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Proquest Dissertations ROLE OF NARRATIVES IN THE HINDU MUSLIM CONFLICT IN GUJARAT By RUCHI SHARMA B.A., Simon Fraser University, 2004 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS In CONFLICT ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard. Hrach Gregorian, PhD Academic Supervisor Fred Oster, PhD Program Head, Conflict Analysis and Management Gregory Cran, PhD Director, School of Peace and Conflict Management ROYAL ROADS UNIVERSITY August 2005 © Ruchi Sharma, 2008 Library and Archives Bibliothgque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'6dition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-64423-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-64423-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thdses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celie-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimis ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada Narratives in Guj arat 2 Abstract The purpose of this research project was to examine the Hindu-Muslim conflict narratives in the city of Ahmedabad in Gujarat that has been polarized and segregated along religious lines by the violence in 2002. The research findings revealed that the narratives of the Hindus living in Ahmedabad contained themes of Muslim aggression, traditional antagonism and external affiliates. The research also revealed that Hindus with a higher level of inter-group interaction were less likely to report these narrative themes. The paper also presents a critical analysis of the myths and stereotypes contained in the Hindu collective narrative. It examines the role of this narrative in the maintenance and perpetuation of the conflict and presents recommendations for building peace in Gujarat. Narratives in Guj arat 3 Acknowledgements This project has taken me a long time to complete and it would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of many people. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my heartfelt thanks to> Hrach Gregorian:- my debt of gratitude to you is infinite. You are the best advisor a student can ask for. Your patience, encouragement, wisdom and humor have kept me sane throughout this process. Thank you for always showing me the light at the end of the tunnel. Fred Oster & Greg Cran:- for taking me seriously and opening a lot of doors that would have otherwise remained closed. Lauren:- for your animated chats and sympathetic shoulder. You rock!! Iqbal Baig:- for your patience in dealing with my ignorance and for recommending such excellent books to increase my knowledge about the conflict. Afroz Baig:- for your blind faith in me and for your encouragement, without which I might have given up. Sushma Aunty, Bhavna, Vivek & Kenshuk:- for your incredible zeal and attitude towards this project. Without your resourcefulness, I would never have collected enough data. Angirish family:- for inviting me so warmly into your lives and home. Vicky Bhaiya:- for referring me to my first contact. You helped put things in motion. Ballal, Hannan, Bhavna, Namrata, Rajah, Sagar & Shobha:- for keeping my spirits up. You're all my angels! Siddarth & Paarth:- for your slogans, antics, jokes, distractions and total support. Thank you for showing me the lighter side of life. Neeta Didi & Jijaji:- for giving me a home away from home and protecting me against my will ! :) Mansi, Arnav & Rayan - for being a constant reminder of all the pure and good things in life. Naniji & Ammi:- for seeking divine intervention for the completion of this thesis ! :) Saima Shah:- for your crazy ideas, long discussions and humorous takes on the situation. Your spirit is truly ancient.:) Rajiv & Anshu Gautam: for fighting so many battles on my behalf. Your support is invaluable. Narratives in Guj arat 4 My best friend, Sumaiya and My brother Sonu:- for bearing the brunt of my madness and not letting me quit. Your belief in me is the foundation of my self- confidence. Jai:- for bringing magic into my life!! Narratives in Guj arat 5 Dedication To My parents: Hari Gopal Sharma & Manju Sharma My strength comes from your courage, my knowledge from your wisdom, my resilience from your patience. You've made my dreams come true and given me the world. Narratives in Guj arat 6 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgment 