Pakhal Inscription of the Reign Of

d e ra ba dA rc haeo lo g ic a l S e r i es .

N o . 4 .

PA KHAL I NSCRI PTION OF T H E RE IGN OF TH E KAKA TIYA GA NA PA TI DE VA .

PUBLI SHE D

BY H IS E XA LTE D I H E N I Z A M'S V H GH NE SS T GO E RNME NT .

P i n ed the Ba ti st Mi ssio n ess C at alc utta . r t p Pr ,

RE SOL TI ON U .

’ P roceedi n s 0 H i s E xaltedH i hn ess the N i zam s Go ver nmen t i n the udi ci a l g / g J , P oli ce a n dGen er al D ep a rtments (A

N — M s e n e . o . a o s ag, i c l l u

D at e H e a ba D e an 2 2 nd 1 1 . d yd r d , cc , July, 9 9

RE A D

I h 1 1 D Ma f m r D . 1 . e a e s t . B M A . i D L et o . L . a ne . tt . K ee e o f Ori en t l t r , d t d rc , 9 7 , r r tt, , L , p r a

P n t e B o o k s andMSS. B i sh M s e t o t h e n en e S en o f A h aeo o . ri d , rit u um , up ri t d t rc l gy

2 . L e t er N o . 1 60 a e 1 t h I i wurdad1 2 6 F as i f o t h e Se et a a P o e t , 7, d t d 3 g , 3 l , r m cr ry Judici l , lic

’ an dGen e a D e a en s t o t h e F n a n a Se e a H i s x a e H h n ess o v e n ! r l p rtm t i ci l cr t ry , E lt d ig G r

men t .

N o . 20 1 a e h u n e 1 1 f o t h F n an a . e t e t e z d e Se et a t o t h e 3 L t r , 3 , d t d Ju , 9 7 , r m i ci l cr ry Secre ’ a H i s E x al e H h n ess Go v e n ent a P o e an dGen e a D e a en t ry, t d ig r m , Judici l , lic r l p rtm ts .

OB SE RVA TION S

1 . P a w a s a a a . The pill r inscription of the kh l L ke ﬁrst noticed by Dr E .

- Mr . . H ult zsch in his A n nual Rep ort on E pi graphy for 1 90 2 0 3 . G Y a z d ani visited the pla ce in the cold sea son of 1 9 1 6— 1 7 an dob ta ined inked impressions an dphotographs of the inscription as the esta mpages previously secured by scholars were not distinct enough for the purpose of an authorita tive rea ding of a the text of the record . He subse quently sent them on to Dr . L . D . B rnett , K M a P a n dMSS. eeper of the Orient l rinted Books , British useum , for decipher

an d ca l e es ment publica tion in the H ydera badA rcka ologi S ri .

” a a 1 2 . The inscription is carved on a squ re pill r ( 4 ea ch side) built a t the ’ ”

ba n dan d a ab . centre of the , rising to height of Q 3 ove the ground Owing to exposure to the inclemencies of the wea ther for severa l centuries the letters

a ab a a a a n d . a a a h ve been r ded in sever l pl ces , Dr B rnett must be congr tul ted on

a an d h a s a the p tience , industry skill which he exhibited in deciphering lmost the complete text of the record .

. a K ak at i a a I k sh v aku 3 Besides the gene logy of the y kings , which is tr ced to ,

Man dh at ri Sa a a Bh a i rat h a an dD a sa rat h a an d R a a , g r , g his son m , the inscription contain s the interesting sta tement that to the same line b elonged the K alikala

C o a 11. 6 a a a a R a o Sa h l ( 7 f ct lso mentioned in nother record , noticed in hib ’ K n s r - a a t i s n n ua l R rt E i a h 1 1 2 2 . S e o on r 1 16 . rish A p p g p y for 9 7 , p I

. Ga n a a t i dév a a n d 4 The record , further , extols the conquests of king p , in “ a a ada a Mumma di a as a the ﬁn l section , mentions one I g l , distinguished like ” a an da s a a a a a a a t w rrior st tesm n , who constructed m gniﬁcent t nk the

Maudal a-t i rt h a S — a n a h 11 1 g y close to the temple of iva R ma t a ( . 49 By the side of the tank he built a splendid city ca lled Ga n apapura a n dgranted a a a n d ma tula a K av i c h ak rav art i P m nsion ﬁve r of l nd to , Emperor of oets , who 2 2 composed the present record (ll . 3

ORD E R :

H dera ba dA re/i do lo i ca l Tha t the monogr aph b e published a s No . 4 of the v g

’ Seri es an dthe cordi a l tha nks of His Ex alted Highness Government be conveyed

. . . a to Dr L D B rnett for his schola rly edition of the record .

( By order)

H Y D A RI A . ,

reta r to Govern men t Sec y ,

udi ci al P oli ce an dGen eral D e ar tmen ts . j , p

o r w a r dto C py fo de .

- - I The Sadru I Mih am P eshi to His Ex a lted Highness the Ni za m .

2 S a G P a a . The ecret ry to overnment , olitic l Dep rtment

F . . S a G a a a 3 The ecret ry to overnment , in nci l Dep rtment R S a G e D a . 4 The ecret ry to ov rnment , evenue ep rtment

5 . The D irector of P ublic I nstruction . 6 . The Superintendent of Archaeology . i S G P a a r da . 7 The uperintendent , overnment ress , for public tion in the ] PA KHA L ' I NSCRI PTION OF TH E RE IGN OF A T DEVA TH E KA KA TIYA GA NA P I .

h as a a b H ult z s c h A n n u l D r . a This record , which lre dy een noticed by in his

- Re ort o n E i ra h 1 0 2 0 . an p p g p y for 9 3 , p 5 , is incised on the four sides of upright rect

a l a a t P a h a o f ' w h i ch - an d a ngu r block of stone k l , ink impressions photographs h ve

M Y a z a . been supplied to me by r . d ni At the top of the ﬁrst fa ce of the stone

, re a a s cul u r es t a a a a two b nds of co rsely executed pt , the ﬁrs cont ining squ tting Ga e a an d an d ﬁgure of n s with the moon on the proper right the sun on the left, the se 0 nd a b o ar (the device of the K ak at i ya ki ngs) vi t h a ka lasa or jar on ea ch \9 y — ~ side The ch ar a c ter is a fa ir Telugu of the period; the height of the letters is 2 a a a a vi murtcli a ti . 1 . a a . a a rn 2 from 1 6 in . to g in The p l t l p pe rs in , l 3 The spir te

- h a a a 1. 2 an d dh n d a e . ad is de oted by with sm ll curve underne th it ( g in g 4, “

- — da ha 1. a an u a e a a o d A g g , S g , s reg rds l the whole epigr ph is in nskrit verse,

‘ a 11 2 0 a a except for short epilogue in Telugu prose ( . 3 The style is r ther mbi

a n da a m a tious , mong the words of lexic l interest y be noticed the following

‘ - — r rn a t ta rn a 11. 0 I 88 l . a ra 2 1 XI . a ra da a . g ( g g ( on which see bove, Vol , p

—6 a a i nn l s ra . k a vi 11. 2 a a i e arn ha ri a . n j ( 5 , but r ther uncert in) ; f (l (l g h ' k 11 — 1 rné a ni a ra . t i t 1 . ud li a 1 a va a mas a 8 ray a ( 43 g ( 44 5) gad ( . (l . 9 ) per “ ”

rnti . 8 sa tta a ha ps a bhya (l 9 ) in pp a rently the sense of a uthority (1.

’ t tka 1 t 1 0 a . s ha u i n a la . ja rngha (l 4 ) (l 97) r (l . I t is interesting to observe th t h as = = a a za K ol amka bhan mn amka . V . our uthor borrowed the st n g , etc (

k i XXI . 2 0 0 n K a at a I n di an A n ti ua r . which is fou d on two other y records ( q y , Vol , p , I I a I nd . X . an dE i r . a a a p g , Vol , p here we ﬁnd slight v ri tion of re ding ,

- - - - - da n a n amely alma n o ya t pra ti bhata ta runi instea d of yadri p u s trt vi n arni ta va .

a : a . 1 The m etr e shows consider able v riety . V is not cle r to me it seems to

a matra- ckkan da s a a al - a n mok be kind of , consisting of mor s , h f g

- W e a ckha n da si ka follow ed by a h a lf vai tali ya with a upa ckehka n da si ka ca dence . h ve

h 2 8 6— 0 sardula vi kr i ta 0 2 — 0 — 1 1 ushtub v v . 2 a n i d v v . 34, 4 ; in , 4, , 3 4 ; in 3 , , 3 5 , 3 , 1 — — — 6 1 8 ha ri i 1 1 8 i n v v . s ra dhara V V . 2 2 2 2 2 rn dl i g in 5 , 7, 9, , 5 7, 9 , , 9 , 3 3 in , n in i 1 us k i t r — n davi ta tha koki laka h r . 1 0 Si k a i v v 1 1 2 a a v v . 1 a v . n in , ; p p g in 3 4 or — 8 . v v . 2 in 7 , 35

’ 1 o f Vi sh n u a The r eco r dopens with invocations of Ga nesa (11. in his bo r

a a a b o ar w a s K ak a t i a s 11. 6 inc rn tion , chosen bec use the the device of the y (

11 1 0 an d a a G a a an dof the moon ( . then nnounces tha t it is decree of king g

’ 11 1 I t a a a a Sun Ma pat i ( . 7 rel tes th t from Vishnu s n vel rose the ; thence nu

11 1 I n a Ma ﬂ I k sh v ak u Man dh at ri Sa a a ( . 9 the line ge of nu there ourished , , g r , h 1 I n 11. Bh ag i rat a ( 1. 3 1 then D a sar at h a a n dhis son R ama ( 55 the

' w as 6 — 1 an d a sa me line K ar i k al a (here called K a lik al a ) C h ol a (11. 7 7 ) in p ssing

m a a a a a we y note th t the same interesting st tement is m de in nother record , ’ - 1 2 2 . a s t ri s n n ual Re ort o n E i ra 1 1 6 1 . noticed in R a o Sahib K rishn a S A p p g , 9 7, p K ak at i a i Our poet now rel ates th a t in the sa me lineage there a rose the y k ngs ’ P r él ar a a R u dr a dév a b M a ade a an dM a a e a D ur jaya , j , , his rother h v , h d v s son

1 a a Ga a a 11. G a napa ti (ll . 7 Then follows string of verses in pr ise of n p ti (

- = = 10 0 beginn ing with the popula r K ol amko bhaa mr i gamko to which we

a a d11 1 0 0 — 10 6 an d a re a a h a ve lre dy referre ( . ) we told th t he receives the hom ge

i K aSi K al n a Sa a mal av as K er a a T um m a a , of the k ngs of , i g , the k s , the , l , n the

u a K A r i m ar da P a a M a adh a e a a a n d C a . H n s , the u r us , ( g n) , g , N p l , the hol s (ll — — h a da B a n a 1 1 2 a a a . a 9 5) gross ex gger tion , of course He high minister , yy

11 1 2 b b a a a . b B ac h am am b a N y k ( 5 who y his wife egot three no le sons ,

G a a a all a G a a a an dJ a a da a M u m m adi . 1 2 a a da a n p ti , N n p , g l (ll 3 J g l

H a d w a s a a s a a an da s a a an umm i , who distinguished like w rrior st tesm , constructed

a a t a a t a l a -t i r t h a S a-R am m gniﬁcent nk the M au dg y , close to the temple of iv a

11 w da a 11 . 1 a s a a ar a a 1 0 natha ( 49 to which tt che s nctu y of Bh irav ( . 9

b a By the side of this he uilt a splendid city c lled G an ap ap u r a , a pp a rently in 1 0 honour of his elder brother N a lla Ga n ap a ( 1 . 2 3 an dgr anted a m ansion an d ” nmrtn lu a K av i c h ak r av ar t i P ﬁve of l nd to , Emperor of oets , who composed 2 the present record (11. 2 3 No speci ﬁc date is mentioned ; b ut a s the record refers itself to the reign of d a n d a s a n o V . G a n ap ati (v . 4) speaks of him h ving reig e l ng ( it m ay be a s b a 1 2 . signed to out 45 A . D The only geogr a phical n a mes mentioned a re the countries a n dna tions

11 1 —2 a s ay a G a a a b . 1 a a descri ed in 9 5 p ing hom ge to n p ti , to which we h ve lrea dy

- M au dal a t i r t h a . 1 60 A c h c h h oda M é n a s a a d referred , the g y (ll , the , , n

a n d 1 . P a mpa la kes (ll . 73 the town of G a n a p ap u r a (l 2 0 5 On A ch c hh oda “ ” M a - H a r i va nzSa . 2 . a a Ma n s ar o w a r a see , xviii 7 n s is the well known in N ri , ’ t h e . m 0 der l e t e n . P a a n H a a D V s r . Tibet mp is mpi , in Bell ry istrict

T l E XT .

