REPOR TRESUMES

ED 015 296 VT 003 868 PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS, THE REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GOVERNORS' COMMISSIONS ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN (2D, WASHINGTON, D.C., JULY 28 -30, 1965). INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMM. ON TH: STATUS OF WOMEN CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNCIL ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN PUB DATE 66 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.50 HC-$3.60 88P.

DESCRIPTORS- *FEMALES, *STATUS, CONFERENCES, SPEECHES, EDUCATION, STATE PROGRAMS, EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES (JOBS), RESPONSIBILITY, FEDERAL PROGRAMS, WORKSHOPS,

OF THE 446 REPRESENTATIVES FROM STATE COMMISSIONS, STATES, AND FEDERAL AGENCIES ATTENDING THE CONFERENCE, 390 WERE WOMEN. NINETEEN STATE COMMISSIONS REPORTED ACTIVITIES SUCH AS INFLUENCING THE PASSAGE OF EQUAL PAY OR MINIMUM WAGE LAWS APPLICABLE TO BOTH MEN AND WOMEN AND PARTICIPATING IN POVERTY PROGRAMS AND ADULT EDUCATION. PARTICIPANTS IN 11 WORKSHOPS DISCUSSED QUESTIONS OF POPULAR INTEREST, AND SIX DISCUSSED PRACTICAL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES THAT ALL COMMISSIONS NEED TO BE FAMILIAR WITH. SPEECHES STRESSING THE IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN NATIONAL LIFE WERE PRESENTED BY LYNDON B. JOHNSON, HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, W. WILLARD WIRTZ, ELIZABETH CARPENTER, JOHN W. MACY, JR., MAURINE B. NEUBERGER, MARY DUBLIN KEYSERLING, WILLIAM J. COHEN, AILEEN C. HERNANDEZ, AND FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, JR. KEY IDEAS WHICH EMERGED FROM THE SPEECHES, REPORTS AND DISCUSSIONS WERE-- (1) WOMEN SHOULD RECOGNIZE AND FULFILL THE RESPONSIBILITIES WHICH ACCOMPANY NEWLY ACQUIRED RIGHTS,(2) BENEFITS OF LABOR STANDARDS ACQUIRED FOR WOMEN SHOULD BE EXTENDED TO MEN WHERE THIS IS APPROPRIATE AND POSSIBLE,(3) FATHERS, HUSBANDS, BROTHERS MUST BE EDUCATED TO ENCOURAGE ASPIRATIONS AND ACHIEVEMENT OF GIRLS AND WOMEN, AND (4) WOMEN SHOULD PURSUE EXCELLENCE IN EDUCATION, FAMILY LIFE, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, AND EMPLOYMENT. PERTINENT FACTS ABOUT COMMISSION REPORTS, SUMMARIES OF WORKSHOP DISCUSSIONS, EXCERPTS FROM SPEECHES, AND A DIRECTORY OF PARTICIPANTS ARE INCLUDED. (FP) !i! o

PROGRESSANDPROSPECTS THE REPORT OF THE SECOND NATIONALCONFERENCE OF GOVERNORS' COMMISSIONS ONTHE STATUS OF WOMEN

! W ASHINGTON, C ., JULY 2 8 -30 ,1965 INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN

Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz, Chairman Assistant Secretary of Labor Esther Peterson, Vice Chairman Women's Bureau Director Mary Dublin Keyser li ig, Executive Vice Chairman

Honorable Dean Risk Honorable Anthony' J. Celebrezze Secretary of State Secretary of Health, Education, and Weli are Honorable Robert S. McNamara Honorable John W. Macy, Jr. Secretary of Defense Chairman U.S. Civil Service Commission Honorable Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Attorney General Honorable Sargent Shrivel- Director Honorable Orville L. Freeman Office of Economic Opportunity Secretary of Agriculture Honorable Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. Honorable John T. Connor Chairman Secretary of Commerce Equal Employment Opportunity Commission CITIZENS' ADVISORY COUNCIL ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN Miss Margaret Hickey, Chairman, Senior Editor, Ladies' Home Journal Mrs. Ellen Boddy Mr. Norman Nicholson Civic Leader Vice President and Assistant to the President Mrs. Mary E. Callahan Kaiser Industries Corp. Executive Board Member International Union of Electrical, Dr. Rosemary Park Radio, and Machine Workers, AFL-CIO President, Barnard College Dr. Henry David Miss Marguerite Ravialt Head, Office of Science Resources Assistant Division Director Planning Internal Revenue Service National Science Foundation Former Presideut, National Federation of Business and Professional Mrs. Elizabeth Wickenden Goldschmidt Women's Clubs Consultant on Social Welfare Mr. Edward A. Robie Mrs. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Vice President and Personnel Director Civic Leader Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U.S. Miss Dorothy Height Mrs. Mary Roebling President President and Chairman of the Board National Council of Negro Women Trenton Trust Company Mrs. Viola H. Hymes Mr. William F. Schnitzler Chairman, Governor's Commission on Secretary-Treasurer the Status of Women for Minnesota AFL-CIO Former President, National Council of Jewish Women Dr. Anne Filor Scott Associate Professor of History Mr. Maurice Lazarus Duke University Vice Chairman Former Chairman, Governor's Commission Federated Department Stores on the Status of Women for Dr. Richard A. Lester North Carolina Professor of Economics Dr. Caroline Ware Princeton University Consultant Miss Margaret Mealey Dr. Cynthia C. Wedel Executive Director Assistant General Secretary National Council of Catholic Women National Council of Churches Governors' Conunissions on the Status of Women

State Governor Chairman Alabama Hon. George C. Wallace Dr. Minnie C. Miles Arizona Hor.. Sam Goddard Mrs. Howard W. Hintz Arkansas Hon. Orval E. Faubus Mrs. Charlotte Gardner California Hon. Edmund G. (Pat) Brown Miss Ruth Miller Colorado Hon. John A. Love Mrs. Virginia Neal Blue Delaware Hon. Charles L. Terry, Jr. Mrs. Rose lla T. Humes Florida Hon. Haydon Burns Mrs. Aleene Kidd Georgia Hon. Carl Sanders Mrs. Mamie K. Taylor Hawaii Hon. John A. Burns Mrs. Mary Ellen Swanton Idaho Hon. Robert E. Smylie Rep. Edith Miller Klein Illinois Hon. Otto Kerner Rep. Esther Saperstein Indiana Hon. Roger D. Branigin Dr. Eunice C. Roberts Iowa Hon. Harold E. Hughes Dr. Marguerite Scruggs Kansas Hon. William H. Avery Mrs. Mary Barrett Kentucky Hon. Edward T. Breathitt, Jr. Miss Chloe Gifford Louisiana Hon. John J. McKeithen Mrs. Ellen Bryan Moore Maine Hon. John H. Reed Mrs. Albert Conley Maryland Hon. J. Millard Tawes Mrs. Paul C. Wolman Massachusetts Hon. John A. Volpe Senator Mary Fonseca Michigan Hon. George Romney Mrs. Paul G. Goebel Minnesota Hon. Karl F. Rolvaag Mrs. Charles Hymes Mississippi Hon. Paul B. Johnson Judge Mildred W Norris Missouri Hon. Warren E. Hearnes Dr. Blanche Dow Montana Hon. Tim M. Babcock Mrs. Edna Hinman Nebraska Hon. Frank B. Morrison Mrs. Arnold W. Black Nevada Hon. Grant Sawyer Mrs. Hope Roberts New Hampshire Hon. John W. King Miss Margaret E. Normandin New Jersey H )n. Richard J. Hughes Mrs. Doris Hubatka New York 1 Hon. Nelson A. Rockefeller Mrs. Oswald B. Lord North Carol' .a Hon. Dan K. Moore Dr. Anne Firor Scott North Dako,,a Hon. William L. Guy Miss Dagny Olson Oklahoma Hoii. Henry Bellmon Mrs. Ettamae Reed Oregon Hon. Mark 0. Hatfield Mrs. Gertrude Houk Fariss Pennsylvania Hon. William W. Scranton Mrs. Betsy P. Meyers Rhode Island Hon. John H. Chafee Mrs. Harold M. Burkholder South Carolina Hon. Robert E. McNair Miss Jean B. Berry South Dakota Hon. Nils A. Boe Mrs. Winifred Echelberger Tennessee Hon. Frank G. Clement Miss Flora Rawls Utah Hon. Calvin L. Rampton Mrs. Edith S. Shaw Vermont Hon. Philip H. Hoff Mrs. Ruth Colombo Virginia Hon. Albertis S. Harrison, Jr. Miss Martha Bell Conway Washington Hon. Daniel J. Evans Mrs. Vesta Cutting West Virginia Hon. Hulett Smith Mrs. John Scott Wisconsin Hon. Warren P. Knowles Dr. Kathryn F. Clarenbach This group, called TheGovernor's Committee on Education andEmployment, has completed its work and reported to the Governor. 2 Original Commissionhas reported; continuing Commission has been authorized by law, but members have not been announced. U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE

PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS

STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OFEDUCATION

POSITION OR POLICY

PROGRESS PROSPECTS THE REPORT OF THE SECOND NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GOVERNORS' COMMISSIONS ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN

COSPONSORED BY THE INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN AND THE CITIZENS' ADVISORY COUNCIL ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN WASHINGTON, D.C., JULY28-30,1965 FOREWORD

"Progress and Prospects" is the report of the Second National Conference of Governors' Commissions on the Status of Women held in Washington, D.C., on July 28-30,1965. Within 2 years after the President's Commission on the Status of Women submitted its report to President John F. Kennedy, 44 State Governors had appointed Commissions to study women's activities, accomplishments, and needs.At the time of the Conference, 19 of these State Commis- sions had already prepared their interim or final reports to the Governors. The Conference was sponsored by the Interdepartmental Committee and the Citizens' Ad- visory Council on the Status of -11 omen.The Women's Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor made an invaluable contribution in planning the Conference and providing the Conference staff. Representatives of 43 of the 44 State Commissions attended the Conference, as did representa- tives of each of the 6 States in which Commissions did not yet exist.Federal agencies in V:Tash- ington involved in programs of particular concern to women sent representatives.These repre- sentatives came not only as resource specialists but also to learn about the richly diversified action programs that are being formulated across the country by the State Commissionsand to be in- formed of furt1..er ways in which they can be of assistance to the. Commission. Our good neighbor to the north, Canada, sent two distinguished observers.Conference 'participants numbered 446 in all, 390 women and 56 men. The Conference program was a blend of inspiration and information.Participants were invited to the South Lawn of the White House to hear President Lyndon Baines Johnson, and at the Wednesday dinner, Mrs. Johnson graciously received guests.Vice President Hubert II. Humphrey' was extremely generous in giving of his time and thought.The State representatives made invaluable contributions through their exchange of experience and information at the work- shop and other sessions. This report, which was prepared with the assistance of Frances Balgley Kaplan, highlights ideas and activities which Commissions in many parts of the country have found meaningful and useful; it therefore also presents useful information for Commissions that have been organized more recently. The enthusiasm and dedication of those who came to Washington made us more confident than ever that the State Commissions will continue to contribute actively and constructively to the im- provement of the status of women and to the building of the Great Society.

Chairman, Interdepartmental Committee on the Status of Women.

Chairman, Citizens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women.

iii CONTENTS

Page PROGRAM vii PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS 1 CONFERENCE SESSIONS 11 Wednesday Evening SessionSetting the Stage 11 W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary of Labor 11 Mrs. Elizabeth Carpenter, Press Secretary and Staff Director to Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson 13 John W. Macy, Jr., Chairman, Civil Service Commission 16 Thursday SessionThe View From the Summit 20 Hubert H. Humphrey, Vice President of the United States 21 Lyndon B. Johnson, President of the United States 23 Maurine B. Neuberger, Senator from Oregon 25 Mary Dublin Keyser ling, Director, Women's Bureau 28 Wilbur J. Cohen, Under Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare 32 Friday SessionInforniation Exchange and Summation 38 Mrs. Aileen C. Hernandez, Member, Equal Employment Opportunity Com- mission 38 Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., Chairman, Equal Employment Opportunity Com- mission 40 The Gist of the Workshops 43 Morning Session 44 Afternoon Session 56 Dr. Kathryn F. Clarenbach, Chairman, Wisconsin Commission on the Status of WomenThe Conference in Essence 62 PERTINENT FACTS ABOUT STATE COMMISSION REPORTS(table) 65 DIRECTORY OF PARTICIPANTS 70 Representatives of State Commissions 70 Interdepartmental Committee on the Status of Women 77 Citizens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women 77 Speakers and Other Special Guests 77 Canadian Representatives 78 Federal Resource Specialists and Other Federal Officials 78 Conference Staff 78 Abbreviations and Addresses 79 PROGRAM

July 28 Reception and DinnerState DepartmentThomas Jefferson Room

Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz Mrs. Elizabeth CarpenterPress Secretary and Staff Director to Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson Chairman John W. Macy, Jr.U.S. Civil Service Commission

July 29 Chaired by Miss Margaret Hickey Chairman, Citizens' Advisory Council

Welcome, Assistant Secretary of Labor Esther Peterson Introduction of SpeakerSecretary of Labor Wirtz

Address : The Honorable Hubert H. Humphrey Vice President of the United States

State Commission Chairmen Commenting on Reports to Governors

The White House Address: The Honorable Lyndon B. Johnson President of the United States

Senator Maurine B. NeubergerLuncheon Speaker

Introduction of State Commission Chairmen

Under Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Wilbur J. Cohen

Women's Bureau Director Mary Dublin Keyserling

Evening Social Hour

July 30 Concurrent Working SessionsMorning and Afternoon

Mrs. Aileen C. Hernandez, Member, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Luncheon Speaker

Chairman Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., Equal Employment Opportunity Commis- sionLuncheon Speaker

Summaries of Working Sessions and of Conference

vii

Progress and Prospects

Representatives of the 49 States who attended the Conference; 286 were women, 30 were men. the Conference of Governors' Commissions on Though financial arrangements varied, a ma- the Status of Women held in Washington, D.C., jority of participants paid their own expenses. July 28-30, 1965, were leaders of a new force; - -a national assembly of men and women that rec- Participants ognizes the mutuality of the needs and aspira- tions of the two sexes and seeks equality of op- In addition to State representatives, about 100 portunity fog both.As a State Commission invited guests and representatives of Federal spokesman put it : "This is not a ladies' aid so- agencies attended the Conference. For the most ciety. This is a partnersh;p plan." part, the latter were present as "resource spe- Some 322 State participants represented 43 of cialists" to inform the Conference and answer the 44 Commissions on the Status of Women questions about Federal programs. They were that were then functioning.In. another sense, experts on day care programs for children, Fed- they represented approximately 1,800 working eral aid for education, vocational counseling and members of these Commissions and their sub- guidance, labor legislation, personal and prop- committees. All 6 States in which Commissions erty rights of women, social security, unemploy- did not then exist also sent representatives ment compensation, housing, health, and the knowledgeable, articulate, and eager to cooper- many other fields of concern to the Commission ate.In all, 316 State representatives attended representatives.

205-.792 0-66---2 1 ()rated great enthusiasm, ran smoothly, com- pletedits assigned tasks, and concluded on schedule was a tribute to Miss Hickey's skill. Key Ideas This meeting, the second gathering of State Commissions, left, its mark on individuals and State groups. The opportunity to meet and ex- change ideas about common problems helped strengthen common purposes among the hetero- geneous, diversified, variously organized, and unequally experienced State units.That offi- cials such as the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Secretary of Labor, the Chairman of the Civil Service Commission, and other national leaders were willing to discuss progress and problems with the Conference brought it the realization that official Washing- ton recognized the importance of its work. Moreover, State groups began to feel their rela- tionship to the national picture, and to envisage the two-way give and take that brings local, Mrs. Johnson and Secretary of Labor and Mrs. W. State, and national programs together in proper Willard Wirtz graciously greeted guestsatthe perspective. Wednesday dinner State participants were quick to recognize the The invited guests, starting with the First richness of the experiences offered them.They Lady, Mrs. Lyndon Baines Johnson, added a responded with an intense desire to communi- special significance to both social and working cate with others and learn from them.Their sessions ; several who became interested beyond enthusiasm and drive was apparent at all times. their expectations spent more time with the This colored the atmosphere and communicated group than they had planned.Two foreign itself to the Washington guests who came to guests, Miss Marion Royce, Director of the offer information. Women's Bureau of Canada, and Mrs. Ethel Out of the speeches, reports, and workshop McLellan, Director of the Women's Bureau of discussions that filled 2 days and 2 evenings the Canadian Province of Ontario, also attended many ideas emerged. Some of the key ideas and represented a dimension which many hope were these: First, responsibilities accompany will be added to future meetingsa considera- rightswomen have a responsibility to walk tion of the condition and progress of women all through newly opened doors when opportunities over the world. A directory of participants at are made available, a responsibility to help the Conference is at the close of this report. community organizations eradicate poverty, a Miss Margaret Hickey, Chairman of the Citi- responsibility to vote and to run for office, a zens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women, responsibility to regard education as invest- chaired the planning committee for the Confer- ment.Second, the benefits of labor standards ence and presided over it efficiently, graciously, legislation, which in earlier years commonly and with a constant concern for keeping the applied only to women, should be extended to meeting on schedule as well as for encouraging men where this is possible and appropriate. the exchange of information. Since the Confer- Women are challenged to work to bring this ence had to adjust to the schedules of busy VIP's about. Third, since the attitudes of fathers, and the participants were to hear over 35 reports husbands, and boys friends have a strong bear- and about a dozen speeches, the fact tha-, it gen- ing on the aspirations and achievements of girls

2 and women, these attitudes must be educated, tween the solution to the problem of the bored through guidance, counseling, and any other ef- housewife and the War on Poverty. "The wom- fective method. And fourth, the pursuit of ex- en who have volunteered theirtime and efforts cellence should mark women's activities in all to Project Head Start and Women in Commu- facets of their lives--among them, education, nity Service (WIGS) are no longer bored," she family life, community participation, and em- reported."Can we introduce more people to ployment. Concentration on "stature" will help this kind of experience?" she asked. bring "status" in its wake. These themes were State Commission involvement with the pov- heard in informal conversation, in workshop re- erty program administered by the ,t Ace of Eco- ports, in polished speeches.They were in the nomic Opportunity was frequently and unani- air. mously recommended. SeveralState Commission spokesmen re- State Reports ported that their States had expanded training for homemakers and established standards for The first opportunity for State Commissions day care programs. One Commission had de- to share their experiences with others came on veloped a code for household employment, Thursday, when representatives of the 19 States Hands 21C1'088 the Table, as part of a compre- which had thus far issued reports discussed hensive program to help improve the status of them with the Conference.Delaware reported home-related jobs.It also organized a train- first, followed by Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Michi- ing course for upgrading the skills of house- gan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, NewYork, hold employees.Another State set up a special North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, project for migrant workers.Another concen- South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Washington, trated on the employment opportunities needed West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Hawaii. A by youth and the special problems of Indian table providing pertinent facts about each of minority groups. these published reports begins on page 65.The Two of the five bills introduced in its State healthy diversity that marked each Commis- legislature by one Commission aimed to remove sion's organization and approach was readily from women's work those restrictions no longer apparent, although a pattern of common inter- thought necessary.One that removed hours ests emerged. limitations from professional women and execu- Several State Commission spokesmen re- tives has become law. ported success in passing equal pay or minimum One reporter indicated that her Commission wage laws applicable to both men and women. was well supplied with funds for studies, con- Others reported failure in the same endeavor. sultants, public hearings.Another said that Still others announced passage of bills that her Commission was given neither money nor "were not what we hoped for, but at least our staff, only good wishes and hope. foot is in the door."One chairman wisely said, Several States could report no more progress "I will not divide what we have done into suc- than the issuance of a report.Time had not cess or failure because my background includes permitted implementation through legislation being a housewife, raising children, and work- or executive action.The hopeful note which ran throughout, however, was that even in those I have learned ing in voluntary organizations. States in which a change of administration had that there is no cutoff date.What we might taken place, Governors promised that Commis- now regard as failure may really be just a sions would continue to function, sometimes re- beginning." duced in size, but often under the same chair- Representatives of two State Commissions man. which had issued comprehensive reports hesi- Fuller records of implementation and prog- tated to claim too much credit for the progress ress in the States and at the national level will that had been made in their States. One of these come with the second annual report of the Inter- representatives believed that Commission ef- departmental Committee and the Citizens' Ad- forts had helped women to gain confidence and visory Council on the Status of Women to be men to become aware. The other found a tie be- issued early in 1966.

3 There was one criticism of theworkshops not enough time wasallowed for them. A fre- quent suggestion was thatthree sessions should have been planned for, instead of two,to allow time for digesting the factsbetween sessions. All agreed that time was tooshort. The gist of the workshopdiscussions begins on page 43.Lists of the people who led, re- corded, and supplied informationfor each work- shop appear before each workshop summary. Unsurprisingly, although each grouphad a different topic, discussions overlappedand some significant ideas turned up simultaneouslyin several workshops. One idea underscored in several ways wasthat counseling and guidance services toooften focus on too narrow aproblem. The concept of these services should be broadened.Counseling and guidance services should help girls and women find their overall function insocietynot just Canada's observers at the Conference : MissMarion V. likely to qualify Royce, Director, Women's Bureau of theCanadian the kind of paying job they are Government, and Mrs. Ethel McLellan,Director, for. Women's Bureau, Province of Ontario The importance of getting messagesthrough to women in the lowereconomic levels who are Workshop Reports not reached by commonchannels of communica- The second formal opportunity for State par- tion caused several workshops toexplore ave- ticipants to learn from each other's experience nues open throughschools, youth organizations, came at the two workshopsessions held on Fri- scouts, and other neighborhood groups. In the morning, for 234 hours, 11work- The importance of extendingprotective labor day. where de- shops met simultaneously to discusssubstantive standards to men as well as women questions of popular interest.The large num- sirable was frequently mentioned. ber of participants who wanted to join theEdu- Two areas in need of greateremphasis also cation Workshop made necessary theorganiza- were revealed.First, more information is avail- tion of two groups on that subject. Theother able about programs of interest toState Com- about or use. 10 workshop topics were: the LegalStatus of mission people than they know Women, Title VII of the Civil Rights Actof Further improvements could bemade in com- agencies 1964, Employment Opportunities,Vocational munication channels between Federal Guidance, Home and Community, Consumer and people in the States whooften are unaware Education, Community Services, Labor Stand- of sources from which they canobtain both ards, Income Maintenance, and Women inPub- financialandadvisoryassistance.Sizable lic Life. amounts of money areavailable to States on a In the afternoon, six workshops met simul- matching basis for an ever-growingvariety of taneously for an hour, to discuss thepractical programs;experienced "know-how" isalso procedures and techniques that all Commissions available, as are a wide variety ofinformational need to be familiar with.Subjects included: materialsexhibits, publications, photographs, Financing State Commissions, Preparing the and the like.To acquaint State Commissic n Report, Working With the Governor'sOffice, members with these materials andservices, the Enlisting Broader Support and Participation lobby leading to Conference meeting rooms was for Commissions, Techniques for SecuringIn- lined with exhibits of publicationsand infor- formationConferences,Hearings,Studies, mation about programs sponsored bythe U.S. and Promoting Continuity of the Program. Departments of Agriculture; Health,Educa-

4 tion, and Welfare; and Labor; and the Office of The Speeches Economic Opportunity, the Office of Consumer Affairs,theHousing and Home Finance The speeches addressed to the Conference by Agency, and the Civil Service Commission. administration leaders reinforced the major in- The Federal program specialists who at- terests and strengthened the convictions of tended the workshops as resource specialists and participants. panelists are available all year round toanswer The gala buffet dinner on Wednesday night questions, to fill requests, or to be otherwiseuse- was presided over in a lighthearted vein by ful.Their names are listed with the resumes of Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz. He ex- workshop disc: '3ions beginning onpage 43. pressed the hope that increased participation of Their agency addresses are onpages 79 and 80. women in the National Government would be In addition to these Federal agencyrepre- measured in terms of women's accomplishments, sentatives, State Commission members whose not "in terms of the number of women or the Commissions' activities have progressedcon- number of men engaged in particular activities siderably are excellent sources of advice for of government."Secretary Wirtz said, "I hope their colleagues. Some State representatives we'll reach very quickly that point of unself- served as resource specialists and panelists. consciousness about the whole thing.I don't Their names are listed before the workshop think we've quite gotten there yet." The text resumes and their addresses beginon page 70. of Secretary Wirtz' speech begins on page 11. A second need for education became apparent Mrs. Elizabeth Carpenter, Special Assistant when, during the discussions,a number of to President Johnson and Staff Director for myths concerning women's behavior, roles, and Mrs. Johnson, extolled the flexibility and ca- activities were cited asfact.There would pabilities of women: "The modern lives of mod- seem to be need for more widespread dissemina- ern women give them two special characteristics tion of the most current information that good for government and for business: No job psychologists, sociologists, economists, employ- is too big or too small. And they know how to ers, and educators have gathered about women. improvise....

