Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Francis Van Aeken

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Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Francis Van Aeken Les systèmes multi-agents minimaux Francis van Aeken To cite this version: Francis van Aeken. Les systèmes multi-agents minimaux. Autre [cs.OH]. Institut National Polytech- nique de Grenoble - INPG, 1999. Français. tel-00004860 HAL Id: tel-00004860 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004860 Submitted on 18 Feb 2004 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE présentée par FRANCIS VAN AEKEN pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (Arrête ministériel du 30 mars 1992) Spécialité : Informatique LES SYSTÈMES MULTI-AGENTS MINIMAUX Un Modèle Adapté à l’Etude de la Dynamique Organisationnelle dans les Systèmes Multi-Agents Ouverts Soutenue le 30 mars 1999 devant le jury composé de M. PHILIPPE JORRAND,PRESIDENT DU JURY M. YVES DEMAZEAU,DIRECTEUR DE THESE M. JACQUES FERBER,RAPPORTEUR M. HENRI LIEBERMAN,RAPPORTEUR M. THIERRY BOURON,EXAMINATEUR M. ANDRZEJ DUDA,EXAMINATEUR Thèse préparée au sein du Laboratoire LEIBNIZ Page 2 Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Page 3 à la mémoire d’Alan Turing, 1912-1954 Page 4 Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Page 5 THESE — RESUME La thèse soutenue est la suivante : — Un modèle minimal des Systèmes Multi-Agents peut être fondé sur le concept du couple, et le principe « qui se ressemble, s’assemble ». — Un tel modèle peut mener à une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique organisationnelle dans les Systèmes Multi-Agents. — Un tel modèle peut être appliqué à des problèmes importants. Résumé : En approchant la fin du Millénaire, nous sommes témoins de la genèse d’un nouveau monde : l’univers électronique composé des millions d’ordinateurs interconnectés par l’Internet. Dans ce monde, des processus informatiques autonomes migreront d’ordinateur à ordinateur. En migrant, ces entités, couramment appelées « agents », exploiteront mieux les ressources disponibles et assureront mieux leur survie. De plus, pour des raisons d’efficacité, ils s’organiseront en sociétés. Les sociétés d’agents artificiels sont étudiées dans le domaine des Systèmes Multi-Agents (SMA). La notion d’organisation est essentielle dans le domaine. Dans le cadre de notre thèse, nous proposons les Systèmes Multi- Agents Minimaux (SMAM), un modèle permettant l’étude de l’organisation des agents à un niveau fondamental. Le modèle est basé sur la notion du couple : les agents sont récursivement organisés en couples. Le comportement des agents est guidé par le principe « qui se ressemble, s’assemble ». En utilisant ce modèle, nous pouvons quantitativement analyser un nombre de phénomènes liés à la dynamique organisationnelle des SMA. De plus, nous pouvons directement appliquer notre modèle dans le contexte de l’Internet. Nous avons développé l’application « FRIENDS », dans laquelle les utilisateurs sont représentés par des agents s’organisant comme un SMAM. Elle permet aux utilisateurs de retrouver des groupes et des individus partageant des intérêts communs. Le modèle est nouveau et beaucoup de travail reste à faire. Toutefois, à cause de sa nature universelle et ses applications potentielles sur l’Internet, nous sommes confiants en son avenir. Mots-clés : Systèmes Multi-Agents, dynamique organisationnelle, Internet Page 6 Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Page 7 THESIS — ABSTRACT The supported thesis is the following: — A minimal model of Multi-Agent Systems can be based on the concept of the couple, and the principle “likes seek likes”. — Such a model can lead to a better understanding of the organisational dynamics in Multi-Agent Systems. — Such a model can be applied to important problems. Abstract: While approaching the end of the Millennium, we are witnessing the genesis of a new world: the electronic universe composed of the millions of computers connected by the Internet. In this world, autonomous computer processes will migrate from computer to computer. By migrating, these entities, typically called “agents”, will better exploit the available resources and secure their survival. Moreover, for reasons of efficiency, they will organise themselves into societies of agents. Societies of artificial agents are studied within the domain of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). The notion of organisation is essential in the domain. Within the context of our thesis, we propose the model of Minimal Multi- Agent Systems (MMAS), which allows for the study of the organisation of agents at a