F I RST SI D E .

Sv a st i Sr i Sa jayat i k alabh a - m u — k h o yah k at a - t a t a m a da - m a dita - n i n a da d- ali - ga ra d a - n i la i h pﬁ ra ya t i k a rn n a s v a—bh a j an a - mir a ta - j a na - s aka la - k u éa la - v ibh ﬁt ya i u Sriya m da dyad= V ar a = = h o v ah s ii h dhor yya sy 6 dg a t a s ya

‘

= ~ bh i i h m uh ﬁ rt t a m a k a r6 t = p 6 t ra

' l agn a -Sa i v a la - v ibh ra m a ni u

= - Bh ﬁv ad v ah k s h a n a da la l am a j a ga ti- n i rv v ééa - dh am a t raya st ri mSa — t - t i t ay L ﬁs a t ai i i s um a n a s a m = av ush ya m = ck -a ush a dh a 1n 1 ak a

- o n a n d h o o a h F ro m t h e i n k impre ssi p t g r p . ' Sa - v yapadeSa- D h ﬁrjja ti - ja t - ala rn k a — — ra- Ga mga- p aya h k allol aik ala - ch ch h a

' da- n ibh = an a rn daya ch amdri kala ll

- - — E t an = mﬁdyan ~ m ah i raja gaj a kesa ri v i bh r a — m a m G an ap at y av an i mdrasya Sasa n am c h ak rav ar t t i n ah u K sh i r6 de r uddh a

' rodh ah - k uh ara m = av i ra t arn dik sh u r a m — g a t t aramge t an v an o y6 g a- n i dram = i v a s a V ih ar a t e P a dh ma (dma )ya P a dman abh ah t an - n et rat = P a dmami t r arh s amajan i bhu

' va na - dh v amt a-ja mb ala -jri rnbh a-gadh- a ' — — v a sh t arnbh a- musht - i m( 6 )daya kira na jh a

- = [r]i san u man Bh an umali Manu r = abh av a d= a mush mad= adim ah k sh mapa

‘ t i n arn s t h i ra-n iyamit a- c h at urv v a rn ya dh armm a—v av a st a s t h a h l a a i v a a = ambh o ra y ( ) t t pun r ,

Sibh i r = jjat u lok ai r = n n a khalu ya d~ upa di ~

— ~ sht o larh ghyat é niti margg ah n P a sch at = t a dv a rn

= — kur urv v i rh Vajr = i v = ap ast a dai t y0 di

- - v am = as i ~ lat aya j a nya jih v ala bah u[h] [ I]

' yat t rayarn yasya dh at i- ch at u — — la-h a ya dh a (gh a) t a dhuli * — r apy= asi[ch ] = ch ak rav alah k sh i t ibh ri d an u k a

' ' ' la rn pams ul - ot sa rn g a-Sri rn g a h n Ta s mi n n = ajan i M arndh at a v a mse raj a ma * — h [a ] bh ujah mam = aya mdh asya t = i l t y = urv v i s v aya rnyam yasya s t an a m da da n

‘ ' Ta d-v a rn S-an y- arn Sum ali ga r a i v a = = — Sag at a (ra ) h Sat rav an am = at h as i n n as i r ai

' — - - k arng av i rayi t a V ilas at kh a dg a m e gh amk ar - asa h 1 g a rbhbh ad= ambh 6 n i dh eh k sh m a

' rn sv a

' yamyo bh ubh ri dbhyas = t am = av a

' t ara a d= ak rit a a sv -arn s a - -a y , pun h lil

' ' v at arn s arn Aj ani j a na ne t a s mi n n = a

- — kasa Sai v ali n i dh ar-av at a ra n a- ma ni- Sr en i

— - - — n i Sréni rup a tapo b ala h harid- ibh a ghat -a

- - — — I an odg adh a bh rama pra t ipadan a k sh am at a — m a jaya- s t a mbh ah k sh é n i pat i h s a Bh ag i ra th a h H I O ] , [

SE CON D SI D E .

= = - - K ul e t a s min n aSi d at ula b a la sali D a Sarat h ah

— - — - [su]ra s t ri s a mgi t a pra s ri m ara bhuj a Vi k ra m a

I R ea sva am d y , k a t h a h Ma r ut v a t - pr i t ya i y6 v ya t a n u t a ra n e Sa mba r a - Sir ah-k a rot i bh i h

- — = - k rodi k ri t a mita p ut i m a mb a ra t at i m = n Ta s mat t rat a t rayan am sa maj a

’ n i ja g a t am ja rng a m a - s t h av a r- atma - v ya k t y- a * — t m a sa d[1n ]a lak s h myah krite—jag a d—a mit ap a d—v i ram ah s a Rama h l s i mdh a u g a mt ri - pa th am yo v y at a n ut a pri thuna s et un a yat udh an an = a k h ya

' mt a k - asye D asasya rn Udabh av a dz a

- - = - t h a bh ﬁt al a ika vira s t a dabh ijan e K al ika 1a-C h 6 1a dév ah p ra n at i sh u c h a r an au nri

= ~ p a ya dh i (di ) ya u dv i g un am av €1dal a

= - - ya n ki r i t a bhasa n Sam aja n i kila t a t k u

‘ le n a remdrah kula - giri- s arn dra D u rjjay-akh ya h I pra ti- tuti kila ya m pr a na ' = ‘ mya bh umyarn pa da m alabh a n1t a s ap a t n a - bh ﬁmip alah n - a

= - — s i t = pun a r abhijan an e ja i t ra lakshmi niva = = s o lak sh mi v an = Vas aV ad apy ah i t a gaj a- ghat a- kesari P r ol ar a = jah ya sy ajﬁav a i n i dh at t e pa dam = av a l * — n ibh ri t am murdv i p [u ]sh n amt i ja i t ra sta m jrimbh a man ah pra ti- h a ri

- - - d= aja ra mdig g aj alan a lila[m] St ut v = €1~ = la m so = pi t as min n a jan i kila k [u]lé Ru dr adé

v a -k s h i t i mdra h s amdram rat rav = i v = a = h a n y upah a ra t i t a ram c h a mdrik a ' — rn ya s ya k i rt t i h k i mt c h = as i d—a- da s asa

= ~ - - k uh a ra m ah ar a h ah p remk h ada rusu pra * roh a -p ra s ph ﬁ rjja [d] - dv ada S- arkk a -v yat ik a ra - n i bi da -p ra u dh a - tap a h p ra t apa h u Ta t - s oda ryya h s a m udh r (dr ) - 6 t t a rala t a ra - t a r a mg - av a li - dh anta - vela- sa mk ri dadh (d) - v yﬁdh a - s é — — n a- s ubh at a Sak a t ik a n ei n i - s e( Si ) ma mt i — t - aéa h k ri t v a p ri t h v i m n i ra s t - ét a ra dh a ran ipa t i - Sren i muk t - ata p a t ram t a n v a n n = ek - at a pa t ram nudi * * t a - n i ( n i )ja - bh ujé t am M a h adév ar ajah II [ I 7 ] A

' t h a G a n ap a t i dév a s = t a s ya putro dh a ri t ri ni chi

ra m = a Sis h a d= a ée sh a - k s h mabh ri t amc h ak ra v a rt t i I

- = = 4 a v a t a m a s a dh a t i v a pra udh i m abh ya mt i bh a

' mﬁr dh Rea d m .

7 - R e ad i k dl a pal ni m z udi t a n

' 3 f u o m' c u n i v e i mm a - o X v l blm < m =rm I C . f a n i w l ) s l n t z l f fi n I L n . t i l g pu , iii o , - I 0 s o n s u m P H OT O L I T “. w . G R G GS . , I . D . BA R N E TT . SC A L E -28

R N PA K HA L PI LL A R I NSC IPT IO .

- m m o r e u r n . me o s a s o us . u , w . ca

BA RN E TT. L. o . S CA L E 9 3

PA K HA L PI LLA R I NSC RIPT ION .

' = = = - n au padarri ak ri t a t adan i n n an ya raja n ya

' - = = - sa tta K ol amk 6 bh ﬁn m rig aru ko n a va sa

= - ti k amalé Sri r i t i Sri V a rah ah prapt o

’ = = - n a isha priya sy 6 ras i r a ti v i ra t au lagn a = = g a mdarh prasupt a l i t y alape s akh i n am u shasi s a -k ut uk am s a- t rap a m S h a s t abhyam = at man 6 yat - p rat ibh at a - ta runi

- i dh at t e H st a i r = ri n ga mda p ali p a av ut é a

’ ° m ri dri so c h én = m ri é rn k a ~ bh ra m a n a n arn g aj no g n pota

’ dhi s = t umg ai s = t a ra rng —6 t k a ra i h i t t h a rn ya — — ' t prati di Sa rh dv i p arn t a ' * — — ra mg ac h c hh at arn Suddh a[rh ]t a p ra m a dah s a bh i — ' ti s a dayu (ya m) Sa ms a mt i s arnyat ri k ah

' t i s a rn t ras a—t a ra la m ah i p ala

' yasyarn v asati v a s udh emdro G a n ap ati h n a - dh ati- tur a ga - kh u

' [ra -n ]i rllothit a - Sira h- ka roti- s arn g h a v v v ]n ik ate syuh pura iti

TH I RD SI D E . = K aSi -n at h ah K al i mg ah Sa k a-dh ar an i p at i r M m a = - l av ah K ér alééa s T au mm an 6 H ﬁna b h u = - p ah K u r u -pa tir A r i m ar ddadh i p o M ag a = dh -esah N ep ala é C h ola-p ri th v i p at i r i t i V ina

— = - t an = ag ra t 0 raj a v argg an n am a grah a ’ h d—d [rn ] g rih i t v a s ada s i s a da s i yad( ) a réak a ' ' = = [dJarSayarnt i n Tas y as i t p ra t h a m a m pr a ‘ = - t h am arn pra dh an am ap ar am cheto dv i t i ya

' - - ki rn v apuh Sri m a dB ayyan a n ayak a h - h m = apa r am n i s s i m a b ﬁh