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Guests of honor at the Wednesday dinner obviously enjoyed the words of Mrs. Elizabeth Carpenter, Press Sec- retary to the First Lady :(left to right)Assistant Secretary of Labor Esther Peterson, Senator George Aiken, Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz, Chairman of the Citizens' Advisory Council Margaret Hickey, Chairman of the U.S. Civil Service Commission John W. Macy, Jr., Director of the Women's Bureau Mary Dublin Keyserling, and Mrs. Elizabeth Carpenter

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Members of the Interdepartmental Committee and the Citizens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women flanked President Johnson when he addressed the Conference

"At no time in our history has our country tem.... That is a job that needs to be done offered such opportunity for the total involve- by fathers more than by any other people in ment of all of its citizens as it has in all the our society.Fathers need to abandon the as- goals of the Great Society. We are in the busi- sumption that their daughters really cannot ness of redeeming people. The War on Poverty learn math, or that it's not quite feminine to withits Job Corps, Head Start, remaking major in physics or chemistry, or that the en- cement jungles into livable citiesall these gineering degree is strictly a male degree. This, tasks are offering women new horizons." The it, seems to me, is at the core of the future text of Mrs. Carpenter's speech begins on page in producing the full utilization of feminine 13. ability."Mr. Macy's speech begins on page 16. Mr. John W. Macy, Jr., Chairman of the On Thursday, the President's talk on the Civil Service Commission and the President's South Lawn of the White House underscored Special Assistant for Recruitment, urged State society's responsibility for the less well off. Commission members to pass the message of "Our first concern must be, and is, people," he equal employment opportunity for women to said."In our society, rich and strong and suc- State and municipal civil service agencies. At cessful as it is, people face increasingly complex and very severe personal challenges.I am glad the same time, he warned that the figures which you have been helping in the search for solu- show that women represent a declining pro- tions to some of these challengesespecially portion of those taking advantage of higher those which beset women who are both bread- education mean that too few women will be winners and mothers. qualified for appointment to positions of leader- "While we seek to advance women to their ship and management, where perhaps the great- rightful place at the top of the ladder of this est shortage exists. "We need to -join together society, we must never forget and never neglect to do anything we possibly can to encourage those women who stand insecurely and uncer- more women to remain in the educational sys- tainly on the lower rungs.... 6 Secretary Wirtz introduced Vice President Humphrey Senator Maurine Neuberger discussed women in at the Thursday morning session politics at the luncheon on Thursday "The American woman has a challenging re- dent's Commission on the Status of Women, sponsibility to meet in this country.Whether who gave a very practical exposition of the she puts her knowledge to use in her home com- problems women face in politics. She said that munity or in Washington matters very little. to be successful, women must unlearn many of What really does matter is that the collective the character traits they have been taught; they wisdom of women never be lost and never be left must be willing to say they are better; they must unused as we face the serious tests and the soar- learn to take criticism and ridicule; they must ing programs before us now."President John- lose embarrassment about asking for money; son's remarks begin on page 23. theymustlearnaboutallsubjectsthat Vice President Humphrey referred to the come up for legislation, not just the ones they're President as a peacemaker. "He understands," supposed to be interested in ; for slow and dis- said the Vice President, "that peace means more couraging as the legislative process can be, the than the absence of war.... Peace is positive, rewards are great.Excerpts from Senator not negative; it is dynamic, not static.... Neuberger's address begin on page 25. It is another word for progress, another word The speeches heard during the afternoon also for achievement, another word for the release of were substantive.Mrs. Mary Dublin Keyser- the great potential of mankind.... The work ling, Director of the Women's Bureau, U.S. De- that you are doing is related to this very theme partment of Labor, posed questions about un- of peace....When you work on your State finished business that State Commissions and Commission, you seek to improve the general national agencies should consider when plan- condition of a community so that everyone may ning future action.Is there a new approach to be a little freer to make something out of his or the dropout problem ?What can be done to her life."Vice President Humphrey's speech increase the proportion of women who enter begins on page 21. college or earn higher degrees ?Why haven't The luncheon speaker was Senator Maurine women been given places in the upperechelons B. Neuberger of Oregon, a member of the Presi- of private industry ? What about the woefully 7 inadequate income earned by women at the lower ments of a decent standard of living. He said, cc. end of the economic ladder? Are we pressing ..there are two morethe right to educa- hard enough for the extension of labor stand- tion and the right to good health."In 1965, ards laws to men as well as women ?Are we 90 years after the introduction of the idea, Con- keeping in mind the advice given by the Presi- gress passed a comprehensive law giving Fed- dent's Commission not to abandon existing labor eral aid to elementary and secondary education; standards until improvements are effected ? Are inthis same year, 30 years after the idea young women's aspirations high enough? What was introduced, Congress passed Medicare. can women do to help the poor, eradicate slums, "Over the next 30 years we must invest more and care for the ill ?And what of American and more in health, education, and welfare. menwhat are their attitudes toward women's Please understand and explain to others the role in the Great Society?Mrs. Keyserling's importance of allocating more resources to these speech begins on page 28. crucial areas and of fighting for this investment Wilbur J. Cohen, Under Secretary of Health, in our future.... We cannot have a good Education, and Welfare, spoke on what he standard of living and a great country unless termed a "key date in my life." He came to the we are willingin our local communities, at Conference directly from a meeting at which the State legislative level, and at the Federal President Johnson and the American Medical levelto fight for adequate funds, good facili- Association had discussed the Medicare bill ties, and adequate trainipg of personnel in the which had just been passed. He pointed out fields of health, education, and welfare." Ex- that 30 years earlier, food, clothing, and shelter cerpts from Under Secretary Cohen's speech might have been considered the three basic ele- begin on page 32. Speakers at the Friday luncheon illuminated a subject of primary interest and importance to everyoneTitle VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination in em- ployment, training, and promotion on the basis of sex as well as on the basis of race, color, religion, and national origin. An Equal Em- ployment Opportunity Commission, of which Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., is chairman, admin- isters enforcement of Title VII. Mrs. Aileen C. Hernandez, who isone of the four other Commissioners, invited State Com- mission members to assist the Equal Employ- ment Opportunity Commission in encouraging people to think about women's roles in terms of the 20th century.She recognized that men, 4. both as individuals and as business executives, are worried about possible implications of Title VII. Contrary to some predictions, she thought that Title VII might well be an emancipation act for men and bring them some of the protec- tions formerly extended only to women. Mrs. Hernandez' remarks begin on page 38. In his speech, Chairman Roosevelt granted that the provisions of Title VII dealing with Wilbur J. Cohen, Undersecretary of the Department discrimination on the basis o'sex are complex of Health, Education, and Welfare, told the Con- and controversial and are renderedmore so by ference about advances in Federal programs in his the ambiguous Bennett Amendment. Varying area interpretations of the amendment will have to 8 be reconciled before the Equal Employment Op- The shoulderrubbing and the speechmaking portunity Commission can establish its position. were summarized for theConference by Dr. The Commission also will define limits within Kathryn F. Clarenbach, Chairman of the Wis- which sex may be used as a bona fide occupa- consin Commission : tional qualification. And it will find a balance "If one thing has been paramount, I think it between Title VII and various State laws that is a sense of momentum and of progress. We provide special treatment for employed women. are not an isolatedCommission, dipping into Chairman Roosevelt welcomed State Commis- bits and niece- here and there of a giant and sion activities that seek to reevaluate State laws complex and usually overwhelming problem, but relating to women and offered his agency's co- rather we are a part, of a significant nationwide operation. He announced formation of a com- movement.... mittee to advise him on whether newspaper ad- "This Conference has given us the courage vertising uncier separate "Help WantedMen" and incentive to move out with confidence,with and "Help WantedWomen" columns should imagination, and probably with a little bold- be curtailed as discriminatory.See page 40 for ... Chairman Roosevelt's speech. "We know now, in a way we did not know be- The speeches over and the rei orts in, the meet- fore, how many allies we have in Washington. ing adjourned on time.Participants scattered I think we would be very surprised to find how to airports, train stations, bus depots, and wait- many allies we have in our own townsand cities ing cars. andStatesoncetheyknowwemean business.... "There certainly is no dearth of programs or Toward the Future opportunities to serve. We have more things The individuals who left Washington on July to cope with than we can even pack in oursuit- 30th were different from those who had assem- cases.But with a new kind of enthusiasm bled on the 28th.They had worked together which I think this Conference has created in all with others who had similar objectives but di- of us, and with the deepest gratitude for a truly verse backgrounds.One professional woman profound experience, let's go home and get down had to admit that although participants who to business." (See page 62.) were "just housewives" didn't tawaysknow the technicalities, they nevertheless "talked sense." Women from Minnesota and Mississippi, from Hawaii and New Hampshire found that they shared problems and attitudes and that even when they disagreed they learned from one another. The lady who had asked, "Where do you find women who might be interested indoing volun- teer work or serving on a committee?" now had her answer and a lot more information besides. The participant who came not knowing exactly why, left with purpose and drive. The obvious interest of the President, the Vice President, and other important guests in the cause of the Conference touchedand impressed both State and Federal participants. "When I get home, this will seem a dream," said one participant. "I have the feeling that, after this high-level Dr. Kathryn F. Clarenbach, Chairman,Wisconsin meeting, it's going to be a cold cruel world to- Commission, underscored the significance ofCon- morrow," said another. ference ideas

205-702 0-66---3 9 Mrs. Esther Peterson, Miss Dorothy Height, Miss Margaret Mealey, Dr. BennettaWashington, Mrs. Annette Baker, and Mrs. Carl H. Boone on the White House lawn

'I

1.4

10 CONFERENCE SESSIONS

WEDNESDAY EVENING SESSION-SETTING THESTAGE Wednesday evening was lighthearted; the atmosphere relaxed andelegant.Mrs. Lyndon Baines Johnson greeted guests in the Thomas Jefferson Room atopthe State Department building.With the First Lady were Secretary of Labor and Mrs. W. WillardWirtz, Assistant Secretary of Labor Esther Peterson, Civil Service Commissioner John W. Macy, Jr.,and Women's Bureau Director Mary Dublin Keyser ling, each garlanded with a lei of lavenderorchidsthe gift of the Hawaii Commission on the Status of Women.Buffet dinner was served. Secretary Wirtz, master of ceremonies for the evening, introduced the people atthe head table : Director of the Women's Bureau Mary Dublin Keyserling, "...who brings a lifetime of devo- tion to thu principles that we are here to develop;" Miss Margaret Hickey,identified only as senior editor for public affairs of the Ladies' Home Journal". ..because there is no stopping place beyond that in a whole list of 1,000 activitiesSenator George Aiken of Vermont "... whose value is undiminished by his sex ;" and Assistant Secretary of LaborEsther Peterson". that symbol of achievement of the advancing status of women." Eleanor Roosevelt's name was often heard in conversationsher spiritfelt in the presence both of her daughter, Mrs. Anna Roosevelt Halsted, a member of theCitizens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women, and her daughter-in-law, Mrs. Franklin DelanoRoosevelt, Jr.Miss Marion Royce, Director of the Women's Bureau of Canada, was present, fromOttawa.Despite his state- ment ti. at the evening's real speechmaker was LizCarpenter, Secretary -Wirtz contributed sig- nificantly to the evening's discussion. Excerpts From the Remarks of W. the subject of education and equal opportunity Willard Wirtz, Secretary of Labor those areas in which democracy's real vic- tories will be won after the battles of Southeast It is very hard for all of us here this evening Asiaand elsewhereare won. to think of anything except. the President's re- It seemed to me that the President was say- port to the Nation this noonon Vietnam. ing that even as we move strongly to defend I noted that the President, after bringing freedom in Southeast Asia, we must intensify home to us the lesson of Southeast Asia and all our efforts to make freedommeaningful at that is involved there, returned our thoughts to home....

11 There won't be an opportunity for me to make I'd like to have told you in a very sincere way a speech, and that's no more a disappointment to how much more gallantly I think the shipof me than it is to you. state sails now that you are womanningthe Indeed, I find my solace in the realization that main sails in this Government. it wouldn't have been a very good speech.I I'd like to have expressed the pleasure there think it was Dr. Johnson (that's Samuel John- is in working with so many of you here on what. son) who remarked : "One of the last things we are common endeavors. men are willing to give up, even in advanced I'd like to have expressed my admiration for age, is the supposition that we've something to what President Johnson, Mrs. Johnson, and the say of interest to the opposite sex." others have done about eliminating a particular And then there is also support for an even irrelevancebut a very nice irrelevancebe- sharper suggestion, by a social scientist who tween men and women as far as administration claims that "to listen to men dilating learnedly of the affairs of Government is concerned.I on the subject of women is to suffer a positive would have liked to pay my compliments to you increase in one's ignorance, for when men speak who have come from all over the country, who about women they usually utter prejudice under are working to eliminate this same culturallag the impression that it is the truth." from our affairs. I know that I could not have escapedhad I I'd like to have paid my compliments to you been called on to make a speechthe cultural and to us in that connection.I'd like to have lag that statement admits. said, too, That I hope we'll never get to the point I was reminded of it pointedly about 10 days of measuring our accomplishments in this par- ago when the U.S. Cabinet entertained a sub- ticular area on a statistical basis, that is, in stantial part of the Japanese Cabinet.The terms of the number of women or the number of Minister of Labor from Japan turned out to be men who are engaged in particular activities of a most delightful person. Within 24 hours we government.I hope not to come to that point were on a basis that allowed him to ask me where we have to set up a Men's Bureau in the what was involved in equality of the sexes. He Department of Labor or a Commission or the was obviously worried about it.I leaned on a Status of Men. story which will be very old to many of you, and I hope we'll reach very quickly that point of said to him, "Mr. Minister, you don't need to unself-consciousness about this whole thing.I worry about it.There is a lot of talk about it. don't think we've quite gotten there yet.The But the truth of the matter is that we do make point I'd like to make most is that I hope we'll a distinction in this country. When we have measure the accomplishments of women. an issue of no importance at all, the ladies de- I don't know whether or not there would have cide it.And when we have an issue of real been a poverty program if it hadn't been for the importance, that's left up to the men." women in government. I rather doubt whether He listened to the interpreter and I could see there would have been.I don't know to what the relief spread over his face.He was about extent your contribution to the development of to go back to the Orient with his concepts of the the Civil Rights Program led us to legislation proper relationship of things on top.He was which had been on our consciences for so long. about to straighten out his wife that evening I do know that this is an age of human in- as to just what this really meant. genuity as the scientists develop it. And I know But I had to add the other part of the story it is an age in which we need much human re- and say : "There is one thing, Mr. Minister sponsibility.These qualities are much closer the men decide the important things, and the to some of your instincts than they are to some women decide the unimportant things, but it's of ours. the women who decide what's important and I think you are more interested in responsi- what is unimportant." bilities and men are more interested in rights. I might as well tell you some of the things I And I think that probably we've reached the would have talked about if I had made a serious point where we recognize that our responsibili- speech tonight.. ties are perhaps more important, than our rights. 12 "Liz Carpenter," said SecretaryWirtz, as he resumed his ceremonialduties, "is Special Assist- She also assists Mrs. ant to the President of theUnited States, with whom sheworks very closely. Johnson, for whom she is PressSecretary and Staff Director. She isable to serve the interests of the President and the FirstLady and the press in a waywhich, so far as I can tell, has worked out to the complete satisfactionof both sides. "I'd like to tell one story abouther. I read the instructionsshe wrote when she was handling the train that went through theSouth last fallthe Lady BirdSpecial. She posted a notice telling members of the press to be sure toboard the train on time when itpulled out.She left these in- the structions : 'Move swiftly inmaking the train connection.If you miss the train, contact station agent.Should you miss him, too, establishresidence and vote.' "I'd like to introduce LizCarpenter, first, as the wife of a verygood friend of ours, Leslie Car- the penter, with whom she ranthe Washington News PressBureau for many years; second, as of right hand of the Presidentof the United States and ofMrs. Johnson; but most of all, as one the most marvelous peopleI know, in every sense of thewordMrs. Liz Carpenter." Remarks of Mrs. ite subjectssex !It is a subject that John Excerpts From the shuffle Elizabeth Carpenter,Press Secretary Macy and I talk about frequently as we Mrs. Lyndon B. through the punchcards.You know Mr. and Staff Director to Macyhe got so many womenapplicants he Johnson had to call in IBM. Today, to get ajob, you Ladies, gentlemen, computers : Frankly, I worry make this speech don't compete, you compute. I accepted the invitation to what it will do. tonight because it is devoted to oneof my favor- about the Computer Age and

13 All of us concerned with whatto do with the chance. No more werewe to be treated like a feminine sexlegallyare wellaware of all the second-class sex. The golden wordswere : "And things womenare doing. report, your progress back to me each Friday !" It seems to me that the modernlives of mod- Things began to happen allover. Promotion ern women give them two special characteristics applications, gathering dust for months, moved good for government, and forbusiness. Women from ingoing to outgoing boxes. are flexible; no job is too big or too small. And One agency director calledmy office before they know how to improvise. Noother sex can the sun had set that day tosay, "I want to be make this claim ! the first to namea woman to a top job." I think something should bedone to the I knew we had it made whena very courtly punchcards to make these virtues show up.I Southern Senator, used to extolling thevirtues would like to see what would happen if 20,000 of Southern womanhood, calledup to recom- applicants (both male and female)were shuf- mend one of his lady constituents for fled through a Govern- a computer with these questions ment commission.lie didn't say a word about asked : chivalry. "This girl has brains (1) Can this applicant read and and experience," follow in- he said, "and she ought to have thejob." structions (always written by men)on how to It was a new day in Washington. operate the dishwasher, the dryer, the garbage This new attitude is spillingout into industry. disposaland then fix them witha bobby pin? Marie Smith, the capable (2) Can this applicant place three reporter for the Wash- children ington Post, recently interviewed the10 biggest into snowsuits three timesa day, retrieve the industries in this country and found dog as he invariably attacks the each of mailman, and them eager to brag about their run the local art show ? new women em- ployees.U.S. Steel, Chase National Bank, (3) Can this applicant chauffeurthe Boy Standard Oil of New Jerseyallare following Scout troop, keep dinner delectablefor 5 hours, the President's patternand bragging about it. and look like Sophia Loren when hefinally gets home from the office at midnight? And on the subject of business,I'd like to give (4) Can this applicant pack her a gold star to Eugene Foley, Administrator of husband's the Small Business Administration, suitcase, write a speech, and make himthink it who has was all his idea ? made speeches throughoutthe country on loans available to These are the things whichwomen are doing women who want to go into busi- and which make office jobs ness. "Women have proved a good credit risk," seem like child's play. he says.Incidentally, If these qualities counted, Mr. Macywould be women are taking ad- submerged with qualified vantage of these loans. Theyrange from $200,- women. 000 to a woman operating Seeing this group ofwomen doers here to- a tugboat business in night, I think back just 4years ago when Esther Alaska to $200 to twowomen who started a Peterson showed up in Vice President nursery school for working mothers inPhila- Johnson's delphia. office on Capitol Hill to talk to him about'a na- tional commission on the status ofwomen. All it really takes to findsuperior women is Here you arethe status explosion44 States a superior man and his confidence.We have represented !I want you to know how much that superiorman in the White House who is the administration appreciates the time andtal- the most hardworking talentscout of all. ent you give to one of the most interestingrevo- All it is going to take inyour States is a su- lutions underway. perior Governor andan imaginative Commis- Something has been happening in thiscoun- sion.Together youcan create the climate to try.It needs to happen faster, sometimesmore regear the thinking of the community. The flexibly.After a slow start,our country is need will increase tomorrow.If you don't "making room for mom." believe it, askyour daughters. Their answers The big boost occurredone unforgettable will amaze you. morning when President Johnson calledon his I was chaperon formy daughter and 29 girls Cabinet to givewomen employees a better on a weekend at the beach not long ago. Thirty

14 girls and 3() two-piece bathing suits.I was the It is well that those of us who are interested in only person on the beach in a one-piece bathing improving the status of women ask ourselves: suit, but then I was the only one who needed it. "What is it we are trying to do?Are we. trying If you have ever been chaperon for teenage to find jobs for women? Are we trying to make girls at the beach, you know each day begins women happy ?Are we trying to give a minor- with a twofold mission: to get, a tan and get a ity long overdue recognition ?" date.But between these admirable ambitions, Yes, to all of these.But that is not the big- if you ask themas I didthat trite oldques- gest story.It seems to me that what we are try- tion :"What, do you want to do when you grow ing to do is to give them purposemit /*omit up ?" you get a unanimous reply. Not one wants purpose. to "just get married" or "get married and settle No human being is happy unless he is totally down." Get married, yesbut they will add, "I engaged in life.At no time in our history has want to use my brain.I don't want to just our country offered such opportunity for the stay home!" total involvement, of all of its citizens as it has I don't think the home has become duller; I in all the goals of the. Great Society. We are in think the world has becomemore exciting, and the business of redeeming people. The War on every human being who has a normal thyroid Poverty with its Job Corps, Head Start, remak- wants to be involved. ing cement jungles into livable citiesall these At 16, our daughters have already recognized tasks are offering women new horizons.Those what we have just, come. to knowthat thereare who have borne childrenwho have partici- very few Phyllis McGinleys who can find pated so fully in the creation of human life salable poetry in soapsuds. Theseyoung women surely should be the ones to value it most. are headed for the marketplaceto find an out- There is something pretty wonderful about let for their talents, and it isup to you to see women in this country who, for example, spend that your communities makeroom for them. their afternoons taking groups of Job Corps For 15 years or more our heroine is tiedto the girls sightseeing or sitting on the mayor's com- nest, but once in a while she needs to escape, to mittee to plan the landscaping of a school. do a really professional volunteer jobor to hold And don't tell me that isn't. infinitely more a part-time job.Her family will benefit.; she satisfying to the vast, majority than winning a needs to be part of the human family. And rubber of bridge! what's more, we need her. I congratulate you on all you are doing in One of the most tangible byproducts of your States as talent scouts for your governors. Project Head Start, and the national beautifica- I congratulate those of you who have set up tion programwhich Mrs. Johnson's leadership volunteer clearinghouses to see that women has dramatizedis the tremendous number of know when to call to offer their help. jobs, paid and volunteer, that it has provided I hope you will go home and sponsor state- for women. Seventy-six thousandfull-time wide conferences with the big employers.Offer women volunteers are working in Head Start them a good solid agenda with discussions on today !No great drive was made to find them; part-time work for women ; what can be done they just wanted to be a part of it. to include women in the management achieve- Women want to be needed.The sad thing is ment tests. Many exclusions are made more be that so often women use little imaginationor cause of thoughtlessness than by intent. initiative.And we see some of the results of We have a President who has faith in us. We this in the mounting rate of alcoholism and have a First Lady who proves the point."It divorce.I am concerned with those headlines is," as Mrs. Johnson said, "a good time to bea that say : "Today's Lady Lush is a Suburban woman, a good time to be alive." Housewife."I am concerned thatwe have Together we can achieve the goal put so mov- third-generation divorces. ingly by Mary Wollstonecraft : "Let us consider Something must he lacking in the lives of women in the grand light of human creatures." American women. I do not. doubt that it will be done.

15 "From the last few minutes you know more than anyone can tell you what it is like to be in public life and public service in Washington no\ idays," the Secretary said as he resumed his duties as master of ceremonies...."I can't be unaware of the fact that Mrs. Carpenter spoke well of only two men in the whole administrationthe President and Eugene Foley, of the Small Business Administration. She skipped everybody else except the next speaker. The way the pro- gram has been arranged this evening, there's a great man following a great woman. John Macy, the Chairman of the Civil Service Commission avid the President's Special Assistant on Personnel, could be the subject of a very long, formal introduction, but I'll only repeat what I said beforeI have yet to hear anybody utter a single word of criticism about the next speaker." Remarks of John W. Macy, Jr., Chair- recollection was the work of the President's man, Civil Service Commission Commission on the Status of Women at the Federal level, where for a period of nearly 2 I must say that the experience here this eve- years many of us worked together to dis- ning of being in a distinct minority is so glori- cuss the fundamental issuesnot just of wom- ous that I hope we can perpetuate it here in enbut of our society. We had the privilege of Washington as a regular proposition. And be- working with Eleanor Roosevelt and following lieve me, we are trying. Even the computer is her wisdom and compassion in considering these trying. issues and in seeking recommendations that I have a distinct personal satisfaction in be- could be passed along to the executive and leg- ing with you this evening and having the op- islative leadership of our country. And I like portunity to join in the work that you are pur- to think that, out of the inspiration that was pro- suing as members of these Commissions on the vided by Eleanor Roosevelt was formed the cata- Status of Women. One of the achievements of lytic impulse that brought all of us to a con- the last few years most clearly printed in my sensus of action in the report of that Com-

16 mission.For that effort produced the motive quently we fail to recognize the magnitude of power which has made it possible for 44 States those changes and how our adaptation to those to emulate this action and to develop programs changes can be brought about only through of similar effort. leadership. An ever-broadening group of peo- My concern in recent years has been with the ple in public life must. provide that leadership search for talent for the Federal service.This and carry forward the execution ofthese has been an experience that. I will treasure for progra ms. all time because it has afforded me again a spe- And so I find that as we search the country vial opportunity to work with people across the not only for those to fill top positions, but those country in identifying those men and women to enter careers in public service, we are endeav- who have an interest in their National Govern- oring to exercise the purpose that. the President ment and a desire to contribute their talents for has articulated of making Government a show- progress. And although there have been jests case of equal opportunity. We are endeavor- about the mechanization of this search and ref- ing to demonstrate not only that we are preju- erences to the prejudice, of the computer, let me dice-free but that we. extend the welcome to all say that these mechanical devices are entirely citizens to compete for entry into the service. subordinated to our President's very human in- We should work in every community to assure tent to be sure that this is not a stag govern- that conditions exist whereby all citizens may ment, that this is not a government, that draws become equipped with the characteristics, the its talent from a limited or confined or exclu- traits, and the talents that will permit them to sive segment of our population, but one that rep- compete for public service.This is the affirma- resents the abilities and the commitment of the tive task that we see.This is the affirmative pluralistic society that we have. task in which we NVOU Id like to enlist all of you. This evening I could play, as I fear I may The President believes that, Government has have in talking to earlier groups, a numbers a special responsibility to establish a climate of game.I could pridefully say that the Johnson equality, and it would seem to me that in each of administration has continued in1965, asit the 50 States your Governors and the groups started in 1964, to appoint and promote record that you represent will wish to emulate this ap- numbers of women. I could enumerate for you proach in your own State governments.Hope- a number of specific cases of outstanding women fully you can pass this on to the thousands of who have been appointed by the President to po- municipalities which also serve a public service. sitions of responsibility.I could list for you Today in this country, nearly one out of seven the names of women who have been appointed of those gainfully employed is in public service. in breakthrough action, where they have been As I recall it, the Labor Department, figures the first women in a particular office or the first, show that, taking all government, services, the women in a particular program. area of greatest job growthor job creation as But your mission here will not be assisted we are now taught to use the phrasehas been through the recital of boastful statistics.I be- in the 'mac sector.And we should not. view lieve that this is not a quantitative matter.It is this with alarm, because the growth is occurring a qualitative approach to the fullest possible op- in the ranks of teachers and in the services that portunity for all .itizens of this land to part: are rendered to the American people by their pate in the meaningful work that is going government, in response to their needs. forward in Washington and in all the State And so my plea would be that when you re- capitals across the country, in order to make our turn you impress upon those who have personnel governments responsive to the needs of the responsibilities in State and local government to American people in the final decades of the 20th pick up the search and make, certain that all Century.It is an effort to be responsive to the sources of manpower and womanpower are needs that have been brought about. by dramatic tapped, and that a particularly special effort is changes that have occurred in our society, in our made to reach the women in the community and technology, and in our population. All too fre- to point out to them that there are not men's

205-792 0-66-4 17 jobs or women's jobs in the public service but to be carried from one end of the room to the that all who possess the talent are eligible to other. Nobody had suggested that perhaps they compete. could be broken up into smaller boxes, or even But this evening we have made it all sound better, that some kind of a dolly conveyor could too easy.Government, is complex. We be- be designed so that nobody needed to lift them at come neurotic if we look for simple. answers. all.In fact, the antifeminist argument because The simplest approach does not reach forward of weightlifting seems to me to be one that ceuid to the goals that we are seeking.It must be clearly be outmoded because, as I view Federal an approach that recognizes the problems, diffi- operations, I find new devices that are in use so culties, residual prejudices, and inherent dis- that men do net lift much these days either. criminations that still exist. I will never forget the argument that was ad- In the Civil Service Commission, as a part vanced in 1962 a reason for not hiring women. of the President's Commission on the Status of This was an argument that the job called for a Women's effort, we conducted a study in depth great deal of traveling.I can still recall the of the attitudes of supervisors and fellow em- amused smile on Mrs. Roosevelt's face as she ployees within the Federal service. We found heard that one. that men employees to a large degree had nega- So many of these are correctable oppositions. tive reactions toward women supervisors, par- But corrective action needs to be brought into ticularly if they had never been supervised by play. a woman. And we found that there were cer- As I look at the Federal employment scene tain rather tired myths that could be disproved, and endeavor to forecast what is ahead of us, I butnevertheless were believed, about how am increasingly impressed with the changing women tend to leave the job with greater fre- mix in employmenta mix that will in time re- quency than men, how they tend to be absent sult in a higher proportion of Federal positions more often, how they tend to be less reliable in of a professional and technical nature, and a terms of technical skills. We found that these higher proportion of positions that call for an beliefs were prevalent, even though theyare ever greater degree of education. The positions not supported by fact. And all of us who have of leadership and management are those of the managerial responsibility havean obligation, most critical importance and, where perhaps the which we are endeavoring to spread throughout greatest shortage exists, will be those that re- the Federal service, to overcome thesesuper- visory attitudes, and in overcoming them to quire advr.nced education of a very substantial make equal opportunity a reality. content. We know for a fact that it does take longer We need to join together to do anything we for a woman who is qualified equally witha man possibly can to encourage more women to remain to reach the top in public service. We know that in the educational system.There has been an frequently a woman must possess a higher level increase in recent years, but not the increase that of education than a man competing with her. the proportion of women in the population These facts are shown in the history of the past clearly indicates. The figures that Mary Key- few years. These are conditions whichwe need selling has from the Women's Bureau are par- to face. They are conditions that are not going ticularly alarming, for they show that on a rela- to be corrected overnight. They are conditions tive basis there are fewer women entering that call for a willingness on the part ofman- graduate school at the present time than a num- agement to face changenot only face it but be- ber of years ago.At a time when we need a come a force leading to it. greater supply in order to afford equal oppor- T recall the comment of one supervisor made tunity, there is potentially a lesser supply. not so long ago. He said that he could not use a If we compare our professional resources in woman on this particular job because it called this country with those of certain countries in for lifting and moving heavy boxes of punch- Western Europe, we will find that there are cards. These boxes weighed 50 pounds and had fewer women in America who are doctors or

