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Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L

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Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Scientific Name: Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Synonyms: Adiantum africanum R. Br., Adiantum capillus Sw., Adiantum trifidum Willd. ex Bolle, Adiantum tenure var. dissectum M. Martens & Galeotti, Adiantum schaffneri E. Fourn., Adiantum remyanum Esp. Bustos, Adiantum pseudocapillus Fée, Adiantum paradiseae Baker, Adiantum modestum Underw. Adiantum michelii Christ, Adiantum formosum R. Br. Adiantum fontanum Salisb., Adiantum coriandrifolium Lam., Adiantum capillus-veneris var. trifidum Christ Adiantum capillus-veneris var. rimicola (Sloss.) Fernald Adiantum capillus-veneris var. protrusum Fernald Adiantum capillus-veneris var. modestum (Underw.) Fernald, Adiantum capillus-veneris var. laciniatum Christ ex Tardieu & C. Chr., Adiantum capillus-veneris f. fissum (Christ) Ching, Adiantum capillus-veneris var. fissum Christ, Adiantum capillus-veneris f. dissectum (M. Martens & Galeotti) Ching Family: Pteridaceae Subfamily: Vittarioideae Genus: Adiantum Species: capillus-veneris Family: Pteridaceae Parts used: Leaves, rhizomes Common Name: Pershiaoashan, Maiden hair fern, avenca adianto, alambrillo, barun, cabello de venus, capilera, capille e jenere, celantillo, centaurea, cilantrillo, culandrillo, culantrillo de pozo, culantrillo, fern karn dam, frauenhaar, hansraj, helechoculantrillo, herba capillorum-veneris, ladies' hair, venus hair fern. Plant Description: Adiantum capillus-veneris L. grows from 6 to 12 in (15 to 30 cm) in height; its fronds arising in clusters from creeping rhizomes 8 to 27.5 in (20 to 70 cm) tall, with very delicate, light green fronds much subdivided into pinnae 0.2 to 0.4 in (5 to 10 mm) long and broad; the frond rachis is black and wiry. Chemical Constituents: A. capillus-veneris contains triterpenes, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and carotenoids. Adiantone, adiantoxide, astragalin, beta-sitosterol, caffeic acids, caffeylgalactose, caffeylglucose, campesterol, carotenes, coumaric acids, coumarylglucoses, diplopterol, (E)-2-decenal, epoxyfilicane, fernadiene, fernene, filicanes, hopanone, hydroxy- adiantone, hydroxy-cinnamic acid, isoadiantone, isoquercetin, kaempferols, lutein, mutatoxanthin, naringin, neoxanthin, nicotiflorin, oleananes, populnin, procyanidin, prodelphinidin, quercetins, querciturone, quinic acid, rhodoxanthin, rutin, shikimic acid, violaxanthin, and zeaxanthin. 25 Isolated Chemical Constituents of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantoxide Adiantone Isoadiatone Ferna 7, 9 – (11) diene Hydroxyadiantone 7-Fernene Olean-12-en-3-one Olean-18-en-3-one Kaempferol-3-sulphate 26 Shikmic acid Naringin Nicotiflorin Rutin Actions of Herb: Anti-viral, hepatoprotective, anti-bacterial, detoxifier, stimulant, anti-oxidant, wound healer, blood cleanser, diuretic, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, anodyne, anti-fungal, cough suppressant, decongestant, menstrual stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, anti-tussive. Uses: It is used to suppress cough, dries secretions, reduces phlegm, to protects liver, kills viruses, reduces cholesterol, reduces blood pressure, supports gallbladder, as cardioprotective, increases urination, lowers blood sugar level, stimulates menstruation, used to treat respiratory tract diseases, for treatment of hair loss. It is used for the treatment of leprosy, animal bites, thyroid dysfunction and musculoskeletal disorders. Externally it is used for boils, eczema, and wounds. Side effects & Toxicity: Large doses may be emetic. Contraindications: A. capillus-veneris has been documented to lower blood sugar levels in animal studies. People with diabetes and people with hypoglycemia should use this plant with caution and monitor their blood sugar levels accordingly. A. capillus-veneris has a long history of use in herbal medicine systems to stimulate the uterus and promote menstruation; it is contraindicated in pregnancy. The plant has shown to have an anti-implantation effect in animal studies and may prevent conception. Couples seeking fertility treatment or pregnancy should not take A. capillus-veneris . Due to its effect on fertility and menstruation, A. capillus-veneris may have estrogen-like effects and should probably be avoided by women with estrogen-positive cancers. Drug Interactions: A. capillus-veneris may potentiate insulin and antidiabetic drugs. 