' — - — - prat yart t hi k s hi t ip ala m arn dala puri lu

' — - — mt ak a4d6 S- c h arn di m a sv ai ra s m ari t a R ama

' - — Bh argg aV a - P ri dh a(t h a) - put r - adi c h i t r ah av ah [n] — = — — As i d= A bdhi sut ev a K ai t abh a r ip oh Sri B ac h a

‘ m amb a pada rn prem n o B ayyan a-n aya

’ — - k a sya s ri (g ri )hi n i - ch aryy ap a r A rurn dh at i I t a

' syarn ta sya tu vid- V a (dh a) n 6 G an ap at i h s a [r]v v a

' ' - I n s ah a- jan m an arn s a rv v ésh arh suk ri t oda yaih sum an as am j ata h s a pu t r - atma n a s a N a lla -G an ap a — — h sv arllok a - k alloli n i n ai rmm aly at i Say

' t ilarngh an a- ka la- jarhgh ala - k i [r]t t y- a

’ I anz ﬂ o T h is se c o n d pr atha m is supe r u us . ka r ah ya sya tyag a-kala- p alayan a p a r a n = aiva Sraya mt e dri soh p arh t h a

‘ na rn Ma rut am n i ra mt a ra - ma no da i n y- av a danya dh ri (dru)mah Atha J a g a = = dala-M umm adi r = abh ut s uk ri t ai r jjag a — t am k sh i t i bh a ra n am ta tana bh ujayoh

— - se t ay0r = a n ujah B a li- B alabh adra K a dru t a

— — - — - — n ay E mdra - kul adri kula pra s ri m a r a sar a da

‘ m[b a ]r a - v i da rn b a n a - Saumda- bh ujah J ag ada

- = l a M umm adér = ayam amushya kripa

— - n a- v it ah p ra t ibh at a- r aj a v ak t ra Sat apat r a * ' vani- m a dh upah jaya t i j aga [t ] - t rayi rn t a d- a v a r odh a n a—v am adri sam smita - K usu m asa- V ig rah a na- dohala - durll ali t ah — Adi - krod- av ag ah a —pr a k at a p ari bh av a

' ' — - s = Tark sh ya - s a rnk sh u rn n a kukshi m atha - g r a

- - = = - v att a g a mdah k im ap ar am a panidr A ur v v a

' n i rv v as i t - ambh ah 1t at - t a d- bh a rng - apan u * — ' t [t ]ya i Sri t a iti jaladh i h Sa mku man a ru v ya dh ad= y0 h ri dya m M au dg alya-t i r t t h é nij a tat a - v ilu th a d—dik—kat ab a m t at ak a m G am

= — - - bh i ryyad ya sya toye him a gala ga ral a p asta - sosh a h sa SESh o v ai pulyad= v ari - kelim = — V idadh at i yug a pad ya tra t a dik t a run ya h i

= - — t umg at v al la mg h a ya mt i t ri di v a pura va ni

- — V ah i n i mya t t a ra mg a y as mi nn = a rkk - emdu b i mb a u pra t i n i dh i - V i dh aya majja t o V arddh i - b u

* - — — [d]dhya u Va i dﬁ ryya dv i (dyu) t i s oda ra dv i (dyu) t i * — — j ala m ya m V i k s h ya rodh a [s ] s t h ali cha 1nch a

‘ t(ch) - cha mpa ka - c h t1t a- sauru ( ra )bh a - mila t - s a urabhya - s a ug amdi (dh i ) k a m I Slagh a m

= ‘ t é n a j a nah k ad api s a ra s é s a

- - = ra sya rekh a v iddn Ac h c hh 6 daya n a Man a s aya n a puna h P a mp - a bh idh an aya c h a n E s a nma - s t h i t a

’ Rama n at h a - mukut - apid- ei ndu - rékh a sudha-s rpt a h - p urita - Sar a ni- g a n a - pa ri s h v a mg - an u s h a I ng ad= i v a

’ s v a i th a ( ra ) n1 s v ada t e tu shara

= - ya i s t a tak 6 t t a ma h k a rt t a ta sya c h a yo ' v iSa mk a t a - t a da h v a rdhdh a d-bh a - s ﬁ ryy-ﬁ bbh uv a h n

l A a e n [ o r - i b ut m ea n a n d - y w n y g a n a o n i n 11. 18 1 2 n re e n a v e a n d n c e a n as t h e i n k pp r tl t r di tr sl ti t t ti u rt i ,

e io n n o t c e a . C o a e h o w e v e v e e 28 impr ss is l r mp r r rs .

‘ slagha sa mt at i -éasa n arh kay a ‘ = v ya t am ya é c ha k ra v art t i v a dh a t ta s m ai Sr i - J ag adalw mm m a = di r = ad2 d a sy ampuri p ron n at a m

' ' s audh arn p a rn c ha n i v art t an ani c h a

‘ a — sa d= aéli sh t n i sa sya éri ya I I SZSan amu c h eppi n a K a v i c ha k r av ar tt i l nk u M a m m a l dayamg ar u i c h ehi na v ri v ri nt i ' ayudu 6 5 ma rt ulu

Sv a st i Sr ih ua

R T ANS L ATI ON .

( L ine P ro sperity ! F ortune !

c t o u ( the od ha s a a n a ( Verse Vi rio s be g ) who the f ce of you g elep h nt, who fills his ea rs an dt emples with tur quoi ses consi sting of clou ds of mur muring b ees d d so a y fire by the rutting ichor from the e ge of his temples , th t the who delight i n his worship ma y be glorified i n universa l happiness

M a s a e s 2 . a ar ( V r e y the Bo gr nt you fortune , on who e scent out of the o cean the earth a ssumed for the time the gra ceful sembla nce of a Sa i va la - pla nt

[Blyx a o ct andra ] clinging to his snout .

a — tha t di i t hi ( Verse 3 . May the luna r dig it make for your h ppiness ( g ) w ch is

’ t h e a m n N la a i orn e t of ight , the p ce of the worlds enj oyment , the peculi r viv fying

i t h e d g an d c an d i a a medic ne of go s sittin in three thirty rores, which is l ke solit ry pe ta l of t h e K a lpaka - tree a midst the waves of the w a ters of Ga nges a dorni ng the

' ma tt edlocks of D h i i rjat i [Siva ] under the a ssumed form of ether .

e ha s t h e a a a (Vers This edict , which spect of lion to the eleph nts the f a o a a a G a a . ﬁery kings e rth , is th t of the mon rch n p ti

( P a a a a a P a a a Verse dm n bh [Vi shnu] bides with dm [ L kshmi], seemingly

a d m l t h e t M - a h a s a eng ge in ystic s eep , in mids of the ilk Oce n , which its w ves

a g a ll t h a a re ce selessly tossin in ( ) direc ions so t t the c verns on its shores a ﬁlled up .

F hi s e e a s F Sun a a ca s rom y ro e the riend of the L otu ses, the , mount in to the cades of bea ms which a rose myst eriously out of the close pressure caused by t h e

l t h e a swel of sw mp of universa l d a rkness .

e F w a s Ma n a i (Vers rom him born u , ﬁrst of kings, who ﬁrmly est bl shed the order of religious la w for t h e four ca stes ; the pa th of polity prescribed by whom

a a a s i s n ot o ver a ssed in sooth is not tr n sgressed by m nkind , their shore ( p ) by the oceans .

( e a a h i s a t h e a I k sh v aku Vers L ter , scion of r ce , unique mon rch , by his - d ad a a s t h e - a swor bl e ruled this e rth , Thunderbolt wielder , h ving hurled out the d u a ( I fi s hed/en h a da n a rm a emons , r les he ven ) who greedy for b ttle , on whose

d t he a expe itions , owing to irrepressible m sses of dust ca used by the troops of his

e a t h e h a t h e a - a a t hors s tr ined to c rge , e rth encomp ssing mount in from ime to time a d a n d bec me usty on its upl peaks .

- T hi n bo e n o e ! a - c y t h e l w l nu us ur m a l c f t h e U a r ulli i n c i o n i n h e i e N o . . 1 . s m l d t l u ; p p s ript t is s r s , 3 , p 7 I n a w a s b Man dh at ri a a r m (Verse this line ge orn king gre t of , to w hom ” b a a a fmam Ea rth herself presented her re st , s ying This is he who sh ll suck me [ ti dkasya ] . w a s Sa a a a a a l (Verse Then there g r , second sun to th t line ge , ike poison to his foes ; one who ma de the cloudy sky of t h e sword brilli ant with the j oy of " a li ke P a B o a t the heroic exploits of his ch mpions ; who , being himself ( ) the rim l ' a a m other who uplifted the e rth from the womb of the oce n , recovered it fro ( ) - i kings an daga in m ade it a ple a sure g a rland for h s shoulder . (Verse There w a s born in this stock one who showedhis a scetic might in the form of a la dder ( adorn ed) with a s eri es of gems for the purpose of t h e

C a R a a Bha i ra t h a descent of the elesti l iver,th t lord of e rth g , whose colu mns of victory were well able to inspire a deep illusion th at they w e re ' t e t h e ri n g -posts for

- the troop of the elephant s of t h e sky qu a rte rs .

I n a w as D a fsa ra t h a e e (Verse this f mily , possessing pe rl ss might , the story of the prowess of whose a rm w a s su ng by c e lesti al wo men who i n ba ttle for love of Ma rut v at [Indra ] ca used the slo pe of t h e he a vens to h a ve its hollow t h e Sa ba a a rea e n folded an dmea sured by skulls of m r .

' h im w a s b a t h e d a Ra a (Verse Of orn the s viour of three worl s , th t m

n a ll h g a nd b a who w a s a revela tion of the inw a rd. bei g of t in s mobile immo ile ; seat of F ortune ; who put a n end to t h e immea sura ble misfortunes of t he world who by means of a bro a d bridge fra med a pa ss a ge over the oce a n (a n d) c ause d e a en- a the demons to survive only in. their na me : wh a t else ? b c st the T he ded

a [Rav a na] into the mouth of D e th .

a e a a a a (Verse Then there ros in h is line ge w rrior unique on e rth , the

C h o a i K ar a a i n b a a e d t he a da e l k ng ik l , whose feet kings o eis nces c us by r i nc of

a t o t o b lu stre their di dems burst forth in dou le ( ) . (Verse I n this line then w as born in sooth a mon a rch w ith a rms solid a s

a a a D u r a a a i n e a e e centr l mount in , j y by n me , bowing befor whom riv l kings w r

at a u n o n t h e indeed every inst nt occ pyi g positions ground .

