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J John Orcid.Org 0000-0002-8930-8065 A pastoral missional reflection on conflict management in the Niger Delta: The impact of amnesty on citizens of the Ogba Community who are opposed to violence. J John orcid.org 0000-0002-8930-8065 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Pastoral Studies at the North-West University Promoter: Dr AL Du Plessis Co-promoter: Prof JJ Knoetze Examination: November 2018 Student number: 27763498 i N J Nel PO Box 365, BENDOR PARK 0713 Tel: 074 184 9600 CERTIFICATE This serves to certify that I have language edited the PhD Dissertation of Pastor Joseph John, orcid.org 0000-0002-8930-8065 entitled: “A pastoral missional reflection on conflict management in the Niger Delta: The impact of amnesty on citizens of the Ogba Community who are opposed to violence” N J Nel Lecturer of English, Department Applied Languages, Tshwane University of Technology (Retired). 4 June 18 ii TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM STATEMENT/RATIONALE 1 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4 1.3 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES 4 1.4 CENTRAL TEORETICAL ARGUMENT 5 1.5 RESEARCH METHOD AND METHODOLOGY 5 1.6 EPISTEMOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHOD 6 1.7 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9 1.8 PROVISIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF CHAPTERS 17 CHAPTER TWO – THE IMPACT OF THE AMNESTY PROGRAMME IN THE NIGER DELTA 21 2.1 INTRODUCTION 21 2.1.1 The role players in the Niger Delta conflict 21 2.1.2 What is Amnesty? 26 2.1.3 Understanding the Amnesty Programme in Nigeria 27 2.2 THE OVERVIEW OF THE AMNESTY PROGRAMME 27 2.3 UNDERSTANDING THE DDRR FROM AN INTERNATIONL VIEW 29 2.4 A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE AMNESTY PROGRAMME IN 30 THE NIGER DELTA 2.5 RESPONSE TO THE AMNESTY BY THE MILITANTS 32 2.6 THE SUCCESS OF THE AMNESTY PROGRAMME AND THE FLAWS 36 2.7 THE BENEFIT OF THE AMNESTY PROGRAM IN THE NIGER DELTA 38 2.8 COST IMPLICATION OF AMNESTY 39 2.9 EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF THE AMNESTY PROGRAMME 39 iii 2.10 CONCLUSION 42 CHAPTER THREE – CAUSES OF CONTINUOUS VIOLENCE IN THE NIGER DELTA IN THE OGBA COMMUNITY 44 3.1 INTRODUCTION 44 3.2 WHAT IS VIOLENCE? 44 3.3 WHAT IS CONFLICT? 44 3.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CONFLICT IN THE NIGER DELTA 45 3.4.1 Resistance to oil exploration 47 3.4.2 Location of the Niger Delta 47 3.5 CUASES OF VIOLENT CONFLICT IN THE NIGER DELTA 48 3.5.1 Marginalisation 45 3.5.2 Lack of social amenities / injustice 49 3.5.3 Resource control / Political interest 50 3.5.4 Insensitiveness by government to the needs of the host community 51 3.5.5 Greed of the elites 52 3.5.6 Corruption / Poor implementation of the Amnesty programme 53 3.5.7 Undisclosed arms 55 3.5.8 Fear of discontinuing the Amnesty programme 55 3.5.9 The outcome of 2015 general election 55 3.5.10 Custom of attracting government attention 56 3.5.11 Intergenerational conflict of the Niger Delta crisis 58 3.6 THE CHURCH AND THE NIGER DELTA CONFLICT 60 3.7 CONCLUSION 63 iv CHAPTER FOUR – THE FINDINGS OF THE QUALITATIVE EMPIRICAL STUDY IN OGBA COMMUNITY 66 4.1 INTRODUCTION 66 4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 67 4.3 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 70 4.3.1 Formal interviews 70 4.3.2 Summary 109 4.4 INFORMAL INTERVIEWS 110 4.4.1 The Ogba community and transgenerational trauma 110 4.4.2 The Ogba community and community development 111 4.4.3 Ironical trend of precedence in Ogba community 111 4.4.4 Traumatic story in the community 112 4.5 WHAT IS NEW IN THIS RESEARCH? 113 4.6 CONCLUSION 115 CHAPTER FIVE – A PASTORAL REFLECTION ON MISSION OF THE CHURCH- WITH-SOCIETY IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 118 5.1 INTRODUCTION 118 5.1.1 The concept of inter-relatedness of pastoral ministry and mission 119 5.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF WORLDVIEWS 122 5.2.1 Christological anthropology / worldview 122 5.2.2 African worldviews 126 5.2.3 Worldview and meaning of life 129 5.3 TRANSGENERATIONAL CONFLICT AND PASTORAL MINISTRY 132 5.3.1 Effect of transgenerational conflict 132 5.3.2 Causes of transgenerational conflict 134 5.3.3 Dealing with transgenerational trauma 135 v 5.3.4 Generational transmission of trauma 138 5.3.5 Effects of PTSD on conflict management 139 5.3.6 Pastoral ministry and mission in conflict situations 140 5.4 SIN, THE ORIGIN OF CONCLICT 143 5.5 MISSIOLOGICAL NEEDS 144 5.5.1 Mission and social justice 146 5.5.2 Mission and politics 147 5.5.3 Mission and power 149 5.5.4 Missional movement 154 5.5.5 Mission and public responsibility 155 5.5.6 Mission and peace making 157 5.5.7 Mission and social structure 161 5.6 CONCLUSION 