18 lawyers.As I recall Marguerite Rawalt's fig- But lest you feel thatmy sole concern is for ures, only 2 to 4 percent of the members of the those who are involved inor prepare themselves bar are women.In government., where a large for the highest, type of appointment., letme urge number of positions call for legal training, this that we consider the disadvantagedwoman in in itself is going to bea restricting factor on our society as well.This woman must find the consideration of an appropriate number of work, and rewarding work ina compensatory women for entry into these jobs.The task of sense, in order to sustain her family. Again and encouraging participation in a greater number again, in the course ofour deliberations in of years of education is not a job thatcan be the President's Commission, Dorothy Height done by government.It is a job that needs to brought us back to this particular reality.I be done throughout our society.I think per- hope there is a Dorothy Heighton every one of haps it is a job that needs to be done more by your Commissions so that, you will not lose sight fathers than by any other people in Our society. of the many women who must work out ofneces- Fathers need to abandon the assumption that sity. We must provide themeans to make it their daughters really cannot learn math,or possible for them to work. We must protect, that its not quite feminine to major in pi ysics them on the job.Protective measures are not or chemistry, or that the engineering deg, ee is outmoded.They are not inconsistent, with strictly a male degree.This, it seems 'to me, is equality of opportunity. We need toassure our- at the core of the future in producing the full selves that we are doing this asa part of the utilization of feminine ability. effort to eliminate poverty, andas a part of the I would agree with Liz Carpenter that the tal- effort to raise the quality of life for all Ameri- ents displayed by American women are multiple cans. and significant.These talents do have a trans We need to recognize that we will not have ferability to the day-to day workscene.But in immediate results.There is no such thing as the complexity that will face us inan increas- instant equal opportunity. This is nota potion ingly technological age, they will still not be to which we can add water and then stir with enough.They will need to have the higher good will and hope to have immediate results. levels of education as well. Andwe must find There must be continuing effort and intelligence ways in which to work to encourage the con- and a willingness to try new approaches. We tinued education, to extend the opportunity. To have in this country the leadership that calls for me this is a problem that is worthy of con- these new approaches.It is evident here this sideration in each ofyour Commissions. evening in the presence of so many of you who Only this past month I have been endeavoring have, I know, extensive obligations and other to find a woman with the requisite professional commitments. Your presence here evidences the technical and business qualifications fora major fact that this is a movement that has stretched vacancy in the Federal Government where the across the land and throughout the States. President is eager to appoint.a woman. And Those of us who have been working in this field let me tell you that. his eagerness hasa daily salute you. We welcome. your enlistment in this application on all jobs.I have now adopted as effort, in this continuing and sustaining effort my theme song that delightful old tuneEvery to see to it that equal opportunity is a reality for Day Is Ladies' DayWithHe.'And let me tell all Americqns and that the basic values of our you also that Lyndon Johnson never lets me for- system, the spiritual, the intellectual as well as get that that's the theme song.But I have the material, are provided for anevergreater found in this particiCar case that,as we have number.Through the existence of conditions reviewed name after name, it is difficult to find of equality and through the action of our gov- the kind of educational background andex- ernments, we can assure that this is not just. a perience that really is necessary to meet the matter of right, but a mattei of assistance and qualifications for this particular post. a matter of forward progress for every person in this country. 1 Victor Herbert, The Red Mill, New York, N.Y., M. Whit- mark & Son, 1906. Thank you so much.

19 THURSDAY SESSION THE VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT Thursday provided the summit view.Leaders of the National Government, from President Lyndon Baines Johnson down, spoke to the Conference frankly and seriously about their prob- lems, their hopes, and their need for help.For those who came from the four corners of the Nation, the day brought understanding of the national implications of the work they do at home, inspiration to work harder, and a realization that they are part of a group working for ideas which stretch beyond local, State, and national boundaries. The meeting convened at 9 a.m.Miss Margaret Hickey, Chairman of the Citizens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women, presided. She called first for a moment of silent meditation as an expression of our "deep sense of commitment to the greatness and the goodness forwhich our Nation works and stands."She then introduced Esther Peterson, Vice Chairman of the Interde- partmental Committee on the Status of Women, who spoke the official words of welcome. It was her job, Esther Peterson said, "...to behave like an accordion..." and fill what- ever span of time elapsed before the arrival of Vice President Humphrey. Mrs. Peterson reported that we are in Phase II of Operation Status of Women. Phase I started back in 1961, outside the door of the Senate floor, when she was told that she could have just enough of an appropriation to assemble a distinguished national commission on the status of women and enable it to issue a good report."If we have a good idea, it will be picked up," she had said then.Evidence abounds that the idea was worthy.Now, in Phase II, 44 Commissions in the States are molding ideas and changing patterns. Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz introduced the next speaker."If there is a warm- hearted man in the country," the Secretary said, "who believes in all the human values, and who has spelled that belief out, into a program of action which has won him the affection and the re- spect of every single person in this country, it is Hubert H. Humphrey, the Vice President of the United States."

20 Excerpts From the Address of Hubert The work that you are doing is related to this H. Humphrey, Vice President of the very theme of peace....When you work on United States your State Commission, your efforts are di- rected toward removing discriminatory laws I am happy to join Secretary Wirtz today that impede women's full participation in the and to speak to you who are here representing life of our Nation and in the life ofyour com- the Governors' Commissions on the Status of munity.You seek to improve the general con- Women. dition of a community, so that everyonemay be I am not here as a professional in this mat- a little freer to make something out of his or ter.I have tried to dedicate my life toencour- her life.You seek to upgrade education. aging people to participate to their fullest abil- Now, I have all sorts of statistics....In ity in the life of this Nation and the life of their the 1964 high school graduating classes about 51 community. percent were girls, but of the group that wenton Along with President Johnson, I believe in to college in the fall only 45 percentwere girls. the importance of using talent.I could not The American woman's record for college at- help but note, as I gathered togethera few tendance has not been as highas we would choice words for this morning, the President's like.... own words, which I believe should influence our I believe that everyperson ought to have a thought, study, and action. pretty good basic grounding in the humanities. The President said: "We can waste no talent; I believe in science and technology, ofcourse. we can frustrate no creative power; we can ne- I know that it is important thatwe have people glect no skill in our search foran open and just in engineering; people whoare capable of work- and challenging society."This has been the ing in our great space installations; people who philosophy, this has been the commitment of are competent in Medicine, biology, all of the the President of the United States and his ad- life sciences.But it is also important thatwe ministration.What he is saying is that Ameri- have people who understandour culture, who ca needs everyone.... Our Nation needs understand what we call the humanities and all the talent and all the potential talent that the social sciences, because, really,we need to it has. know how to live togetheras well as to know I cannot help but think this morning about how life came about. the message the Presidentgave us yesterday We need to know not only howto build (the President's televisedpress conference on bridges across rivers but how to build bridges Vietnam).I hope you will read it verycare- between people and nations. We need not only fully.... to know how to explore the wonders of outer On the one hand the President, in his deep space, but also to understand something about sense of commitment to our responsibilities, the workings of inner manhis mind, his spirit. stated unequivocally thatwe will resist aggres- I happen to be Chairman of the Space Council, sion.... That is what was given the empha- and I am very proud of that assignment. Isee sis, and it was important.But what also was much good coming out ofour endeavors in the important was the fact that this President spoke field of space.. .But I cannot help but say as a peacemaker, not as a warrior.... The that any nation that is able and willing to invest President understands thatpeace means more $30 billion to put a manon the moon ought to be than the absence ofwar.He knows that peace willing to make thenecessary investments to means a full life.Peace is positive, notnega- help put people on their feet.That is what tive; it is dynamic, not static.In other words, we are really trying to do now, in our programs it is the process of life, and it is the process to create a Great Society.... of change.It is another word forprogress; Just look at what is happening today in the another word for achievement;another word attack on poverty. We are not trying to make for the release of thegreat potential of mankind. poverty more tolerable.I want you ladies and

21 ..

gentlemen to know that. That is not the pur- We know that both in government and in pose.I first graduated in pharmacy ; I know business we have been missinga great potential. a little bit about pain relievers, but to relieve President Johnson set out, in the first days of paindoesn'tgetatthediseaseorthe his administration, to do something about plac- malfunction.... ing larger numbers of capablewomen in respon- What we are trying to do is get at the root sible Government positions.Since January causes of poverty. We are trying to pinpoint 1964 he has appointed 114women to high-level the economics of povertythe sociology of pov- positions.They are making tremendouScon- erty. We are trying to root out the sense of tributions.They ought to be looked at and hopelessness and helplessness that grips people talked about and thought of simplyas adminis- who are locked in the prison of poverty. trators, or public servants, or participants in the In the process, we are going to be making process of government. some mistakes, exactly the same way we make John Macy, as Chairman of the Civil Serv- mistakes when we do research in the field of ice Commission, has taken the President'smes- space. When we start to spend money on re- sage seriously. As I recall, Government agen- search directed toward understanding the root cies have appointed or promotedover 2,800 causes of poverty, I just know I will hear some women to jobs paying $10,000 or more a self-styled practical soul say, "Well, there they year.... go again, those boondogglers, those wasters." Well, as I told you, I did notcome here as an The greatest waste in the world would be not expert.I came here to commendyou; I came to look for and find the root cause. We have to here to encourage you.I hope that when you make the investment now to try to find some go back you will tell your Governors that you answers. We need everybody's help.... have received the word.Tell them that the peo- You are advocating equal treatment and ple in Washington have recommended that equal opportunity for people who have much you proceed forthwith with whatyou are doing, and to giveAmerican women.Our women are that you obtain more results at State and local charming and gracious; many of them are ex- levels.... tremely gifted and able. We need to continue what has been started in government and in in- I want to wish you well inyour proceedings. dustrywe must give people an opportunity I thank you very much for coming to Wash- to be hired and promoted on the basis of merit ington to remind usonce again of our duties and just merit !This will encourage our daughters responsibilities. and our sons, too. We hope it will encourage I hope that you will go back toyour commu- our daughters to train themselves for more re- nities, expressing even greater enthusiasm for sponsible social, economic, and civic service. what you seek to do.I hope also that you take There is no real conflict between being a fine, back with you a better understanding ofyour gracious, and loving woman and a very capable Government's mission in these trying days. one, too. ... Thank you.

22 Before leaving for the White House, State Commission chairmen briefed the Conference on implementation of their reports.The conferees were transported to the White House and reas- sembled on the South Lawn to hear President Johnson's message. Remarks of Lyndon B. Johnson, Presi- our society, rich and strong and successful as it dent of the United States is,peopleindividual peopleface increas- ingly complex and very severe personal chal- Here at the White House I have many op- lenges.And I am so glad that you are helping portunities to speak to many distinguished in the search for solutions to some of those chal- visitors.But it is a very rare and very welcome lenges, especially those challenges which beset pleasure to meet with a group that is both so women who are both breadwinners ar J mothers. distinguished and so attractive as this. While we seek to advance women to their In this house where I live, women have a 3 to rightful place at the top of the ladder of this 1 ratio in their favor.And I don't mindat society, we must never forget and never neglect least most of the time.But there are moments those women who stand insecurely and uncer- when, like most husbands and fathers, I wish tainly on the lower rungs.I think especially there were a Commission on the Status of Men of the mothers who face the uncertainties of the to submit some of my grievances to. marketplace, the heartbreaking dilemmas of im- I am glad that you could come here today. poverished households, without training, often You represent the Commissions on the Status without motivation, very often without even the of Women that were created by Governors of 44 States. When the Governors themselves are barest decencies of life, or even the emotions I here at 5 o'clock this afternoon, I am going to support of a husband. congratulate them on your work, which I have. Our society and its success is built around a been observing. family unit. And despite all of our advances You are carrying forward in your States and and all of our gains, we must never neglect the cities the work begun by the national Com- fact that that unitthe family unithas been mission under that very great, grand, and lovely attacked and has collapsed among a significant ladyMrs. Eleanor Roosevelt.You are look- number of citizens in this country. This blight ing at the problems as they exist in your own has hit a disproportionate number of individ- areas ; you are seeking solutions that are appro- uals, particularly in our minority groupses- priate to the people of your own sections.The pecially the Negro. But it is not confined to one diversity of your outlook and approach is quite group.It is not confined to one income level. heartening and very helpful. All through our society, in suburbia as well as I could talk to you this morning about statis- ticsstatistics on the status of women in the in the slums, we are challenged to strengthen the Federal Government.I am very proud that family unit and to help our mothers, especial- since becoming President, I have found it pos- ly, find meaning for their lives and find answers sible to, on the basis of merit, appoint 114 for their burdening responsibilities. women to major positions in this Government, A President must, in times like these, often and almost 3,000 other women have received ap- weigh decisions that are great and that are pointments or promotions to the highest grades graveand most of the time they are grim. in our career service. But I am always mindful and I never forget But statistics are not our first concern.Our that in our complex and our changing, con- first concern must be, and is, people. And in stantly challenging society, the most urgent

23 human problem facing millions of our citizens want to tell you how proud I amof our country, is the matter of self, the matter of identity, and our Government, and our Congress,and our the matter of purpose in life.The answers President for standing up and lacing the enemy that we help others find to such questions and not appeasing and not putting off and not matter greatly to the kind of society that we letting happen to us what happened in World are going to fashion, and matter greatly to Wars I and IIgo on until we almost lose be- the strength that we will need to meet the great fore we decide what has happened." She said, tests of our destiny as a great people. "I have three boys and one of them died in Viet- The American woman has a challenging re- nam, another was woundedin the Dominican sponsibility to meet in this country. Whether Republic, and the third one enlisted to be a she puts her knowledge to use in her home com- paratrooper, to take his training in Texas. And munity or in Washington matters very little. I want to tell you how proud I am of the leader- What really does matter is that the collective ship that is coming." That was just too much wisdom of women never be lost and never be left for me, and I picked up the phone and I said get unused as we face, the serious tests and the soar- me that lady up here because I wantto talk to ing programs before us now. her because she has something I needfor the There are many sources of strength that a problems I face.She came, she saw, and she President must call upon and must summon in conquered. trying periods, and I am happy to say that in When she went away, I felt more equal to my this great land of ours I have never found responsibilities and more concerned and more those strengths wanting, and I have never found compassionate about all of the people in this them hesitant.But I know of no more inspir- country. ing and stimulating and confidence-building and I looked yesterday at a number of women who tenacious contributions that have been made to I would hope could serve on the highest court me in the 20 months than those that have come of our landwhere one has never served. I from tie women of our landthe grandmothers, didn't select one because when I do, I want it to the mothers, the wives, the daughters, the sweet- be absolutely without question the best person hearts, yes, even the babies. male or femaleavailable for that post.I have I have on my desk a stack of letters that in- appointed some women to the Federal judiciary, volve distress, depression, death, wounds. Most some to high places in the executive depart- of them relate to Vietnam where our men are ments, some to the Atomic Energy Commission. trying to help other peoples have their freedom The one thing I need from you more than any- just as we obtained ours almost 200 years ago. thing else, aside from your leadership in your One lady told me, "We just had 7 months to- local communities, is for you to take your eyes, gether, but, oh, what a beautiful 7 months it and your ears, and your head, and your heart, was. And I am proud that I picked the kind and your heels, and try to develop for me the of a husband that loved his country enough so most outstanding women in this country who that he would give his life to try to see that could be available to lead the people of this other peoples of other lands had the choice that country.There are many places that we need we have in this country." to fill.If we only could find the brilliant, the Another mother wrote me and said that her trained, those with mind and heart, who are boy had lost his leg and had a little difficulty there but whom we haven't 'been able to put our getting it replaced so he could walk without fingers on.You can do that for me.If you great pain, but that he could endure that if I don't get the proper kind of response from me, could only get him reassigned back to Viet- take it up with Lady Bird because she and Liz nam where he could goand carry on with his Carpenter mount that door all the time and put boys against the problems that they face there. questionnaires to me about what I have been Another lady -wrote me the other day and said doing for women lately. she is from a southern State and she said, "I Thank you for coming. God bless you all.

24. After lunch, Senator Maurine B.Neuberger of Oregon, member of the President'sCommis- sion on the Status of Women, providedConference participants with practical pointersabout the problems of women in politics. Esther Peterson introduced her: "Longbefore the word 'consumer' became a popularword in Government circles, Senator Neuberger sought tomake the consumer market a matter ofpublic policy.She has always had a special touch. When theHouse was debating a bill to allow man- ufacturers to color margarine, she brought f,'lag of it to the floor of the House and showedher fellow Congressmen just what housewiveshad to do to mix the color in.She put on a practical, womanly demonstration.She made her point.The bill passed." theRemarksof ceptions to this, of course.If women are pro- Excerpts From fessionalslawyers, doctors, or teachersthey Senator Maurine B. Neuberger often want to pursue their professions.But As each of you representatives of the Gover- most women who might be interestedin laying nors' Commissions stood when Margaret Hickey the groundwork for a career in politics are at introduced you, I saw you in terms of your home at the time men are getting political Senators. Perhaps this is a good mental reac- careers started. tion, because many of the things that youwish The Junior Chamber of Commercewhich to accomplish will come because you present I will use as an exampleselects a "Man of the your ideas personally to yourSenators, and to Year" in most communities. He is a man that your Representativesin Congress.. .. has given time to the United Fund, to the TB In the very few minutes that I have, I want drive, to the polio drive. He has contributed to tell you about a field that I knowsomething to the community. about but I am afraid some of you don't know This puts his name in the newspaper. We enough about.This is the field of politics. who live in the political world know how im- Of course, I know something about women, portant itis to get, the name publicized.No too.I am often asked a question by my col- matter what the name is connectedwith. just get leagues and by people who are concerned with it in print.... getting recognition for women, "Well, if they Women also have another handicap. Thatis are so good, and they are soable, and they are due to their training.It is a little difficult for so deserving, why are not more womenin them to take the kind of public criticismthat is politics ?" thrown at politicians by the press and by politi- I give them two answers. One is mainlythat cal enemies. From childhood on we arebrought women don't try. Thereis a very logical reason up to be modest. We attemptto deprecate our for the other answer, and it was broughthome accomplishments somewhat. to me as I worked during those 2 years onthe In political life, we have to do just the op- President's Commission on theStatusof posite. When I used to set out on a door-to-door Women. campaign, the hardest thing for me to do was to At the time men are out participatingin tell people, "I am better than my opponent. Junior Chamber of Commerce activities, or Vote for me !" And the minute your nameis getting acquainted in their fields ofbusiness out there in the front, you are fair gamefor all or their profession, women areat home with the criticism. Everything you ever did in your small children.As those children get a little whole life is raked up and thrown at you.And bit older and can be left with a babysitter or you must learn to say toyourself, "Virtue is its in a day nursery, women who know theim- have confidence in myself. I am their children own reward. I portance of college education for going on and do what I know is right."And often seek employment to augment thefamily's you somehow or other surmountit.... income. expand We have found that most womenwho work Once women are in politics, they must would prefer not to work. They would prefer their interests.One day, the Speaker of the to stay home and rear theirfamilies.They House of Representatives in Oregon came to me work for economic reasons. There may be ex- and said, "Maurine, I am going toappoint you

205-792 0 - 66 - 5 25 to an interim committee." I assumed it was go- think that her virtues and her contributions ing to be on education, because I had beena would have been recognized even if she hadn't teacher. He said, "It is going to be on taxation received an award ?" Everyone there said, "No. and revenue." My mouth fell open.I was The very fact that we have called attention to abashed.I said, "But, Woodie, I don't know her ability has helped to promote her to that anything about, taxation and revenue." And he position." Sometimes it does take a special kind said to me, "Look, if you are going togo into of publicity and attention to get women ahead. politics, and you are going to be a member of a This is one of the virtues and values of the political body, you ought to know something work your State Commissionsare doing. You about these things." So I said, "Okay,you are are focusing attention on women. You are find- right.I will accept, and learn...." ing women who can be made known tous who We women have a special bent in the field of are in a position to appoint, them. If you people education. . . . In fact election to a school in the States would keep your elected represent- board or a school committee, is often the first step atives informed of capablewomen who are women take toward other political activity. available for service, it would bea very great Women have never be fore had such an opportu- help.... nity for service as they havenow. ... Women are deterred from entering politics Young women, in all of our communities, no because of another factor. Politics is the science longer have to look forward to staying home and of government.Politicians have to deal with working in pop's business in Oregon,or Okla- things in our daily experience and try to make homa, or wherever it is. this a better world for all ofus.But there is The Peace Corps calls them, or diplomacy, or still a connotation that politics isa dirty word. international business, finance, or variousgov- Some of that feeling comes about because of ernment departments.All these make use of a system in this country which is deplorable and women, but women must have the education to which we are trying to changethe high cost prepare for these jobs. They ought to learn lan- of getting elected to public office. Awoman guages.... hates to go around to her friends andsay, "I am Several years ago, we setup the Federal going to run for office.I need a campaign chest Women's Award to call attention to the fine of $50,000$100,000."If you live in a very work done by women in Government who often heavily populated State, the cost, ofa campaign go unsung and unrecognized. The chief spon- can run into millions of dollars, for an office sor of the award is Mrs. Katie Louchheim, who that is only going to pay during its entire term, is Deputy Assistant Secretary of State.She maybe $60,000 or $180,000.It is too bad that works particularly with women's affairs.The money plays such an important part in politics. award has called attention to women whoare do- But if you get a contribution fromsome group, ing yeoman work in all kinds of professional whether it is a labor union or the National Asso- ciation of Manufacturers, you surely havesome fields, in the Labor Department; the Depart- kind of obligation to that organization. ment of Health, Education, and Welfare; the You all know that the Senate of the United National Institutes of Health; NASA; CIA ; States has been involved now forsome 2 years and other departments. with the conflict-of-interest problem that casts Just a few short weeks ago, the Presidentap- its shadow over our integrity.Lying at the pointed Dr. Penelope Thunberg, who hadre- root of conflict of interest is campaign spending. cently received one of the Federal Women's People get very involved in raisingmoney for Awards, to be a member of the Tariff Commis- elections, and the process is vicious.It is hard sion. This is an area that is usually reserved for to get out from under. men, and I wondered whether the fact that Dr. There is a word we don't like to usebribery. Thunberg had received an award had anything Bribery is a sin.It is against the law.It is to do with her appointment. When we had a punishable by heavy fine and imprisonment. Women's Award board meeting I investigated. Yet, I sometimes wonder if there is not a pretty "Penelope has been working with the CIA," I fine line of distinction between bribery and cam- said. "She is a remarkable woman. Don'tyou paign donations.It just depends on the way

26 you ask for a donation, or the way yourespond Well, I am going to conclude with just one to one you receive.... admonition. We have important legislation be- It is humiliating to have to go around and fore us right now in the Senate.I am talking ask for money.For that reason, I have long about consumer legislation.It is in the com- sponsored bills to try to get some financial as- mittee.I hope itis not going to stay there. sistance from the Government. for running The people who need consumer education elections. don't have it.All of us can use it, but usually it But despite the handicaps, there are so many is the family that nuts every penny that needs rewards for being in politics that, as I often say, it most. none of the college degrees I haveattained have Consumer education, though, goes far beyond been as importantor as valuableas the de- the grocery store, and the cents off, and the 63/4 gree I have earned being aSenator and working ounces, and all these nuances.Consumer edu- on legislation. cation has broader implications. For example, Congress has passed many laws that I thought we have just given you a great rebate in excise it never would. And on the other hand, some taxes.Women are greatly affected by it be- of the bills that I feel very strongly about don't cause of the long-time nuisance of the excise even get a committee hearing. tax on handbags and cosmetics. But it is up to Passing a law takes a long time.As I said, you to see that, you get the benefit of it-.We perhaps the first time it is introduced it doesn't cannot lead you consumers by the hand up and even get a committee hearing.Maybe the next down grocery stores and drugstores. The peo- year, it gets a hearing in thecommittee and ple who testified before our committee on the they vote it down. The year after that, you packaging bill said, "Women don't care.The may manage to get it passed out of the commit- consumer doesn't care.She just goes and buys tee but it doesn't get to calendar call.After something she sees advertised." you follow it through all the stages of thecalen- "Well," I said, "You ought to read my mail. dar call, you can't get it called up for a vote. It doesn't, indicate that." Eventually it is called up for a vote and passes Let me tell you this one story in closing. the Senate.Then difficulty may come up in One of the excise taxes just removed is the tax the House. (Or this situation may be reversed.) on safety deposit boxes. But finally the wonderful day comes, and your There was a banker in a certain town in the bill passes both the House and the Senate. Then Middle Westthe State shall be nameless.I you get that marvelous call : "Come down to don't want to disparage any of its good repre- the White House and witness the signing of the sentatives who are here. He wrote a letter to bill you worked on." the holders of safety deposit boxes in his town. Let me tell you what happened last year when "Dear Customer," he said, "You will note that the bill for Medical Education was passed.On the bill for your safety deposit box is the same the day that. the bill passed the Senate without as it is before the excise tax was removed. a dissenting vote, Senator Lister Hill, who is This has been necessary because of increased extremely interested in health research and costs in personnel, etc., etc., etc."(Of course medical aid, came over and sat down next to he did not tell them that other taxes that he me. He patted me on the shoulder and said, paid were removed, too.)"We thought that "Maurine, 10 long years !"I said, "What do you would prefer this method of paying the you mean?" "Ten long yea7s I have had that increased cost rather than have the tax de- bill,"Senator Hill repeated.It had gone ducted and another cost added to your bill. through the whole gambit that I just described Sincerely yours."If those consumers don't let to you. And then it passed without a dissent- him know what they think, they deserve the ing vote. treatment they get. Of course, an educational process had gone But I feel more hopeful now than I have in on through all those years, and many people the past, because I know that, you and your like you were writing to their Congressmen Commissions are taking an interest in all of about the need and importance of this legisla- these activities, so pertinent not only to women tion. but to all of the people of our country.