fundamental level. The model is based on the notion of the couple: agents are recursively organised in couples. The behaviour of the agents is guided by the principle “likes seek likes”. Using this model, we can quantitatively analyse a number of phenomenon related to the organisational dynamics of MAS. Moreover, we can directly apply our model within the context of the Internet. We have developed the application “FRIENDS”, in which users are represented by agents that organise themselves as a MMAS. The application allows users to find groups and individuals sharing common interests. The model is new and a lot of work is still to be done. Still, because of its universal nature and its potential applications of the Internet, we are confident in its future. Keywords: Multi-Agent Systems, organisational dynamics, Internet Page 8 Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Page 9 THESIS — SAMENVATTING De verdedigde thesis luidt als volgt: — Een minimaal model van Multi-Agent Systemen kan worden gebaseerd op de notie van het koppel, en het principe “soort zoekt soort”. — Zulk een model kan leiden tot een beter inzicht in de organisatorische dynamiek in Multi-Agent Systemen. — Zulk een model kan verder worden toegepast op belangrijke problemen. Samenvatting: Op de vooravond van het nieuwe Millenium zijn we getuige van de geboorte van een nieuwe wereld: het elektronische universum bestaande uit de miljoenen computers verbonden door het Internet. In deze wereld zullen autonome computerprocessen van computer tot computer migreren. Al migrerend zullen deze entiteiten, “agents” genaamd, de beschikbare middelen optimaal uitbuiten en hun kansen op overleven vergroten. Om alles zo efficient mogelijk te laten verlopen zullen ze zich organiseren in sociale groepen. Samenlevingen van kunstmatige agents worden bestudeerd in het kader van Multi-Agent Systemen (MAS). De notie van organisatie is essentieel in deze discipline. In de context van onze thesis stellen wij Minimale MAS voor (MMAS), een model dat zich leent tot de fundamentele studie van de organisatie van agents. Ons model is gebaseerd op het concept van het koppel: agents zijn recursief georganiseerd in koppels. Het gedrag van de agents wordt bepaald door het principe “soort zoekt soort”. Met behulp van dit model kunnen we kwantitatief een aantal phenomenen bestuderen rond de organisatorische dynamiek van MAS. Bovendien kunnen we ons model direct toepassen binnen de context van het Internet. We hebben de toepassing “FRIENDS” ontwikkeld, waarin gebruikers worden vertegenwoordigd door agents die zich organiseren als een MMAS. Deze gebruikers kunnen dan gemakkelijk groepen of individuen vinden die dezelfde interesses delen. Ons model is nieuw en er is nog veel werk voor de boeg. Omwille van zijn universele natuur en zijn potentiële toepassingen op het Internet echter, hebben we volop vertrouwen in zijn toekomst. Sleutelwoorden: Multi-Agent Systemen, organisatorische dynamiek, Internet Page 10 Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Les Systèmes Multi-Agents Minimaux Page 11 REMERCIEMENTS Ce manuscrit présente des recherches que je n’aurai jamais pu réaliser sans le support, les conseils et l’amitié de nombreuses personnes. Tout d’abord je remercie M. Yves Demazeau, Chargé de Recherches CNRS et responsable de l’équipe MAGMA - LEIBNIZ, qui m’a accueilli dans son équipe et qui a dirigé ma thèse. C’est la deuxième fois que nous travaillons ensemble et cette fois encore notre collaboration a porté ses fruits. Je remercie également M. Philippe Jorrand, Directeur de Recherches CNRS et directeur du laboratoire LEIBNIZ - IMAG, de m’avoir offert cet excellent environnement de travail et de présider le Jury de Thèse. J’exprime ma reconnaissance sincère aux autres membres du Jury : M. Thierry Bouron, chercheur au Centre de Recherche et de Développement de France Télécom, M. Andrzej Duda, Professeur à l’Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, M. Jacques Ferber, Professeur à l’Université Montpellier II, et M. Henri Lieberman, Professeur au Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Je remercie France Télécom et la Communauté Européenne pour leur soutien financier, sous la forme du contrat CTI N96 1B 06 entre France Télécom - CNET et INPG CNRS -Leibniz, et de la bourse « Fixed Contribution Contract for Training through Research » N° ERBFMBICT961525. Un grand merci à Daniel Genovese qui, pendant toute une année, a contribué à cette thèse en implémentant FRIENDS Online. Merci aussi à Frédéric Maffray et à Myriam Preissman d’avoir démontré la NP-difficulté de l’organisation
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