproductive Biology of the Rio Grande Sucker Catostomus Plebeius June 1995 Notes 237 PLUMMER,M. V. 1992. Relationships among moth- ards; resolution of a paradox. Amer. Nat., 112:595- ers, litters, and neonates in diamondback water 608. snakes (Nerodia rhombifer). Copeia, 1992:1096- WERNER,D. I. 1988. The effect of varying water 1098. potential on body weight, yolk and fat bodies in RAND, A. S. 1984. Clutch size in Iguana iguana in neonate green iguanas. Copeia, 1988:406-11. Central Panama. Pp. 115-122, in Vertebrate ecol- 1991. The rational use of green iguanas. ogy and systematics-a tribute to Henry S. Fitch Pp. 181-201, in Neotropical wildlife use and con- (R. A. Seigel, L., E. Hunt, J. L. Knight, L. Ma- servation (J. G. Robinson and K. H. Redford, eds.). laret, and N. L. Zuschlag, eds.). Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. Univ. Kansas, Lawrence. WERNER,D. I., ANDT. J. MILLER. 1984. Artificial RAND, A. S., AND H. W. GREENE. 1982. Latitude nests for female green iguanas. Herpetol. Rev., 15: and climate in the phenology of reproduction in the 57-58. green iguana, Iguana iguana. Pp. 142-149, in Igua- WIEWANDT,T. A. 1982. Evolution of nesting pat- nas of the world: behavior, ecology and conservation terns in iguanine lizards. Pp. 119-141, in Iguanas (G. M. Burghardt and S. Rand, eds.). Noyes Publ., of the world: behavior, ecology and conservation New Jersey. (G. M. Burghardt and S. Rand, eds.). Noyes Publ., Vitt, L. J. 1978. Caloric content of lizard and snake New Jersey. (Reptilia) eggs and bodies and the conversion of WILLIAMS,G. C. 1966. Adaptation and natural se- weight to caloric data. J. Herpetol., 12:65-72. lection. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jer- VITT, L. J., ANDJ. D. CONGDON. 1978. Body shape, sey. reproductive effort, and relative clutch mass in liz- REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE RIO GRANDE SUCKER, CATOSTOMUS PLEBEIUS (CYPRINIFORMES), IN A MONTANE STREAM, NEW MEXICO JOHN N. RINNE United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, The Southwest Forest Science Complex, 2500 South Pineknoll Drive, Flagstaf, Arizona 86001 Although the Rio Grande sucker, Catostomus spawns in spring and, in some areas, in the fall. plebeius, was first described almost a century and Although adults may grow to a large size (>40 a half ago by Baird and Girard (1854), Koster cm), most individuals are small and some mature (1957) first presented the meager known life his- when only "a few inches long." Rausch (1963) tory information for the species. It is currently examined age, growth and maturity of this suck- distributed in tributaries of the Rio Grande, pri- er. Koster (1957) suggested this species to be a marily north of the 36th parallel (Sublette et al., good bait or forage fish and that trout can and 1990). It has been introduced into the headwaters commonly do feed on this largely primary con- of the Gila River. Although substantial popula- sumer. tions are extant in New Mexico, only one occurs The Rio Grande sucker was encountered in in Colorado. The species also currently inhabits large numbers during research investigating the a half dozen river basins encompassing three states effects of grazing on nearstream and instream of Mexico (Smith, 1966; Hendrickson et al., 1980; habitat and biota in the Rio de las Vacas in north- Sublette et al., 1990). ern New Mexico (Rinne, 1988). Because there Larger individuals feed on filamentous algae is a lack of ecological and life history information and other microscopic and macroscopic organisms for Rio Grande sucker, specimens were collected such as diatoms and benthic invertebrates inhab- between 1985 and 1987, preserved, and aspects iting fast, rocky riffles (Sublette et al., 1990). of their reproductive biology were examined. This Koster (1957) reported that Rio Grande sucker paper reports information on aspects of the re- 238 The Southwestern Naturalist vol. 40, no. 2 TABLE1-Comparison of reproductivetraits of male TABLE2-Comparison of degreeof tuberculationon and female Rio Grande sucker (Catostomusplebeius) body and fins of male and female Rio Grande sucker in the Rio de las Vacas, 1985-1987. All values are (Catostomus plebeius) in the Rio de las Vacas, New means (+SE). All comparisonsare significantlydif- Mexico, 1985-1987. All values are means (+SE). ** ferent (P < 0.01). = P < 0.01. Male Female Male Female Trait n = 112 n = 99 Tuberculation n = 112 n = 99 Total length (mm1) 102.1 + 1.4 110.1 + 2.0 Body 2.7 + 0.05 3.0 Fish volume (ml) 12.7 + 0.54 16.8 + 0.07 Head 2.5 + 0.07** 3.0 + 0.02** Gonad (ml) 0.30 + 0.02 0.82 + 0.09 Caudal peduncle 2.9 + 0.03 3.0 Color index 1.5 + 0.05 1.7 + 0.04 Gular 2.6 + 0.05** 3.0 + 0.01** Gonadal index 2.3 + 0.19 4.6 + 0.34 Operculum 2.6 + 0.07 3.0 Pectoralfin 2.4 + 0.07** 3.0 + 0.02** in mm males, Range total length = 60-138 in 61- Pelvic fin 3.0 3.0 162 mm in females. Anal fin 3.0 3.0 Caudal fin 3.0 3.0 productive biology of the Rio Grande sucker in- habiting the Rio de las Vacas in Northern New Mexico. displacement. Gonadal indices (GI) were calcu- The Rio de las Vacas is a third-order montane lated by dividing gonadal volume by fish volume stream (elevation, 2,800 m) located on the Santa and multiplying the resulting value by 100. Fe- Fe National Forest, Sandoval County, about 120 cundity was estimated by removal of ovaries and km NNW of Albuquerque, New Mexico (Rinne, counting of all mature ova present in 21 females 1988, 1995). Detailed descriptions of this ripar- collected in March, June, and July, 1985 and ian-stream area are given in Rinne (1988) and with GI greater than 4.0. Szaro and Rinne (1988) and are summarized here. Presence and intensity of tuberculation and The stream is affected by typical forest manage- breeding coloration on the body and fins were ment activities such as logging, recreation, road noted relative to sex. Variation in tuberculation building, and livestock grazing. Portions of the was coded from 1 to 3 to delineate either pro- study area have been fenced to exclude livestock nounced presence (1), weak presence (2), or ab- grazing. Riparian vegetation is more abundant sence (3). Color was recorded as either present within these exclosures and is dominated by a (1) or absent (2). willow (Salix)-alder (Alnus) community. Beaver Data on reproductive traits between sexes were (Castorcanadense) inhabit the area, and damming analyzed by simple t-tests. Analysis of variance of the stream is common, however dams are not (ANOVA) was used to compare GI among sam- permanent because of annual washouts by spring ple dates. Length and GI were related by re- runoff. Streambanks are unstable in the grazed gression analyses to depict size at maturity. areas (Rinne, in litt.) and fine sediment content Of the 211 suckers collected for reproductive of the stream substrate is greater in reaches sub- analyses during the period March 1985 through jected to grazing (Rinne, 1988). June 1987, 112 were males and 99 females. Fe- Most Rio Grande suckers were collected dur- male suckers were only slightly but significantly ing annual summer sampling (June to July), with (P = 0.002) larger than males (Table 1). Sexual additional samples taken in March, April, Sep- dimorphism was also illustrated by the signifi- tember, and October 1985. Rio Grande sucker cantly greater mean volume of female than male were stunned with a direct current, backpack suckers (Table 1). electrofisher, dipnetted, and immediately pre- As in most cypriniform fishes, the presence of served in 10% formalin-sugar solution in order color was also significantly more common in males to enhance color retention in specimens. The total than in females (P < 0.001). Regression models length (TL) of preserved specimens was mea- for the sexes explained only about 25% of the sured and fish volume was estimated by liquid variation in color of suckers. By comparison, lo- displacement (ml). Gonads were then removed gistic regression produced a "best fit" model that and their volumes similarly determined by liquid included sex, month, gonad volume, and length. June 1995 Notes 239 TABLE3-Comparison of mean seasonalgonadal indices of Rio Grande suckers(Catostomus plebeius) in the Rio de las Vacas, New Mexico, 1985-1987. Sample date Male Female March' n = 5 2.12 + 1.43 n = 14 4.26 + 0.32 April n = 3 1.8 + 0.31 n= 83.83 + 0.51 June n = 20 4.07 + 0.43 n = 18 7.80 + 1.12 June n = 13 0.57 + 0.19 n = 20 2.69 + 0.58 July n = 35 3.13 + 0.19 n = 15 5.69 + 1.03 Sept n = 23 0.72 + 0.13 n = 6 3.18 + 0.30 Oct n = 13 2.18 + 0.72 n = 18 3.61 + 0.18 ' All samplesmade in 1985 except for the secondsample listed for June and the samplein September,which were made in 1987. The remaining independent variable, fish vol- yses indicated 56% of the variation in fecundity ume, was not significantly (P = 0.09) related to of suckers was explained by gonad volume. Fe- color. The fitted model for Rio Grande suckers cundity of suckers varied significantly with season in the Rio de las Vacas is: (P = 0.02) and was greatest in the autumn and least in the spring. E (the logit) = -7.0199 - 0.8614(sex) Koster (1957) previously suggested that the + 0.3829(month) Rio Grande sucker displayed a definite spring to + 0.7869(gonad volume) summer perhaps an autumnal spawn- + 0.0313(length) early and ing effort.
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