(Ver se Ag a in in. t h e lineage of this king t here a ro se one w ho w as a n.

a of t b e t e a I da a t o t he o bode the fortune of vic ory , more l s ev n th n n r , lion tro ps

h a h i s e P r o a e a es a se t h e of elep nts fo s, king l , whos comm nd verily t blished it lf on

a a a n d h se s t o e e s u e e r he ds of the lords of e rth , w o column of vic ry h r , ri ing p in v y

a e e a ] ac e a e t e e - s s t he region of sp ce , pr s nt everl sting y the gr ful sp c of t th ring po t for

~ s elepha nts o f the s ky q ua rt er .

c (Verse Enou gh . of praise : in tha t rac e forso o th w a s born t he mon a r h

Rudr adév a h e am e o t h a e , w os f e verily produces intens mo nlig ht during e d yt im

a a s o h n h and o eo e h i s a e ha da n i n t o so a ndrn n iﬁtx ' n t th ug it were ig t , m r v r m j sty g “ ferv o ur s uch th a t it o utdid t h e t w elve s uns ( o/ the [ J a y o/ ﬂa shing forth in sprout s o f rays th a t quivere dday a ft e r day t hro ugho ut t he ho llow c a v ern of t he

e e H is t her w as g Ma t a ma rkry l t he e o s (V rs bro kin , who r gi n of

T1“: a n h ( se: efe s a e er e i s c hmf m m su es t he es en o f he h i n e s : w h ic h t he ne x , ver . l g u g gg t d c t t g , V t r r " 1 li ber a l hea t l y, , - slagh a-s a mt at i sas a n amk av ag = ya t amya s c h ak ra v a rt t i v ya dh a — t t as mai sri J ag adala -M u m m a di r = a dad= asyampuri pron n a t a m sa ndha m p a mc h a n i v a rt t an an i c h a s a d= asli sh t an i sa sya- sr i ya ll I sasan amu ch eppi n a K a

v i c h ak r a v ar t t i l u k u M umm a

da ya mg ar u i c h c h i n a v ri (v r i ) t t i ' ayuda 6 5 m a rt ulu Sv a st i sri h nQ

R N I T A SLAT ON . P ! F ! (L ine I . ) rosperity ortune

b the od s I . e h a a a a (Verse ) Victorious ( g ) who the f ce of young eleph nt , who ﬁll s hi s ea rs a n dtemples with turquoises consisting of clou ds of murmuring bees

b a ﬁred y the rutting ichor from the edge of his temples , so th t they who delight in his worship m ay be glori ﬁed in universa l ha ppi ness .

Ma B ar a a (Verse y the o gr nt you fortune , on whose scent out of the oce an t h e e arth a ssumed for the time the gr a ceful sembla nce of a So w e to - plant

[Blyx a octa ndra ] clinging to his snout . — (Verse May the lun a r digit make for your happiness (tha t di gi t) whi ch is ’ a t a a the orn ment of Nigh , the pl ce of the worlds enj oyment , the peculi r vivifying

an d an d a a medicine of the gods sitting in three thirty crores , which is like solit ry — peta l of the K alp ak a tree a mids t the wa ves of the waters of Ga nges a dorning the

i a ma tted locks of D h ﬁ rja t [Siva ] under the ssume d form of ether .

i h as a a a (Verse This edict , wh ch the spect of lion to the eleph nts the

a a a G a a a . ﬁery kings of e rth , is th t of the mon rch n p ti

P a a a a ab P a a a (Verse dm n bh [Vishnu] ides with dm [ L kshmi], seemingly

a M - a h as eng ged in mystic sleep , in the midst of the ilk Oce n , which its w a ves

a a ll a a a re ce selessly tossing in ( ) directions so th t the c verns on its shores ﬁlled up .

F a F Sun a a c rom his eye rose the riend of the L otuses , the , mount in to the a s ca des of bea ms which a rose mysteriously out of the close pressure caused by the swell of the sw a mp of universa l d a rkness .

F w as b Ma ab (Verse rom him orn nu , ﬁrst of kings , who ﬁrmly est lished the order of religious law for the four ca stes the pa th of polity prescribed by whom

a a a s i s n o t o ver a ssed in sooth is not tr nsgressed by m nkind , their shore ( p ) by the ocea ns .

a a a a I k s h v ak u (Verse L ter , scion of his r ce , the unique mon rch , by his

- a a a s b - “f a sword bl de ruled this e rth , the Thunder olt ielder , h ving hurled out the

a — I ks lw dku h a dan a rm a demons , rules he ven ( ) who greedy for b ttle , on whose

b a a expeditions , owing to the irrepressi le m sses of dust c used by the troops of his

a a a - a a horses tr ined to the ch rge , the e rth encomp ssing mount in from time to time beca me dusty on its upland peaks .

' 1 - h i bo n o e t h e a n e a e a “ c f t h e L a r a lli n c o n i n h e e s N o . . 1 . T s sym l d e t s l d m sur m l t p p i s ripti t is s ri , 3 . p 7 e se (V I nt hi s eag e w a s Man dh at ri re a o f a r m t o w h o m r lin born king g t , ” E a e e e e e h er ea a h e w h o a u rth h rs lf p r s nt d br st , s ying This is sh ll s ck m e [mam h s a ti ddy ] .

( e e e e e w as Sa a a a e sun t o ha e a e e V rs Th n th r g r , s cond t t lin g , lik p oison t o e his fo s ; o n e w h o m a de t h e cloudy sky o f t h e sword brillia nt w ith t h e jo y o f t h e e e o f c a w h o e m e li ke t h e P a h roic xploits his h mpions ; , b ing hi s lf ( ) rim l Bo a r l w h o e t h e ea t h e o f t h e ea e e e m other uplift d rth from womb oc n , r cov r d it fro ( ) an da a m a e a ea e- a a fo r kings g in d it pl sur g rl nd his should er . (Verse The re w as born in this stoc k o n e w h o showed his a sce tic mig ht in t h e form o f a l a dde r ( ador n ed) with a serie s o f g ems fo r t h e purpose o f t h e e e o f t h e Ce e a R e , a o f e a Bh a i rat h a e c m o f d sc nt l sti l iv r th t lord rth g , whos olu ns victory w ere w ell able t o inspire a deep illusion th at they w e re te th ering - posts fo r t h e o f t h e e e a o f t h e - ua e troop l ph nts sky q rt rs .

e e I I . I n am w a s D a éa rat h a e ee e m t h e (V rs ) this f ily , poss ssing p rl ss ig ht , story o f t h e prow e ss o f whose a rm w as sung by c ele sti al wom e n w h o in b a ttle fo r love o f Marut v a t [fn dra ] c a used t h e slop e o f t h e h ea ve ns t o h a ve its hollow a ea enf e an dmea e t h e f r old d sur d by skulls o S a mb a ra . (Verse Of h i m w a s born t he s a viour o f t h e three worlds, that R am a w h o w a s a re vela tion o f t h e inw a rd b eing o f all thing s m obile a n dimmobile ; a sea t o f F ortun e w h o put an en dt o t h e immea surable misfortune s o f t h e world ; w h o by m ea ns o f a bro a d bridg e fra med a p a ss ag e ove r t h e ocea n (a n d) c au sed t h e demons t o survive only in their na me : wh a t else ? h e c a st t h e Ten -hea ded

R a a a t h e D e [ v n ] into mouth o f a th .

e e e e e a e l ea e a a e o n ea t h e (V rs Th n th r ros in his in g w rrior uniqu rth ,

C h o a k i n K ar i k al a h e ee e a e a e b t h e a a e o f l g , w os f t king s in ob is nc s c us d y r di nc lustre th eir diade ms t o b urst forth into double ( ) .

w a s a m a a a s (Verse I 4. ) I n this line then born in sooth on rch with rms solid a e a m a D u r a a a e e e m a w e e c ntr l ount in , j y by n m , in bowing b for who riv l king s r

n indeed at every insta nt occ u pying positions o t h e g round . (Verse Ag a in in th e lineag e o f this king th ere a rose o n e w h o w a s a n a e o f t h e e o f e e e e a I a a l t o t h e bod fortun Victory, mor bl st v n th n ndr , ion troops o f e e a e P r ol a e a e e a e el o n t h e l ph nts his fo s , king , whos comm nd v rily st blish d its f

ea o f t h e o f e a an d e m o f c e e e e h ds lords rth , whos colu ns vi tory h r , rising up in v ry

' e o f a e e e e e a t h e a e u a e o f e e - fo r t h e r g ion sp c , pr s nt v rl sting ly g r c f l sp ct t th ring posts

- eleph a nts o f t h e sky qu a rters .

I 6 o f a e : a a e w a s t he m a (Verse . ) E noug h pr is in th t r c forsooth born on rch Ru dr adv a w e ame e d e e e i h u th e a e é , hos f v rily pro uc s int ns moonl g t d ring d ytim a s u e e a n d e e a e h adan e e an d a i e tho g h it w r nig ht, mor ov r his m j sty int ns m g n ﬁc nt e a t h e e e o the D a 0 D oo m a f rvour such th t it outdid tw lv suns ( f y / ) , ﬂ shing forth in sprouts o f ra ys tha t quivered day a fte r day throug ho ut t h e hollow c a vern o f t h e t en reg ions o f sp a ce . h e e o f . w s M ah adév a w h o a e t e e I . e a (V rs 7 ) His broth r king , m rk d r g ions

e r e l Th e la n a e h er i h n h n t o f h e G an e s o h h t h e n ex t ers e rs . gu g e s c o se t o s ugg es t t e des ce t g , t w ic v f 2 ” t erall h e at . L i y, 10

— - sp a ce a s with a h a ir p a rting by t h e wh eel rims o f t h e w a ggons o f t h e w a rriors o f

’ hi s a rmy sporting o n t h e shore s w a sh ed by t h e oce a n s lin e s o f i ntensely re stle ss w a ve s; w h o ca used t h e e a rth t o be cle a red o f t h e p ea rl p a ra sols o f t h e series o f l o e a a n dw h o e s o a h a d o n e a ra s o l th r mon rchs , h ld it , th t it only p , upon his loft y arm .

e e e lﬁs s o n G a a at i dév a e t h e ea fo r a n e e (V rs Th n n p rul d rth long , mp ror

e t h e e e o f e e n o e e a e e ove r all mon a rchs . Th n inﬂu nc oth r princ s long r st blish d its lf t h e e t o ul li ke a clout o f da rk ne ss upon sun wh n nig h its f l splendour . “ ” Th e ee — a e m o o n h a s e t h e ma o a a (Ve rse . d r m rk d ( ) g ott n rk f b o r t h e ble sse d Bo a r [Vishnu a n dGa n a p a ti] h a s com e b e c a use Sri [b e auty] dw ells ” ’ n o t in t h e lotus s h e h as n o t slept with ch ee ks pressed o n h er lov er s brea st 5 a fter t h e e nding o f da llia nc e at this convers a tion o f h er friends a t d a wn t h e

e o f hi s fo e a e an de e e h er a young mistr ss with curiosity , sh m , r g r t cov rs with h nds t h e side s o f h er c heek s . ’ e C e t h e a el e- e e a a e w i t h o ur a e e (Vers ov r g z l y d l dy s f c y h nds , oth rwis . t h e c ea mi a i for a m el ee a a i t s o n , st k ng it oon , will in its d ig ht sw p w y with lofty m a sse s o f billows t h e o f t h e ship in such w ords th eir fellow voy a gers with fea r a n dcomp a ssion pra ise t h e l a die s o f t h e serag lios o f his roya l

’ riv a ls w h o a re going o n eve ry sid e t o oth e r isle s .

e e u e e e e a re a (V rs Q iv ring with int ns t rror , king s const ntly bowing down t o a e o f a e e e w e l G a a a i t h e o f ea a if w e do th t r g ion sp c wh r d l s n p t lord rth , s ying

n o t s o he a ea e e . . o f ul li e t h e o f , [ will pp r b for us crowds sk ls rol ng und r hoofs ” his c h a rg ing horses . (Verse H is h era lds at eac h a sse mbly pre se nt comp a nie s o f kings bowing

“ - I e e a e a me a s : t h e L o r do f K a s t h e K a i n a down b for him , nnouncing th ir n s n l g , t h e Sak a M o n ar h t h e mal a a t h e R ul er o f K er al a t h e k i n o f T eu c , v , , ( g ) um m n a ‘ t h e H a a K i n t h e P r i n e o f t h e K u r u s 7 t h e L o r do f A‘ r i m a r da 8 h , n g , c , , t e ” f h a R ul er o t e M d dh as t h e N e a a t h e C h o a M n ar h . g , p l , l o c

e e m e w h o w a s e e a (V rs His ﬁrst inist r , his s cond body id ntic l with him in

w as t h e e B a an a N a ak a— a e e — a ea o f e c o n soul , bl st yy y wh t ls s t his boundl ss

ﬁden c e o n e w h o e e a le t o t h e me o those w ho learn edo hi s ex , dir ctly r c l d mory ( f f ’ lo tts t h e d a e o f R a a a a a P a a s - R ama P ri t h a s s o n p ) won rou s b ttl s m , Bh rg v [ r u ] ,

a an dt he k e t h e e e o f a rm t h e a o f t h e e [Arj un ] , li , by s v rity his upon brig nds citi s

“ ’ o f a a dm riv l mon rchs o inions .

l n o t n h i s un ers a l e m r e De i g iv pi .