3 Dedication 5 Table of Contents 6 Epigraph 7 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 10 CHAPTER 2: SCOPE OF THE CONFLICT AND RESEARCH FOCUS 12 Gujarat Background 12 Godhra Incident 15 2002 violence 17 Role of RSS, VHP, BD and Police 18 Evidence of State Backing and Discrimination 18 Post 2002 20 My Research Focus 21 CHAPTER 3: NARRATIVES AND CONFLICT 23 Narrative Definition 23 Collective Narratives 23 Formation of Narratives 24 Consequences of Narratives in Conflict Situations 27 CHAPTER 4: HINDU NARRATIVE 30 Hindu Narrative 31 Narrative Myths 32 Myths Present in Hindu Narrative 33 Founding Myth 34 Coming of Islam 35 Muslim Atrocities 36 Destruction of Temples 36 Humiliation of Women 36 Religious Persecution 37 Forced Conversions 38 Partition 39 Muslim Stereotypes 39 Privileged Muslims 42 Muslim Population 42 Fundamentalist Muslims 43 United Muslims 44 Terrorist Muslims 44 CHAPTER 5: ROLE OF HINDU NARRATIVES IN THE HINDU-MUSLIM CONFLICT IN GUJARAT 46 Source of Hatred 46 Cognitive Inferences 47 Criminal & Mafia elements 48 Economic Factors 50 Narratives in Guj arat 7 Riot Production 50 Political Mobilizations/ Social Movements 53 Processions 54 CHAPTER 6: RESEARCH QUESTIONS 56 Research Question 1 56 Hypotheses 56 Hypothesis 1.1 56 Hypothesis 1.2 57 Hypothesis 1.3 57 Hypothesis 1.4 58 Hypothesis 1.5 58 Research Question 2 59 Hypotheses 59 Hypothesis 2.1 59 Hypothesis 2.2 60 CHAPTER 7: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 61 Research Approach 61 Research Method 63 Ethical Issues and Considerations 64 Research Participants 66 Procedure 67 Research Limitations 68 Personal Biases 69 CHAPTER 8: FINDINGS 71 Research Question 1 71 Research Question 2 75 Additional Findings 78 Intergroup Interactions 78 The 'Other' Narrative 79 Narrative Analysis 80 CHAPTER 9: DISCUSSION 82 Reputation for Aggression 82 External Affiliates 83 Traditional Antagonism 83 Additional Findings 84 Blame Attribution to Politicians 84 Inter-group Interaction 84 CHAPTER 10: RECOMMENDATIONS 86 Post 2002 Social Situation 87 NGO's In Gujarat 88 Recommendation 1: Utilize Positive Approaches to Peacebuilding 90 Recommendation 2: Focus on Education System 93 Recommendation 3: Promote Intergroup Contact Among Youth 94 Narratives in Guj arat 8 Recommendation 4: Use Narrative Mediation Techniques to Build a Counter Narrative 96 Conclusion 99 REFERENCES 100 FOOTNOTES 104 APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE 106 APPENDIX B: CONSENT LETTER 116 APPENDIX C: CODING SCHEME 116 Narratives in Guj arat 9 Epigraph An error does not become truth by reason of multiplied propagation, nor does truth become error because nobody will see it. Mahatma Gandhi Narratives in Guj arat 10 Chapter One - Introduction "There is no such thing as fiction or non-fiction, there is only narrative" E.L. Doctorow as cited in Henry, 1997, p.32 All groups have stories about the origin and history of their group. These stories are a part of the group's collective narrative and serve as an organizing principle for people to understand the purpose and meaning of their existence (White, 2003). In conflict situations, such collective narratives explain the eruption and history of the conflict. However, narratives often misrepresent history in order to glorify the in-group and demonize the out-group. They contain biased stories that are based on selective, distorted or invented facts. Still these narratives are accepted by group members as true accounts of their group's past and form the basis for their psychological investment in the conflict and their rationalization of conflict related violence. (Kacowicz, 2005; Lieberman, 2006) Opposing groups in conflict situations have narratives that reflect their distinct perception of history and events. Such polarizing narratives create a cycle of blame and revenge where groups usually view themselves as victims and the others as perpetrators (Kacowicz, 2005). In such situations, conflict resolution and eventual reconciliation depend on changes in the collective narratives. (Rotberg, 2006) In order to change narratives, we have to first analyze them. The purpose of this research project therefore is to examine the conflict narratives of the people living in the city of Ahmedabad, in the state of Gujarat, India.
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