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ELECTRIC WALDEN Technology

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ELECTRIC WALDEN Technology ELECTRIC WALDEN WE HAVE “WALKED BACK THE CAT,” SO TO SPEAK, TO RECORD HISTORIC MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYPERCONTEXT/MULTIMEDIA/TRANSCLUDED/MODULARIZED “STACK OF THE ARTIST OF KOUROO”! “If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first invent the universe.” — Carl Sagan HDT WHAT? INDEX ELECTRIC WALDEN 3,200 BCE A news item relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology: In our current state of the evidences, the Mesopotamian culture is being generally supposed to have been the 1st to have begun to produce written texts. In one preserved example a Sumerian was using a stylus and wet clay to keep track of ingredients for the making of beer. ELECTRIC WALDEN “NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY In prehistory the Sahara had been very different from now, raining all the time, full of canoes and elephants, with Lake Chad a hundred feet higher than it is now. For a dozen millennia the region had supported enough game to allow hunting and nomadic pastoralism, but then the land had begun to dry up. One reference says that between 6,000 BCE and 4,000 BCE the Nile River had been subject to flooding and lake levels at Fayum had been high, until a drier period at about 3,500 BCE had been followed by a wet spike at about 3,200 BCE. This is supposed to be at the time corresponding to the predynastic Naqada cultures. A news item relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology: In Egypt, a system was in place for the use of pictorial hieroglyphics, phonetically arranged symbols on small clay tablets, as an inscribed record. The earliest preserved examples turn out to have been simple receipts, that is, they indicated ELECTRIC payments received for commodities. WALDEN HISTORY’S NOT MADE OF WOULD. WHEN SOMEONE REVEALS, FOR INSTANCE, THAT A PARTICULAR INFANT WOULD INVENT THE SEWING MACHINE, S/HE DISCLOSES THAT WHAT IS BEING CRAFTED IS NOT REALITY BUT PREDESTINARIANISM. THE RULE OF REALITY IS THAT THE FUTURE HASN’T EVER HAPPENED, YET. HDT WHAT? INDEX ELECTRIC WALDEN 3,000 BCE A news item relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology: The dust abacus (basically a picture of an abacus, made with one’s finger on a dusty or sandy surface, and possibly using pebbles as markers on lines drawn on the dusty surface) was invented, probably in Babylonia. We note in passing that the word for ELECTRIC abacus, in the Hebrew language, has the meaning of dust. WALDEN THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT HDT WHAT? INDEX ELECTRIC WALDEN 2,500 BCE A news item relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology: Ceramic seals were being used by the inhabitants of the valley of the Indus River, in what has become Pakistan, to indicate ownership or destinations for bundles of goods. ELECTRIC WALDEN “History is the why of now.” — Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX ELECTRIC WALDEN 1,800 BCE News items relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology: • Ceramic pottery and heddle weaving spread through the Andean highlands (the cloth and pots were decorated with designs similar to ones still in use four thousand years later). ELECTRIC • Metallurgy spread through northern Europe. • A Babylonian mathematician developed algorithms to resolve numerical problems. WALDEN • At about this period in Mesopotamian astronomy (the Early Old Babylonian Period), Hammurabi imposed a single official lunar calendar upon the Babylonian Empire, and the 1st identifiable star- list appeared in “Prayer to the Gods of the Night.” • Over the half century between 1,800BCE and 1,750BCE multiplication tables appeared in Mesopotamia. • Sumerian astronomers, many of whom were female, were using calculations in which hours were made up of 60 minutes, and circles of 360 degrees (they were also attempting to predict and control the weather, and not only their 60-minute hours and 360-degree circles, but also these meteorological struggles, would be carried over into Hellenistic astrology).1 1. The people we term “ancient Greeks” spoke various languages many of which were not like Greek at all. Macedonian, for instance, is a Slavonic language. Over and above that, most of these “Hellenes” did not reside in what we now consider Greece — Troy, for one example, was on the Dardanelles coast of Turkey. Nevertheless these people did share a common culture. Accordingly, historians use the term “Hellenic” to indicate the very insular pre-Alexandrian Greek culture and the term “Hellenistic” to indicate the more cosmopolitan post-Alexandrian Greek culture. For convenience they date the change to 337 BCE, when Alexander of Macedon’s father Philip II united the previously antagonistic Hellenic city-states behind an invasion of Iran. Also, while it’s commonly said