2 Sa ttd ro erl m e a n s ex s t e n e o f h o r s ee m s n e ess a r h ere an di s p p y i c b ut t h e se n s e aut i t y c y , co mmo n i n

Ma r a t h a n do t h e r s o u t h e rn rn a ula r i v e c s . 3 ’ T h e m o o n s s o s a re m a n edt o T h a t e l ad i s o m a r edt o a m o o n b u t h e r m o o n - a ce i s p t i g i b e a dee r . e c p iv y c p ; f m a r k edn o t t h t h e ﬁ u re o f a d r u h h m l r s o f t h e K ak a t i as e s h e i s n ee b t t h a t o f a b o a r t e a e t . o w a wi g wit , f i y c y , i a t e o f G a n a a c p iv p t i .

’ Sri ( F o r t un e o r B e a u t h a s des er t e dt h e lo t us h e r n a t ural h o m e a n dn o w d ells i n th s lad s erso n s o , y) , , w i y p ; t h e B o ar ( s h n u o r G a a a t h as o me t o la m h er Vi n p i) c c i . 5 h i o T i s s t i n dic a t e t h a t s h e a r i s es i n t h e mo r n i n g wi t h t h e p a i n t i n g o n h e r ch eek s n o t r u bb edO ff : h en ce s h e h des h er h ee k s i c .

6 T u mm a a w as t h e s e o f ff e c at a H a ih a dn a s e E i r I n d v l 1 . t a t s e . . o . n y y y ; p g , , p 33 . , 7 H ﬁn as a n dK urus a uel den o t e ra e s f h o r h v g y c o t e N t . 3 A rim a rda n a t h e m o drn P . e a a n i n Burm g , a . ARC H/E OLOGY AND VAISHNAVA TRADITIO N.

O ° ° N o n e e e t he en e a ae ma be a s ns sci c of rch ology y s id to o w e its a dvancement to A rchaeolo and I gy rel o n a e e e t he a t he igi ’ . e a e a d sir to t st uth nticity of s cr d tr ditions . The results of

e ati e a a e a a e e e a a nda xplor o’ns in Bibl l nds h v p rti lly justiﬁ d xp ct tions , rchaeology has e a e e a e ee t he W an dt he a a prov d us ful m di tor b tw n Holy rit n tur l sciences .

e ea e t he t he E a es a T xts un rth d from mounds of uphr t v lley have revealed t he t h t h fact that even e Biblical stories of e creation andt he deluge are not t he deli b erate inventions of priests but are b ased on hoary traditions not without a a r tional b sis .

' In India also archaeological researches have afforded proofs of t he antiqui ty

anda e e a e e a a e a uth nticity of no inconsid r bl numb r of Indi n s cr d tr ditions . The

Asoka edicts on t he columns of Rumi ndei andN igli v a andt he lab elled s culptures

on t he Bharhut rail prove t he antiquity of t he legends an dtradi tions relating

The d si x e e e . a i to Sakyamuni Buddha an his pr d c ssors Br hm inscriptions on 3 t he a e J aina sculptures found at Mathura demo nstrate uth nticity of many of t he 1 asﬁt ra Bhadr a bahu J aina tr aditions recorded in t he K alp of . As compared with ) ’ these t w o heterodox creeds t he l egends and tra di tions of other Indian sectar ies

a e e e e e e a ae a s e e Y et h v r c iv d v ry littl light from rch ologic l di cov ri s . monuments that illu strate t he history of Vais hnavis m before t h e rise of Chr istiani ty are not

o e e a e an a e e s t wa nting . I prop s in this m moir to m k tt mpt to r con truct he ea rly O a a t he a ese men a e i n history of V ishn vism on b sis of th monu t l r cords , for , t he

F e m a e o a w e c a n i words of ouch r , upon this i mut bl f und tion construct nferenc es ” a s more rigorous than upon t he moving s nd of text .

I .

l sh av a e t he Th e earlies t known Va n monum nt is inscribed column at Besn ag ar Besnagar earuga a e t h near Bhilsa in Central India (Gwalior St t ) . In e votive ins cription on this 9 ’ J n w e are i s a da Ga rudadhva e as e a t h e colum told , Th G ru column ( y ) of V ud v god

1 l - - - l . . 165 180 Vo l . . 141 14 V en n a Or en ta l J o urna Vo 6 Vo l. . 23 2 B uhl er i n i i , I , pp ; II , pp ; III , pp 3 40 ;

- . 3 13 33 1. Vol . IV , pp ) A R CHE OLO GY AND VAISHNAVA TRADITION .

‘ dévade va w a s e e e e e H eli o dor us a a a a a t he of gods ( ) r ct d h r by , Bh g v t , son of

D an dan h a a a a a e a s ee a a a Ma a ion , in bit nt of T xil , who c m Gr k mb ss dor from h

‘ a a A n t i alkidas n K asi ut r Bha a hadra A n t i alkidas e a b . r j to Ki g p , g is suppos d to be o n e t h e ea e e e t he e E uc r at ides a e t h e e of rli r m mb rs of lin of , who c m to thron l a a a B a s D e e s The a a e Bréihmi of B ctri bout 17 1 C . fter ou ting m triu . rch ic typ of characters us ed i n t h e inscription of H eli o do r us indi cates tha t it w as prob ably t t h e a he e e C . engraved some time in ﬁrst h lf of s cond c ntury B . A fragm ent of t h e sh aft of another octagonal G aruda column evidently

( from Besn agar fo und in a narrow street of Bhils a andnow preserved in th e ‘ Besn a ar M e ea a a i s o n e e e e it s g us um b rs Br hm in cription in lin on s v n, out of

Th e e e a a a s e s e a s a n d eight sides . occurr nc of ngul r g sid by id with round g of a ngul ar ta s shows that thi s record mu s t be as signed to about t he close of t he

hi h e e e e Veni s B . The as e e t r C . s econd c n u y inscription , w ch b n d ciph r d by with a ea ea s a s good d l of skill , r d follows ( 1) Go t amaput én a ( 2) bhagav at e[ n a] ( 3) ( 4) [Bhaga va]t o pra sa[do ]t a ( 5 ) ma sa Garudadhv aja[kari t o ] ( 6) [dv a]dasa v as -a bhi

Bh a av a a site ( 7 ) g t e m .

Professor Bhan dark ar tak es bhag ava tén a on t h e second side as t he\ name of 3 The a e t he w as e e e t he r e e e t h e donor . n m of donor vid ntly giv n on thi d sid wh r

a e r e a an d a i a ea be e a ha a va no tr c of it now m ins , V n s pp rs to corr ct in t king b g 4 n a s an a e e a a a So t he e a ma be a té a dj ctiv qu lifying th t n me . pigr ph y thus tr n sl ated This G aruda column of t h e exc ellent t emple of t he Bhagavat w as erected

’ Gaut ami - a Gaut ami s a a a a a a a a t he by putr ( son) Bh g v t (V ishn v ) , in ” e ea a e t he a a tw lfth y r ft r inst ll tion of Maharaj a Bhagavata . P rofes sor Bhan dark ar no doubt rightly identiﬁes Maharaj a Bhagavata of

e t he S n a t he a e a e t he a o e t he this r cord with u g king of s m n m , l st but n of

S n a a e e t he P a a ma be e ha e ee ° u g f mily m ntion d in ur n s , who y suppos d to v b n B C reigning about 100 . .

- ' t he M aha bhara ta 1 o , 7 w e a re a a da e fo i bo o n s In (I ) told th t G ru , in r turn .

( a e e f e e a s s a gr nt d to him by Vishnu , hims lf o f r d boon to Vi hnu ; so Vi hnu sked

a da be e c e an d a e t he e e . ﬁa s a G ru to his v hi l m d him mbl m of his g ying , Thou ” 5 sh alt stay above me . So t he mention of Garudadhv aja in connection with

a e a t e s o H eli o do rus a e H eli o do r us e e e V sud v in h in cripti n of shows th t , wh n r ct d

l m n t he e ﬁ a a e a s as e e t he e his co u , id nti c tion of V sud v with Vi hnu conc iv d in pic

s a n a e w a ccomplish d fact . c The designation of Vasudév a a s dév adév a in t he inscription of H eli o do r us

a e a es e a an e a a e t h e Mahabhash a P at ﬁ lso n bl us to xpl in obscur p ss g of y of a jali .

b o dn - a s o n n t m a 134. r t o Mr . R da a r de 24 nd . A . Sm n A e I n 19 14 . 1 t h A n t alk idas p , ci i , C i g , , pp Acc i g V i i o e o h o m E uc ra t ide s s ub ue E H a n f t e l o f h n a a dw h . n n t e d n b o r de r l n . L w s r e s 3 rdE d . p i c i g I i d d ( , , p 2 n o a b e e o o e T he m res s o n re ro du e la The i sc r ipt i n m y e b t t r rea dfr m t he s t n . i p i p c d i n P t e I a w a s s upplied

‘ ( n dc S u n de n o f A r ha o lo a l o r S a t e . b Mr . J r e r te n t c G y , p i gy, w i t

I 14 P a r . 190 . S . t 19 13 t , , II , p o l 4 X l l I . 1 4. . . I t . . V . X I . S B B A , p 5 ' F a us bo ll 8 ndi a n M tho lo a co r di n to !he Ma habhara ta i n o utl n e Lo n o n 1902 . 8 . I y gy c g i , d , , p 0

' A RCHjE O L OGY AND VAI SH NAVA TRADITION .

t with N ara who is a rmed with a heav enly bow . Then h e divine Nara comin g

a ea l t he r a and a a t he e R r a to th t dr dfu conﬂict of Asu s G n s ( follow rs of ud ) , h D a reducing to dust t h e r o ck s (hurl edby t e an va s) by means of his gold h ead ed ” a e e t he ea e s t he s . W e a er e ea t he s rrows, cov r d h v n with du t h n , ft d f ting A ur a s ,

t he e e ea e e a e e t h e e e e a gods r turn d to h v n , th y m d ov r v ss l of n ct r to Na ra for a e ee a e 145 and c r ful k ping In Book III , ch pt rs 15 6 of t he epic , Na r a an dNarayana a re represented as two divine sages in whose hermitage at

Vada ri t he ﬁv e sons of P andu lived for some time during their exile In another

a e 41 t h e a e t he e a a a ch pt r ( ) of s m book of pic Arjun is told by Y m , Thou w art

i n e e a m ea a e s n as a a ea ht thy form r lif Bishi of i m sur bl oul , know N r of ( g r t mig . ” t he a 0 a a a ee a men At comm nd , child , of Br hm , thou h st b n born mong . So

’ ’ t h e a ssoci ation of A rjuna with Vasudeva in Panini s szrtra shows t hat Vas udeva

a ndA a. e e r e se as at t he me a rjun w r not only cogni d gods ti of P nini , but also

e t h e M a ab a as a divine p air as describ d in h h rata . As it is a dmitted th at Panini

w a s a ar a P a d e a e M ahabhara ta ma be e me a f mili with n u pic c ll d , it y pr su d th t c Vasudeva a ndA rjuna already ﬁguredas a divine pair in t he ﬂi ahdbhdm tft of

t he time of Panini .

