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WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS for ENID BEETLES with Larval and Adult Keys to the Eastern Genera

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WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS for ENID BEETLES with Larval and Adult Keys to the Eastern Genera ?vg WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR ENID BEETLES with larval and adult keys to the eastern genera Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board Tennessee Department of Public Health Nashville, Tennessee 1964 Abstract The riffle beetle family (Elmidae, Coleoptera) has generally been considered a "clean-water" group in the benthic community. Recent studies in Tennessee have shown that several species are tolerant of a wide variety of effluents, and may be found even in poorly aerated sections of polluted streams. Illustrated flow chart identification keys are included for both larvae and adults of the eastern genera. The response of many species to different pollutants is given. The lower Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers apparently do not have an Elmid fauna. Stenelmis sexlineata is most indifferent to a wide spectrum of effluents and environmental conditions. (front cover: Ancyronyx varieptus from the Duck River, Columbia, Tennessee) WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS OF 1211. FAMILY ELMIDAE (COLEOPTERA) (with keys to the larvae and adults of the eastern genera). Ralph M. Sinclair Principal Biologist TENNESSEE STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH March 24, 1964 Page Introduction Characters Used in Identification and Classification 1 A. Adult B. Larva Description of Genera and Species 6 A. Adults and larvae 1. Ancyronyx variegatus 2. Stenelmis 3. Microcylloepus pusillus 4. Macron glabratus 5 0 Limnius latiusculus 6. Dubiraphia a. quadrinotata b. vittata 7. Gonielmis dietrichi 8. Optioservus 9. Promoresia a. elegans b. tardella Elmid Distribution in Tennessee 8 Correlation of Stream Conditions 8 Water Quality Requirements 9 A. pH B. D.O. C. Chlorides D. Particulate Matter E. Pre-impoundment Studies References 11+ -1 - The sensitivity to sewage and industrial wastes of the beetle Family Elmidae (Coleoptera), reported by several investigators has not been borne out in studies on Elmids in Tennessee streams undertaken by the Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board, and also by Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) biologists (3, 9, 10). Young 116) states that: . the members of the family Elmidae, are extremely sensitive to even mild pollution and quickly disappear from streams which receive even moderate amounts of indus- trial wastes." Gaufin (4) found Stenelmis crenata and Stenelmis sexlineata only in the clean- est streams in Ohio. The Riff;ie Beetles or Elmidae have usually been classed as mem- bers of the clean water community. This is true for certain species, but others are notoriously resistant to a variety of effluents. Flmids are aquatic in both larval and adult stages. Ancyronyx is wingless, Macronychus has vestigial wings, and some species populations (such as Gonielmis dietrichi) have winged and wingless individuals. Winged individuals of somespe- cies are attracted to lights. The adults are found clinging to logs and stones in even the swiftest of streams, and are not always noticed, since the smallest Limnius latiusculus is only one mm long, and the largest, Macronychus glabratus is three and one half mm in length. The larvae are found in similar locations along with the adults. Both larvae and adults can be keyed out with the aid of a dissecting micro- scope, but certain parts must be mounted and examined under higher magnification. Being covered with various spines, patches of tomentum etc. they are generally rather trashy. For positive identification the trash should be cleaned off, using a closely trimmed camels hair brush. The larval terminal abdominal segment has a ventral oper- culm allowing the expansion and retraction of three tufts of slender filaments and two hooks. (See fig. 12). In Dubiraphia this segment is quite long as well as the gills it contains. The family was in a muddled state prior to the successful efforts of Dr. Sander- son (13), in bringing order. His technique of association and elimination if applied as assiduously to the species would enable us to have a fairly workable larval key. The larvae are separable only to genus in some cases, and in the case of Stenelmis the many species have not been separated. A good species key for Stenelmis adults is in- cluded in Sanderson's monograph of that genus (12). CHARACTERS USED IN IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION Characters The following characters are useful for classification of the Elmidae. Head: Number of antennal segments (7 in Macronychus, 11 in others), mandible with lateral lobe (Microallom10, number of segments of maxil- lary PalPUajOnly 3 in Limnius). Pronotum: Outline of lateral margins (serrated etc.), carinal features, color. -2 - Prosternal leg: Patch of tomentum on anterior tibia (a very close examination under the microscope is re- quired for this), tarsal claw (Ancyroux has a basal tooth). Elytra: Striae, color pattern, shape. Abdominal sternites: Last sternite produced as a lateral lobe on margin (Microcyll22122). Male aedagus: Valuable for species identification in Stenelmis. Larval Characters Head: Anterior margin of frons (produced on lateral margin, simple, or serrated). Prothorax: Arrangement of prosternal plates (with posterior sternal plate, Stenelmis), lateral hair fringe (Ancyronyx), post-pleurite divided or single, two dark lateral marks on all thoracic tergites (Gonielmis, see fig. 6). Mesothorax: Arrangement of mesopleural plates (divided or single). Metathorax: Arrangement of metapleural plates (divided or single), if divided comparative size of two plates. Abdominal segment: Lateral margins produced as spines (Ancyronyx, see fig. 1) posterior margins of tergites (with long hair fringe as in Macronychus, fig. 2, and 7, or with bifid spines with overlapping setal brush as in some 2Lioservus, fig. 5), The spines, scales, etc. on the larvae are quite significant in identifi- cation, and may be examined under a compound microscope (carefully pull off the tergal plate, scraping off any loose muscular tissue, mount in glycerine or CMC-10 etc. for a revealing examination), number of pleura (Macrony- chus has six, the others seven), lateral short spines at middle on mesosthorax and first eight abdominal tergites (Dubiraphia and Macronychus),same type short spines on first two thoracic segmentsand first eight abdominal segments (Stenelmis decorata), prominent humps on meson on posterior margin (Promoresia and Gonielmis, see fig. 6 and 12), meso-lateral humps (Promores . Terminal Segment: Length (four times long as wide in Dubiraphia),_ _ _ humped, each side projected and elongated posteriorly (Macronychus, see fig. 2), shape of operculum, curvature of anal hooks, KEY TO THE RIFFLE BEETLES, FAMILY ELMTDAE (Coleoptera) ADULTS anterior tibia without anterior tibia with fringe of tomentum fringe of tomentum tarsal claw with tarsal claw without basal tooth basal tooth Ancyronyx variegatus Stenelmis (app. 17 species) serrated pronotum pronotum smooth weakly serrated A strongly Pl serrated Optioservus (app. 5 species) and transversely depressed antenna 11 segmented Microcylloepus pusillus weakly serrated Macronychus qlabratus antenna 7 segmented pronotal carina pronotal carina carina extending short or weak lacking full length Dubiraphia (2 species) of pronotum Limnius latiusculus elytral pattern differs carina short Promoresia (3 species) elytral markings oblique Gonielmis dietrichi RMS 2-64 Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board KEY TO THE RIFFLE BEETLES, FAMILY ELMIDAE (Coleoptera) LARVAE c:ZZ) prothorax with posterior sternum prothorax without posterior sternum anterior edge of not serrated terminal segment terminal segment frons serrated proportionately five times longer Microcylloepus pusillus short than wide body elongated Dubiraphia ( 2 species'-) posterior angles not produced Stenelmis (app.-17 species) posterior angles of abdominal segments produced Ancyronyx variegatus mesopleuron divided mesopleuron undivided abdominal tergites strongly abdominal tergites not humped at middle conspicuously humped Promoresia (3 species) Optioservus (app. 5 species) six abdominal pleura seven abdominal pleura Macronychus glabratus anterior pleurite of meso and anterior pleurite of meso and metaplpuron each long and narrow metapleuron each short and broad Gonielmii dketrichi Limnius latiusculus RMS 2- 64 Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board • LARVAL CHARACTERS OF SELECTED ELMIDAE (1 - 13) Microcylloepus pusillus (first abdominal tergite) -\r-0 0 o b 0 c:‘ O D O 0 O 0 00 0 0 0 \° I -. 0 o I V;I I °I „1' 3 (posterior tergal spines) 4 5 Microcylloepus Optioservus sR. 1 6 glabratus Ancyronyx variegatus Macronychus Gonielmis dietrichi (posterior tergal spines) tergal scale ,A 44 A.' 7 8 9 10 11 Macronychus Gonielmis Promoresia Gonielmis hydrofuge Dubiraphia vittata (adult) 13 (tergite 6 dorsal 14 Promoresia (elegans ?) -6 DESCRIPTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES Anycronyx variegatus Germar, 1824. (Fig. 1, larva; front cover, adult). Adult: Spider-like, distinctive red marks on body and legs, basal tooth on tarsal claw, all coxae widely separated. Larvae: As distinctive as adult, the first eight abdominal segments are produced at posterior angles, prothorax with stiff lateral fringe of setae. Stenelmis Adult: Patch of tomentum on anterior tibia lacking, keys based mainly on elytral pattern, and aedagus of male. Most can be keyed out using Sanderson's key (12). Larvae: Posterior sternum present, antero-lateral angle of frons pro- duced (Ancyronyx frons is similar and Microcylloepus has serrated frons). Have not been separated to species. The scales and spines might be used in producing a workable key. Microcylloepus pusillus LeConte.
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