27 Standard dosage: leaves or rhizomes, Infusion: 1/2 cup twice daily; Tincture: 1-3 ml twice daily; Capsules: 2 g twice daily.One-half cup leaf infusion twice daily or 1-3 ml of a 4:1 root tincture used twice daily. If desired, 1-2g of powdered leaf or root in tablets or capsules twice daily can be substituted. Pre-Clinical Studies: The plant has demonstrated little toxicity. However, in animal studies, it has been shown to have an antifertility effect. In the 1980s, two separate researchers in India found that a pet ether extract of the plant had an anti-implantation effect in rats, preventing conception. In 1989 scientists in Iraq demonstrated A. capillus-veneris 's antimicrobial properties. A methanol extract of the aerial parts was reported to have in vitro antimicrobial actions against Bacillus, E. coli, Staphylococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Candida. French scientists demonstrated that an ethanol extract of the rhizome evidenced antiviral properties in vitro against Vesicular stomatitis virus. Other early (1967) research showed that a water extract of the entire plant had hypoglycemic activity when given to mice (10 mg/kg) orally. Much later (in 1993), Belgium scientists confirmed that A. capillus-veneris leaves had in vivo hypoglycemic properties in mice. In one study, a water extract of the aerial parts was given to mice (25 mg/kg) orally and found to reduce glucose-induced hyperglycemia. An ethanol extract, however, showed no activity. They reconfirmed these findings in 1995 by demonstrating that a water extract reduced glucose- induced hyperglycemia. Physico-chemical parameters of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Extractive value% and ash value% are shown in table below: Sample Extractive value % Ash value % A. capillus-veneris L. Alcohol Water soluble Total ash Acid soluble insoluble ash 3.20±0.50 8.86±0.22 16.28±0.35 1.21±0.43 Singh S,Khatoon S, Singh H,Behera SK,Khare PB,Rawat AKS. A report on pharmacognostical evaluation of four Adiantum species, Pteridophyta, for their authentication and quality control. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn . 2013. 23(2):207-216. Analysis of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. powder Analysis of A. capillus-veneris L. powder was carried out and results are tabulated below: ANALYSIS SPECIFICATION RESULTS Appearance brown powder Complies Odor Complies specification 10:1 Complies Sieve analysis 95% pass 80 mesh Complies Loss on Drying ≤5.0% Complies Residue on Ignition ≤5.0% Complies Heavy Metal <10ppm Complies As ≤1ppm Complies Residual Solvents EP2000 Complies Residual Pesticide Negative Complies 28 Microbiology Total Plate Count <1000cfu/g Complies Yeast & Mold <100cfu/g Complies E. coli Negative Complies Salmonella Negative Complies Singh S,Khatoon S, Singh H,Behera SK,Khare PB,Rawat AKS. A report on pharmacognostical evaluation of four Adiantum species, Pteridophyta, for their authentication and quality control. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn . 2013. 23(2):207-216. Microscopic Examination Under the microscope, pinnule showed epidermal cells slightly wavy, elongated on both the surfaces, stomata were present on lower surface only, anomocytic; stomatal number 0-2 per mm 2, mesophyll parenchymatous, 2-3 layered, cells mostly oval and elongated with large intercellular spaces. Figure: Microscopy of pinnule of Adiantumcapillus-veneris L.; a. Upper surface; b. Lower surface; c. Epidermal cells and mesophyll in transverse view. Singh S, Khatoon S, Singh H, Behera SK, Khare PB, Rawat AKS. A report on pharmacognostical evaluation of four Adiantum species, Pteridophyta, for their authentication and quality control. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn . 2013. 23(2):207-216. Figure: Fronds powder of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. under the microscope; UE: upper epidermal cell; LE: lower epidermal cells; SG: sporangia; AN: annulus cells; SP: spores; FB: fiber; TD: tracheid. Singh S, Khatoon S, Singh H, Behera SK, Khare PB, Rawat AKS. A report on pharmacognostical evaluation of four Adiantum species, Pteridophyta, for their authentication and quality control. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn . 2013. 23(2):207-216. 29 Section cutting of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Transverse section of rachis of A. capillus-veneris L. was almost circular with two wild depressions. It showed thick cuticle followed by single layered epidermis. Hypodermis consists of 2-4 layers of sclerenchyma followed by collenchymatous ground tissue. Endodermis was thick walled. Below endodermis thin walled delicate tissues were present which breaks when cut the sections. The soft pericycle and cells of stellar region were damaged. A bean shaped monostele attached to the side leaving hollow remaining portion. Phloem surrounds the xylem inprotostele. Figure: TS Rachis of Adiantum capillus-veneris L. cer: ceratenchyma; cu: cuticle; end: endodermis; gt: ground tissue; hyp: hypodermis; ph: phloem; ste: stele; xy: xylem. Singh S, Khatoon S, Singh H, Behera SK, Khare PB, Rawat AKS. A report on pharmacognostical evaluation of four Adiantum species, Pteridophyta, for their authentication and quality control. Rev.Bbras. Farmacogn . 2013. 23(2):207-216. Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy of A. capillus-veneris L. FTIR spectroscopy was used for the compound identification and run under IR region between the ranges of 400 and 4000 cm −1. The peaks (see Figures 1 to
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