B sn r The Ga ruda pillars of e aga not only indicate that Vasudeva w as already

e e a s e e t he M a ha bha ra ta e a id ntiﬁ d with Vishnu conc iv d in , but th y lso b ear witn ess

to t he existence of o n e if not two temples of Vi shnu at Vidi sa at t he time of

t he n s t he a their erection . In i cription on fr gment of our second pillar it is

l t h e Garu adhv a a of t he e e distinctly c a l ed d j xc llent t emple (prasadotdma ) of e i s s t he Bhaga va t (Vishnu) . A t mpl e of V hnu mu t have contained an ima ge or

s e e e ese a w ome form of concr t r pr nt tion of Vishnu ithin it . The Ga ruda columns T were of course surmounted by images of G aruda . he making of t he i mage of

a a t he caba n a a e e e t he a G rud, or c rri r of Vishnu , pr suppos s m king of t he image

of Vishnu .

The r t h e Besn a ar m H eli o do rus insc iption on g colu n of not only affords pr e sum t i v e e e e t he e a e e t h e t he a e p vid nc of pr v l nc of worship of im g of Vi shnu in C t he ea S n a e e s e s u t he s a e e rly u g p riod , but l nd indir ct pport to t t m nt of Q Curtius “ t h that a n image of H erakl es w a s car r ied in front of e a rmy of P orns a s he ’ 3 ha s A e a e . T a er a es e advanced against l x nd r he I ndi n H kl b en identiﬁ ed by s ome

r d Th n a a n S a . e ea schol ars with K ish by oth ers with iv r sons for t he latter e Vi ew a r e thus stat ed by Mr . K nnedy " i a he s i s a ea T he e t a e a e . he [ id nt fic tion of Indi n H r kl f irly sy Greek Hera kl es es t he S K adhi ses and e a e ﬁgur on I ndo cythic coins of p I , is r pl c d by t he I n di an

a s K adhi ses e t he a e Oesh o a n d Siv on coin of p II und r n m of , with va rious at t ri

i t he S a es s K an i s hka H uv i sh bh t es ncluding club , iv ﬁgur on coin of , ka a ndVasu

k a t he a a ’ M I ) . R . Bha ndar ar h a s s S r . a deva . hown th t inc rn tion of iv as L akuli s a , ” i e ea r t he es a s e . I t i s e t h Lord who b s club , go b ck to thi p r od h ld that t he — n a e t he e e a e S h Sa s t th e S a t he ee e s m of p opl c ll d i i in n kri ib i of Gr k writ r , who — mention th emas d es cend a nts of t he followers of Herakles ma rks them a s s p eci al

rs e s a t he e ers 1) and1) e a e a e , g . a wo hipp r of Siv l tt b in const ntly int rch ng d L stly ,

‘ ‘ h o I n di a n t ho lo il- u us ll M . 27 . h , y gy pp 3 ’ u n ha m s o i n s ‘ l n i c n! n a n n C o . c d . . C i g / I i , p vii R E G A N D S R A CH OLO Y VAI HNAVA T ADITION . 15 5

’ H e a e a e a e a e a t he P a P a a a a r kl s d ught r , P nd i , r c lls kingdom of ndion or ndy , f mous

S e a l e w e e t h e P e kingdom of outh rn Indi , whi inf r from riplus that Kum ari

w as e e a e at Ca e C t he D a a e sp ci lly worshipp d p omorin Now , r vidi ns of this r gion

are e e e S a an d a i i s at e hi s a still not d for th ir d votion to iv , Kum r onc S kti , " ” 1 e n dhi s hi s daught r a wife . 3 The occur rence of t he ﬁgure of t he Greek Herakles on t h e coins of K adphi ses I andof t he Indian Siva on t he coins of K adphi ses II c an hardly be taken

e s a s an a e in a t h e e i a e a e W a s riou ly rgum nt f vour of id nt ﬁc tion of H r kl s ith Siv .

Mr But t he e a e . e e es e e e a e e a a oth r rgum nts of K nn dy d rv d t il d x min tion .

’ 1 Mr e e a e e e t he a e Oesh o andw i a ( ) . K nn dy s st t m nt , und r n m , th v rious

a e i ri c ludi n t he a e K ani shk a H uv i shk a a n d ttribut s g club , Siv ﬁgur s on coins of ,

T e a e e -a e a e a a e ea . he S V sud v , is r th r misl ding ﬁgur of iv , ith r two rm d or four a e o n e t h e m ea es t h e e e e t he e e rm d , is of most com on f tur on r v rs of coins of th s

de e a w e a e a n a . Mr . Kushan kings . But Siv ith club is v ry r r xc ption l Vincent

' i n hi s Ca ta lo ue o Co i n s i n the I n di a n Museu m Ca lc utta es an A . Smith g f , , giv a ccount of a few sp ecim ens of a typ e of copper coin of K ani shk a with two armed Oesh o ( Siva ) gi a spi ng a sp ear or a staff in t h e right ha nd an dwith l eft " a b t he a e e t he e a e e a a e hand resting on clu But bs nc of trid nt , n c ss ry ttribut

" Mr e ea e e n of Si v an ren ders this identiﬁcation very doubtful . . Whit h d d scrib s o e

K ani shk a t h e re e e w S a i s e a n d c opp er coin of on v rs of hich iv without trid nt , m a i s t t he n ame Oesho on right reads upwa rds . Siv with club found on a ype of

Huv i shk a hi e e ar e . e e t he e i s gold coin of , of w ch two sp cim ns known H r d ity

ee- a e an d - a e a a i a ﬁgured thr f c d four rm d , st nding f cing, hold ng in two right h nds

‘ * - e e an d e a s t rident a n d t hunderbolt (or drum) an dwater v ss l in two l ft h nd club .

But a s t h e club i s not a ssociated with other types of Siva ﬁgur ed on t he a ncient

— e —a e a be e e as a e e s a coins whether two arm d or four rm d , it c nnot r cognis d n c s ry

t h e s an dt he e e s B e e e . C . attribute of Siva a s conc iv d in ﬁr t s cond c nturi , but only

The ea e e ese a s a are a an abnormal feature . rli st r pr nt tion of Siv prob bly found on

' - dO h r s s ome o ht he coins of t he Indo P arthian king Go n p a e where t he god i s ﬁgured

' t h e a s holding a trident in o n e hand whil e other hand is either empty or holds

’ ' f’ dO h ares s es hi s e e s deva vra ta e e On e Go n , a palfn of p titl on coin l g nd , d vot d to ’ gods iii di c at es tha t he h adadopted t he I ndia n worship of t he deva s as di s ,

t h e as n t h e s t he s a Ab . O t in gui sh edfrom t h e Irani an worship of ur coin of Ku h h - d a a a e king K adphi ses II Siva i s ﬁgured a s two armed an inv ri bly holding trid nt — a o n e e e a a e a x e a ndt he e ha i n t he right h nd , in typ combin d with b ttl , l ft nd

t he Mahabharata t he r ea e c alléd is either empty or holds a gourd . In d dful sp ar

asu at a t he a e- ax e t he a e P i n aka an dt h e e P p , b ttl bow c ll d trid nt 6 ’ ' ' Varah ami hi ra e V tha tsant ht ta ns a . are named as t he weapo of Siv in th r (LVII ,

1 - 1907 . 967 968 . . S . R . A J . , , pp ’ 2 di n M us eum a l utta . 75 . m t h s a ta lo ue o oi ns i n the I n a , , . S V . A i C g f C C c p ’ 3 ue Co i ns i n the P a n c h Mus eum Vo l . . 192. Wh it e he ads Ca ta log o f i , I , p ’ i n s t ‘ h s a ta lo ue o o i ns th e I nda n M u eum, a l ut a m s ma t hro n es 189 2 . 118 ; Sm t g f N u i ic C icl , , p i C C i C c ,

7 8 . p . ’ 5 um a ho e l . 1 S lo ue o o n s i n the P a n ab M use , r Vo . . 15 , J . R . A . . 1903 Wh it e hea d s Cata g f C i i L , I p , ,

- 28 5 286 . p p . “ ’ -1 1 nda n M tho lo . 15 0 5 . F ausboll s I i y gy, pp 15 6 ARCHE OLOGY AND VAI SHNAVA T RADITION .

43) na mes t he trident andt he P inak a as t he weapons of Si v a andin t he Matsy a

he M aha hara nd all P a a CC 23 l t h e e a e . t b ta a ur n ( LXI , ) on y trid nt is n m d In in

e e add i s e e a s an a e a s . oth r t xts g or club m ntion d ttribut , not of Siv , but of Vi hnu

‘ ’ ‘ a t he e t he tr e and i aki 'n t he e t h e Siv is hold r of id nt , p n , hold r of bow

’ ’ ‘ i nak a w e n i s s a uhha - ha kra - adddhara t h e e c o n c h sn ell p , hil Vish u c g , hold r of , 1 ’ ' e r i s i s uda i éa na an d adadha a de . e e e d scus ( ) club . or bri ﬂy , g , hol r of club Th r for it s t h e a e a e more rea onable to identify Indi n H r kl s with Vishnu than with Siva .

n D r F ee ar e n ( 2) Professor Bhan dark ar a d . l t of opi ion that t he inc arnation ’ a a s L akuli éa t h e ea t h e ma as far ac a s t h e of Siv , lord who b rs club , y go b k s v ee a t he a e a time of H u i shk a. But Gr k ccounts of Indi n H r kles are derived from t he works of writers ( t he compani ons of A lexander t h e Great a n dﬁl egasth en es )

B an d who vis ited India in t he fourth c entur y C . to whom therefore a knowledge

t he e e a a s L akuli éa a be ea a a e le of l g nd of Siv c nnot r son bly ttribut d , un ss this

h et ee legend is older tha n as y b n shown . — ( 3) How t h e name Stbi t h e Sib a i of t h e Greeks— marks t he peopl e b earing

a s e a w r s e S a e a n e ‘T a a e Mr . e n h e . e th t n m sp ci l o hipp rs of iv is not xpl i d by K n dy “ e ‘ Sibi s a re s a a e e e e a e a o f o ld a e S id to h v d riv d th ir n m from king c ll d ibi , son of

Usi n ar a a in t h e M a ha bha1a ta sa c riﬁed e a e a e of , who , ccord g to , hims lf to s v dov 2 a A t h e P aur an ik e e h ad a . o u s from h wk ccording to g n ology King Sibi f r son , 3 k a a an dMadr k Usi n ara is t h e Vri shadarbh a Suv i r a K e a a . a e a e , y n m of p opl e

‘ " e e t he A i lar e a - Brahmana Samkh a aua - j ran alca an d P a i m ntion d in y , y y y nin , Th an dS K ek a a a ndMadr ak a ar e a a a e . e P aur an ik e ea e ibi , y lso trib l n m s g n logi s indicate traditional rel a tionship b etween these trib es or nations who li v edi n t he