27 Popular demand brought to Mary Keyser ling theassignment, she had filled SO admirably at the Conference of Governors' Commissions heldin 1964.The topic which she discussed at the afternoon session-7'h e Challenges Aheadallowed her tohighlight unfinished business of high priority in the perspective afforded by anunderstanding of progress already made. "Mrs. Keyserling's role as Director of the Women'sBureau culminates a career of distinguished public service," Mist; Hickey said in introducingher."For 10 years, she was the Associate Di- rector of the Conference on Econosic Progress.She held high-level posts in the Federal Govern- ment during the 10 preceding yet rs.Before World War II she was General Secretary of the National Consumers League and flugliteconomics at Sarah Lawrence College.She is good- humored, concise, provocativea warmfriend -a woman who gives much in the way of encour- agement." Address of Mary Dublin Keyserling, ship.lie has made the upgrading of women in our economy a prune national objective. Director, U.S. Women's Bureau Federal and state legislatures have responded The womanpower of our countrycomprises to the recommendations of our Commissions, half of our human resources, and every oneof and are themselves searching out additional us in this roomknows that this great poten- ways to help open doors to opportunity.Insti- tial resource is not being drawn on to the ex- tutions and agencies throughout the country are tent. it should be. Our efforts to assureequal- joining in constructive action. ity of opportunity for women everywhereis I have been asked, however, not to spend my a response to theirdeepest personal aspira- time reviewing additionalaccomplishments, tions.Even more important, itis a response splendid as they are. My assignment, is to raise to the growing desire of women tocontribute just a few questions, which some of you may more effectively to theworld around them want to explore more fully, and to point out to assume larger responsibilitiesin helping to some of the unfinished business on our Commis- me-et the unique challenges of ourtimes. sions' agendas. The President's Commissior on the Status No area was of greater concern to the Presi- of Women made 48 recommendations.None dent's Commission on the Status of Women, was more important thanthe recommendation and no area is of greater concern to you, than that State Commissions be set up throughout education.It is in this field that, we have per- our land. Who couldhave foreseen, on that haps made the greatest progress in the past year day whenmerican Women, the Report of the and a half.I can think of no period in our his- Commission, was presented to the President tory when more significant Federal legislation jtist a little more than a year and a half ago has been enacted to improve and expand school that so many groups such as yours would be services and facilities at all educational levels. established and would 1w undertaking so much Equally significant for women is the ferment constructive work? of educational activity at the State and local Last October a Progress Report was sent to levels.During the past. 6 years there has been President Johnson by the Citizens' Advisory a 33-percent increase in the numberof partici- Council and the Interdepartmental Commit- pants in classes for adults.There has been a tee on the Status of Women. This reporttold far more rapid increase than ever before in the the story of how far we had traveled toward number of junior colleges and community col- the implementation of the President's Com- leges. We are facing with growing realism the mission's recommendations.It began: "No needs of mature women who want to prepare the 19th Amendment year since the passage of effectively for reentry into the labor force or for in19.20 can be compared to the period of October 1963 to October 1964 in terms of new community services.One recent survey indi- opportunities offered to women." When the cates that there are more than 1,300 programs next report goes to the President this fall of :ontinuing education available to women. there will he much more to relate. Conferences and institutes called by the Gov- The pace of progress has been immeas-r- ernors' Commissions have been stimulating ably quickened by President Johnson's leader- other organizations to provide the widest range

28 of creative opportunity. At least two Commis- In 1928, 55 percent of our elementary princi- sion reports urged programs similar to Project pals were women; by 1961, the percentage of Ifead Start before this became anational women in these positions in our urban school concept. districts was only 37 percent.In 1950 to 1951, Gratifying as are these, gains, we should rec- 12 percent of our junior high school principals ognize that great gaps still remain.Are we, and 6 percent. of our senior high school prin- for instance, doing enough to help develop con- cipals were women.Today, women hold less structive suggestions with respect to the school than 4 percent of these secondary school prin- dropout problem ?Of the 4 million girls 16 to cipalships. 21 years of age who were not in school in Febru- Only one woman is now serving as a State ary 1963, 43 percent had left before graduating superintendent of education; eight so served in from high school. Of these, one-fifth had never 1925.In 1962 there were only 222 women attended high school ;and among this fifth, serving as superintendents and assistant. super- nearly half had completed less than 8 years of intendents in our urban school districts; 765 schooling. Of the nonwhite girls, 16 to 21 years women served in these capacities in 1939. of age, not in school, 55 percent had not gradu- Your Commissions have a job to do in prob- ated from high school, compared with 39per- ingthefactorsunderlyingthesestriking cent of the white girls. changes in the status of women in education. In an even broader perspective, among all What guidelines can we develop in helping to women aged 18 and over, 28 percent. have had reverse trends which are not only inimical to only 8 or fewer years of elementary education. women but which are hurtful to all ? These, the acutely disadvantaged in educational With respect.to employment, women are terms, we must never lose sight of, as we press making important. headway. They have sought for opportunities for continuing education at jobs and have found them. Over 45 percent of the higher levels. all women 18 to 64 years of age are in the labor In today's world, the advantage of higher force today. Women are in every one of the education is imperative for all young men and more than 400 employment categories of the women.Yet proportionately only three-fifths Bureau of the Census. And it is now estimated as many women as men 25 years of age and over that, nearly half of the new entrants into the are college graduates. labor force between 1964 and 1970 will be Indeed, some of the imbalances are becoming women. more severe. Women obtained 40 percent of all Title VII of the Federal Civil Rights Act master's and other second level degrees in 1930, now prohibits discrimination in employment. but only 31 percent in 1963.Similarly, while on the basis of sex.This opens up a great new in 1930 wo, .en earned 15 percent of all doctor- potential for achieving equality of opportunity ates and equivalent degrees, by 1963 their share in employment, for women. Nine States and the had fallen to less than 11 percent. District of Columbia have a similar prohibition Perhaps these trends have some bearing on in their statutes. the fact that only 20 percent of our college and The passage of the Federal Equal Pay Act university faculty members today are women. was a great step forward, implementing a rec- It was 28 percent 25 years ago. The proportion ommendation of the President's Commission. today of women on these faculties is lower than Now, 25 States have similar laws and 4 others it was back in 1910, when women constituted have fair employment practices laws prohibit- a far smaller part of the student body than they ing discrimination in pay based on sex. do now. In response to a recommendation of the Pres- A recent report of the National Education ident's Commission, a Presidential directive has Association stated: "If the future is forecast in been issued which requires that fairings and pro- the light of the present and recent. past, few motions in the Federal service, be on the basis of [women] will ever become principals, supervi- qualification and merit alone without regard to sors, department heads, and superintendents sex. ." in our public schools. You heard President Johnson say this morn- Why did NEA say this? ing that he has appointed 114 highly qualified

29 women to top posts. More than 550 others have en's wages has widened.ToCay, the median been appointed by the Federal agencies.Be- wage of women in this employment category t ween 1962 and the end of 1964, the number of that is working year round, full timeis 59 per- women in the top seven grade classifications in- cent, that of men. By contrast, in 1955, it was creased 23 percent. 65 percent--six points higher. But, this forward movement, in the Federal One of the bright aspects of the wage story is service is a great deal better than the record of that the earnings of nonwhite women working the economy as a whole.Of all women who full time and year roundthe lowest group on worked in 1963, only one-half of 1 percent, had the wage totem polehave increased the most annual mone\ incomes from allsources of rapidly over the years, more than tripling from $10,000 or more. 1939 to 1963, measured in dollars of constant_ Only 3 percent of the Nation's lawyers are purchasing power. The median wage of these women; only 6 percent of its physicians are nonwhite women is now 64 percent, that of white wonien. women similarly employed. Twenty-five years What about women in management ?A re- ago it, was only 38 percent as high as white cent article on that subject in the Harvard Busi- women's wages.However, inthe past few ness Review stated : "The barriers [to women in yearssince 1960the median earnings of these management] are so great there is scarcely any- nonwhite women, still measured in dollars of thing to study." The article reports that the constant purchasing power, has actually de- process of breaking down the barriers cannot, be clined.This fact, warrants our serious at- observed "...since this occurs so rarely, at tention. present." And a later issue of the same review In all that. I have said we find a mixed pic- reports that since 1950 there has been no observ- ture: Progress, but not nearly enough; in some able increase in the proportion of female to male respects, relative loss of ground; and in some executives. instances, absolute retrogression. To be sure, among college graduates who are There is much we can and are going to do to now in the age group in which women are most, build on what is right, and to rectify what is likely to be employedthe group between 45 wrong. and 54-68 percent were in the labor force in First, there is the purely voluntary approach. 1963. But the figures would seem to indicate The attitudes of many employers, although on that they, like so many of their less privileged a diminishing scale, are still based on outworn sisters, are all too often and, in fact increas- myths about women's skills and habits of work. ingly, concentrated in jobs which fail to make We must patiently but vigorously strive to dis- adequate use of their skill and training. pel these myths. Indeed, during the past 15 years, there has Secondly, there is the legislative approach. been a significant and steady decline in the per- Our entire history as a Nation and as a people centage of women among all workers in the pro- reveals the role of justice under law in achieving fessional, technical, and kindred occupations; in economic and social gains. contrast, there has been a sizable increase in the Last, year, at the Conference of Governors' proportion of clerical and service jobs held by Commissions on the Status of Women, which women. many of you attended, a wide range of legisla- Aside from this problem of room at the top, tive goals was reported.State action proves what about, general adequacy of income? Here the word became the deed.State legislatures we have made great strides in recent years. The enacted 327 laws in 1964 and 1965 which greatly median wage or salary of women working year improved the civil and political status of wom- round and full time, measured in dollars of enand you played a large part in this. constantpurchasingpower,approximately You may remember that Conference partici- doubled during the period from 1939 to 1963. pants last year indicated that, the major legisla- This is progress of which we can be rightfully tive goal of the majority of the Commissions proud.However, because the median wage of was the enactment or the improvement of mini- men similarly employed increased even a little mum wage laws applicable to men as well as more rapidly, the gap between men's and wom- women. You have been both busy and effective.

30 The past 2 years have seen four States enact books, we should bevery careful to hold on to such legislation for the first time; three States the statutes whichnow provide very essential lifted their minimum wage level and extended protection to many millions ofwomen. their min;mum wage laws, which formerly ap- A third approach to be emphasized is this: In plied just to women, to cover men as well. Eight a democracy, if women want to share fully in the raised the minimum wage level..But even to- benefits of legislation, theymust share more day, only 34 States, the Dist lief of Columbia adequately in the legislativeprocess. and Puerto Rico have minimum wage laws in Women have enjoyed the rightto vote for 45 effect.In many of these, the standards are far years, but today only 2 percent of the Members too low and, as we all know, most of the excep- of the U.S. House of Representativesand Sen- tions are entirely unjustifiable. ate are women.Only 12 hold these offices-7 Many of you here today have participated, fewer than in the 87th Congress.By contrast, over the years, in helping to enact a large body six times asmany women, relatively, sit,in ofprotectivelaborlegislationfor women. Sweden's Parliament. Many of vou are concerned about the relation- We fare a little better withrespect. to State ship of these protective laws to Title VII of the legislators.Nearly 5percentof them are Federal Civil Rights Act which prohibits dis- women.But only half of 1 percent of allour crimination in employment on the basis of sex. mayors are wumen. A large number of women's organizations, Last, hut, not least, I thinkwe women must, the State Commissioners of Labor, speaking look inward as wellas outward."The fault, through their InternationalAssociationof . ..is not in our stars."To what extentare Governmental Labor Officials, and many labor women challenged to reexamine theirown atti- spokesmen, among others, have reaffirmed their tudes, to enlarge their aspirations,to seek more active support of maintenance and effectiveen- vigorously the training required for the effective. forcement of this protective labor legislation. exercise of responsibility ? They are urging the Equal Employment Oppor- An essential part of this task isto do more tunity Commission to take thesame position, to help our young womensee more realistically which is entirely consistent with policies and the diversity of roles theycan play ; to appreci- procedures to eliminate actual discrimination ate the ever-growing importance of high-level based on sex.This position seems to me to be skills. both sound and essential.You will recall that Are we doing enough toencourage w.:Anen of the President's Commission recommended that all ages to equip themselvesmore adequately for the States apply labor standards legislation, the tasks of today and tomorrow ? wherever feasible and appropriate, tomen as Most important of all,are we bringing home well as women. Title VII gives specialurgency to men, no less than to women, the special role to the implementation of this recommendation. of women in building the Great Society? Perhaps you will remember that the Commis- As our economy continues to increase itsun- sion urged the extension of minimumwage laws to men as well as women.It also urged that, rivaled productive powers, the question of to in place of laws limiting the maximum hours what human ends we harness thispower will of work for women, we amendour minimum become more and more insistent.Will the poor wage laws to provide to men and women alike be always with us?The slums?Those still overtime pay of at least time-and-a-half the unable to afford medical care?The ugly cities regular rates for all hours inexcess of 8 a day and highways?The pollutedwatersand or 40 a werk.This, of course, wouldserve to atmosphere? discourage excessive hours for all workers. Women's talents and their profound human But the President's Commission stronglycau- concerns are needed as never before, as we seek tioned us that, as wemove ahead to update these increasingly to make America, the rich and pow- laws and make them applicable tomen as well erful, also the good and beautiful.Here we as women where appropriate and desirable, and, find our special task.And our work has just, until we have good substituteson the statute begun.

31 Ilia "On the Interdepartmental Committee on the Status of Women," Miss Hickeycontinued, "we have seven members of the President's Cabinet who are often repri.iented at ourmeetings by gentlemen who bring an expertise and understanding to the problems we discuss.They de- veloped this knowledge during their participation in the work of the President'sCommission on the Status of Women. One of ourearly good friends, who helped us see the importance of social legislation and social action in support of it, is our next speaker. "Ever since 1934, when he joined the Cabinet Committee on Economic Security,Wilbur Cohen has pioneered in the development of the social security program. He hasbeen involved in its de- velopment ever since, both as a civil servant and as a private citizen.In one capacity or another he has worked with congressional committees every time the Social Security Act has beenamended. Since 1961, when he became Assistant Secretary for Legislation of the Departmentof Health, Education, and Welfare, he has been on leave from his duties as Professor of Public WelfareAd- ministration at the School of Social Work of the University of Michigan.In June of this year, he became Under Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare." Excerpts From the Remarks of Wilbur What we are concerned about in this Depart- J. Cohen, Under Secretary of Health, ment is the quality of human life and the happi- ness of our people. Education, and Welfare The problems that women and mothers and This is a very key date in my life.I have homemakers are concerned about, and that men just come back from a meeting with the Presi- should be more concerned about, include this dent and the American Medical Association. question of improvement in the quality of our I was not sure that such a date would ever society.I don't think of the education act as a arrive, and I am certain the American Medical way of getting people more education sothat Association was very surprised, but I hope to- they can make more money ; I don't think of morrow the President will sign theMedicare Medicare as a way of paying people's hospital bill into law. billsalthough those things are part of the This year then will go down in history as the total picture. More important, they are part of year in which Congress enacted, after alegis- a struggle that has been going onfor 50 years lative battle that lasted 90 years, a Federal law in this country to improve the quality and the which gives aid to elementary and secondary dignity of human lite, and to give people a sense education ; and after 30 years of effort, a Medi- of self-respect and belonging. These are domi- care program.These two pieces of monu- nant ideas that come to my mind when I think mental legislation, which I know many of the of these programs. people in this room fought for, both have come As I think of Medicare, for instance, I am to fruition in 1965.It is a great year.I think always aware of how many women have had to we will see grP9,t results from these newlaws, stay unmarried or give up something of their and I want to talk with you about them. own, in order to take care of their parents or to The Department of Heakii, Education, and pay their parents' medical bills.How many Welfare, as I see it., is really the department of people's lives have had to be changedI don't home and family in the President's cabinet. want to say distortedand how many people

32 11 have had to do things that they did not V. ant I want to say that several of the provisions in to do because they wanted to carry out, their the social security law that were cited by the filial obligations and take care of aged parents. Commission on the Status of Women as in- Please understand me.I think the kind of equitable, and dealing adversely with women devotion that people have had to their parents are corrected by the new legislation. Not all of and to their families is wonderful. But I think them by any means. There is still much left for that with the Medicare bill passed, many a you to do.But the following changes are of daughter and son will be freed from an un- special benefit to women : The new law reduces necessary bondage. from 62 to 60 the age at which widows may And nothing has been more tragic to me than receive benefits.Benefits claimed before age to watch people wrestle with the choice of pay- 62 are somewhat reduced. Many widows in late ing either for their children's college educa- middle age are left with insufficient funds, and tions or for their parents' medical bills. No one they find reemployment difficult at this age. can really understand such a dilemmaunless Thus, the reduction in the eligibility age, to 60 is he has lived through it himself.The choice extremely important and valuable to widows. between responsibility to one's parents and re- Some of you may have heard about the so- sponsibility to one's children is not easy to make. called "living-in-sin" amendment.It was a Now, if I were to discuss Medicare from an subject of quite some amusement among the economic point, of view, I would point, out that male legislators.The law provides that bene- one of the great problems we arefaced with is fits will now be payable to widows who have the increasing longevity of women. This makes remarried after age 60.I hope you won't ask the problem of the costs of medical care and me why it is not all right at age 59; but the male social security a very great one. mind- -as represented by our legislatorsthinks There are more women than men in the group that, after age 60 it is perfectly all right for aged 65 and over. And among the people over widows to remarry and still draw social security ages 70 and 75, not only are there a larger num- benefits. ber of women, but they are predominantly The law also deals with a very, very difficult widows. Many of them, having outlived their problem that, took quite a good deal of time in husbands, also exhaust the financial resources Congress; it authorizes payment of a wife's or their husbands provided, and ultimately become widow's benefit to the divorced wife of a retir^d, dependent, upon public charity. deceased, or disabled worker, if she was married The overwhelming majority of the 2 million to the worker for at least 20 years before the people who are over 65 and on public assistance date of the divorce, and if the divorced husband today are widows. They are on public assist- was making a contribution to her support. ance because the incomes their husbands left This problem had come up recurrently. them have been used up to pay medical bills. Quite frequently, in divorce settlements, the set- The Medicare program just enacted and im- tlement did not take account of the fact that the provements made in the social security program divorced wife would no longer get social secu- deal effectively with the major economic prob- rity benefits either as the wife or the widow of a lems of widowhood, and with the economic worker.The hardship that would then result problems medical care poses for the older popu- has been corrected by the continuation of bene- lation generally. These amendments should not fits in such cases. only help older people but also enable middle- Congress corrected one other thing that I aged people in the middle income groups to raise thought was a serious inequity in the social se- their on families and send their children curity law. When a man dies, the social secu- through school and college, without, having to rity system pays survivors' benefits in the form worry about the tremendous catastrophe and of monthly life insurance to his widow and calamity that, would befall them if their par- dependent children.There has been a series entsor if they themselvesbecome sick in old of hardship cases in which the children of a age. deceased worker who was not narried to their

33 205-792 o -66 6 mother were not, eligible for benefits because Civil Rights Act separated the issues that re- State law did not, recognize their entitlement. lated to civil rights and discrimination. A Prior law had required that social security bene- method was found to resolve to some extent the fits be paid only to children who could inherit dispute over church and state.This method under the State law.The amendments have recognized that Federal funds were urgently changed this situation ; benefits will be paid to a needed to aid the education of poor children no child based on the earnings record of his de- matter where they are, no matter what their ceased father, if the father had acknowledged race, religion, or color.Furthermore, the rec- the child in writing, had been ordered by a court ognition that the program is going to cost to contribute to the child's support, or other evi- money and is important represents a signal vic- dence shows that the worker was the father and tory in one of the most important programs in contributing to the child's support.In these our history and for the future of this country. circumstances the child will receive social secu- I wish you, yourselves, could have heard the rity benefits even though he cannot inherit un- President of the United States on this.I just der State law. cannot be equally persuasive. Although there are not many of these cases, Just this morning he said to me, "I want you it is grievous to see children deprived of their to see, with Mr. Gardner, that America has the social security benefits.I won't have time to most outstanding system of education.In this go into other provisions of the new law ; any of country, I want .every boy and girlof every you who are interested in them will be able to race, of every creed, of every colorto be able, get the details on all of the very important in our society, to get all the education that he changes in the Medicare and Social Security or she has the ability to get." laws from your local social security office. I am so positive that the President of the I would like to take a few minutes to talk United States means that, and I am so positive with you about education.Nothing, it seems that he is going to do everything he can to as- to me, is more important to improvement of the sure that every child gets such an opportunity quality of American life than the historic leg- that I believe this new law will have, in the next islation enacted by Congress this yearFederal few years, a very important bearing on the aid for elementary and secondary education. whole quality of our society. This is just the beginning of a program of Fed- Now, quite frankly, this program is going to eral aid to education. take a lot of money. I think we cannot go into For 95 yearsthe first bill on this subject was this problem of Federal aid to education with- introduced in the American Congress in 1870 out talking about billions of dollars. successive generations have fought, and strug- The teachers of this country are underpaid. gled to get little bits and pieces of legislation Our school facilities are in many cases out- for one or another aspect of education.This moded. There are countless children who ought year, Congress at last adopted a broad program for elementary and secondary education, which to continue to go to school, but who do not go to will cost about a billion and a half dollars of school.There are dropouts. Federal funds.This action is historic because, I was shocked when I first came into this pro- in addition to all of the controversy revolving gram and found that thousands upon thousands around the questions of what is the appropriate of elementary and secondary schools do not have Federal role in education and what possible libraries, do not even have books.This law disastrous impact increased Federal participa- makes a small start toward providing books. tion might have upon local responsibility for Only $150 million are appropriated under Title education, we had the additional problems of II of the act. That may seem like a lot of money racial segregation and discrimination, and the to you, but for 50 million students in the United church-school issue. States it doesn't go very far.This program is I defy you to think of three more difficult going to be expanded until every child in the problems to overcome.The passage of the United States has all the schoolbooks he or she

34 needs to be the best studentour society can you would be interested in. produce. For example, last yearan important pro- The new legislation is going to producea gram for nurse education was authorized. revolution in our elementary and secondary There is a tremendous shortage ofnurses, of school systems.The billionroughly a bil- teachers, and social workers. These threeareas liondollars allowed in Title I of the lawto are crucial to improvement of the quality of help children who live in families with incomes American life.To achieve such improvement, under $2,000 is a great step forward. While we need more nurses, we need more teachers, a billion dollars seems like a lot of money, I and we need more social workers. Andyet, think that if wewere spending $5 billion or those three areas have been largely neglected $10 billion in the nextyear or two, that still by legislation dealing with themanpower re- would -.lot be enough. sources of our country. Your States and your I say this to you particularly because I think local groups should developan interest in these education will beone of your major respon- manpower concerns. sibilities during the next 5years.You now Looking forward to the next 30years, I see have a law that has at last, after 95years, that as a Nation we must investmore and more broken through all of these nearly 100-year-old in health, education, and welfare.I think ideological disputes. America cannot continue to be greatinan Title I has only a 1-year duration, andwe international sense,an economic sense, or a will have to go back to Congressnext year for qualitative senseunless, whenyou go back an extension.I am sure there will be another home, you understand and explain to others the big fight next year.There will be people who importance of allocating moreresources to these want to expand the program. There will also crucial areas, and unlessyou are willing to fight be those who don't want to spendany more for this investment in our future. money. And there will be those fearful of the When I first started my career,as a graduate Federal Government's rolefearful that the of the University of Wisconsin, ifanyone had Federal Government might want to write the asked me, "What are the three basic elements in textbooks. All of those things will be discussed the standard of living?" I couldvery easily and debated, as they shouP be inour demo- have said, "Food, clothing, and shelter."But cratic society.In the world we. live in, it is today, I think there are no longer only three ele- important thatevery childregardless of race, ments in the standard of living.I think there creed, or colorget all or the education that are two morethe right to education and the we can provide and it maportant that we right, to good health. We cannot havea good offer to every child all that hecan take. standard of living and we cannot havea great The money available under Title Ican be country unless we are willingin our local com- used in the communities for preschool classes munities, at. the State legislative level, and at the and preschool work.It is important for all Federal levelto fight, for adequate funds, good children to start the learningprocess without facilities, and adequate training of personnel in the handicaps that result from poverty, cul- the fields of health, education, and welfare. tural deprivation, or discrimination. I hope you feel, as I do, that. 1965 is a great I hope that all of you will place Federal aid year to be alive. We have surmounted two of for educational improvementvery high on your the greatest controversies that have ever affected priority list.I can't think of anythingmore the course of social legislation. Women, along important to boys and girls growingup, to the with men, have been pioneers in achieving im- sanctity of the family, to the promotion of cul- provements of social change. They have been ture, to the improvement in the quality of living, the sponsors and workers over many years.I than the things that are involved in the Ele- look forward to our continuing to work together mentary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. to build a greater America, and a greater society There are a host of other pieces of legisla- than we have today.I know all of you will tion that I would like to talk about that I think help in that. effort.

