THE ACHAEMENID IMPACT on LOCAL POPULATIONS and CULTURES in ANATOLIA (6Th-4Th CENTURIES B.C.)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

THE ACHAEMENID IMPACT on LOCAL POPULATIONS and CULTURES in ANATOLIA (6Th-4Th CENTURIES B.C.) THE ACHAEMENID IMPACT ON LOCAL POPULATIONS AND CULTURES IN ANATOLIA (6th-4th CENTURIES B.C.) A Workshop organized by Institutum Turcicum Scientiae Antiquitatis and Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes in Collaboration with Deutsches Archäologishes Institut, Abt. Istanbul ISTANBUL, ERESİN TAXIM HOTEL MAY 20-21, 2005 MAY 19, 2005 19.00 WELCOMING COCKTAIL offered by Societas Anatolica at Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes (Galatasaray) MAY 20, 2005 09.00 Ali DİNÇOL Opening Speech 09.15 Olivier CASABONNE Introduction Chairperson : Tomris BAKIR 09.30 Christopher TUPLIN A Foreign Perspective: Xenophon on Achaemenid Anatolia 10.00 Jürgen BORCHHARDT Das Gürtel als Zeichen der Gefolgschaft 10.30 Break 10.45 Novella VISMARA Some Reflections on Iconographic Motifs in the Lycian Coinage: A Powerful Political Presence of the Achaemenid Empire in a Border Region 11.15 Eric RAIMOND Persian Power and Lycian Cults 11.45 Gül IŞIN An Achaemenid Seal from Patara 12.15-14.30 Free Time Chairperson : Eric RAIMOND 14.30 Sedef ÇOKAY-KEPÇE & Matthias RECKE Achaemenid Cups in Pamphylia 15.00 Mustafa Hamdi SAYAR Kilikien unter persischen Herrschaft: Ein Überblick 15.30 Olivier CASABONNE The Formation of Cappadocia: Iranian Populations and Achaemenid Influence 16.00 Break 16.15 Şevket DÖNMEZ The Achaemenid Impact on the Central Black Sea Region 16.45 Taner TARHAN Tuşpa’da Med ve Akhaimenid Dönemi 17.15 Latife SUMMERER Achaemenid Wood Paintings from Phrygia 17.45 Free Time 19.00 COCTAIL & DINNER offered by Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes at Eresin Taxim Hotel (Taksim) MAY 21, 2005 Chairperson : Jürgen BORCHHARDT 10.00 Tomris BAKIR Auswertung der Keramik für relative Chronologie im Perserzeitlichen Daskyleion 10.30 Aytekin ERDOĞAN Remarques sur les constructions architecturales de la période achéménide à Daskyléion 11.00 Break 11.15 Şehrazat KARAGÖZ Neue Ansichten zu freistehenden Grabmonumenten aus Daskyleion 11.45 Gürcan POLAT On a New Anatolian-Persian Stele from Daskyleion 12.15-14.30 Free Time Chairperson : Şehrazat KARAGÖZ 14.30 Frédéric MAFFRE Achaemenid, Persian, and Oriental Populations living in the Hellespontine Phrygia and working for the Persian Authorities 15.00 Brian ROSE Granicus River Valley Survey Project 15.30 Break 15.45 Deniz KAPTAN A Channel of Communication: Seals in Anatolia during the Achaemenid Period 16.15 Pierre BRIANT & José PAUMARD An Achaemenid Virtual Museum 16.45 Break 17.15 Christopher TUPLIN Conclusion 19.00 COCTAIL & DINNER offered by Institutum Turcicum Scientiae Antiquitatis Turkish Institute of Archaeology (Galatasaray) .