— e e i s in t h e e north west of India . But th r nothing pic or Buddh ist l egends to

w show tha t Sibi a s a Sivaite . ( 4) Th e story told by Megast henes that t he Indian H erakl es hada daughter named P an dai a who w as born in a land c all ed a fter h er P an dai a a ndw as en

us e t h e e e o f a n be e e a tr t d with sov r ignty it c n ot conn ct d with Siv , for Hin du ( my thology knows no l egend about Siva which m ay be cited a s even a remot e

The a s se an dWe e a t he e ere p arallel . suggestion of L n b r th t r f nce made by

P n di \l ega st hen es to t he India n Hercul es andhi s daughter a a a c an be b est explained as a s e s a t he e e r s a andD 1au adi t li mi und r t nding of pic stori s of K i hn p , e spouse

r e e e e e a of t he P anda va s comes nea er t he m ark . An v n b tt r xpl nation i s afford ed 6 v s r es r s n a a n dhi s e Subhadr a w ho as ma e u b t he to i of K i h sist r rri d to Arj na . In t he epic a ndt he P ui an a s t he descent of t he later Ku i u kin gs including P ari kshit a nd

i s s o n J a n a 1n e a a i s rac e A bhiman u Subhadr a and a h y t d to y , son of Arjun . ( j t henes But a i10t her w ell know n s tatement of Meg a s rel ating to t he India n t he d i H erakl es fu rni shes us wit h d eci s ive evidenc e for i ent ﬁc ation of that deit v

n s : w ith Kris hna \ i sh u . It run he — Herakl es “ a s w orshipp ed by t he inhabitants of t pl ains esp eci ally by

' ‘ ho nda n t lo 105 . F uus bo ll s I i My gy . p . a ls o Sivi -J at a k a

' 3 911 h u urdn n 18 . ra 1 1117 6 7111 19 2 4 l i s p . g/ 7 , , ; p IV ,

' ' ' ‘ K e h s th ndex Mn c do nc ll ti n d i t l e e I . 5 t ] 8 l. . 2 1. 11 . Vo I n . A t , XXX , p ‘ - J l a hdbhdm ta oo k 1 221 223 . , B , A RCH jE OL OGY AND VAI SHNAVA TRADITION .

t h e So ur asen ai a n a e e se a e es Met ho ra andKlei s o , Indi n trib poss s d of two l rg citi ,

ba a s a a an d h ada a a e e t he ha e r r ( Kri hn pur ) , who n vig bl riv r , Jo r s , flowing th ough ” 1 t he e s t rritorie .

' ’ Met ho r a i s reco gni sedas a transliteration o f lVIat hura a n dJ o bares a copyist s ” e o manes he e t . e. t w s a Ma r a a J a o r Y a a. a t s rror for J , , riv r umn mun It thu ,

- w e a see . a t he s had h sh ll (p th t worship of Krishna Vi hnu its origin . T e Bhagava ta H eli o do rus who came to Vedi sa from Taxil a a s ambas sador of A n t i al kidas an derected t he Garuda column either adopted Bhagav at i sm (Vaishnavis m)

a er mi Vedi sa w a s a Vai shn e h s a e ft co ng to or av it e b efore he l ft i n tiv town .

The a e a e a e s ee be t he e ea a e o n e a nd ea t he l tt r lt rn tiv ms to mor r son bl , l ds to i nferenc e that Va ishna vism ﬂourished in t h e Western P unj a b i n t he ﬁrst half

t he e a nd- ii t he a of s cond century B C . If this assumption i s right, Indi n

e a e th e ee e ma be e e Wi s a- w e m a H r kl s of Gr k writ rs y id ntiﬁ d th Kri hn Vishnu , y conclude that t he image (simul acrum) carried in front of t he army of P orus that ass embled on t he ea stern b ank of t he Jhelum w as an image of 1h connexion with t h e Garuda column inscription of H eli odo r us there a rises

e s e l an a e a a Y av ana e H eli o do r us e e a How Heli o do rus this sid is u , how cou d li n , Yon or lik , b com Bhagavata (Vaishnava) ? E arly Indi an coins andinscriptions reveal to ri s t he na mes o f o ther alien invaders andimm igra nts who were also Brahmani s edin

1 a t he h h a s a ea ee a e a e . 5 5 t e religion . It lr dy b n st t d bov (p ) th t on coins of

' Indo - Part hian king Go n dOphares t he king is called deoaw ata an dSiva is r epre

' a e t he e a sented with trident on t h e reverse . Siva is lso ﬁgur d on coins of W m

’ K adhi ses a s e maht svara ea i a t he hi e p who c ll hims lf , m n ng prob bly wors pp r of

Mahesv ara a The e s H uv i shk a has t he a a a e a u . or Siv succ s or of ( Br hm nic n m V s

‘ deva an dis represented on t he obverse of his coins a s making an Off ering with

“ e e lef a hi s right h and over a sm all altar an dholding a long trid nt in t h t h nd .

’ a The s a The reverse of Vasudeva s coins b ear t he ﬁgure of Siv . Buddhi t c ves of i “ Na sik a nd Karle conta in inscriptions of Ush av adat a (R shabhadat t a) son of — ' a aia -i n law t he K shah arat a K shat ra a N ah a an a e hi Dinik , d son of p p , in on of w ch ’

a a a Lii ders Li st N o . e e e a he calls himself S k ( , wh r in is giv n long list 3 of donat ions made by him to Brahmans at various pl aces of pilgrimage . Other inscriptions in t he caves of N as1k refer to Saka s an dY o nakas (Y av an as) b ea ring 4 i s Th as A n i v armm an I ndra n idat t a a ndV h udat t a . e such orthodox names g , g n

t he a Cha sht an a a ea a e Western K shat rapas of dyn sty of , so m ny of whom b r n m s d a a R a e e ba ea Brahmi ni se . d b eginni ng with udr , w r pro bly rly In his Jun g h ” dradaman a Ch a sht a n a a s a he e efea e inscription Ru , gr ndson of , bo st th t twic d t d ) ' ha on a t he ea e s k rn i t h e a ti D ak shi n a at , Sat a a , lord (p ) of p but ccount of n rn s of ’ ” 5 he e a Mihi rakula w as n e e hi m . T their con xion did not d stroy ruthl ss Hun king ﬁ

o e l bedi n la s s a l L terat ure Wes t m ns ter 1901 . 64 n t 3 . Mo r i n dle A nci en t I ndia a s des cr i ic i , i , , p , C , C ’ t uddi ue 2 he r t es o n t h s ma e s mul a rum o f n da n H e ra kles i n L A r Gr e o o h q du M . F o uc r w i i i g ( i c ) I i c B o t ha t a t rue st at ue w a s bro u ht i n ra o me P a r i s 19 18 382 : We ha v e n o eviden t r o f g Ga ndha T II , , ) p p , ( us but o n e ent ur lat er ma es o f Y ak shas a nd a as at t est i n p ro cess i o n befo re t he i nfan t ry o f P o r ; c y , i g N g ’ h o f a er a n t ho o mo r hi c a earan e. Cent ral I n dia a n alrea dy elab o rat ed ic o no grap y v y p p pp c ’ ’ a . mt I n s r i ti on s N o s . 1099 113 1 1135 L ii ders L i st o f Bra h c p , , a 140 1148 . o s . 1137 1 n te, N , , l‘ ’ d N o . 965 . I bz , 15 8 AR CHE OLO GY AND VAI SHN AVA T RADITION .

n t he e e e r t he r e a ul evidently a S aiva . O r v rs of his coins occu s ﬁgu of b l with "

es e a e and e t he e e a atu i sha m a t he be s . cr c nt bov b low l g nd j y w , y bull victoriou

nd a a a in Rdata ra n i n i Both bull a crescent are t he symbols of Siva . K lh n his j g

3 6 - 307 a a Mihi r akul a o e at n a ri t h e s e S a M i hi res ( I . 0 ) s ys th t f und d Sri ag [ hrin of iv ]

a n w n W Mihi rakul a w e c o me va ra d as a a t he a h a a a a . , p tron of G nd r Br hm s ith up t o t he first qua rter of t he sixth c entur y A D . The pr o selyt i zi ng activities of t he Brahmans were not confined to alien fi

a e a nd mmi a l a e e t he a s t he . inv d rs i gr nts on y , but found wid r ﬁ ld in isl nd of India n archip elago andin t he adjoini ng parts of t he Indo -Chi nese P eninsula

a e e e e e e s e i re Two r th r puzzling qu stions which sugg st th ms lv s in thi conn x on a ,

w a s t h e a s a e t he a ani s e e how dmi sion of li ns to orthodox Br hm c fold po sibl th n , and i s e ? e t he r e let ea why it not possibl now To b gin with ﬁ st qu stion , us h r

a t he a a a P at aﬁ ali a e a H eli o do ru s ha s sa a wh t gr mm ri n j , cont mpor ry of , to y bout t h e s tatus of t he S ak as an dt he Y av ana s from t he orthodox standpoint ; for

ﬁ ali w a s a ea a H e e M a habhash a P a t a j ch mpion of orthodoxy . b gins his y with “ gr t t he a e e a a l be e i n r e a w e ma n o t C t urn st t m nt , Gr mm r shou d studi d o d r th t y ” 1 ’ 4 1 P a an li e a P a sutra . 0 t a a Mlec hc hhas . In his comm nt ry on nini s II j cl ssiﬁ es

h a a s andt he Y av an as as a are a ni ra vas zta a i s sa t e S k Sudr s who , th t to y, who

t he e e a e T do not p ermanently pollute ut nsils from which th y t ke th ir food . he

s r a a e e m a be i e ea utensil s from which uch Sud s t k th ir food y pur ﬁ d by cl ning .

he a e — a i i s and ‘ as t h e e t a e . Then , now , th ory is s m H ndu born not m d A man ma be e i e as a e he e e as a a a y r cogn s d born Hindu wh n is born ith r Br hm n,

a r a a a i s a a Su a a Me n u e e i s or a K sh t iy , or V y , or dr , for , ccording to , th r no ﬁfth

0 at a e e t he a a a n dt he Y av ana s ( nasti t u pa ﬁcha ma h) . S tim wh n S k s were re

' as ea u a t he o f t he w as e e a cognis ed cl n S dr s , door orthodox fold op n to th m s

ra s a i s e a e t he e a t h e a a a nd S ud , th t , on th ir cknowl dging supr m cy of Br hm ns , M k e t he a a s t he a e . a e a e e not . li Ksh triy s of old , di puting s m nu go s st p b yond

h Sa as Y a v an as P a hl v P a t a ii ali a nd a a a e e e e t e . a as C i a j s ys th t li n p opl s lik k , , h n s , et c were originally Kshatriya s an dhave d egenerate d into Sudras on aéc o unt of giving up sacred c rites andnot seeing or b eing in touch with t he Brahmans

4 an d a e e t he Ma a a a a a re e ( X . 3 This simil r oth r t xts from h bh r t quot d i r t Tea ts 2ndE d a e M Or i n a l San sk i . C e a ndtransl at d by uir in his g , Vol I ( ) , h pt r V

’ 480 a e e t he Vi shn u- P urana a ndt he H a r i r mnsa ( pp . including lso l g nds from

us a e Sa a a a t he I kshv aku a e w as a which tell th t wh n g r , king of r c , bout to

e t he Sa as Y a v a n a s K ambo as Parades an dP ahlav a s e t he sl aught r k , , j , , , th y sought t he a e Vasi sht ha w se e es s Sa a a a e e protection of s g , through ho int rc ion g r llow d th m to esc ape a fter d estroying their c a ste (dharma ) andmaking them ch ange th eir

A a e r t he Ma habharata e M e ee cos tumes . di logu f om , Book XII (quot d by uir) b tw n

s king \1a n dhat ri a ndt he g o dInd ra is very interesting . In thi dialogu e t he king

s t he o d ha e dhm ma a e hi m es e ask g , w t r ligion ( ) should king lik pr crib for such

“ ’ s t he Sa a Y a v an as P ahlav a s Kambo as e c a nd e s s t he a s a folks a k s , , , j , t , p r on of V i y " es n ra a s e a e e D a s us s ho uld e e e a ndSud ra c a st . I d s y in r ply th t th s y p rform c r ( monies o rd a ined in t he Ved a s a ndon proper occasions bestow gifts o n t he Brah

I t be e a e e t he a e a a a s D as s are a e mans . is to not d th t h r li n b rb ri n or yu pl c d in

' 1 ' - ~ u ra n l a hdbh h a dt dln K elho r n Vo l. I . 2 dk Jl t ts e e . I y y , i y i , p AR CHE OLO GY AND VAISHNAVA T RADITION . t he ame a e as t he ai a e e e a e s c t gory V sy s andt he Sudra s . Wh n such b li fs obt in d a mong t he Brahmans it w as not difﬁcult for a Saka or a Y av a na immigra nt to obtain a dmi tta nce into t he orthodox fold as a Vaisya or a Sudra andfor an a i e e a e e as a a l n rul r to r nk v n Ksh triya .