35 Mr. Richard Graham, Mrs. W. Willard Wirtz, and Mrs. Mary DublinKeyserling

Guests at the head table at lunch Committee and Council :(left Dr. Caroline Ware, and Mrs. Ma

Mrs. Mary N. Hilton, Miss Mary Eastwood, and Dr. Margaret Browne

Mrs. Aileen Hernandez and Mrs. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Miss Marguerite Rawalt and Miss Ann Draper

Miss Margaret Mealey, Mrs. Mabel Keaton Staupers, and Mr. Norman Nicholson n Friday included members or alternate thPmbers of the right), Miss Eugenia Sullivan, Mr. David R. Baldwin, E. Callahan,

Hon. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., and Miss Margaret Hickey FRIDAY SESSION-INFORMATION EXCHANGE AND SUMMATION Friday was Information Exchange Day,as Conference participants divided into 11 workshop groups in the morning and 6 in the afternoon. The topic for discussion at lunch had been unanimously requested.All participants wanted to know more about. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.The two speakers were those best qualified to discuss itMrs. Aileen C. Hernandez, the onlywoman member of the Equal Employ- ment Opportunity Commission, and Franklin D. Roosevelt., Jr., the Chairman of the Commission. Mrs. Hernandez, appointed to her post after serving with the Division of Fair Employment Practices in California, has had extensive experience with the labormovement and educational institutions.Miss Margaret Hickey said, in introducing her, "Her qualificationsare superb for the :ask she is taking on." Address of Mrs. Aileen C. Hernandez, coming together in your various Commissions Member, Equal Employment Oppor- you have begun to wrestle with problems that tunity Commission many of us have not been able to go into too carefully in the past. I want to tell you how pleased Iam to be here We are recognizing that the old theories about in this very distinguishedcompany. a woman's place are changing every day, and I I find itvery interesting to be on this par- think the particular function thatyou have to ticular Commission.I like the oddsfour to serve is to help us bring into she 20th century one is a nice balance, I think, especially when the thinking about what a woman's role is. you have four very charming gentlemen to deal I am concerned, for example, aboutsome of with as I do. the ideas and concepts that I still hear from Mr. Roosevelt has already indicated that he people.I wonder if some of you are familiar has one particular job that he is goingto do and with a book that came out that is to get me to stop wearing hats.I told several years ago called The Recolt of American Women.1 him that would not be possible, but I hopewe can come to agreement oil some of the other I would like to quote something from that book issues that we are going to deal with that may be of interest. I feel a particular pleasure to be able to work 1 Oliver Jensen, The Revolt of American Women, New York, Nvit lt the groups here because I recognize that in Harcourt, Brace, and Co,, 1952,

38 ...No one inquires whether men about society that we think are so valuable can successfully combine marriage and nowadays? careers; no one denounces the cut of I am very much aware that we are going their bathing suits or worries very through a new phase.I am totally aware that much about their morality ; no leagues we are going to have to make somechanges in of men voters have been formed; no our concept of life.I am convinced that you equivalent of Philip Wylie, the enemy who have started on this job have also changed of "Mom," has arisen to pepper Pop your own thinking as you have met and talked with maledictions as a menace to the with other people. national well-being.But women are I am convinced that we can bring an in-depth constantly in the news in their specific approach to the whole question of the role of role as women. Our society demands women in American society and that we can of them a thousand new skills in fac- make some significant changes. tory, laboratory and office; and it in- Men are very worried about Title VII as it sistsat, the same time that, they re- applies to sex.Business is concerned about it. main proficient at all the old ones in I think there is more fear and trepidation about bedroom, nursery and kitchen.Their what is going to happen with that "sex amend- successes or failures in this new double ment" than there is about anything else. life, partly in a man's world, partly in And actually I have a unique way of looking a woman's, alternately please, baffle at it.I feel that rather than doing something and enrage the other sex. which will ruin things for women, Title VII may very well be the emancipation act for men. I think that quotation is rather significant find it difficult to see why it is not possible because it poses the kinds of problems we are to include men in some protections that are ex- dealing with.I can recall any number of oc- tended to women. casions when we have talked about what kinds Why not a rest period for mendon't they get of jobs women should hold or what kinds of tired, too? Why not a weight restriction on the legislation should be passed.Sometimes the things they have to lifthp ve you looked at legislation was meant to "protect," but some- some of the figures on the incidence of hernia times we were not quite sure whether what we in men? got, was protection or not. I am concerned about some other things. So I think we are going to have to deal with Maybe there is a male "Bunny" who would like these questions in our Commission. to be in a Playgirl Club.If we girls get to go I was somewhat angered this morning to hear to one of those clubs we might like to see a about an article in a magazine which questions man. whether we should limit the number of women I know there is a lot of levity on the subject who attend college because of the drain on but it is not a funny subject.It has very serious thosefacilities.The article seriously sug- potential. And I am convinced, having met and gestedI assume it was seriousthat we ought gotten to know the four other members of our only to permit men to enter college now so that Commission, that they also view it with great all men who wish to go to college will be able seriousness. to do so. We do see Title VII as potentially helpful. I wonder what would happen to the children We did not know that a ban on sex discrimina- of America if women were not able to get the tion was going to be included in the act but, now education they need and deserve. that it is included, we intend to enforce it and I am concerned about what we think the wom- to administer it with ;magination.Let. us hope an's role is even if she chooses to be a home- that by doing the things we will do under Title maker.Does she not need the skills and the VII we will help bring about, the new kind of knowledge that she receives in school, in order emancipation I mentioned, not just for women to pass on to her children the ideas and theories but for men as well.

39 In introducing Mr. Roosevelt, Miss Hickey reminded listeners of their debt to his mother, Mrs. Eleanor Rooseveltthe first and only Chairman of the President's Commission on the Status of Women.She also expressed her pleasure that Mrs. Anna Roosevelt. Halsted is a member of the Citizens' Advisory Council on the Status of Women. Brother and sister rose to acknowledge the Conference's applause, and Chairman Roosevelt spoke. Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., of women. These are matters with which you Chairman, Equal Employment Oppor- have been seriously concerned for some time. They are matters which the Equal Employment tunity Comm Ibion Opportunity Commissioi. a Federal agency Sometimes, at the end of a long day, I think is tackling for the first time. that perhaps my sister should have been ap- We recognize that the provisions of Title VII pointed in place of me on this Commission, but. dealing with discrimination on the basis of sex I can assure you that I pay a great deal of at- are complex and controversial. They were in- tention to her vr_cy valuable advice. cluded in the Civil Rights Act without commit- I was asked on television yesterday morning tee hearings and with little in the way of mean- whether Judge Smith's amendment dealing ingful debate. with discrimination due to sex had not put a lot If you have sensed a tendency on the part of of women in my hair and I said, "No, not in my hair, but it certainly has put a lot of women's some businessmen, government officials, and problems squarely in my lap." others to regard these provisions as either I am also very pleased that the President saw frightening or humorous, let me assure you that fit to appoint Aileen Hernandez to our Commis- I do not consider them in this light. sion.I think you can judge from he,- very lucid I want to make it clear that the EEOC and its remarks that you are well represented on the staff recognize that discrimination in employ- Commission. And I can assure you that even ment, based on sex is a serious problem of na- though we are four to one, that is only the bare tional concern. We believe that the provisions bone factthe end result, is usually directly the of Title, VII can be extremely helpful in cor- reverse. recting many longstanding abuses against wom- I welcome this opportunity to talk with you en employees. The EEOC is prepared to pro- today about matters concerning the employment vide wise and strong administration.

40 We also recognize that we are starting out sex appears to be more strongly linked to the with very few guidelines.The Women's Bu- requirements of the job or to other basic values. reau of th., Department of Labor is undertaking On the second questionthe Bennett Amend- to provide us with extensive background in- mentthe answers are far from easy. When formation on the extent of job discrimination Title VII was under discussion in the Senate, against women. And I should express here the SenatorBennett,introducedaone-sentence gratitude of myself and of my fellow Commis- amendment. which refers to the Federal Equal sioners for the wonderful cooperation we have Pay Act. had, both from Esther Peterson a.nd from Mrs. Its purpose, according to the Senator when Keyserling. he introduced it, was to provide, in the event We are also seeking the advice and counsel of of conflicts, that the ". ..provisions of the the many organizations that have been con- Equal Pay Act shall not be nullified."The cerned with these matters, and we welcome in amendment states, however, that differentials particular the wisdom of your experience. on the basis of sex are permitted under Title I should like you to know that I have given VII if "authorized" under the Federal Equal Aileen Hernandez primary responsibility for Pay Act. maintaining liaison between the Commission Perplexing questions are raised as to the in- and State agencies.She will work not only tent of the amendment since the Equal Pay with State agencies dealing with civil rights Act does not "authorize" pay differentials.It matters but also with State Commissions such merely lists exceptions to the prohibition against as yours.I have asked Richard Graham to act discrimination where the factors determinative as my representative on the Interdepartmental of the wage rate difference are not that of sex. Committee on the Status of Women. Differentials are not prohibited, for example, I would like to discuss with you three specific when based upon seniority systems or a piece- questions in the area of unlawfu' employment work scale. practices where discrimination is based upon A year later, Senator Bennett stated a some- sex.There are three things the EEOC will what different explanation of the intent of his have to do : originalamendment :"Simplystated,the First, decide for itself the appropriate scope amendment means that discrimination in com- to be given sex as a bona fide occupational pensation on account of sex does not violate qualification. Title VII unless it also violates the Equal Pay Second, resolve the riddle of the Bennett Act." Amendment dealing with the relationship of We must seek diligently to reconcile the dif- Title VII to the Equal Pay Act. ferences in interpretation before we can estab- Third, find the right balance between the lish the EEOC's position on this section of the provisions in Title VII that prohibit discrimi- law. nation on the basis of sex and the provisions of EEOC is giving very serious consideration various State laws that provide special treat- to this question and hopes in the near future to ment for women wno are employed. announce a position consistent with the congres- On the question of bona fide occupational sional intent of section 703(h) and Title VII as a whole. qualifications, I believe that the Commission Senator Clark has placed in the Congressional should follow the usual procedure in construing Record a letter which I have received from Ann exemptions to protective provisionsit should Draper, Chairman of the National Committee construe such provisions narrowly. The Com- for Equal Pay, which takes direct issue with mission should carefully examine suggestions Senator Bennett's statement. that sex is a bona fide occupational qualifica- On the third questionTitle VII and State tion.It should be alert to distinguish between lawsthere are at least three types of State those situations in which it is merely a conven- laws that need to be considered. First, State ient extension of tradition and those in which laws that prohibit employment of women in

41 certain occupations, such as coalmining.Sec- on the basis of sex,should an employer or em- ond, State laws that prohibit womenfrom ployment agency advertise inthe neuter col- working beyond a certain number of hours or umns? Or should an ad be placedin both col- from performing certain tasks, such aslifting umns? The newspaper publisherswould like more than 35 pounds.Third, State laws that that. agreed require that women employes be providedwith The staff and the Commissioners have special rest facilities or be compensated atmin- that advice and counsel on thisquestion will be sound guide- imum rates. sought in our efforts to establish A reasonable application of Title VIIwill lines which would guarantee accurateinter- need to be made in some cases to permitemploy- pretation as well as avoid punitive requirements ers to complywith both Title VII and such for employers and agencies. State laws.The Commission recognizes that I take this occasion today, therefore, to an- these laws were and are in most casesdesigned nounce that I willappoint an ad hoc committee to protect women in their employment oppor- of experts to advise the EEOC on these ques- tunities, and it will move with great care in tions. Representatives of the press,advertising, taking any action that might affect their scope. employment agencies, the Labor Department, and women's organizations will be named to We do not see any clear congressionalintent advisory committee. to overturn all of these laws. serve on this ad hoc In these areas which are of particularinterest I understand that both the President's Com- in all the mission on the Status of Women and your to all of you at this conferenceas withwhichthe groups have beenreevaluating present State areasofresponsibility Equal Employment OpportunityCommission legislation in this area and are pressing for lighted changes to make the State laws more up to date is chargedthe road to progress must be and more flexible.We think this is a most by reason. worthwhile effort. Your work in this area can We must make every effort to find the an- swers to these issuesby reconciliation of differ- do much to clear up possible inconsistencies approaches between employers between outmoded laws and the purpose of ences, by honest and employees. Title VII. The Commission, I know, will be There will be hard rocks and maybe some happy to work with you in any way possible. deep washouts along this road we will travel, Finally, I would like to mention the specific but we promise you we will steer carefully and issue of employment discrimination based upon avoid as many as we can. When we cannot,I sex as it relates to theclassified advertising have no doubt that the bumps will jar, butI pages.Is it a violation of the provisions relat- am not worriedabout breaking the axle. ing to sex in Title VII to advertise in the classi- You can do much to help us.I ask you to fied columns for: "Help WantedMen" and return to your communities andgive your "Help WantedWomen ?"If it is determined fellow citizens this message. We seek their co- that such advertising constitutes discrimination operation and we welcome their support.

42 _ ( II 0 I

THE GIST OF THE WORKSHOPS These summaries of workshop discussionsare based on the notes of workshop reporters, of which each group had two.The 12 groups that met in the morning (2 of these discussed educa- tion and their reports have been combined) had less than 3 hours in whichto cover their fields of interest.The six which met in the afternoonwere allowed only 1 hour for discussion.It was the decision of all concerned that eachgroup could profitably have used a great deal more discussion time, so informative were participants andso valuable their contributions.Discussions did not begin to exhaust the topics, and the following summaries include highlights rather than complete reports of what was heard. Lest readers hastily skip to the workshop report whose title indicatesa subject of primary interest, it should be pointed out that workshop discussionwas broad-based.Groups whose as- signed topics seemingly were unrelated overlapped in their interests and contributions.Almost every workshop had some item of interest for participants whose first concern was elsewhere. The summary of each workshop's discussion know which Siate ran a particularsurvey on a is preceded by the names of its chairman, re- specific subject should write to Miss Marguerite source specialists or panelists, and reporters. Gilmore, Chief, Field Division, Women's Bu- These people will assist readers who want more reau, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, information.Theresourcespecialistsand D.C. 20210. panelists attached to Federal agencies have The photographs interspersed in the text Government publications, fact sheets, and gen- were taken during the workshop sessions and eral information which may be of value.Re- while reporters were delivering theirsum- source specialists and panelists from State maries.The States represented by the work- Commissions have expertise on problems all shop chairmen, resource specialists, andre- Commissions face sooner or later.The sum- porters are abbreviated, following each name. maries do not include names of the States whose In some cases,initials appear, representing experiences are noted, because that information Federal agencies. A list of the agencies and was not always available.Those who want to their addresses appears on pages 79 and SO.

43 MORNING SESSION Workshops 1-11

Workshop 1Legal Status of Women and 2 of these had served before.Attorneys may be more inclined tochallenge women Chairman: Virginia Morrissey (Mass.) jurors, thus cutting down the percentage of Resource Specialists: women who actually serve onjuries.On the Eulah L. Cato (La.) other hand, an instance was given inwhich Regina F. Cohane (Mich.) many more women servedthan men, because Lorene Harrington (Iowa) men were more likely toask to be excused. Marguerite Rawalt (CACSW) Property Rights as Between Husband and Laura Lee Spencer (WB) Wife. One State wants to know if any Stateis Josephine Urani (WB) studying the relative merits of the two basic Tempa M. Watson (Hawaii) matrimonial property systems in the United Kermitt E. Wheeler (WB) Statescommon law and community property. Reporters: Discrimination in Public Employment.In Mary Eastwood (Justice) one State the law providesfor a double civil June Honaman (Pa.) service listone for men and another for Jury Service. In one State which excludes women. A single list, existsfor promotions and women from juries, the House ofRepresenta- the Commission in that State is working to tives has passed a bill to permit women to serve; eradicate the discriminatory aspect in hiring. the Senate will consider it during the next, ses- Techniques for Collecting Information. One sion.There has been a great deal of activity Commission's Committee on Legal Rights has in another State to change the law that requires sent questionnaires to over 500 members ofthe women to register before they can be put onthe State Bar and plans to hold a public hearing. jury list, even though the constitutionality of Another Commission's Committee on Legal the procedure which requires women but not Rights and Political Participation is making a men to register was upheld by theU.S. Supreme survey, by personalinterview, of women in Court in Hoyt v. Florida. A number of States public life.Another State Commission sent, a still permit women to be excused from jury questionnaire to county sheriffs concerning con- duty simply because of their sex.Permissive ditions for women prisoners. jury service cannot be considered an advantage Continuity of State Commissions. The work for women, since it is never an at'-antage for a of State Commissions has been interrupted fre- woman not to be considered a fullcitizen. quently by a change, of administration.The Unequal jury service may result from jury work of a Commission may be more stable if its selection procedures. A Commission that sur- existence is guaranteed by statute.However, veyed jury selection in 40 counties of 1 State a Commission created byExecutive order may found that in 1 county, of a total of 800 names allow for more flexibility and the involvement. drawn from the jury box, only 8 were women of more people. on committees or as consultants.

44 Workshop 2Title VII individual case -by -case basis without develop- Chairman : Raymond F. Male (N.J.) ing general guidelines. Resource Specialists : There was general agreement that State Com- Florence G. Clifton ( Calif.) missions should work actively for the extension Carol Cox (SOL) of broad and effective minimum wage coverage Katherine P. Ellickson (PCEEO) to men and women. Excessive hours can be ef- Mary Dublin Keyserling (WB) fectively deterred by requiring premium pay for Reporters: overtime of at least time-and-a-half the regular Carl Cabe (Ky.) rate for men and women. Enactment and im- Alice A. Morrison (WB) provement of minimum wage laws thus would provide) a desirable substitute for maximum The workshop was concerned with the impact hours laws which apply to women only. of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964on The danger of losing existing protection, existing State laws. Title VII includes the especially helpful to the many women employed word "sex" along withrace, color, religion, and in relatively low-paid, unorganized industries national origin in the clause forbidding dis- was pointed out.Some participants felt that crimination in hiring, training, and promotion. hours laws that apply only to women interfere Although Title VII has great potential for im- with employment opportunities. proving the status of women, several problems have arisen in connection with its interpretation In regard to the application of Title VII to some specific situations, these ideas emerged. and enforcement, for which workable solutions The owner of an "all women" insurance agency must be found. asked whether she could continue to employ only Three aspects of the new law ar3 particularly women. It was thought that the issue would be in need of clarification by the Equal Employ- raised only if a man asked for a job and brought ment Opportunity Commission : Bona fide oc- a complaint, although another participant was cupational qualificatic_. s, the Bennett, Amend- ment, and the relation of Title VII to State of the belief that such an agency could no longer labor laws for women. exist. Although the law does not require This workshop con- changing the present setup, but applies only to centrated on the third topic. future hirings, the opinion was ako expressed The basic question in regard to Title VII's that employers should not wait for a complaint effect on State labor laws applying differently to before complying with the law. A question men and women is this : Will Title VII have the about whether Title VII would require hos- effect of setting aside such State laws, of extend- pitals to admit men to nurses' training pro- ing women's laws to men, or of maintaining the grams brought. the reply that nurses in train- status quo? The only workers affected will be ing are not considered "employees" but students. those covered by both State labor laws and the Federal law. Title VI, rather than Title VII, applies to Since Title VII is part of the institutions receiving Federal aid (including Federal law it covers only workers in establish- ments affecting interstate commerce. hospitals), but discrimination because of sex is not included in the list of prohibited discrimi- The Equal Employment, Opportunity Com- nations. mission has several courses open to it in this con- Questions were raised also about the effect of nection.It could review the legislative history Title VII on union contracts, particularly those of Title VII ai.id conclude it was not the intent of Congress that Title VII generally supersede which distinguish between "men's jobs" and or set aside State laws affecting the employment. "women's jobs" and those which establish sepa- of women differently from that of men. This rate seniority for men and women. Among would not preclude its investigation ofcom- questions raised but not discussed were several plaints that State laws were being usedas an on the equal access of women to employee train- unwarranted excuse for discriminatory prac- ing programs and the use of aptitude scores. tices. The other course might be for it to review It would be of great, value for State Commis- all complaints involving State labor lawson an sions to keep the Equal Employment Opportu-

45 The Older Workers.Although there was disagreement about whether women are dis- criminated against more often than men be- cause of age, there was some feeling that age dis- crimination begins about 10 years earlier for women and that women are more often requested to retire early.Attention focused on the part pension plans and other fringe benefits play in limiting job opportunities for older workers. Some employers prefer the costs of high turn- over of young workers to the higher costs of 11. fringe benefits for older workers.Twenty States have statutes prohibiting job discrimina- tion because of age. Age affects the employed and the unemployed in different ways. Among the employed, age represents maturity and experience.For the unemployed,itisa handicap.Questions : Might it be feasible to allow older workers to waive their rights to fringe benefits?Is it pos- sible that some action that seems to discrimi-

-4111111141';" nate against women is really a reflection of women's unwillingness to work full time, all year round, or to take additional training? nity Commission informed about developments Part -Time Work.Although many women in the States in regard to Title VII. with home responsibilities prefer part-time work, some part-time jobs create problems. Workshop 3Employment Opportunities More part-time jobs may mean fewer full-time jobs. Women who are not interested in fringe Chairman : C. Hunter Green (Ky.) benefits when they take a part-time job often de- Resource Specialists : velop an interest in them later.There are few Ann Donovan (OE) standards for part-time jobs ; perhaps a 4-hour- Paul Gayer ( Ill.) a-day minimum should be recognized for part- Helen Nicol (WB) time work. Mary Resh (OMAT) In one State, a business firm has established a Martina J. Rich (Ind.) flexible part-time work schedule for its central Betty Talkington (Iowa) secretarial pool. For mothers employed in the Betty Walker (CSC) pool, working hours are geared to school hours, Jean A. Wells (WB) holidays, and vacations. Re porters : Training.It is imperative to open training Sue F. Crank (Ga.) opportunities to women in a wide range of oc- Janice N. Hedges (WB) cupations. But many school administrators are men and are insensitive to the vocational needs Some prcblems relating to women's employ- of women. One area vocational school cited of- ment stem from the fact that the present period fers training in about 20 occupations for men is one of transition, in which thenew roles of and 4 or 5 for women. Theoretically girls may men and women are not yet clearly defined. enter any courses offered, but instruction is Women who encounter major handicaps in the male-oriented.Courses for such jobs as dental work force are older women, those seeking part- assistant and food service supervisor are too time jobs, those seeking training in nontradi- rare. tional occupations, and members of minority Women often fail to take advantage of train- groups. ing opportunities for promotion. One firmpro- 46 vides scholarships for after-hours college-credit Workshop 4Education courses. But, it was reported, men take advan- tage of the offer and women don't.Question: SECTION A Do women lack motivation, or do their home re- Chairman : Sister Mary Ann Ida (Ill.) sponsibilities get in the way? Resource Specialists : It is difficult to recruit women for training in Cecilia Dempster (OE) serviceindustries.Training for household Eleanor Dolan (AAUW) workers hasn't been stressed in this country. Alice Scates (OE) Providingincentivehelps.In oneState, Barbara Spears (S. Dak.) women trained to care for the aged and sick in Isabelle S. Streidl (WB) one homemaker services program receive pins Hester Turner (Oreg.) and certificates on graduation. Reporters : Working women also need nontraditional Agnes M. Douty (Commerce) courses in time budgeting and homemaking F. Ivan Nye (Wash.) shortcuts to help them combine employment or training activities with home responsibilities. SECTION B Mature women who want to enter or reenter Chairman : Elvira Jestrab (N. Dak.) the labor force have special needs.They need Resource Specialists: encouragement, and often financial assistance, David S. Bushnell (OE) because they tend to give priority to their chil- Opal David (Va.) dren's educational needs and expenses rather Marian G. Gallagher (Wash.) than their own. Kathryn Heath (OE) P.,'Inployers' Preferences for Hiring Negro Vera M. Schletzer (Minn.) Women Over Negro Men. The sociological Rebecca Tarshis (Oreg.) problems faced by Negro families is aggra- Muriel Wool (WB) vated by some employers' preference for hiring Negro women rather than Negro men.Recent Reporters : legislation may help alleviate this difficulty. Marna V. Brady (Fla.) Attitudes.Girls should be educated to the Mary Cannon (WB) reality of three roleswife and mother, paid Because of the number of participants inter- worker, and community leader.Facts about ested in the workshop on education, it was women's worklife can help facilitate the educa- divided into sections A and B. The two reports tional process. A State Commission studied appear together here.Workshop A concen- the attitudes of women in the labor force. Some trated mainly on college-level, continuing edu- 72 percent of the working women interviewed cation for mature women and vocational educa- agreed that women want careers in industry or tion for the noncollege-oriented. Workshop B government; almost 84 percent agreed that ranged from dropout prevention to continuing women between 35 and 55 years are interested education at the adult level. in working. Continuing EducationCollege Level. Spe- Participants disagreed about whether women cific examples of programs at the college level as a group are less inclined to accept job re- offered for mature women included these : sponsibility than men are.Some felt that Some States provide guidance for women before attitudes toward responsibility were highly in- they enter continuing education programs. A dividual matters not related to sex.Others populous State offers 500 scholarships for thought that, the tendency of some women to mature women on a part-time or full-time basis. decline job responsibility is rooted in tradi- In another State the American Association of tional social attitudes that make women feel University Women (AAUW) is active in es- guilty about. working.The attitudes of fa- tablishing programs. The city section of a thers, husbands, and boy friends are important State university is developing a community in changing women's attitudes toward paid counseling service.One industrial city soon work outside the home. will have five community colleges.

47 One State university has obtained a Carnegie Traditional patterns are difficult to break. For grant to set up counseling programs for women example, many nurses want to work toward of all ages who want to continue their education master's degrees but are not encouraged to do at any level, either full or part time.Students so, although funds are available through the may enter the university without a high school Nurse Training Act of 1964. degree if tests show they are qualified; univer- Vocational Education.The lag in trade sity administration is flexible.Another State school curriculums is dangerous in this age of university has a "footwetting" program which technology. One State has increased the num- starts women off with noncredit courses.It is ber of trade schools from 6 to 20, but they are designed to develop women's confidence in their male-oriented. Two other States have a few good vocational schools in which all ages and ability to study and compete. both sexes, as well as the handicapped, are wel- Women often fail to make use of loans avail- come.High tuition is a drawback, however. able because they don't know they are available. Counseling and Development of Attitudes. Steps should be taken to enable boys and girls to become aware at an early age of the respon- sibilities of parenthood, the need for excellence in family life, and the contribution of both boys and girls toward this goal. Continuing Education Below the College Level. In son e areas, educational opportunities are Laing made available to married or preg- nant girls who are barred from high schools. Correspondence courses, equivalence examina- tions, tutoring, and community colleges are fill- ing the need. One State, in an experiment, re- quired welfare recipients to take literacy educa- tion and paid them an extra $6 a month. One city has "skill centers" to teach people to read .or and write.Volunteer workers are important in this area. Dropouts.One State finds "lost" dropouts through welfare agencies and door-to-door can- vasses, and informs them of educational oppor- tunities.The number of dropouts can be re- duced, another State study shows, when money 4 for trained guidance conselors and for a flexible curriculm are provided. Another study shows that interest in continuing education is corre-

"""-- .0 lated with the number of years spent in school before dropping out. General PPeommrzendations. Women should attempt to become members of boards of re- gents.They should decide what is needed, bring problems to the attention of universities and regional associations, and try experimental approaches.Commission members should get on committees studying vocational school cur- riculums and should support area vocational centers.

