21 Article Medicinal leeches: historical use, ecology, genetics and conservation J.Malcolm Elliott1 and Ulrich Kutschera2 1 Freshwater Biological Association, The Ferry Landing, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK. Email:
[email protected] 2 Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, D-34109 Kassel, Germany. Email:
[email protected] Received 27 April 2011; accepted 22 June 2011; published 18 July 2011 Abstract After a short introduction to the classification of medicinal leeches, their historical use in phlebotomy (blood-letting) and contemporary use in neurobiology and medicine are summarised. Over-collecting of wild Hirudo medicinalis in Europe led to reduced populations and the need to import other species, especially the closely related Hirudo verbana from Turkey and, more recently, the Caribbean and Asian leech, Hirudinaria manillensis. The limited information on the quantitative ecology of European medicinal leeches is summarised next. They require warm-water ponds with a range of suitable hosts, especially amphibians, to survive and prosper. Medicinal leeches can persist with a low minimum viable population size, which may be typical of rare freshwater invertebrates in isolated habitats, especially species limited by high temperature requirements and specialised food sources. Phylogenetic relationships, using molecular methodology, show that there are at least two independent lineages of medicinal leeches with Hirudo medicinalis, H. verbana and Hirudinaria manillensis being closely related. The type species, H. medicinalis, was once abundant in Europe but is now rare and on the endangered list in several countries. Genetic studies have confirmed the erroneous marketing of H. verbana as H. medicinalis. It is highly probable that H.