that Sumerian astrology influenced Vedic, or Indian, astrology, this is probably ethnocentrism rather than documented fact. Even if it did, the Indian methods clearly diverged. To provide just one illustration, the Vedic astrologers, rather than dividing the day into 24 parts each having 60 parts, divided the day into 60 parts (nalika) each having 24 parts. HDT WHAT? INDEX ELECTRIC WALDEN 1,500 BCE News items relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology: • Near the Black Sea, Hittites were referring to iron as “metal from heaven,” that is, from meteorites. ELECTRIC • During the Shang Dynasty in China, divination inscriptions were being made on the bottom carapaces of turtles and on the shoulder blades of domestic animals. One such fragment indicates WALDEN 1 that the Chinese already knew the length of the solar year to be 365 /4 days. “History is the why of now.” — Austin Meredith HDT WHAT? INDEX ELECTRIC WALDEN 1,350 BCE A news item relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology: Decimal numbers were in use in China. ELECTRIC WALDEN “MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY HDT WHAT? INDEX ELECTRIC WALDEN 500 BCE News items relating to the development of ELECTRIC WALDEN technology: • The pens of Egyptian scribes were made of Calamus or Bamboo reeds obtained from the Nile delta ELECTRIC or from Armenia, having split, frayed, or carved ends. WALDEN • The bead-and-wire abacus originated in Egypt. INSCRIPTION HDT WHAT? INDEX ELECTRIC WALDEN 150 BCE Hipparchus perfected the astrolabe, the principles of which had already been known. The ones that have survived the vicissitudes of time have ordinarily been made of brass, but the device could easily have been fabricated out of stiff paper and cardboard, or out of other materials. The front of an astrolabe has some fixed parts (these are time scales, and a stereographic projection of the sky as seen from a specific latitude) and some HDT WHAT? INDEX ELECTRIC WALDEN rotating parts (that simulate the daily rotation of the sky). The most basic method used by a navigator to plot the course of the vessel is deduced or “dead” reckoning. Using the magnetic compass, continuous records are kept of the approximate directions traveled, and using the sand-glass, continuous records are kept of the approximate times elapsed while traveling in these directions, and by the use of a floating log tied to a knotted line, continuous records are kept of the approximate speeds of the vessel. Typically, the course of a vessel would be calculated hourly. When conditions became right for HDT WHAT? INDEX ELECTRIC WALDEN taking a celestial sighting, a dead reckoning might be revised. Another method is known as “latitude sailing” or “running down your easting (or westing)” — once the navigator reached a desired latitude, determined by sightings of some known celestial body such as the sun or the pole star, the course of the vessel was maintained at that latitude, sailing due east or due west. This required no elaborate tables of declination or complex mathematical calculations; all one needed to do was to maintain that celestial body at the same declination (angular height above the horizon). By latitude sailing one might reach one’s objective without any certain knowledge of one’s longitude, or its longitude — one needed only to keep sailing and keep a lookout. Christopher Columbus practiced latitude sailing on his 1492-1493 voyage, as did Vasco da Gama when he rounded Cape of Good Hope to arrive at Calicut, India in 1498. Celestial navigation –determining one’s latitude from observations of the sun or stars– provided greater flexibility. To the end of the 15th Century, the celestial body most often used was Polaris, for this did not involve the use of tables of declination. At first, only the meridian altitude of Polaris was used — that point when it reached its zenith in the sky. Later, navigators would be able to use Polaris at any time of the night without having to wait for it to reach its zenith. By the end of the 15th Century, mariners were determining their latitude from the sun as well as from the stars. Finally, with the development of a usable marine chronometer in 1761, navigators would be able in addition to determine longitude. The main body of a typical brass astrolabe consisted of a brass disk about ¼ inch thick and about six inches or less in diameter, hollowed in the center and containing sets of thin brass plates. The ring around the edge of the disk (which is referred to as the limb) would be marked off in degrees. On European devices it is common to see this limb divided also into 24 hours, noon being at the top and midnight at the bottom. Inserted into the hollow in the disk (which is referred to as the mater or mother) is a plate (referred to as a climate or tympanum) engraved with circles of altitude and azimuth for the intended user’s local latitude.
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