48 Workshop 5Vocational Guidance Special Counseling Needs of Girls and Wom- en.New Approaches to Counseling Girls in Chairman : Eunice C. Roberts (Ind.) the 1960's was the theme ofa conference held in Resource Specialists : Chicago in February 1965, financed by the Office Ralph Bedell (OE) of Manpower, Automation and Training.1 State Katherine Dreves (Minn.) Commissions should sponsor similar regional Sister Marie Augusta Neal (Mass.) and State meetings as a technique for exchange Sally Ponikarski (Ga.) of ideas and development of cooperationamong Dr. James W. Shieburne (Oreg.) groups concerned with the various aspects of Rose Terlin (WB counseling.These would include employment Reporters : service counselors, school counselors, counselor trainers in universities, directors Nancy K. Knaak (Wis.) or administra- tors of guidance departments in State education Stella P. Manor (SECY) departments, local school systems, and otheror- ganizations. Community Counseling Centers.Shortages The Women's Bureau will issue of counselors, the failure of school districts to a report of the Chicago Conference in early fall. provide a ratio of 1 counselor to 300 students, The usual comment was made that girls and and the need to expand the counseling services women are ill informed about their future roles so that they reach both the young in elementary and set their expectations at lower levels than school and the mature who are out of school led they should. The use ofmass media to present the group to discuss the value of "community realistic role models toyoung girls was advo- counseling centers." cated.The attitudes of girls' contemporaries Several advantages are cited for community both male and femalealso must be influ- counseling centers.Such centers may reach enced, since the expectations and goals ofyoung the dropout who feelsno rapport with a school women are strongly influenced by the attitudes staff member.Also, whereas a school counselor young men have about their wives. may tend to con -entrate on educational needs One university has found it useful to show without having time to consider themore com- its younger students what is being done bywo- plex origin of a dropout's problems, counseling men and to bring together undergraduates and which involves members ofa dropout's family mature women who have returned to continue may uncover and solve some problems which their education, such as the Lifelineprogram bear on the student's droppingout of school. for undergraduates and the New Horizonspro- One State has experimented with this gram for mature women. Another university broad- has developed several series of half-hour panel ened approach, starting With the schoolchild discussions for TV. Each seriescovers a differ- and then involving his family. ent topic.Panelists include husbands of work- Financial assistance for communitycounsel- ing wives, husbands of wives who don't work, ing centers may be available throughthe Ele- the wives themselves, and others. mentary and Secondary Education Act of1965, Special Vocational Counseling Needs of Ma- which provides financial supportfor "supple- ture Women. Workshops were recommendedas mentary educationalcenters"and particu- a good device for imparting information about larly refers to guidance and counselingservices. local employment opportunities, techniques of The success of a communitycenter demands in- making job applications, grooming, anduse of volvement within the communityand mutuality community resources and services tomature of interest among thegroups involved so that women who want to reenter the labor force. they work cooperatively.Centering attention Retirement practices in industry create special on someone else's problems through specific problems for older workers whoare reentering projects was suggestedas a way of reducing ' The Conference Report, New Approcvhes to Counseling friction. Girls in the 1960's, may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20402, at 30 centsa copy. 49 the labor force.(The Secretary of Labor's Workshop 6Home and Community recent report to Congress titled The Older American WorkersAge Discrimination in Chairman : Margaret K. Yoder (Iowa) Employment would be valuable readingon this Resource Specialists : subject.)One State has made a statewidesur- Evelyn W. Farber (WB) vey of industry's retirement practices and atti- Mary N. Hilton (WB) tudes toward hiring maturewomen. Gladys Lawson (HEW) Counselor Training. The concept of counsel- Frances Minda (Minn.) ing must be broadened to includemore than ed- Wilma Miyasato (Hawaii) ucational or vocational counseling. Supervised Marion Neprud (PHA) counselor-training practice should take place Jean Reynolds (CB) early in the trainingprogram rind should in- Reporter : Beatrice Rosenberg (WB) clude clients of diverse cultural backgrounds. To help lighten the heavy loadon counselors, Day Care. Each State must study itsown sit- "aides" should be trained and used.Project uation to arrive at a realistic day care program. CAUSE (Counselor-Advisor University Sum- Federal funds are available under severalpro- mer Education)provides subprofessionally grams for day care centers. The State welfare trained aides whocan be used under super- department is, in general, a very good source vision.Mature volunteers alsomay be used. for guidance. In addition, other local and State The National Federation of Businessand Pro- agencies can be helpful, and the Children's Bu- fessional Women (BPW), Altrusa, andother reau, U.S. Department of Health, Education, women's service organizationsare likely con- and Welfare, in Washington, has valuable pub- tributors to this effort. lications.Although the need for day care A broad concept of counseling requiresthat centers is stressed for low-income groups, such counselors understand the complex forces which centers are, in reality, important for all income play upon women. Itwas generally agreed that groups. a woman's request for counselingmay really be State Commissions should act to raise stand- an indication of her drive for self-exploration, ards of day care centers for all children. By and her resultingcourse of action should in- way of progress, one State reported that church volve much more thana search for employment. groups, with State and Federal financial sup- Help with personal problems isfrequently in- port, have organized day care centers for the volved and other aspects of life besidesthe vo- indigent; the fee is small. cational should not be slighted.For example, Other Projects.Another Commissionis a woman could be helped to participatemore studying the urbanization of Indians.Still an- effectively in public affairsor, through political other is conducting a telephone survey to study education, trained to participate inpublic hear- the effect of women's dual roleas homemaker ings on issues vital to her interests.Counsel- and community worker onwomen themselves, ing could be reinforced bycourses and experi- on their families, and on community life. Each ences in community action.The vacuum in household studied is being asked about theage education on matters of public policyshould be of each family member, ancestry, employment filled.The American Association of Univer- status of adults, whether those employed work sity Women and the League ofWomen Voters full or part time, school attendance,care of pre- were cited as organizations which might be school children, afterschoolcare of children. approached for help in thisarea.The group Also questions are asked to reveal attitudes generally agreed thata woman's function in so- about women working outside their homes. ciety is one thatcan be expressed in many ways Homemaker Service. A Directory of Home- other than through a job, and one that changes maker Services.Homemaker Services in the as circumstances and the woman herself change. United States, revised 1964, and Homemaker Counseling, therefore, needs to focuson a func- Services. History and Bibliography, 1964.are tional approach. excellent resource materials and are available

50 from the Department of Health, Education, Women, AMERICAN WOMEN and Welfare. A homemaker program, initiated 3 years ago February 1, 1965 Statement by the in one city, was suspended because of lack of President on His Job Development Program patronage.Officials believe that clients were reluctant to participate because they confused The following publications are available it with a similar program which had been at- from the National Committee on Household tempted by a teenage group. Employment, YWCA, 600 Lexington Avenue, .Private-Household Workers. There is great New York, N.Y., 10022 : interest in efforts to raise standards of work and to set standards of performance for private- Guidelines far Organizations Cooper- household workers.One State developed a ating inthe Inquiries of Private- Household Workers and Employers of woricing code and several are offering programs Private-Household Workers, includ- for women in this occupational area. The work- ing : shop did not have time to discuss the subject, but a list of study materials was suggested : a. Background suggestions. b. Instructions for individuals con- Social Security and Your Household ducting the inquiry of private- EmployeeOASI-21 ; and Answers to household workers, and question- a Woman's Questions about Social Se- naires. curityOASI-27. Availablefrom U.S. Department of Health, Educa- c. Instructions for individuals con- tion, and Welfare, Washington, D.C., ducting the inquiry of employers of private-householdworkers, 20201. and questionnaires. Circular HHousehold Employer's Public Housing. The contribution public Social Security Tax Guide. Available from U.S. Treasury Department, In- housing facilities can make to the improved ternal Revenue Service, Washington, status of low-income families was mentioned frequently throughout the discussion.Single D.C., 20224. copies of the following publications may be A Working Code for Household Em- obtained free from the Director, Office Serv- ployment or Hands Across the Table. ices Branch, Public Housing Administration, Available from Governor's Commis- Washington, D.C., 20413 : sion on the Status of Women, St. Paul Minn., 55101. Community Service Programs for Pub- lic Housing The following publicationsare available from U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Status of Women in Public Housing Bureau, Washington, D.C., 20210: Developments (Fact Sheet) To Improve the Status of Private- Household Work Services for Families Living in Pub- lic Housing Summary of the Consultationon Pri- vate-Household Workers, June 2,196. Services for Families Living in Pub- lic HousingPart II, A Selected Bibli- Private-Household Employment, Sum- mary of Second Consultation, Febru- ography ary 8, 1965 New Programs in Health, Education, Excerpts from: Report of the Presi- and Welfare for Persons and Families dent's Commission on the Status of of Low Income

51 Workshop 7 Consumer Education 3. The whole area of consumerneeds and re- sources for consumerprotection, information, Chairman : Ruth Graves (Colo.) and education should b-a surveyed. Openhear- Resource Specialists : ings should be held or some other effective means Betty Bay (PCCI) should be found to determine these needsand Margaret Browne (USDA) resources. Howard Frazier (PCCI) 4. State Commissions should examine con- Frances Harris (Mich.) sumer protectivelegislation and its administra- Ruth Prokop (PCCI) tion in order to recommend measuresthat Gladys White (FS) would strengthen these when necessary. Blair Williams (Vt.) 5. School systems should beencouraged to Rep alters : offer required courses on consumereducation Mary Cunningham (PCCI) and protection, from primary gradesthrough Harriette Wolf (Ill.) college. The workshop discussion revolved around consumer needs and the resourcesthat exist for consumer protection, information,and educa- Workshop 8Community Services tion at the Federal and State levels. Although this is a period of increasing interest in con- sumer protection, as evidenced by theexistence Chairman : Cynthia L. Stokes (Wis.) of the President's Committee, on Consumer In- Resource Specialists : terest and the appointment of a Special Assist- Betty Ellingson (OEO) ant to the President for Consumer Affairs, C. Mauritz Erkkila (PCCI ) there is a great variation in what the States are Dorothy Gilfert (PHA) doing in regard to consumer interests.Some Jocelyn Gutchess (NYC) States have extensive organizational support for Rosemary Hagen (Minn.) this activity and others almost completely ne- Helen Hamer (HEW) glect it. Josephine Lambert (HEW) Adequate consumer information and protec- Regina Saxton (NYC) tion is valuable to all Americans but is especial- Marilyn Schima (OECD) ly necessary for members of the lower income Dr. Alison Thorne (Utah ) groupa fifth of our populationwho cannot Lillian A. Wilson (Ind.) afford to waste even a fraction of their already Reporters : inadequate income. Lucille J. Kapplinger (Mich.) Although there is already in existence a very Beatrice McConnell (OEO) considerable body of good consumer informa- Discussion centered around activities that tion, the materials available are inadequate. State Commissions should initiate inorder to The lack is most acute in materials needed for develop or strengthen community programsfor persons whose level of literacyis low and families coming under the EconomicOppor- for those who are literate only in a foreign tunity Act. language. An important part of the discussion centered The group summarized its discussion by mak- around semantics. The use of phraseologythat ing five recommendations. is not distasteful to those the programsseek 1. Each State Commission should have a com- to help is most important. The terms"the poor" mittee or subcommittee on consumer education and "the underprivileged" carry with them a and protection. certain degree of opprobrium. Howsomething 2. This committee should be in touch with is said is often more significant thanwhat is the President's Committee on Consumer Inter- said. No proper terminology was agreed upon, ests for guidelines and information to be used but there was a consensus that programsaimed in solving local problems. at breaking the poverty cycle mustbe sensitive

52 equal to the feelings of the groupto he served if they Although this group concentrated on minimum wage legislation, it empha- are toaccomplish their purpose. pay and sized that women are not seekingspecial privi- The following specific suggestions weremade leges in either area.In general, legislation to to all Governors'Commissions : improve labor standards shouldapply to all Coordinator of the Office workers regardless of sex.The Women's Bu- 1. Contact the State both of Economic Opportunity toindicate the Com- reau and theBureau of Labor Standards, practical ways in the U.S. Department of Labor,Washington, mission's interest, and work out and of cooperation. D.C., have model State minimum wage equal pay bills, which areavailable to those 2. Serve as a catalyst inbringing together working toward such legislation. information and the people who can act onit. The group made the followingspecific recom- 3. Identify potentialleadership in commu- mendations: It is impor' -nt to find nities and in the State. 1. All States should haveequal pay laws brill,,the gap and use local leaders who can whose standards are consistentwith provisions between those developing the programsand of the Federal Equal Pay Act. those being served. 2. Minimum wage standardsshould be ex- 4. Emphasize importance ofdeveloping pro- tended to as many workers aspossible by ex- grams in rural areasand help identify rural tension of the coverage of theFederal wage and leaders. hour law, by improvement ofState laws, 5. Work with governmentalagencies (such and by extension of their coverageto exempted as those dealingwith health, housing, educa- occupations, such as hospital workers. tion, and welfare) to achievemaximum coordi- 3. State minimum wage lawsshould provide nation of activities and utilizationof local for the payment of premium pay(time-and-a- leaders. half) for overtime. 6. Find ways to include consumereducation 4. A Department of Laborshould be estab- in the antipoverty program. lished as a separate entity in Stateswhere such departments do not now exist. 7. Train leaders, particularly thosewho will and management carry on community programs.Help locate 5. Representatives of labor and State administratorsshould meet under training sources. the auspices of the Women'sBureau to study women's particular needs andrecommend who Workshop 9 Labor Standards should be exempt from hourslimitations. 6. The Women's Bureau,the Bureau of Chairman : Margaret F. Ackroyd (R.I.) Labor Standards, and theGovernors' Commis- Resource Specialists: sions in the States should undertakestudies to Maxine Daly (Wash.) determine how hours limitationsaffect women's Norene Diamond (LSB) opportunities to earn and advance.Guidelines Sara Feder (Mo.) on this subjectshould be prepared for theStates. Bernice L. Kizer ( Ark.) 7. The Women's Bureaushould consult union Amos Sanchez (Colo.) leaders and management aboutthe limitations Morag Simchak (WHPC) on women'semployment called for inunion Marjorie D. Tibbs (Pa.) contracts. Priscilla Bonuccelli (WB) 8. All State Commissionmembers should keep Reporters : their Senators andRepresentatives in Congress informed about their Martha Brayton (Va.) and in State legislatures Mary C. Manning (WB) points of view.

53 Workshop 10Income Maintenance Chairman: Mildred W. Norris (Miss.) Resource Specialists: Claire Hancock (HEW) Ellen J. Perkins (HEW) Charles Moseley (BES) Reporters: Mary Aiken (Oreg.) Pearl Peerboom (HEW) The group focused on the unemployment in- suranceandpublicassistanceprograms. Among problems discussedwere: 1. Restrictiveeligibilityrequirements for women as evidenced by discriminatory admin- istrative decisions on payments. 2. Types of employment involving large numbers of women not covered by unemploy- ment insurance. 3. People in need of assistance who cannot qualify for it because their incomesare higher The group identified the following problems than those stipulated for eligibility. and recommended that State Commissions study

4. Procedures necessary to deter fraudulent them in their own communities: claims. Such deterrent action must be basedon 1. The level of assistance payments is too low. a realization that elimination of all fraudulent 2. Many families on Aid to Families with claims may well result in restrictive legislation Dependent Children (AFDC)programs are or rulings that will endanger the rights of all. headed by women whose family responsibilities Unemployment payments are insurancepay- do not allow them to leave their homes to work. ments, not public assistance;a means test is 3. There is great need for programs of family therefore inappropriate to determine eligibility planning. for such benefits. A bill, H.R. 8282, pending 4. Public welfare agencies are not adequately before the Congress, would makea number of staffed to provide the services needed by low- changes in the unemployment insurancepro - income families. grain by improving standards for Federal- 5. Low-income families do not know about State participation, removing restrictionson local resources available to them. eligibility requirements, extending duration of The workshop took note of the recently passed benefits, and extendingcoverage to three types Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965, of employment with heavy concentrations of which has as its objective "the realization... women workers. These include small businesses of a decent home and suitable living environ- employing one, two, or three workers; nonprofit ment for every American family."The law organizations (including hospitals andserv- provides not only for housing, including the new rent subsidies for low-income people, but ice organizations) and State and localgovern- ment agencies. also for improving local community environ- ments and urban renewal activities. State as well as Federal action is extremely A fact sheet, Program Facts About -Women important in improving public assistance pro- and Girls Receiving Public Assistance, is avail- ()Tams. The Federal financing available offers able from the Bureau of Family Services, Wel- encouragement.States, however, must plan fareAdministration,U.S.Department of programs to meet Federal standards, and must Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, match Federal contributions with Statefunds. D.C., 20201.

54 education also hassent womenon to political success.Community service, includingwork with women'sgroups, is important. Candidates should be effective publicspeakers and know parliamentary procedures. Women should "startsmall."Service on health and welfare boards,boards of education, beautification commissions,and evensewerage commissions offer opportunitiesfor makingcon- tributions. Women should be "party-minded,"and sup- i port other candidates, startingat the precinct level. Several problems hamperwomen in politics. First, bothmen and women are prejudiced againstwomen as candidates for public office. Women officeseekers shouldthink in terms of "stature," not "status;" interms of obligations and responsibilities,not rights. Workshop 11Women inPublic Life Second, although thecost of campaigning is a real barrier to officeseeking, campaigncontri- butions should be carefully Chairman : Martha BellConway (Va.) screened and contri- butions should not be acceptedfrom individuals Resource Specialists: or businesses seeking to influence thecandidates' India Edwards (USDL) vote. Women officeholderspresent agreed that Viola Hymes (Minn.) lack of funds did not deterthem from entering Mary Stack (WH) political contests. A StateSenator reported Mary Weaver (HEW) that dedicated campaignworkers raised large Jackie Withrow (W. Va.) sums of money through baby contests andother Chase Going Woodhouse(Conn.) fundraising events. Reporters : Third, certain public officesseem to be re- Elsie L. Denison (WB) served for women. For example,the office of Aleene Kidd (Fla.) Secretary of State ina number of States is con- sidered a "woman's job."Men should not be This workshop benefitedfrom the participa- excluded from certain offices anda wider vari- tion ofmany women public officeholders and ety of public positions should beopen to women. several who formerly servedas elected officials. The group suggested these activitiesfor Gov- Among participantswere a former member of ernors' Commissions: the U.S. House ofRepresentatives, two Secre- 1. Study the high costs of campaigningand taries of State, threeState Senators,seven State seek solutions. Representatives, two Mayors,several members 2. Be more active in the talent searchfor of local school boards, and numerous members qualified women to fill appointive andelective of party committees from the countyup to the positions.Some women'sgroups, like the Na- national level. All appealed formore women to tional Federation of Business andProfessional run for public office. Women and the American Associationof Uni- To qualify as a candidate, a woman should be versity Women, keep rosters of qualified well prepared. A women background in law,econom- who are available for public service.These ics, or political science is valuable.The field of rosters should be used effectively.

55 it 4-

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-116.14....'

AFTERNOON SESSIONWorkshops AF

Workshop AFinancing of State Commis- State payroll. This provides continuing admin- sions istrative service at no cost. Chairman Ettamae Reed (Okla.) Several States that receive no money for Resource Specialists : expenses reported that they expected no prob- K. G. Flory (La.) lems in regard to financing the printing of their Mary Fonseca (Mass.) report.SomeStateshavehelpeddefray Chloe Gifford (Ky.) printing costs by selling their reports for Norman E. Nicholson (Calif.) 50 cents a copy.Requests for donations from Pearl Zemlicka (Iowa) interested men's and women's organizations was suggested as another way of financing a report. Reporter : Dorothy M. Pendergast (WB) One Commission has been able to use funds Some Commissions work on less than thepro- available to the State university from a "non- verbial shoestring.They have no budgets and tax" source. The same Commission asked each no hope of getting any funds.Others have organization that had a representative on the budgets ranging from $10,000 to $35,000. Com- Commission to pay the expenses of that repre- missions established by legislative actionare sentative. And this same Commission obtained sometimes granted funds after submittinga money to print its report and managed to buy budget; Commissions appointed by Executive paper at reduced rates. orders depend on the Governors' largess, andon Some representatives at the Conference came funds appropriated for a variety ofpurposes, at their own expense; others had expenses paid such as "boards and commissions," for expenses. by their States. In-State meetings of the Com- In any case, whether or not the budget isgen- missions are generally held at State capitol erous, it is desirable for a Commission to have buildings.Defrayment oftravc11expenses an executive secretary who is already on the varies.

56 (

Workshop BPreparing the Report tee members, and people affected by therecom- Chairman : Mary Ellen Swanton (Hawaii) mendations.Give them a chance to comment. Resource specialists : Use a positive approach. Keep the draftup- Isabelle M. Allias (Pa.) dated right up to the day it goes to the printer. Ruth Lieban (NJC.) 3. Editing: Let one person edit all finalcopy. Minnie C. Miles (Ala.) Be sure all contributors realize this from the be- Maryan E. Reynolcts (Wash.) ginning. Know the State's printing policies. Edna Schwartz (Minn.) Does the report have to be cleared and approved by the Governor, or by any departments ? Reporters : 4. Format: Be sure the appearance is inter- Mrs. Harold Burkholder (R.I.) esting and appealing. Whenyou are planning Madeline H. Codding (WB) size, be sure it can be handled easily. Color and Discussion was practical and to the point. illustrations create interest, butare sometimes The group made one specific recommendationto costly.Be sure type is readable. Toomany those still preparing reports: Consider includ- figures and graphs may become boring.Use . ngmaterial on the impact of Title VII,even if them with care.Spiral binding is helpful if publication must be delayed to doso.The you want to update the report in the future. group summarized its suggestions in the follow- 5. Publishing and Publicity: From 1,000 to ing way : 10,000 copies of Commission reports have been 1. Preparation: When gathering material, al- published. Some reports have been financed by ways remember that the final report is to be Commission members themselves; others have written.Progress reports are extremely help- been paid for by the Department of Industry ful.Be sure committee members understand in the State government. When the report is the area to be covered, the time limitationson officially presented to the Governor, have key surveys, and any other pertinent matters. Use people present and arrange for photographers current statistics. Be sure the basis forevery and publicity to aid future implementation. recommendation is included in the text. Put a sales price on the report whetheror not 2. Content: Mimeograph the final draft and it is to be sold. A price psychologically in- send it to all Commission members, subcommit- creases its value.

57 Workshop C Working With Governor's missions may discover a wide range of subjects Office to study.For example, in the department of Chairman : William E. Daugherty (Nebr.) labor, problems relating to laws dealing with Panelists : hours, wages, and working conditions will be Ernestine I), Evans (N. Mex.) uncovered.In the departments of education Mary Lou Hill (Minn.) and welfare, need for consideration of policies Louis Meyer (Ariz.) and practices in relation to counseling and Sue Scott (W. Va.) guidance, education, and job training will ap- Beatrice S. Tylutki (N.J.) pear.Secretarialservice,duplication, and Harriette: Wolf (Ill.) other assistance will become available in various Reporters : departments.Finally, a survey of various de- Hazel Henderson (Colo.) partments and the legislature will turn up po- Rhobia C. Taylor (WB) tential members for the task forces needed to look closely into some aspects of the Commis- These ideas emerged from the roundtable sion's work. discussion which was led by a panel including Public Relations : A Commissionon the Sta- three administrative assistants to Governors, tus of Women has political value. The Gover- a Governor's counsel, and an official of a State nor will not overlook it. department of personnel. The Commission needs to present its real ob- Liaison: The Governor isa busy man; do jectives and the overall picture of its work to not take his time unnecessarily. Use an already the public. Have an experienced reportercover established channel to set up liaison if possible. Commission meetings.It would be helpful to The contact may be made through employees in have an experienced public relationsperson on his office, the chairman of the Commission,a the Commission. member of the Commission who is on the Gov- Every member of the Commission isa repre- ernor's staff, the Governor's wife,or influential private citizens sentative of the Governor and the State and or legislators. should promote good relations at all times. Legislation: Make specific recommendations which can lead to legislation.Clear with the Governor and legislators toassure that the leg- islation planned is inclusiveSupport the legis- lation once it is introduced either through the Governor's office or, when advisable, through legislative committees. Composition of the Commission: The method by which a Commission is created will largely determine its composition andname. A Com- mission brought into being by legislation will most likely be limited both in membership and areas of representation.Technically such a Commission should be calleda State Commis- sion. A Commission alsomay be established by action of the Governor whomay issue an Executive order or a proclamation. A Com- mission appointed by the Governor usually in- cludes a larger number of members anda broad- er representation.It is most desirable to have both men and women ona Commission. Interdepartmental Relationships: Byex- ploring the needs and problems of the various State agencies within State governments, Com- Workshop D Enlisting Broader Support publicity.One school holds that 110 publicity and Participation for CommRions should be given out until the Commission has Chairman : Georgia Boone (Tenn.) done something worth publicizing. The other school holds that there are many things about Panelists : a Marna V. Brady (Fla.) Commission that c,an bring it advantageous pub- Betsy P. Meyers (Pa.) licity. Information about the Commission's ob- Virginia Sams (Ill.) jectives, the names of its members, and other Esther Winchell (S. Dak.) matters of interest fall into this category. Both schools of thought recognize that interim and Reportei : Mary C. Manning (WB) progress reports sometimes may be issued as a Much more needs to be done to inform all device for bringing the Commission to public levels of society about the work of the State attention.It was agreed also that publicity Commissions.In particular, special work is about decisions and recommendations should needed to reach the lower economic groups, wait until the entire Commission has approved which do not ordinarily come into contact with such recommendations, at which time the Com- the organizations associated with Governors' mission itself should present the information. Commissions.It was suggested that simple Radio and television as well as the press are mimeographed information sheets might be pre- valuable media. The usual comment was heard paled for door-to-door delivery, and that neigh- that publicity generally appears on the women's borhood meetings should be held to acquaint all page and nowhere else.Several participants groups with Commission work.The schools and teachers cooperating with the Economic countered with the idea that a. great many peo- Opportunity program also should be used. ple besides women read the women's page. It was suggested that each Commission should It was agreed that it is important to use the make one member responsible for keeping com- prestige of the Governor's office when he an- munications media representatives abreast of nounces appointments or makes a statement appropriate Commission activities.It was rec- aboutothermattersconnectedwiththe ognized that there are two points of view about Commission. _J

A

a Workshop E Techniques for Securing In- ever, stated that one of the hearings held in her formation Conferences, Hearings, State was quite successful.In this instance, Studies there had been intensive preliminary work. Chairman : Geraldine L. Hinkle (Wis.) Members and friends were urged to attend, and Panelists : organizations were helped to prepare state- Dolores Harvey (Del.) ments in advance. Ednamay Hillhouse (Nev.) Surveys were considered another source of in- Ellen Bryan Moore (La.) formation, but several delegates urged that spe- Marie K. Smith (Colo.) cial precautions be taken regarding them.It was noted that the development of meaningful Reporters : questionnaires requires the skill ofa profes- Mrs. Walter Lichtenstein (Ind.) sional.Some delegates also voiced doubts Jean A. Wells (WB) about the value of second-hand informationon In the workshop concerned with the tech- the attitudes and activities of others.Infor- niques by which Governors' Commissionson the mation about the attitudes and experiences of Status of Women couldsecure information, workers, for example,was thought to come most both successful and unsuccessful techniques appropriately from workers themselves.Sup- were discussed.It was felt that new Commis- pl3mentary information from employers also sions particularly need to have the full details could be useful. of various activities and projects if theyare to It was also suggested that Commissions in- benefit from the experiences of other Commis- terested in obtaining new information contact sions. such local resources as universities, Stateagen- Many delegates in the workshop reported cies,and professional organizations tosee that their Commission had conductedone or whether these groups would conductsurveys for more statewide conferencesin order to obtain them.Valuable assistance also can be obtained information as well as to stimulate interest in from graduate students looking for thesisma- their activities.Some of the conferenceswere terial.Other helpful hints cited in connection concerned with women's status in general while with survey work included:providing per- others focused on specific subjects.One dele- suasive descriptions of thepurpose of the sur- gate believed that the large attendance ata con- vey ; conducting a pilot or experimental survey ference held by her Commissionwas related to to help eliminate questionnaire defects; and of- the fact that invitationswere issued on the fering to send acopy of the survey report to the Governor's stationery. participants. The importance of having widerepresenta- Examples of various types ofsurveys made tion at State conferenceswas stressed. A good by or for Commissions includeda survey of source of information for names of industrial counseling opportunities forwomen made by a leaders was held to be the State employment State university, surveys made by women's service.Similarly, names of union leaders organizations of their membership characteris- can be obtained from the State AFLCIO and tics and activities, surveys of women's jobop- names of other important leaders from women's portunities in specific fields made by labor organizations, communitygroups, professional organizations, surveys of women's joboppor- organizations,State and localgovernment tunities as reported by selected industrialcon- agencies, private employment agencies, colleges cerns, and a survey about women in public life and universities, adult educationgroups, and conducted among women officeholders. service groups.It was thought essential to in- A testimonial to the value of learning the de- clude men among the conference delegates. tailed experiences of individual State Commis- When the workshop delegateswere asked sions was given by one of the delegatesat the whether their State had held hearingsto ob- conclusion of the workshop. She reported that tain information, very few responded affirma- the relatively new Commission in her Statewas tively and most of these reportedvery poor at- planning to invite the chairmen of all State tendance at the hearings.One delegate, how- Commissions to a conference this winterso that

60 the host Ccmmission may learn more about the activities of other groups and guide them to- successful and unsuccessful activities and tech- ward the goals set by the Commission rec- niques of the other Commissions. ommendations. The continuing Commissions must involve community leadersmen and Workshop F PromotingContinuityof womenrepresentatives of educational institu- Program tions, political and service organizations, busi- Chairman : Addie Wyatt (Ill.) ness and peofessional groups, employer and :ranelists: employee groups, volunteer organizations, and Ruby Cheong (Hawaii) the mass media. Kay Edye (Mich.) States whose work was advancing reported Waneta McClung (Wash.) that facts flowed into other facts; recommenda- Ewald B. Nyquist (N.Y.) tions led to further study, reappraisal, and the Grace Taylor Rodenbaugh (N.C.) formation of new recommendations. The Com- mission's work must not become frozen after its Reporters: report is submitted. A dynamic Commission Dianne L. McKaig (WB) must be flexible and respond to changes in so- Leota F. Pekrul (Colo.) ciety, some of which will have been brought The natural evolution ofa Commission pro- about by the impact of the Commission's own gram is from facts to acts. work. The initial work of the several Commissions In the words of one participant, "Facts are that have reported has included study, analysis the keys to other facts." The group provided of facts, and formulation of recommendations these keys to the future of the Commissions. based on the data studied.In the process, Commissions need to continue as they move Commission members have become educated, from facts to. acts.They do so by : Sharing but if their recommendationsare to come to their knowledge with others; involving others fruition the Commission members must share on a statewide basis; and coordinating efforts their knowledge and enthusiasms with others. of all segments. They must not only act, they must become in- Commission members must maintain their volved to the point where they involve others. sensitivity by increasing their awareness of A continuing Commission must coordinate the changing problems and by remaining flexible.