Recommended publications
  • Artaxerxes II
    Artaxerxes II John Shannahan BAncHist (Hons) (Macquarie University) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University. May, 2015. ii Contents List of Illustrations v Abstract ix Declaration xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Conventions xv Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II The Birth of Artaxerxes to Cyrus’ Challenge 15 The Revolt of Cyrus 41 Observations on the Egyptians at Cunaxa 53 Royal Tactics at Cunaxa 61 The Repercussions of the Revolt 78 CHAPTER 2 399-390: COMBATING THE GREEKS Responses to Thibron, Dercylidas, and Agesilaus 87 The Role of Athens and the Persian Fleet 116 Evagoras the Opportunist and Carian Commanders 135 Artaxerxes’ First Invasion of Egypt: 392/1-390/89? 144 CHAPTER 3 389-380: THE KING’S PEACE AND CYPRUS The King’s Peace (387/6): Purpose and Influence 161 The Chronology of the 380s 172 CHAPTER 4 NUMISMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SOLIDARITY Coinage in the Reign of Artaxerxes 197 The Baal/Figure in the Winged Disc Staters of Tiribazus 202 Catalogue 203 Date 212 Interpretation 214 Significance 223 Numismatic Iconography and Egyptian Independence 225 Four Comments on Achaemenid Motifs in 227 Philistian Coins iii The Figure in the Winged Disc in Samaria 232 The Pertinence of the Political Situation 241 CHAPTER 5 379-370: EGYPT Planning for the Second Invasion of Egypt 245 Pharnabazus’ Invasion of Egypt and Aftermath 259 CHAPTER 6 THE END OF THE REIGN Destabilisation in the West 267 The Nature of the Evidence 267 Summary of Current Analyses 268 Reconciliation 269 Court Intrigue and the End of Artaxerxes’ Reign 295 Conclusion: Artaxerxes the Diplomat 301 Bibliography 309 Dies 333 Issus 333 Mallus 335 Soli 337 Tarsus 338 Unknown 339 Figures 341 iv List of Illustrations MAP Map 1 Map of the Persian Empire xviii-xix Brosius, The Persians, 54-55 DIES Issus O1 Künker 174 (2010) 403 333 O2 Lanz 125 (2005) 426 333 O3 CNG 200 (2008) 63 333 O4 Künker 143 (2008) 233 333 R1 Babelon, Traité 2, pl.
    [Show full text]
  • Honigmanonigman - 9780520275584.Indd9780520275584.Indd 1 228/06/148/06/14 2:382:38 PMPM 2 General Introduction
    General Introduction SUMMARY Th e fi rst and second books of Maccabees narrate events that occurred in Judea from the 170s through the 150s and eventually led to the rise of the Hasmonean dynasty: the toppling of the last high priest of the Oniad dynasty, the transforma- tion of Jerusalem into a Greek polis, Antiochos IV’s storming of Jerusalem, his desecration of the temple and his so-called persecution of the Jews, the liberation of the city and rededication of the temple altar by Judas Maccabee, the foundation of the commemorative festival of Hanukkah, and the subsequent wars against Seleukid troops. 1 Maccabees covers the deeds of Mattathias, the ancestor of the Maccabean/Hasmonean family, and his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, taking its story down to the establishment of the dynastic transmission of power within the Hasmonean family when John, Simon’s son, succeeded his father; whereas 2 Maccabees, which starts from Heliodoros’s visit to Jerusalem under the high priest Onias III, focuses on Judas and the temple rededication, further dis- playing a pointed interest in the role of martyrs alongside that of Judas. Because of this diff erence in chronological scope and emphasis, it is usually considered that 1 Maccabees is a dynastic chronicle written by a court historian, whereas 2 Macca- bees is the work of a pious author whose attitude toward the Hasmoneans has been diversely appreciated—from mild support, through indiff erence, to hostility. Moreover, the place of redaction of 2 Maccabees, either Jerusalem or Alexandria, is debated. Both because of its comparatively fl amboyant style and the author’s alleged primarily religious concerns, 2 Maccabees is held as an unreliable source of evidence about the causes of the Judean revolt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early
    Dokuz Eylül University – DEU The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea Congressus internationales Smyrnenses X Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods An international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity May 14-15, 2020 / Izmir, Turkey Edited by Ergün Laflı Izmir 2020 Last update: 04/05/2020. 1 Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods. Papers presented at the international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity, May 14-15, 2020 / Izmir, Turkey, Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea – Acta congressus communis omnium gentium Smyrnae. Copyright © 2020 Ergün Laflı (editor) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the editor. ISBN: 978-605-031-211-9. Page setting: Ergün Laflı (Izmir). Text corrections and revisions: Hugo Thoen (Deinze / Ghent). Papers, presented at the international video conference, entitled “Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine periods. An international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia in classical antiquity” in May 14–15, 2020 in Izmir, Turkey. 36 papers with 61 pages and numerous colourful figures. All papers and key words are in English. 21 x 29,7 cm; paperback; 40 gr. quality paper. Frontispiece. A Roman stele with two portraits in the Museum of Kırşehir; accession nos. A.5.1.95a-b (photograph by E.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction and the Kidnapping of Women