164 CHAPTER SIX – GUIDELINES REGARDING CONFLICT MANAGEMENT BASED ON A PASTORAL MISSIOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR THE CHURCH IN OGBA COMMUNITY 167 6.1 INTRODUCTION 167 6.2 STEP 1 – REPENTANCE AND RECONCILIATION 168 6.2.1 Repentance 168 6.2.2 Reconciliation 172 6.2.3 Theological reflection on the causes of conflict in Niger Delta 184 6.2.4 The church as an example of communal living 187 6.3 STEP 2 – EDUCATING THE COMMUNITY 188 6.3.1 Teaching to observe God’s commandments 188 6.3.2 The influence of mission in community peace 192 6.3.3 Knowledge on the effects of transgenerational conflict 193 vi 6.3.4 Strategies for social transformation 195 6.3.5 Missional leadership in conflict management 197 6.4 STEP 3 – COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGY 198 6.4.1 Development as missional approach 199 6.4.2 Developmental approach 202 6.4.3 Dependency and underdevelopment 204 6.4.4 Development as a mission of God for the church 204 6.4.5 Developmental agenda 205 6.4.6 The principle of community development 207 6.4.7 Identifying community needs 207 6.4.8 Community participation 208 6.4.9 Collaboration with relevant stakeholders 208 6.5 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR RELATIONSHIPS 209 6.6 CONCLUSION 211 CHAPTER SEVEN – SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS 213 7.1 INTRODUCTION 213 7.2 SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTERS 213 7.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES 219 7.4 CONCLUSION 221 LIST OF REFERENCES 223 ADDENDUM A: ACRONYMS AND MEANINGS 243 ADDENDUM B: QUESTIONAIRE 245 ADDENDUM C: PARTICIPANT INFORMATION LEAFLET AND CONSENT FORM 248 ADDENDUM D: ETHICS CLEARANCE CERTIFICATE 255 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful to the Almighty God, all glory, adoration and thanksgiving to Him, who has made this study possible. From the beginning it was like an ocean that I cannot cross, a mountain that I cannot climb, a dreadful and lonely desert, but the grace of God sustained me and his love and mercy saw me through. I give thanks to God for the knowledge, strength, and enablement. The timing for the studies, and the choice of the institution (North-West University) was divinely manifested. I praise God for His sustaining presence, which gave life and wisdom. His grace has been sufficient for me throughout the period of my studies. It is not out of place to say I am indebted to North-West University whose system and financial support have been of great encouragement to me from the beginning to the end of my research programme. It is worth mentioning the contribution of the following committed staff members of NWU: Dr. Amanda Du Plessis, my promoter is a devoted, intelligent and hard working woman. Without her commitment in service, I wouldn’t have been able to complete this programme in good time. Prof. Johannes Knoetze as a co-promoter also has been of great encouragement to me; sometimes he goes the extra mile to send useful resource materials for my use. Thanks to Dr. Lutricia Snell for her contribution to my study at the early stage. I will not forget Prof. Henk Stoker, also Dr. Raymond Potgieter for their concern and friendliness. I appreciate Mrs. Hester Lombard and all the library staff, Faculty of Theology Potchefstroom. I want to express my appreciation to the following for their financial contribution towards my study: EMS of ECWA, Jos; ECWA Seminary Church, Jos; ECWA Goodnews Achina kaduna and ECWA/SIM, Jos. Their support and prayers were a great encouragement to me. I am indebted to the following individuals who rendered financial assistance to me: the family of Rev. Dr. Bakari I. Bunga; Mrs. Grace Yakubu and family; Rev. Stephen P. Baba and family. I will also not forget to mention Rev. Samaila Jafun. I thank God for their lives. I also owe it a duty to recognise those who supported me with their library resources: Rev. Dr. Benjamin Buba; Rev. Ishaku Katuri. In this line, I will not forget Jos ECWA Theological Seminary (JETS) whose library and environment was conducive to my studies in Nigeria. My prayer for all these and many more who also support me in prayer is that God will multiply a thousand fold all your resources and efforts that were spent for me. This acknowledgement will be inconclusive without mentioning my beloved wife Roseline who remains committed to the family even in my absence. Her unerring commitment and love added value and swiftness to this research. viii ABSTRACT Due to the fallen nature of mankind, conflict became inevitable in the world. The ability to effectively manage conflict will lead to peace and sustainable development. However, as argued in this research the humans’ actions are not enough to bring peace to any community.
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