61 THE CONFERENCEIN ESSENCE the experiences of the twoprevious days fell to Dr.Kathryn F. The task of distilling of Women. Her Clarenbach, Chairman ofthe Wisconsin Governor'sCommission on the Status remarks closed the conference. to come and address us.I think this indicates Dr. Kathryn F.Clarenbach, Chairman, planned the Status not only that theConference was well Wisconsin Commission on by people of influence,but also that these digni- of Women taries consider theCommissions on the Status important and valuable status seek- of Women sufficiently Madam Chairman, fellow weary to want to take thetime to be with us. ers, my summing upis going to be brief because We are all engaged inpromoting and improv- Miss Hickey's gavel hasfrightened me and be- ing the quality of life ofthe American people. cause I am astired as the rest of you. Inaddi- The part of that job that ourCommissi, ,ns are tion, I am a slow learner, soit is going to take doing is regarded inWashington as an im- me a coupleof weeks to digest thisConference portant part. well enough for me to cull thecentral themes This Conference has left nodoubt that we and the major ideas. I do,however, have a few have allies; we haveallies and a very enthusi- reactions which I am going totalk about. astic cheering section inhigh places. It is almost a distinction onthis Conference We certainly have beentold many times that program to be a commonersomeonefor whom women areneeded and we have seenthat many the audience does not need to arise.It has been people share the confidencethat there is an enor- fun this afternoon to hear other commonpeople mous potentialto be unleashed.In fact, there talk. have been a few momentsduring the Confer- At the same time, I think we havebeen rarely ence when Iwished that Alan King would come privileged these past several days to hearthe and give us one of hisroutines on women, just I have the feel- roster of dignitaries who havetaken the time to get us back inperspective. 62 ing it is going to be a cold, cruel world tomor- ganize a Commission, how to garner favorable row. publicity, how to narrow down or select priori- At this Conference, if one thing has been ties in our areas of concern, this yearwe have paramount, I think it has been a sense of mo- been able to report, progress and specifics in mentum and of progress. We realize that we making our existence, if not our influence, felt are not an isolated Commission, dipping into in our own States. bits and pieces here and there ofa giant and Perhaps by next year, or the year after, or complex and usually overwhelming problem, the year after that, we will be able to report but rather that we are a part of a significant other things that are on the agenda now. nationwide movement.I think we have gotten I think the reports from our discussion lead- this sense of involvement and of motion at these ers were terrific.They left me breathless, but naatings, and they have givenus encourage- I think they have helped. ment. Yesterday, Mary Keyserling gave us a long I think this movement is as wideas the world. list of unfinished business, andour other speak- I am sorry there was not a spoton the program ers have handed us assignments one after an- for us to hear about what was going on in the other after another.I am not going to try to rest of the world. recap or list them all. Just before I walked in, a dear friend from The things that are on the list, however, I Sweden came 'bursting in upon us.She vi rites think we might very well handle in the manner articles to correct misunderstandings in Sweden outlined by Wilbur Cohen yesterday, when at and other places about what American women one point he said that first we must understand; are really like. So we and awfully glad to know then we must explain; and finally we must she is here too. fight for what we want. The Wisconsin Commission follows whatwe I ain not sure that we all do fully understand call Durocher's law.It was Professor Jack the scope of the problems our Commissions are Barbash who enunciated the provisions of studying, or the solutions to these problems. Durocher's law : "Nice guys don't win ball At a meeting recently we were reminded that games." he who knows all the answers has not yet heard I wonder if we did not geta little of this all the questions. at this Conference, too.So long as we are a little too ladylike and sita little too quietly But even without knowing all the answers, and I think we make no pretence of knowing when some of the things we know should change are not changing, things are not likely to move them, we can certainly understand more fully very fast. than we do now; we can and we mrst look at our own assumptions and our own underlying I think this Conference has givenus the cour- age and incentive to move out with confidence, philosophies. Miss Hernandez reminded us of with imagination, and probably witha little that again this noon. boldness. What do we really believewhat do we really We are aware of our being here, we are believe about the employment of mothers out aware of the size of our forces. My husband of the home? is not going to believe that itwas not I who told Do we mean it when we say we should en- the Washington Post that there were 4,000 courage young girls to go into nontraditional women in this meeting. He says I am very fields, into the so-called men's professions, into careless with decimal points.I know they high-level public and private decisionmaking should have said 400 attended the meeting, even posts? And if we really do mean these things, though we often sounded like 4,000. But I think then what does this do to the almost universally we sometimes had the feeling we were 4,000 held concepts of the mother/child relationship right here in this meeting. We knowwe are and the "life-in-stages" approach that so many that many around the country. people apply to the lives of women ? By contrast with last year's Conference, When we talk about the myths of women's which of necessity concentrated on how toor- abilities and inabilities, the myths of women's

63 employment behavior, and all the rest, are we Whether or not we aremechanized, let's not casting aside some be mechanical. I have afeeling we don't always ourselves sometimes guilty of make the best of the myths but applyingothers that suit our draw upon our imagination to talents of women in public orprivate purposes? use of the full partner- enterprise. Can we, for instance, speak of fit into the Eco- ship and equal opportunity andstill insist that Where do our Commissions nomic Opportunity program ?This is one of women naturally fitinto the nurturing profes- going to have to sionssocial work, teaching,nursingor sug- the questions we are all compassion'. is needed in wrestle with. gest that "women's that one, but I the War on Poverty and atthe peace table ? I don't have any answers to that we think that after getting intouch with our State Rather it is the nurturing of people sh 3uld be to the compassion of human coordinators, one of our first steps must cultivate, and explain. beings that we must encourageand permit explain, and explain, and At meetings of people actuallyworking in expression. engaged in em- in economic opportunitypeople As our understanding grows, we must as ployment and training underthe Economic Wilbur Cohen's trilogy,explain, and explain, Opportunity programI have beenappalled and explain. to find some who have neverthought of a wo- Whenever I begin to feel like a brokenrecord, They think of women sound like man as a wage earner. and when I think I am beginning to in poverty as wives, mothers,home managers, Aimee Semple McPherson, I stop tothink about and consumers.They never think of women how many times BeatriceMcConnell must have people or as people in needof losing her as unemployed said these same things without training and a job. How they haveremained enthusiasm. That cheers me and I go on.Then, puzzles me. Educating themis in the so uninformed just about the time I think everyone part of our responsibility. world, or at least in Wisconsin,knows all about Let's not be afraid of Mr.Cohen's third the status of women and thekinds of lives they stepto fight for the thingsthat we are trying lead, that is the day I meet anemployer who the things of which womenespecially you to implement, to fight for tells me, "You know, we areconvinced.Let's risk a little of the women of theuniversity communitydon't public censure or criticism thatMaurine Neu- After all, you are just really need equal pay. berger talked about.Let's apply Durocher's incomes." supplementing your husbands' law or, at least, keep it in mind. Lately I have been responding tothat one Let's return to our legislators with ourmini- with, "You old Socialist.I didn't know you If mum wage proposalsthat failed on the first go- were payingpeople on the basis of need. around.Let's beard the city council.Better you are, then we'lllook at things again." still, let's get on the city council.Then we can Or that may be the day I meet a womanwho pass thelegislation we need in our localities. tells me she cannot do certainthings because We know now, in a way wedid not know be- her husband is one of those menaccustomed to fore, how many allies we have inWashington. the pipe, slipper, rockingchair routine, and then I think we will be very surprised tofind how I think we have a lot ofexplaining to do to many allies we havein our own towns and husbands and sons and brothers andfathers, counties and States, once theyknow we mean begun to do this. and I think we have not really business. I would like to see this a wholesubject on the There certainly is no dearth of programs or agenda of a conference. How do youreach opportunities to serve. We have morethings the male of the species ? to cope with than we can evenpack in our suit- As we participate in the greattalent search cases.But with a new kind ofenthusiasm for able womenas many of ushave been asked which I think this Conference hascreated in to do and have begun todolet's be very sure all of us, and with thedeepest gratitude for a that what we feed into the computeris not the truly profound experience, let's gohome and definition of a man. get down to business. 64 Pertinent Facts AboutReports of Governors'Commissions on the Status of Women asof July 30, 1965 State, Governor, and Chairman Title and Subjects Source* A. A DELAWARE Governor: Delaware's Women Today Charles L. Terry Education Chairman: Health and Recreation Mrs. Rosella T. Humes Home and Community P.O. Box 56 Services Harrington, Del. 19952 Political and Civil Rights Private Employment and Labor Standards Publirt; Employment Tax Structure GEORGIA Governor: Governor's Commission on the Carl Sanders Status of Women in Georgia Chairman: Education and Counseling Mrs. Mamie K. Taylor WomenUnder the Law 1137 Briarcliff Road NE. Home and Community Atlanta, Ga. 30326 Employment HAWAII Governor: Preliminary Progress Report John A. Burns Education and Counseling Chairman: Employment Policies and Mrs. Mary Ellen Swanton Practices Under State 725A 15th Ave. Contracts Honolulu, Oahu Home and Community Hawaii 96816 Insurance and Tax Laws Legal Rights Labor Standards ILLINOIS Governor: Report on the Status of Women Mrs. Harriette Wolf Education Superintendent, Division of Otto Kerner Women's and Children's Chairman: Home and Community Rep. Esther Saperstein Legal Rights Employment Chicago Board of Health Protective Legislation Illinois Dept. of Labor 54 West Hubbard St. Public and Private Room 1400 Chicago, Ill. 60610 Employment 160 North La Salle Areas for Future Chicago, 311. 60615 Consideration IOWA Mrs. Betty. Talkington Governor: First Report of the Governor's Harold E. Hughes Commission on the Status Secretary, Governor's Chairman: of Women Commission on the Dr. Marguerite Scruggs Employment Status of Women Head, Department of State Labor Laws Iowa Federation of Labor Home Economics Legal Treatment as Related 900 Paramount Bldg. Education to Political, Civil, and Des Moines, Iowa 50309 Iowa State University Property Rights and Ames, Iowa 50010 Family Relations New and Expanded Services Educational Needs of Women

copies of reports. Except as indicated, contact Commission Chairmen for in their reports. NOTE.In all but one StateNew YorkCommissions arecontinuing in order to implement recommendations made

65 State, Governor, and Chairman Title and Subjects Source * MICHIGAN Governor: Governor's Commissionon the George Romney Status of Women Chairman: Education Mrs. Paul G. Goebel State and Local Employment 2310 Jefferson Dr. SE. Policies and Practices Grand Rapids, Mich. Civil and Political Rights 49507 Social and Labor Legislation Private Employment Policies and Practices New and Expanded Services MINNESOTA Governor: Minnesota Women Karl F. Rolvaag Education Chairman: Employment Mrs. Charles Hymes Home and Community 2044 West Cedar Lake Blvd. Political and Civil Rights Minneapolis, Minn. 55416 Minority Women NEBRASKA Governor: Preliminary Report Mr. William E. Dougherty Frank B. Morrison Nonlegislative Recommenda- Chairman: Division of Employment tions State Department of Labor Mrs. Arnold W. Black Legislative Recommendations 550 South 16 St. Lakeside, Nebr. 69351 Lincoln, Nebr. 68508 NEVADA 25 cents per copy Governor: Tentative Report of Governor's Grant Sawyer Commission on the Status Chairman: of Women Mrs. Hope Roberts Protective Legislation Roberts House Education 780 Forest St. E_Tanded Services Reno, Nev. 89502 Employment Policies and Practices Civil and Political Rights NEW YORK** Governor: New York Women and Their Executive Chambers Nelson A. Rockefeller Changing World Chairman: State Capitol Education Albany, N.Y. 12224 Mrs. Oswald B. Lord Employment 770 Park Ave. Opportunity New York, N.Y. 10021 NORTH CAROLINA Governor: The Many Lives of North University Extension Ser:ice Dan K. Moore Carolina Women Chairman: 218 Abernethy Hall Women at Work Chapel Hill, N.C. 27514 Dr. Anne Firor Scott Women at School 1028 Highland Woods Women and Politics Chapel Hill, N.C. 27514 Home and Community Women as Volunteers Minority Women Women Under the Law Unfinished Business *See footnote on page 65. **The Governor's Committeeon the Education and Employment of Women.

66 State, Governor, and Chairman Title and Subjects Source * NORTH DAKOTA Governor: New Horizons for North Dakota Mr. Art McKinney William L. Guy Women Administrative Asst. Chairman: Civil and Political Rights Governor's Office Miss Dagny Olson Public and Private Em- Bismarck, N. Dak. 58501 Box 618 ployment Devil's Lake, N. Dak. 58301 Social Insurance and Taxes Education Home and Community Labor Legislation Standards OKLAHOMA Governor: Preliminary Report of the Henry Bellmon Governor's Commission on Chairman: the Status of Women Mrs. Ettamae Reed the State of Oklahoma Vice Chairman, State Employment Policies for Board of Public Affairs Women in Oklahoma 306 Oklahoma State Social Insurance and Tax Capitol Laws Oklahoma City, Okla. Difference in Legal Treat- 73105 ment Education, Counseling, and Vocational Training Opportunities for Leadership SOUTH DAKOTA Governor: Status of Women Nils A. Boe Political and Civil Rights Chairman: Employment Policies and Mrs. Winifred Echelberger Practices 808 North Central New and Expanded Services Pierre, S. Dak. 57501 Education TENNESSEE Governor: Women in Tennessee Mrs. Mary T. Shields Frank G. Clement Employment Executive Secy. Chairman: Legal Status 114 State Office Bldg. Miss Flora Rawls Social Insurance and Tax LawsNashville, Term. 37219 Dean of Womeri Education Memphis State University Continuing Action Memphis, Tenn. 38117 UTAH Governor: Governor's Committee on the Calvin L. Rampton Status of Women in Utah Chairman: Employment Mrs. Edith S. Shaw Legal Status 785 Juniper Dr. Community and Family Logan, Utah 84321 Services Political and Civil Responsi- bilities

See footnote on page 65.

67 State, Governor, and Chairman Title and Subjects Source* WASHINGTON Governor: Report of Governor's CommissionWhile supply lasts, Gov. Daniel J. Evans on the Status of Women Daniel J. Evans, Olympia, Chairman: Employment Policies and Wash. 98502.Enclose Mrs. Vesta Cutting Practices self-addressed 7" by 10" 1032 Summit East Expanded Services for envelope with 25 cents Seattle, Wash. 98102 Women as Wives, Mothers, postage attached. and Workers Federal Social Security and Income Tax Lawsas Related to Women in the State of Washington Education Women as Citizen Volunteers Labor Laws Legal Rights WEST VIRGINIA Governor: Report of the West Virginia Hulett Smith Commission on the Status of Chairman: Women Mrs. John Scott Employment Policies and 202 Woods Ave. Practices Oak Hill, W. Va. 25901 Labor Laws Legal Rights The Family and the Em- ployed Woman Expanded Program To Help Women as Wives, Mothers, and Workers Women as Citizen Volunteers Education WISCONSIN Governor: Wisconsin Women Dr. Kathryn F. Clarenbach Warren P. Knowles Family and Community LifeDirector, Education of Chairman: Education and Counseling Women Dr. Kathryn F. Clarenbach Employment University of Wisconsin Director, Education of Citizen Participation 1417 University Ave. Women Legal Rights and Protection Madison, Wis. 53706 University of Wisconsin 1417 University Ave. Madison, Wis. 53706

*See footnote on page 65.

68 rreZ=....

MR Nosommor * wk. 4.01

4

"When you write to me as Chairman of the Citizens'Advisory Council," said Miss Hickey at the F^iday luncheon, "when you write to the Interd3partmental Committee,you usually write to Mrs. Catherine East. I call her the Secretary General of the Conference.She is Executive Secretary for both the Council and the Committee.Mrs. East and her small staff, Mrs. Bertha Whittaker,Mrs. Betty Owen, and Mr. Stephen Hecht, operate out of a one-room ofikeRoom 1334 in theLabor Department Building."(Mrs. Owen was not present when the photograph was taken.)

The Conference Planning Committee met often:(left to right) Mrs. Catherine S. East, Miss Marguerite I. Gilmore, Mrs. Mary Dublin Keyserling. and Mrs. Mary N. Hilton

Women's Bureau Regional Directors were often singledout by State Commission Chairmen for thanks and praise. Introducing them to the Conference at the Friday luncheon,Mrs. Keyserling said : "In addition to working with the Commissions, these five remarkably ablewomen, and the splendid Director of the Field Service who works with them, do a prodigious job in all phasesof Women's Bureau work.Although we consider our work with the Commissions especially challenging,the Regional Directors also work with schools and colleges, with trade unions, with women's organizations,and with other groups."Seated :(left to right) Miss Marguerite Gilmore, Director, Field Service; Mrs. Marie Hansom, Conference Assistant ; Mrs. Madeline Codding, Regional Director for the West;Miss Dianne McKaig, Regional Director for theSoutheast. Standing :(left to right) Miss Dorothy Pendergast, RegionalDirector for New England ; Miss Mary Man- ning, Regional Director for the Middle West; and Miss Rhobia Taylor, Regional Director for the Southwest.

69 DIRECTORY OF PARTICIPANTS

REPRESENTATIVES OF STATE COMMISSIONS

Mrs. Margaret F. Ackroyd Mrs. Mary C. Bailey Mrs. L. S. Bigby 83 Park St. 6905 Pineway 9 West Augusta Pl. Providence, R.I. 02903 Hyattsville, Md. 20782 Greenville, S.C. 29605 Miss Mary Aiken Mrs. Annette Baker Mr. W. Sherman Birdwell 411 NE. 87th Ave. 1001 El Dorado Dr. Texas Employment Portland, Oreg. 97220 Clearwater, Fla. 33515 Commission Mrs. Mildred S. Akerman Mrs. Dorothy Banton Austin, Tex. 78711 401 SE. Fourth St. 100 Dar ley Rd. Mrs. W. E. Bishop Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33301 Claymont, Del. 19703 413 North Marion St. Miss Virginia R. Allan Hon. Lawrence Barker Lake City, Fla. 32055 2926 Biddle Ave. West Virginia DepartmentofMrs. W. A. Blizzard Wyandotte, Mich. 48192 Labor P.O. Box 495 Miss Isabelle M. Allias Charleston, W. V a. 25321 Lake Oswego, Oreg. 97034 281 Capitol Bldg. Mrs. Mary Barrett Harrisburg, Pa. 17108 1000 Quincy St. Mrs. Murray Backer. Hon. Sarah A. Anderson Salina, Kans. 67401 723 North 60th St. 225 North 52d St. Mrs. Beulah Bates Seattle, Wash. 98103 Philadelphia, Pa. 19139 Box 381 Mrs. Carl H. Boone Miss Elizabeth W. Angle Newburgh, Ind. 47630 1137 Neely's Bend Rd. Federal Reserve Bank of Hon. Mae S. Belcher Madison, Tenn. 37115 Richmond West Virginia House of Mr. Joseph R. Bradshaw Richmond, Va. 23213 Delegates 801 West St. Sister Marie Augusta Pineville, W. Va. 24874 Wilmington, Del. 19801 Emmanuel College Miss Jean B. Berry Dr. Marna V. Brady 400 The Fenway 1443 Brentwood Dr. University of Florida Boston, Mass. 02101 Columbia, S.C. 29206 Gainesville, Fla. 32603

70 Miss Martha Brayton Mrs. Regina Freund Cohane Miss Elizabeth Davenport Department of Labor 2544-46 Buhl Bldg. 3030 South Quaker P.O. Box 1814 Detroit, Mich. 48226 Tulsa, Okla. 74114 Richmond, Va. 23214 Miss Bessie B. Collins Mrs. Paul T. David Miss Frances A. Bryant University of Delaware R.D. 3, Box 282-J, Kearsarge 136 Washington Rd. 114 Hullihen Hall Charlottesville, Va. 22901 Springfield, Mass. 01108 Newark, Del. 19712 Mr. John Daxon Col. W. J. Burke Mrs. Ruth Colombo 3008 Chancer Dr. 151 Main St. 109 State St. Oklahoma City, Okla. 73120 Montpelier, Vt. 05601 Montpelier, Vt. 05601 Mrs. Fred Day Mrs. Harold M. Burkholder Hon. Martha Bell Conway 452 East Main St. 5 Beech Hill Rd. State Capitol Bldg. Richmond, Va. 40475 Peace Dale, R.I. 02883 Richmond, Va. 23212 Mr. James P. Dempsey Mrs. Dorothy D. Button Hon. Ethel Crandall 42 Fairmount 706 16th St. West Virginia House of Burlington, Vt. 05401 Bellingham, Wash. 98225 Delegates Mr. A. C. DePorry Hon. Carl Cabe Gauley Bridge, W. Va. 25085 University of Virginia Commissioner, Department ofMrs. Sue F. Crank Charlottesville, Va. 22903 Labor 599 Tatnall St. SW. Dr. Jeanne Diana Frankfort, Ky. 40601 Atlanta, 'rim,. 30314 R.D. 1, Box 532A Miss Marjorie Cain Miss Nan B. Crow Ashland, Va. 23005 108 East Larch St. 119 Walker Lane Dr. Pearl B. Diana Libby, Mont. 59923 Charlottesville, Va. 22901 4111 Hillcrest Rd. Mrs. Blanche Cahall Mrs. Ruth Crowley Richmond, Va. 23225 225 Delaware Ave. Assistant Attorney General Mrs. Carl A. Dreves Harrington, Del. 19952 Augusta, Maine 04330 Miss Eulah L. Cato 853 Nebraska Ave. West Miss Ruth C. Cu llin St. Paul, Minn. 55117 1107 Kepler St. 617 Washington Mrs. Ruth M. Easterling Gretna, La. 70053 Bremerton, Wash. 98310 211 Bromley St., Apt. 1 Mrs. Mildred E. Chamberlain Dr. D. P. Culp Charlotte, N.C. 28207 644 Ethel Alabama College Grand Rapids, Mich. 49506 Montevallo, Ala. 35115 Mrs. Winifred Echelberger Mrs. Joyce Champlin Mrs. Virginia U. Cushwa 808 North Central Pierre, S.D. 57501 2 Orange St. 1516 Maiden Lane SW. 38 Rockland, Maine 04841 Roanoke, Va. 24015 Mrs. Diane Edgecomb Mrs. Rosie Chang Mrs. Vesta Cutting 227 Penobscot TM `dg. 4141 Kaimanahila St. 1032 Summit East Detroit, Mich. 48226 Honolulu, Hawaii 96815 Seattle, Wash. 98102 Mrs. Ernestine D. Evans Mrs. Ruby Cheong Miss Jeannette L. Cyr Office of the (overnor 731-B Tenth Ave. P.O. Box 13 Santa Fe, N. Mex. 87501 Honolulu, Hawaii 96816 Augusta, Maine 04332 Miss Kay Eyde Mrs. Florence G. Clifton Miss Marjorie da Costa 600 Kalamazoo P.O. Box 603 P.O. Box 1550 East Lansing, Mich. 48823 San Francisco, Calif. 94101 Reno, Nev. 89505 Dr. Sara Feder Dr. Kathryn F. Clarenbach Mrs. Maxine Daly 608 Woodridge Dr. 1417 University Ave. Professional Arts Bldg. Columbia, Mo. 65201 Madison, Wis. 53706 Olympia, Wash. 98501 Mrs. Ruth M. Ferrell Mrs. Donald E. Clusen Mr. Pat Daugherty Office of the Attorney 820 Allouez Terrace 550 South 16th St. General Green Bay, Wis. 54301 Lincoln, Nebr. 68508 Wilmington, Del. 19899