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68943-4 - Herodotus and the Persian Wars John Claughton Excerpt More information Introduction and the 1 kidnapping of women IA H T Y C Aral S Sea COLCHIS Black Sea Caspian SOGDIA Sea THRACE IA RYG ARMENIA R PH LESSE CAPPADOCIA MARGIANA GREATER LYDIA PHRYGIA Athens Argos Sardis I O P AMP LIA N CARIA LYCIA HY Sparta IA CILICIA ASSYRIA HYRCANIA BACTRIA Cyprus MEDIA Ecbatana PARTHIA PHOENICIA Sidon BABYLONIA DRANGIANA Mediterranean Sea Tyre ABARNAHARA Susa ELAM Babylon ARIA Pasargadae Memphis Persepolis N PERSIA ARACHOSIA P e r CARMANIA EGYPT si an Gu GEDROSIA Red Sea lf 0 400 km 0 400 miles The Persian empire and neighbouring territories in the fi fth century BC. Although Herodotus’ work culminates in the great battles of 490 BC and 480–479 BC, his work is remarkable in its range. He begins with the world of myth and travels through many places and over generations in time to explore the relations between the Greeks and the Persians. Introduction and the kidnapping of women 1 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68943-4 - Herodotus and the Persian Wars John Claughton Excerpt More information Introduction This is the presentation of the enquiry of Herodotus of Halicarnassus. The purpose of this work is to ensure that the actions of mankind are not rubbed out by time, and that great and wondrous deeds, some performed by the Greeks, some by non-Greeks, are not without due glory. In particular, the purpose is to explain why they waged war against each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander and the 'Defeat' of the Sogdianian Revolt
    Alexander the Great and the “Defeat” of the Sogdianian Revolt* Salvatore Vacante “A victory is twice itself when the achiever brings home full numbers” (W. Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, Act I, Scene I) (i) At the beginning of 329,1 the flight of the satrap Bessus towards the northeastern borders of the former Persian Empire gave Alexander the Great the timely opportunity for the invasion of Sogdiana.2 This ancient region was located between the Oxus (present Amu-Darya) and Iaxartes (Syr-Darya) Rivers, where we now find the modern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, bordering on the South with ancient Bactria (present Afghanistan). According to literary sources, the Macedonians rapidly occupied this large area with its “capital” Maracanda3 and also built, along the Iaxartes, the famous Alexandria Eschate, “the Farthermost.”4 However, during the same year, the Sogdianian nobles Spitamenes and Catanes5 were able to create a coalition of Sogdianians, Bactrians and Scythians, who created serious problems for Macedonian power in the region, forcing Alexander to return for the winter of 329/8 to the largest city of Bactria, Zariaspa-Bactra.6 The chiefs of the revolt were those who had *An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Conflict Archaeology Postgraduate Conference organized by the Centre for Battlefield Archaeology of the University of Glasgow on October 7th – 9th 2011. 1 Except where differently indicated, all the dates are BCE. 2 Arr. 3.28.10-29.6. 3 Arr. 3.30.6; Curt. 7.6.10: modern Samarkand. According to Curtius, the city was surrounded by long walls (70 stades, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • RCR 2 Copy.Key
    Book: Verse pg. # Book: Verse pg. # Acts 2:1–12 Page 1091 When the day of Pentecost came, they were all together in one place. Suddenly a sound like the blowing of a violent wind came from heaven and filled the whole house where they were sitting. They saw what seemed to be tongues of fire that separated and came to rest on each of them. All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit enabled them. Now there were staying in Jerusalem God-fearing Jews from every nation under heaven. When they heard this sound, a crowd came together in bewilderment, because each one heard their own language being spoken. Utterly amazed, they asked: “Aren’t all these who are speaking Galileans? Then how is it that each of us hears them in our native language? Parthians, Medes and Elamites; r e s i d e n t s o f M e s o p o t a m i a , J u d e a a n d Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya near Cyrene; visitors from Rome (both Jews and converts to Judaism); Cretans and Arabs—we hear them declaring the wonders of God in our own tongues!” Amazed and perplexed, they asked one another, “What does this mean?”. Acts 2:1–12 Shavuot SHävo͞oˈōt • noun festival of harvest, celebration of harvest Count off seven weeks from the time you begin to put the sickle to the standing grain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between the Western Satraps and the Greeks
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018-11-08 East Looking West: the Relationship between the Western Satraps and the Greeks Ward, Megan Leigh Falconer Ward, M. L. F. (2018). East Looking West: the Relationship between the Western Satraps and the Greeks (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/33255 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/109170 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY “East Looking West: the Relationship between the Western Satraps and the Greeks.” by Megan Leigh Falconer Ward A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GREEK AND ROMAN STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA NOVEMBER, 2018 © Megan Leigh Falconer Ward 2018 Abstract The satraps of Persia played a significant role in many affairs of the European Greek poleis. This dissertation contains a discussion of the ways in which the Persians treated the Hellenic states like subjects of the Persian empire, particularly following the expulsion of the Persian Invasion in 479 BCE. Chapter One looks at Persian authority both within the empire and among the Greeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Check out the Pentecost Page!
    Acts 2:1-13;42-47 When the day of Pentecost came, they were all together in one place. 2 Suddenly a noise came from heaven. It sounded like a strong wind blowing. This noise filled the whole house where they were sitting. 3 They saw some- thing that looked like flames of fire. The flames were separated and stood over each person there. 4 They were all filled with the Holy Spirit, and they began to speak different languages. The Holy Spirit was giving them the power to do this. 5 There were some godly Jews in Jerusalem at this time. They were from every country in the world. 6 A large crowd came together because they heard the noise. They were surprised because, as the apostles were speaking, everyone heard in their own language. 7 They were all amazed at this. They did not understand how the apostles could do this. They said, “Look! These men we hear speaking are all from Galilee.[a] 8 But we hear them in our own languages. How is this possible? We are from all these different places: 9 Parthia, Media, Elam, Mesopotamia, Judea, Cappadocia, Pontus, Asia, 10 Phrygia, Pamphylia, Egypt, the areas of Libya near the city of Cyrene, Rome, 11 Crete, and Arabia. Some of us were born Jews, and others have changed their re- ligion to worship God like Jews. We are from these different countries, but we can hear these men in our own languages! We can all understand the great things they are saying about God.” 12 The people were all amazed and confused.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Inscriptions from Persepolis in Electronic Form Matthew W
    oi.uchicago.edu THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE NEWS & NOTES SPRING 1998 ©THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ACHAEMENID ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS FROM PERSEPOLIS IN ELECTRONIC FORM MATTHEW W. STOLPER. PROFESSOR OF ASSYRIOLOGY GENE GRAGG. PROFESSOR OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND DIRECTOR OF THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE From 550 BC on, Cyrus the Great and his successors, the Persian structed narrative of Darius's triumph over his competitors for kings of the Achaemenid dynasty, conquered and held an em­ control of the empire, and it was not only addressed to posterity, pire on a scale that was without precedent in earlier Near East­ but also translated and disseminated to the conquered lands, and ern history, and without parallel until the formation of the an Aramaic version was copied out in Egypt about a century af­ Roman Empire. At its greatest extent, its corners were in Libya ter the text was composed. But the other inscriptions, for the and Ethiopia, Thrace and Macedonia, Afghanistan and Central most part, present the empire not as an accomplishment, the re­ Asia, and the Punjab. It incorporated ancient literate societies in sult of royal efforts, but as a divinely sanctioned order. Elam, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and elsewhere. It engaged the The characteristic that best represented this order was its di­ versity, which was in turn an expression of the empire's size. In I ~ 13DDO!lDC,lDcnIS I nybljc nm,'mms I I w< t?sjtc infocmali oo & SIlUj Sljcs I clIoyriyhl$ & pcn)Jjs.~ioos I ~ I a world where few people had seen maps, where area and dis­ I webs;l!! nllviegriQnal aid I tance could not be expressed in geometric figures, the most im­ pressive way of putting them in words was to name the many ACHAEMENID ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS people who served the king, and so some of the inscriptions give lists of subject lands, twenty, or twenty-three, or twenty-eight items long.