71 Mrs. Helen E. Fisher Dr. Gordon C. Godbey Mrs. Juanita Handy Hickory Hill Pennsylvania State 164 Vincent Ave. Franklin, Ga. 30217 University East Providence, R.I. 62914 Mrs. J. M. H. Fitzgerald University Park, Pa. 16802 Miss Fannie Hardy 101 South Waceamaw Ave. Mrs. Paul Goebel 5223 G St. Columbia, S.C. 29205 2310 Jefferson Dr., SE. Little Rock, Ark. 72205 Mr. K. Gordon Flory Grand Rapids, Mich. 49507 Dr. Margaret Hargrove P.O. Box 58 Miss Flora Dee Goforth Mary Washington College Baton Rouge, La. 70821 846 Elati Fredericksburg, Va. 22402 Mrs. Gordon Flory Denver, Colo. 80204 Dr. Laura Jane Harper P.O. Box 58 Miss Margaret Goodrich Virginia Polytechnic Baton Rouge, La. 70821 Fitzsimmons General Institute Sen. Mary Fonseca Hospital Blacksburg, Va. 24061 102 Webster St. Denver, Colo. 80240 Miss Lorene Harrington Fall River, Mass. 02523 Mrs. David Graves 127 11th St. SW. Mr. Ralph Fontaine 2204 Northumberland Ave. Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52404 425 South Fifth St. Richmond, Va. 23220 Mrs. Frances Harris Louisville, Ky. 40202 Miss Ruth Graves Detroit News Mrs. Dewey T. Fortune Fort Morgan, Colo. 80701 Detroit, Mich. 48231 101 Grace Ave. Mrs. John F. Gray Mrs. Edward D. Harvey Easley, S.C. 29640 Route 1, Box 515 1303 Grayson Rd. Miss Anne W. Frame Triadelphia, W. Va. 26059 Wilmington, Del. 19803 Virginia Polytechnic Mr. C. Hunter Green Dr. Winifred Helmes Institute 521 West Chestnut St. Foxcroft School Blacksburg, Va. 24061 Louisville, Ky. 40202 Middleburg, Va. 22117 Mrs. Beatrice Freede Mrs. Keith G. Greiner Mrs. Hazel Henderson Dunedin, Fla. 33528 124 Lewis Ave. U.S. Atomic Energy Mrs. Ellen Freitas Salem, Va. 24153 Commission 1236 Aalapapa Dr. Mrs. Helen Groess Grand Junction, Colo. 81501 Dr. Inez Henry Kailua, Hawaii 96734 4013 Monroe St. NW. Berry Schools Miss Alma Gallagher Columbia Heights, Minn. Rome, Ga. 30161 55421 18 Beacon St. Miss Laverne E. Hermann Laconia, N.H. 03246 Mrs. Stella B. Hackel 1007 North Cass St. Prof. Marian G. Gallagher 7 School St. Milwaukee,Wis. 53202 University of Washington Montpelier, Vt. 05601 Dr. Edna-Jean Hershey Law Library Mrs. Rosemary Hagen 414 14th St. Seattle, Wash. 98901 10560 Mississippi Blvd. Denver, Colo. 80202 Mrs. Charlotte Gardner Coon Rapids, Minn. 55433 Mrs. George M. Hickey Director of Beautification Miss Irene Haglund 214 Forest Park Blvd. Arkansas Planning Glasgow, Mont. 59230 Janesville, Wis. 53545 Commission Mrs. Tel la C. Haines Dr. Carl M. Hill, President Capitol Mall 204 Crowder St. Kentucky State College Little Rock, Ark. 72201 Sullivan, Ind. 47882 Frankfort, Ky. 40601 Dr. Juanita Gibson Mrs. Thelma N. Hall Mrs. Mary Lou Hill Florida State University Box 423 Governor's Office Tallahassee, Fla. 32306 Madison, W. Va. 25130 St. Paul, Minn. 55101 Miss Chloe Gifford Mrs. Hester Handley Mrs. Ednamay Hillhouse Capitol Annex Bldg. Route 4, Box 149 P.O. Box 602 Frankfort, Ky. 40601 Griffin, Ga. 30223 Carson City, Nev. 89701 72 Miss Geraldine L. Hinkel Mr. W. Garnett Johnson Mrs. Ples E. Lambert 102 South Hall Department of Economic 71 Hollis Heights Madison, Wis. 53705 Security Newnan, Ga. 30263 Dr. Inez G. Hinsvark Frankfort, Ky. 40601 Mrs. William M. Lamont South Dakota State Miss Barbara Johnston Meadowlark Rd., Rt. 1 University 65 Wheeler Ave. Aberdeen, S. Dak. 57401 Brookings, 3. Dak. 57007 Cranston, R.I. 02905 Miss Rachel E. Lemieux Mrs. Virgie C. Hite Mr. Andrew Jones 13 Glenwood St. 827 Indigo Ave. 724 Fourth Ave., South Augusta, Maine 04330 Cayce, S.C. 29033 Minneapolis, Minn. 55415 Mrs. Mary D. Leonard Mrs. Gertrude Meth Hochberg Mrs. Jessie W. Jones Room 22, Lewis Cass Bldg. Bryant College 3551 Highway 168 Lansing, Mich. 48901 Providence, R.I. 02906 Chesapeake, Va. 23320 Mrs. W. B. Lichtenstein Mrs. June Honaman Miss Lucille J. Kapp linger 8065 North Meridian St. 125 Main St. The Capitol Irdianapolis, Ind. 46260 Landisville, Pa. 17538 Lansing, Mich. 48901 Mrs. Ruth Lieban Mrs. Rose lla T. Humes Mrs. Audrey R. Kelly 1330 New Hampshire Ave. 200 East Center St., Box 56 2311 North Front St., Apt. NW. Harrington, Del. 19952 816 Washington, D.C. 20036 Miss Olive H. Houston Harrisburg, Pa. 17110 Mrs, Opal M. Lillard 161 West Second St., Apt. 1 211 South Cherry St. Mrs. Elizabeth B. Kelly Hartford City, Ind. 47348 :1 Xenia, Ohio 45385 Middlebury College Dean Melva Lind Mrs. Viola Hymes Middlebury, Vt. 05753 Gustavus Adolphus College 2044 Cedar Lake Blvd. Hon. Alma G. Kemper Minneapolis, Minn. 55416 St. Peter, Minn. 56082 Mayor of Milton, Box 535 Mrs. Beverly H. Linderman Mrs. Emerson Hynes Milton, Wash. 98354 711 Franklin St. 3217 North Pershing Dr. Mrs. William R. Kidd Rapid City, S. Dak. 57701 Arlington, Va. 22201 Special Assistant to the StateMrs. Robert Liverance Sister Mary Ann Ida Treasurer P.O. Box 479 President, Mundelein College Bon 1286 Anderson, S.C. 29622 6353 North Sheridan Rd. Oca;a, Fla. 32670 Mrs. H. C. Loehr Chicago, Ill. 60626 Hon. Bernice L. Kizer 930 East Fifth Mrs. Anne Ingram State Capitol Casper, Wyo. 82601 Lakeview Motor Lodge Little Rock, Ark. 72201 Mrs. Oswald B. Lord Roanoke, Va. 24003 Dr. Nancy K. Knaak 770 Park Ave. Mrs. Howard J. Jackson River Falls State College New York, N.Y. 10021 2310 Windham Rd. River Falls, Wis. 54022 Dr. Robert McAdoo Charleston, W. Va. 25303 Mrs. Delores Kory Emporia State Teachers Mrs. Mattie M. Jeltz 2572i Deborah College Will Rogers Office Bldg. Detroit, Mich. 48239 Emporia, Kans. 66802 Oklahoma City, Okla. 73101 Mrs. Dwight Krumboltz Mrs. Waneta McClung Mrs. Elvira Jestrab 2231 Fifth Ave. SE. 2006 Maple 217 East 11th St. Cedar Rapids, Iowa 52403 Longview, Wash. 98632 Williston, N. Dak. 58801 Mrs. Madeleine M. Kunin Dr. Mabel le G. McCullough Miss Pearl Jett 246 Prospect Parkway 5833 Carlson West Union, W. Va. 26456 Burlington, Vt. 05401 St. Paul, Minn. 55112 Mr. Jess Joh'ison, Jr. Mr. J. E. Lambeth Miss Dorothy McDaniel P.O. Box 60193 Box 1129 1404 Sutherland Pl. New Orleans, La. 70160 Thomasville, N.C. 27360 Birmingham, Ala. 35209

73 Mrs. F. L. McElligott Mrs. Ruth Mezoff Marquette University Mr. Ernest J. Nesius 104 Manet Rd. West Virginia University Milwaukee, Wis. 53233 Chestnut Hill, Mass. 02167 Miss Eleanor McMillen Morgantown, W. Va. 26506 Mrs. Betsy P. Meyers Miss Margaret E. Normandin 22 Fraser St. 312 Anderson Rd. Pelham, N.Y. 10803 135 Church St. King of Prussia, Pa.19406 Laconia, N.H. 03246 Miss Maureen A.McNamara Dr. Minnie C. Miles Hon. Mildred W. Norris 14 Summit St. 27 Beech Hills Burlington, Vt. 05401 P.O. Box 1633 Tuscaloosa, Ala. 35404 Hattiesburg, Miss. 394 01 Mrs. Peggy K. McNeil Mrs. Wilhelmina C. Miller President, Trenton Times Mrs. Ethel Noyes 108 Buck Lane, Collins Park 1507 New York Rd. Trenton, N.J. 08601 New Castle, Del. 19721 Mrs. Dorothy McVoy Absecon, N.J. 08201 Mrs. Agnes Mills Prof. F. Ivan Nye 4006 North 33d St. Walter Bragg Smith Apts. Omaha, Nebr. 68111 Washington State University Montgomery, Ala. 36101 Pullman, Wash. 99163 Hon. Raymond F. Male Mrs. Albert G. Minda Dr. Ewald B. Nyquist John Fitch Plaza 5101 Knox Ave. South Trenton, N.J. 08625 State Administration Bldg. Minneapolis, Minn. 55419 Albany, N.Y. 12201 Mrs. Jewell R. Mann Miss Dorothy E. Miniace Miss Mary F. Ochs 9 East Fourth St., Suite915 The University of Wisconsin Tulsa, Okla. 74103 Milwaukee, Wis. 53211 301 Western Bldg. Mitchell, S. Dak. 57301 Mrs. William T. Mason Mrs. Wilma Miyasato 2630 Chesterfield Blvd. 45 324 Mahalani St. Miss Dagny Olson Norfolk, Va. 23504 Kaneoshe, Hawaii 96744 Box 618 Devils Lake, N. Dak. 58301 Mrs. C. Odell Matthews Mrs. Ellen Bryan Moore 1354 Reynolds Rd. State Capitol Mrs. Mildred Otenasek Winston Salem, N.C. 27104 Baton Rouge, La. 70804 219 Northway Mr. Robert Matthews Miss Margaret M. Moore Baltimore, Md. 21218 3549 South Industrial Rd. State Capitol Bldg. Mrs. Jane J. Palmer Las Vegas, Nev. 89102 Frankfort, Ky. 40601 Box 175 Mrs. Paul Moore Purcellville, Va. 22132 Mrs. Robert Matthews 818 Boardman Blvd. 13011/2 North Fourth St. Mrs. Evelyn F. Patnod Aiken, S.C. 29801 158 River St. Canton, Mo. 63435 Mrs. Reta Moore Miss Kimie Matsui Rutland, Vt. 05701 7210 Waverly Mrs. Irene H. Patton Room 1640, Longworth Oklahoma City, Okla. 73120 805 Magnolia St. House Office Bldg. Miss M. Virginia Morrissey Washington, D.C. 20515 Chattanooga, Tenn. 37403 294 Washington St. Mrs. Hattie May Pav lo Mrs. J. R. S. Mays Boston, Mass. 02108 270 Country ClubRd. 40 Country Club Lane Mrs. Louise Moss Las Vegas, Nev. 89109 Macon, Ga. 31204 Henderson, Ky. 42420 Mrs. Marcia L.Memmott Miss Katherine Peden Miss Laura Nawfel cky Department of 150 Causeway St. Hathihway Shirts Company Boston, Mass. 02114 Commerce Waterville, Maine 04901 Frankfort, Ky. 40601 Mrs. Agnes S. Merritt Mrs, Irene B. Nelsen .54 Wilson Ave. Miss Leota, F. Pekrul 308 East Republican No.101 4200 East Ninth Ave. Columbus, Ohio 43205 Seattle, Wash. 98102 Dr. Louis Meyer Denver, Colo. 80220 Mrs. Helen M. Nelson Mrs. Mildred Perry State House 600 North Eye St. Phoenix, Ariz. 85005 7744 South North CapeRd. Aberdeen, Wash. 98520 Franklin, Wis. 53132 74 Mrs. Anne Pescaia Hon. Grace Taylor RodenboughMrs. Jayne Semler 623 North Kalaheo Ave. State Legislative Bldg. 317 NE. Third Ave. Kailua, Oahu, Hawaii 96734 Raleigh, N.C. 27602 Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33301 Mrs. Mildred S. Phillips Mr. James M. Rosbrow Mrs. Edith S. Shaw 492 Nassau Dr. 801 West St. 785 Juniper Dr. Baton Rouge, La. 70815 Wilmington, Del. 19801 Logan, Utah 84321 Miss Rosemary Pierrel Mrs. Mary Rottgering Hon. Eleanor Sheppard Dean of Pembroke College Southern Textile Machinery 1601 Princeton Rd. Providence, R.I. 02906 Company Richmond, Va. 23227 Mrs. Sally Ponikarski Paducah, Ky. 42001 Mrs. Pauline Sherer 2797 Pharr Rd., NE. Miss Jane E. Rudy State House Atlanta, Ga. 30317 626 18th Ave. NE. Pierre, S. Dak. 57501 Mrs. Eve Purvis St. Petersburg, Fla. 33704 Mrs. Connie Sidell 910 North Delaware St. Mrs. Virginia Sams 1909 131/2 St. Indianapolis, Ind. 46202 1413 Glendale Ave. South Fargo, N. Dak. 58101 Mrs. Patricia K. Putman Pekin, Ill. 61554 Mrs. Esther T. Singer Purdue University Extension 3006 Pualei Circle, Apt. 202Mr. Amos Sanchez Honolulu, Hawaii 96815 South Bend, Ind. 44624 693 South Clay Mrs. Elizabeth S. Smith Mrs. Irene H. Rape Denver, Colo. 60219 Route No. 3, Box 351 State Office McDonough, Ga. 30253 Hon. Esther Saperstein Trenton, N.J. 08601 Mrs. Ettamae Reed 54 West Hubbard St. Mrs. Marie K. Smith 306 State Capitol Bldg. Chicago, Ill. 60610 1700 Broadway, Room 2121 Mrs. Stanley B. Scher Oklahoma City, Okla. 73105 Denver, Colo. 80202 Mrs. Mamie B. Reese 8 Hampshire Pl. Mrs. Marvin J. Sonosky 614 Whitney Ave. Lexington, Ky. 40502 604 Janney's Lane Albany, Ga. 31701 Dr. Vera M. Schletzer Alexandria, Va. 22302 Miss Ruth Ellen Reihm 6105 Ridgeway Rd. Mrs. Jane Spanel R.D. 1, Box 275 Edina, Minn. 55424 1900 F St. NW. Smyrna, Del. 19977 Miss Edna. Schwartz Washington, D.C. 20006 Miss Maryan E. Reynolds 894 St. Clair Dr. Barbara Spears Washington State Library St. Paul, Minn. 55105 602 North Grand Olympia, Wash. 98501 Dr. Anne Firor Scott Pierre, S. Dak. 57501 Mrs. J. Robert Rhodes 1029 Highland Woods Dr. Gretchen V. Squires 901 McDaniel Ave. Chapel Hill, N.C. 27514 1000 West Moreno St. Greenville, S.C. 29605 Pensacola, Fla. 32501 Mrs. C. Frank Scott Mrs. Walter Stancil Mrs. Martha J. Rich 536 Cordell Hull Bldg. P.O. Box 635 635 South Main St. Nashville, Tenn. 37202 Dalton, Ga. 30720 South Bend, Ind. 46627 Mrs. John Scott Miss Hallie K. Riner Judge Evangeline Starr 202 Woods Ave. 321 County-City Bldg. Carter County Bank Bldg. Oak Hill, W. Va. 25901 Elizabethton, Tenn. 37643 Seattle, Wash. 98104 Mrs. Roland Ring Mrs. Melba Scott Mrs. Lila Stearns 2510 Hibiscus Rd. 341 Ballentine 1107 East 3 Albany, Ga. 31705 Lincoln, Nebr. 68521 Okmulgee, Okla. 74447 Dr. Eunice C. Roberts Mrs. Frances Seaman Miss Cynthia L. Stokes Indiana University Colby College 1 West Wilson St. Bloomington, Ind. 47405 Waterville, Maine 04901 Madison, Wis. 53702 Mrs. Amy Robinson Mrs. Dorothy Seeley Hon. Kathryn H. Stone 3432 Asbury St. 4860 South 94th St. 1051 26th Rd., South Indianapolis, Ind. 46227 Milwaukee, Wis. 53214 Arlington, Va. 22202

75 Hon. Thelma Stovall Mrs. Mona Toothaker Mrs. Darwin Wells Secretary of State 52 Bangor St. Hunter, Okla. 74640 Frankfort, Ky. 40601 Augusta, Maine 04331 Mrs. Eleanor West Miss June D. Strelecki Mr. Charles C. Turner 2133 South 65th St. 607 Grove St. Huntingdon College West Allis, Wis. 53214 Irvington, N.J. 07111 Montgomery, Ala. 36101 Dr. Frances Whitehead Mrs. Anna F. Sullivan Dr. Hester Turner 314 West Washington St. 34 Hitchcock St. 0615 SW. Palatine Hill Rd. Lewistown, Ill. 61542 Holyoke, Mass. 01041 Portland, Oreg. 97219 Miss Margaret Wilkinson Mrs. Jassy Sullivan Mrs. Jeannette Turner 1350 Commerce Title Bldg. P.O. Box 57 30 Gilbert St. Memphis, Tenn. 38103 Sapulpa, Okla. 74066 South Burlington, Vt. 05403 Miss Blair Williams Miss Carol Sutton Mrs. Mabel Turner University of Vermont 525 West Broadway 3835 North 18th St. Burlington, Vt. 05401 Louisville, Ky. 40202 Philadelphia, Pa. 19140 Mrs. William E. Wilson Mrs. Saul Suvalsky Miss Beatrice S. Tyl"itki 1301 North Bolton Ave. 183 Kee line Ave. State House Indianapolis, Ind. 46219 Council Bluffs, Iowa 51501 Trenton, N.J. 08601 Hon. Jackie Withrow Miss Betty Svihovec Mr. Edward C. Utz Box 129 Hettinger, N.Dak. 58639 95 Grand Ave. Sophia, W. Va. 25921 Mrs. Mary Ellen Swanton Pawtucket, R.I. 02861 Mrs. Myra K. Wolkgang 725A 15th Ave. Mrs. Helen T. Vest 100 Selden Ave. Honolulu, Hawaii 96816 228 Westwood Dr. Detroit, Mich. 48201 Mrs. Dora Sweeny Beckley, W. Va. 25801 Mrs. Paul C. Wolman 517 North Franklin Ave. Dr. Katherine Vickery 403-405 Mercantile Trust Juneau, Alaska 99801 100 Nabors St. Bldg. Mrs. Jane Takamine Mon tevallo Ala. 35115 Baltimore, Md. 21202 2524 East Manoa Rd. Mrs. Catherine Villegas Hon. Chase Going Woodhouse Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Greensboro, Ga. 30642 Falcon Farm Mrs. Betty Taikington Mrs. Emerson C. Walden Baltic, Conn. 06330 654 33d St. 2329 Harlem Ave. Miss Kate Woods Des Moines, Iowa 50312 Baltimore, Md. 21216 Rural Route 2 Prof. Margaretta Tangerman Miss Kay Warren Nicholasville, Ky. 40356 Valparaiso University Florida State University Mrs. Addie Wyatt Valparaiso, Ind. 46383 Tallahassee, Fla. 32306 8317 South Wabash Miss Rebecca Tarshis Miss Emily L. Warrick Chicago, Ill. 60619 1216 SW. Yamhill St. 703 West Clay St. Mrs. James D. Wyker Portland, Oreg. 97205 Richmond, Va. 23220 Meadowlark Mrs. Mamie K. Taylor Mrs. Tampa M. Watson Berea, Ky. 40403 1137 Briarcliff Rd. NE. 1061 Kolo St. Mrs. Sidney Yates Atlanta, Ga. 30306 Honolulu, Hawaii 96816 3500 North Lake Shore Dr. Miss Margaret Taylor Chicago, T11. 60657 Mrs. Laura Watts Mrs. Margaret K. Yoder % Petite Shop 602 Belvedere Dr. Great Falls, Mont. 59401 111 North Curtiss Hall Montgomery, Ala. 36105 Ames, Iowa 50010 Dr. Alison Thorne Mrs. Theresa Weisberg Mrs. Winifred B. Young 226 West First South 6117 North Richmond 1010 James St. Logan, Utah 84321 Chicago, Ill. 60645 Seattle, Wash. 98104 Mrs. Marjorie D. Tibbs Hon. Verda F. Welcome Prof. Pearl Zemlicka 2149 Kensington St. 2101 Liberty Heights Ave. State University of Iowa Harrisburg, Pa. 17104 Baltimore, Md. 21217 Iowa City, Iowa 52240 76 INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN, AI VD ALTERNATES W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary of Labor, Chairman Esther Peterson, Assistant Secretary of Labor, Vice Chairman Mary Dublin Keyser ling, Director, Women's Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor, Executive Vice Chairman

Hon. David R. Baldwin (Commerce) Hon. Stephen S. Jackson (Defense) Mr. Hyman Bookbinder (0E0) Mrs. Katie Louchheim (State) Dr. Margaret Browne (USDA) Hon. John W. Macy, Jr., Chairman (CSC) Hon. Wilbur J. Cohen (HEW) Hon. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., Chairman Miss Mary Eastwood (Justice) (EEOC) Hon. Richard Graham (EEOC) Miss Eugenia Sullivan (HEW) Miss Evelyn Harrison (CSC) Dr. Ellen Winston (HEW)

CITIZENS' ADVISORY COUNCIL ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN Miss Margaret Hickey, Chairman

Mrs. Mary E. Callahan Mr. Norman Nicholson Dr. Henry David Miss Marguerite Rawalt Mrs. Elizabeth Wickenden Goldsclunidt Mr. Edward A. Robie Mrs. Anna Roosevelt Halsted Mrs. Mary Roebling Miss Dorothy Height *Dr. Anne Firor Scott *Mrs. Viola H. Hymes Dr. Caroline Ware Miss Margaret Mealey Miss Ann Draper

SPEAKERS AND OTHER SPECIAL GUESTS Lyndon B. Johnson, President of the United States Hubert H. Humphrey, Vice President of the United States George D. Aiken, U.S. Senator from Vermont Maurine B. Neuberger, U.S. Senator from Oregon

Mr. and Mrs. Julius Calm Hon. Marie C. McGuire Mr. Edward T. Callahan Mrs. Margaret Price Mrs. Dorothy Ford Mrs. Edward A. Robie Hon. Jane Fiquet Hanna Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. Hon. Aileen C. Hernandez Dr. Bennetta B. Washington Miss Helen C. Irwin Mrs. W. Willard Wirtz Mrs. Helen K. Leslie *Mrs. Sidney Yates

*Also a State delegate

77 CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVES Mrs. Ethel McLellan, Director, Women's Bureau, Toronto Miss Marion V. Royce, Director, Women's Bureau, Ottawa FEDERAL RESOURCE SPECIALISTS AND OTHER FEDERAL OFFICIALS Mrs. Betty Bay (PCCI) Mrs. Alice Morrison (WB) Mr. John Beale (EEOC) Mr. Charles F. Moseley (BES) Mr. Ralph Bedell (HEW) Miss Marian Neprud (PHA) Mrs. Ruth Blumrosen (EEOC) Mrs. Helen Nicol ("VVB) Mrs. Priscilla Bonuccelli (WE) Miss Pearl Peerboom (HEW) Miss Mary Cannon (WB) Miss Dorothy Pendergast (WB) Mrs. Madeline Codding (WB) Mrs. Ellen J. Perkins (HEW) Miss Carol Cox (USDL) Mrs. Ruth Prokop (PCCI) Miss Mary Cunningham (HEW) Mrs. Mary Rash (OMAT) Mrs. Elsie Denison (WB) Miss Jean Reynolds (HEW) Mrs. Norene Diamond (USDL) Mr. Wade B. Ropp (Commerce) Dr. Eleanor Dolan (AAUW) Miss Beatrice Rosenberg (WB) Miss Ann Donovan (HEW) Mrs. Regina Saxton (OEO) Mrs. Agnes Douty (Commerce) Dr. Alice Scates (HEW) Mrs. India Edwards (USDL) Miss Marilyn Schima (OEO) Mrs. Katherine Ellickson (PCEEO) Mrs. Morag Simchak (WHPC) Mrs. Betty Ellingson (OEO) Mrs. Laura Lee Spencer (WB) Mr. C. Mauria Erkkila (PCCI) Miss Mary Stack (WH) Mrs. Evelyn Farber (WB) Mrs. Isabelle Streidl (WB) Mr. Howard Frazier (PCCI) Miss Eugenia Sullivan (HEW) Mrs. Dorothy Gilfert (PHA) Miss Rh.obia Taylor (WB) Mr. Joseph Goldberg (USDL) Miss Rose Ter lin (WB) Mrs. Jocelyn Gutchess (USDL) Miss Margaret Troxell (BAT) Mrs. Helen Hamer (HEW) Miss Josephine Urani (WE) Mrs. Claire Hancock (HEW) Mrs. Betty Walker (CSC) Dr. Kathryn Heath (HEW) Mrs. Mary Weaver (HEW) Mrs. Janice Hedges (WB) Miss Jean A. Wells (WE ) Mrs. Mary N. Hilton (WB) Mr. Kermitt Wheeler (WB) Mrs. Josephine Lambert (HEW) Mrs. Gladys White (HEW) Miss Beatrice McConnell (OEO) Miss Mary V. White (USDL) Miss Dianne McKaig (WB) Mrs. Patria G. Winalski (HEW) Miss Mary Manning (WB) Mr. David Williams (USDL) Mrs. Stella Manor (SECY) Mrs. Muriel Wool (WB) CONFERENCE STAFF Mrs. Catherine East, Executive Secretary, In- Miss Helen Davis (WB) terdepartmental Committee on the Status of Mrs. Oceola S. Hall (SECY) Women, Women's Bureau Mrs. Marie Hansom (WB) Miss Marguerite Gilmore, Chief, Field Divi- Mr. Stephen J. Hecht (ICSW, WB) sion, Women's Bureau Mrs. Frances Balgley Kaplan (Consultant) Miss Mary Leach (SECY) Mrs. Evelyn Baker (WB) Miss Crystal Modean (WB) Miss Dorothy A. Carroll (WB) Mrs. Betty Owen (ICSW, WB) Miss Eleanor Coakley (WB) Mrs. Bertha Whittaker (ICSW, WB) 78 ABBREVIATIONS AND ADDRESSES

AAUW Commerce American Association of University Women U.S. Department of Commerce 2401 Virginia Ave. NW. Washington, D.C. 20230 Washington, D.C. 20037 CSC BAT U.S. Civil Service Commission Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training Washington, D.C. 20415 U.S. Department of Labor Washington, D.0 20210 Defense U.S. Department of Defense BES Washington, D.C. 20301 Bureau of Employment Security U.S. Department of Labor EEOC Washington, D.C. 20210 Equal Employment OpportunityCommission Washington, D.C. 20506 CACSW Citizens' Advisory Council on the Statusof FS Women Bureau of Family Services U.S. Department of Labor, Room 1334 U.S. Department of Health,Education, and Washington, D.C. 20210 Welfare Washington, D.C. 20201 CB Children's Bureau HEW U.S. Department of Health, Education, and U.S. Department ofHealth, Education, and Welfare Welfare Washington, D.C. 20201 Washington, D.C. 20201

79 ICSW PHA Interdepartmental Committee on the Status of Public Housing Administration Women Housing and Home Finance Agency U.S. Department of Labor, Room 1334 Washington, D.C. 20411 Washington, D.C. 20210 SECY Justice Office of the Secretary U.S. Department of Justice U.S, Department of Labor Washington, D.C. 20530 Washington, D.C. 20210 LSB Bureau of Labor Standards SOL U.S. Department of Labor Office of the Solicitor Washington, D.C. 20210 U.S. Department of Labor Washington, D.C. 20210 NYC Neighborhood Youth Corps State U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Department of State Washington, D.C. 20210 Washington, D.C. 20520

OE USDA Office of Education U.S. Department of Agriculture Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Washington, D.C. 20250 Washington, D.C. 20201 0E0 USDL Office of Economic Opportunity U.S. Department of Labor Washington, D.C. 20506 Washington, D.C. 20210

OMAT WB Office of Manpower, Automation and Training Women's Bureau U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Department of Labor Washington, D.C. 20210 Washington, D.C. 20210

PCCI WIT President's Committee on Consumer Interests The White House Washington, D.C. 20501 Washington, D.C. 20501 PCEEO President's Committee on Equal Employment WHPC Opportunity Wage and Hour and Public Contracts Divisions U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Department. of Labor Washington, D.C. 20210 Washington, D.C. 20210

80 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1966 0-205-792