    [Show full text]
  • Eumenes, Neoptolemus and "PSI" XII 1284 Bosworth, a B Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Jan 1, 1978; 19, 3; Periodicals Archive Online Pg
    Eumenes, Neoptolemus and "PSI" XII 1284 Bosworth, A B Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Jan 1, 1978; 19, 3; Periodicals Archive Online pg. 227 Eumenes, Neoptolemus and PSI XII 1284 A. B. Bosworth N 1932 E. Breccia discovered a small scrap of papyrus at Kom Ali I el Gamman near Oxyrhynchus. Once discovered it waited nearly twenty years for publication. The editio princeps of 1951 was the work of Vittorio Bartoletti, aided by suggestions from Maas and Jacoby.1 The papyrus itself consists of three columns, numbered consecutively 81-83, of which the central column is preserved almost complete. Those to right and left are defective except for a few letters at the extremities which defy reconstruction.2 The script belongs to the late second century. I shall first give the text with rudimentary critical apparatus and then a translation of the consecutive narrative. ]!,TE"e [we cp]9flfPwTarrjV 7ToL[~e]ff!' r9~e i7T7T[E"v]eLv [T]~V 0tPW €7TEXcfJpoVV [€]v TagE [£] oi S€ KaT67TLv av.rwv, oeo£ imrije, fJ T [V]XOL ~g!}'59!,TL~OV wc lmO rfj gVVEXE{~ [T]WV fl~~cP!, cWa~:rEAoVvTE[C] ~v EP./-'O/\!}!,, a \, TWVA" L7T7TEWV. E"VP.EV1JC OE,"" wc( 'T7}VI TE SV'}'K/\T/CLVI:. I \ TOV- svvac-I:. 5 7TLCp.oV 7C!W Ma'5~S6vwV7TVK~V KaTELSEV Kat aVTOVC T~j~ yvcfJp.a[LC] EC, TO"'".... E7TL 7Tav KLVOVVEVELV~ " EPPWP.EVOVC,, 7TEP.7TELI av1"'0 LC .!:t,EVVLav~ I avopaJI ~ p.aKE"Sovt~ov7a rfj <p [W ]vfl, <ppacaL KEAEvcac WC KaTU c76p.a P.€V ou p.aXEL7aL aUToLc 7Tapa'5[oAov]~wv S~ T[fi] TE i7T7TC[) Kat TaLC TWV tPLAwv 7agECLV E"t[p]gOL aUTovc TWV E7TL7[rySEl]wv' oi S€, El Kat [EL] 10 7Tapv IXp.axol TLVEC ccptc [L]!, St;JKOVCLV aM' OtJT' [«Xv] Tep ')IE ALP.ep EVt V9~[V] avTLT[ 1 vO/Ll'O]r'TEC Latte: perhaps E1TtVOOV]r'TEC (cf Arrian 1.23.5 [see below]).
    [Show full text]
  • Achaemenid Grants of Cities and Lands to Greeks: the Case of Mentor and Memnon of Rhodes Maxim M
    Achaemenid Grants of Cities and Lands to Greeks: The Case of Mentor and Memnon of Rhodes Maxim M. Kholod HE GRANTS of cities and lands to foreigners, including Greeks, who had provided and/or would in the future T provide important services to the Persian kings and satraps were a fairly common practice in the Achaemenid Empire.1 A portion of evidence for such grants concerns Asia Minor. For example, Cyrus the Great is said to have granted seven cities in Asia Minor to his friend Pytharchus of Cyzicus.2 The Spartan king Demaratus, after he had been allowed to dwell in Persia, received from Darius I and probably then from Xerxes lands and cities, among them Teuthrania and Halisarna, where his descendants, the Demaratides, still were in power at the beginning of the fourth century.3 Gongylus of Eretria, who had been expelled from his home city as an adherent of the Persians, received from Xerxes the cities Gambrium, Palaegambrium, 1 On these grants see in detail M. A. Dandamayev and V. G. Lukonin, Kultura i ekonomika drevnego Irana (Moscow 1980) 138–142 (Engl. transl.: Cambridge 1989); P. Briant, “Dons de terres et de villes: L’Asie Mineure dans le contexte achéménide,” REA 87 (1985) 51–72, and From Cyrus to Alexander (Winona Lake 2002) 561–563, 969; Ch. Tuplin, “The Administration of the Achaemenid Empire,” in I. Carradice (ed.), Coinage and Administration in the Athenian and Persian Empires (Oxford 1987) 133–137; G. Herman, Ritualised Friendship and the Greek City (Cambridge 1987) 106–115; P. Debord, L’Asie Mineure au IVe siècle (Bordeaux 1999) 189–193; H.
    [Show full text]