9 The a e t he e e an d e t he Hi n dus a a e Why and hen did nsw r to n xt qu stion , why wh n b ndon d w i s aba e t he a e of a e ne t he i i e a Me a - pr ctic dmitting for ig rs to H ndu fold , is furn sh d by h m rmi e zm S of f gng i ali ens to the H ndu a a e Ra an Alberuni a e t he a a e A N D 1017 m d n writ r , Abu h , who c m to Punj b ft r i “ le“, i n t he reign of Sulta n Mahmud of Ghazni to study t he different bra nches of t he ﬁ

i ’ Sanskrit literature andwrote hi s work on India in t he year o f Mahmud s death

C a e l s t ( AD . In h pt r I of his book A beruni describe he b arriers which ” sl s and i s n e The a separate Mii im H ndu a dendeavours to trace th ir roots . b rriers

l er ni e I t he dfe e e a a mentioned by A b u are three in . numb r ; ( ) if r nc of l ngu ge ; ( 2) t h e religious prejudices of t he Hindus ; and( 3) t he s elf- conceit of t he Hindus

t he e ba-rri er h s andtheir depreciation of anythi ng foreign . About s cond e write

e t he a ff e m i n e as w e e eve Th y ( Hindus) tot lly di r fro us r ligion , b li in

t e e e e an dvi ce versa . e a a s i e e no hing in which th y b li v , All th ir f n tici m is d r ct d

l n — a a all e s e against those who do not be O g to them g inst for igner . Th y call them

nd a an e w e - be lechchha it . e e a m , impur , forbid h ving y conn xion ith th m , it by

‘ e a a e an e e a ns ea an dd int rm rri g or y oth r kind of r l tio hip , or by sitting, ting , rinking

hi k e be e h em e a e e e e . e e wit th , b c us th r by , th y t n , th y would pollut d Th y consid r as impur e anything which touches t he ﬁre andt he water of a foreigner ; and

c n e i e e e e e . e e e e e e i e no household a xist w thout th s two l m nts B sid s , th y n v r d s r that a thing whi ch once h as b een polluted should be puriﬁed an dthus recovered

They are not allowed .to receive anybody who does not b elong to them ” 1 e e if he w i e w as e e . el . v n sh d it , or inclin d to th ir r igion l So it may be noted here that at t he time of A berun i t he alien invaders e e i e as an i rauasi ta u as as i e from t he west are no long r r cogn s d S dr , but mpur

e a e ﬁre sa e e ( n i ravasi ta) outcastes whos w t r or , to y nothing of ut nsils us d for l eruni a e s ar e e a e l e . A b a e a e taking food , p rm n nt y pollut d scrib s thi ch ng of ttitud

“ a a en hr ee ff e e au e F i t he on t he part of t h e Hindus tow rds li s to t di r nt c s s rst , to

degrada tion of t he aliens by king Sagara in whi ch legend he s eems t o ﬁnd nothing ‘ 2 Se di e. i ncre bl condly 3 Another circumstance which increased t he already existing antagoni s m

d e e a t he so - a e Shamani a hi between Hindus an for ign rs is th t c ll d yy (Budd sts) ,

t h e a a l are ea e a e a o though they cordially hate Br hm ns , sti l n r r kin to th m th n t ’ a M u h u ’ e e a a P e , , , t e r t he others . In form r tim s , Khur s n, rsis Ir k os l co nt y up to

a w as h s e Za a a e a frontier of Syri , Budd i tic , but th n r thustr w nt forth from Adh r Bakt ra e a b aij an andpreached Magism in B alkh ( ) . His doctrin c me into favour with king Gusht a sp The succeeding kings made their religion Z o r o as ’ - P e an d a t ri ani sm) t he obli gatory state religion for rsis Ir k . In consequence e e andhad e a e t h e Buddhists were b anished from thos countri s , to migr t to t he

e e are e Ma a s t he e e e countries ea st of B alkh . Th r som gi n up to pr s nt tim

’ - au L o n o n 1888 Vo l. 1 . 19 20. 1 I ndi a E n . t r . b Sa h , , , , Alberuni s , g y c d _ pp

s’ - 2 2l . bi d. . Q I , pp 160 AR CHE OLO GY A N D VAI SH NAVA TRADITION

F a a a in a e e e are a e Ma a . e e e e Indi , wh r th y c ll d g rom th t tim d t s th ir v rsion ” 1

a s n e r a a . tow rd cou tri s . of Khu s n The only hi storical in terpretation that this confu sed statement a dmi ts of is

226 and h that t he establishm ent of t he Sassa man monarchy (A D . ) t e subsequent vigour ous reviv al of Zoroastriani sm in t h e P ersia n kingdom ledto t he expulsi on

t h i r a a and e e and e e a e a r ev ul of e. Buddh sts from Khu s n oth r countri s th r by c us d

a t he i e a t h e e s sion of feeling mong H ndus with r g rd to e west rn r . Wh ether there ever w as an y actu al b anishment of t he Buddhists from t he Sa ssanian kingdom h he e a r e t e e i a a . w e do not know . But t lit r tu of p riod in Ind th t followed t e he di s s establishment of t he Sa ssa ni a n monarchy clo es great veneration for foreign i a s Vat s an a in hi s teachers on t h e p art of t he Ind n . yay commentary on Gau

' ’ a s A a a - darsan a 1 7 s a s a a r a e e i a ta —vah a m a tam y g , I , , , y th t utho it tiv t st mony ( p g ) y ’ s a s e as Mlech c hh a s Va s a a n a s o ee s s A a . t e proc d from Ri hi , ry w ll from y y omm n 2 t h n l a s a a s e a e e d t he r e r A D . A beruni t ry is u u lly s ign d to bout of fou th c ntu y ,

e ea n t he e - e t h e i hi s da r e whi l sp ki g of s lf conc it of H ndus of own y, w it s

e h ad a e e an d i x e e a e l If th y tr v ll d m d with oth r n tions , th y wou d soon

a e ei e r a e e e as ar -mi e as t he i esen ch ng th r mind , for th i nc stors w r not n row nd d p t

On e ei a Varahami hir a e e a . a a a e e e h g n r tion of th r schol rs , , in p ss g wh r e calls “ t he e e u t he a a a The Greehs tho u h i m ur e on p opl to hono r Br hm ns , s ys , g , p , mus t be hon o ured si n e the w ere trai n edi n sci ences an dtherei n exc elledother , c y s .

Wha t then a re w e to sa o a Brahmi n i he ombi nes w i th hi s uri t the hei ht , y f , f c p y g of sci en ce

' Var ahamihi r a di ed i n 5 8 9 A D . The door of t he Hindu soci ety of those ‘ a d e-t s a w a s e e e s . s an Y a Y et s a d ys op n to for ign r Hun , Guj rs , ( or G ts) who

t he - e e a s i a t he e poured into north w st rn p rt of Ind in ﬁfth c ntury A D . were

’ s So lberuni s a e e a t he a e s absorb ed by t he Hin du . A st t m nt th t v r ion of t he Hindus for w esterners d ates from t he time of t he Zoroastrian revival in Persia i s not

r A lber uni e e t he e e a a qui te cor ect . But hims lf off rs b st xpl n tion of this grea t ch ange of t he Hindu a ttitude towards foreigners in what h e says aft er his e e e e t he e s t he r t he P e a r f r nc to xpul ion of Buddhists f om rsi n kingdom . H e writes “ e a e s a ° t he e a e e e he a n dt he e u n But th n c m I l m P rsi n mpir p ris d , r p g ance of t he Hindus aga in s t foreigners increased more andmore when t he Muslims b ega n to make their in roads into their country ; for Muh ammad Ibn E lk asim I bn E lmun n abih entered Sindh from t he sid e of Siji st an ( Sak ast an e) andcon o

e e - t h e e Ba hma nv a Brahman av at a a ndMulast han a M a ( ) ( ) , t he qu r d , citi s of ult n

l- l- a ra H r e w h he a e A a a t he a e A . e e ere a fo m r of ich c ll d m nsur , l tt r m mu nt d Indi

rO en a nd e e a e e e a s far a s a a ma he h u th e p p I p n tr t d v n K n uj , rc d t ro gh country of

Ga a a a nd hi s w a a h t he n es ashm r e e ndh r on y b ck , throug co ﬁn of K i , som tim s

l t l l i / i 21. , p . 2 ‘ ' dra V da h hu s u u o f r s t o t l oh A ks ha ar M. Sa t s ( ha n i h n a ra s h n ﬂ n e e da t h a u M. y t e t e e e t ho r o f i c i c A i p , t he

- t 0 lo A - ra o b 1 a a J . R . S da fi mme n t e d0 11 Vfit s fi a n a a do h r rs 1 . . 1 1 N s s n n o t e r te . 9 8 . 409 4 y y c y y y w i Ny y ( g ic ) , pp 88 . ‘ ‘ A lb u s I n di a a d11 6 h s t a n za o f t he B r i ba ts a rh td 15 uo e r n i . 23 n . 2 3 . T e h t e h , I , p , p ( II , ) q d er e i s “ t hus t ra n s la t edb K e r n T he G reek s n ee a re o re ners mlechclui h but t h t h y ; i d d , f ig ( ) , wi em t his s c en e i s i n a fl o ur s h n s t a t e H e n h ho n o ure a s xho u h t he er e i s hi s ho w u i c i i g . c e t ey a re d g y w B ; m c h mo re " - - 1 a n n t w i b0 m ma n w ll r o S . 7 44 11 c e e e s ed a s . A . 18 0 1. i n ro l . J . R v t gy , , p ‘ Wul t rs On Yua n hi mi n 0 e 1 . 20 . , C g , , p

162 ARCHE OLO GY A N D VAI SHNAVA T RADITION .

These ar e t he capital of a column an da ma kara which originally surmounted

dr s Th e t he a a a few a o ff t he H eli o o u . c pit l now _ lying by it y rds column of 1 ma ha m a ndt he capital are thus describ ed by P rofessor Bhan dark ar ( ea t he e fan - a m ee andare l r e N r s cond p l w r lying sti l lying two sculptu s ,

a be r a far e e a a a t he u which c nnot, ch onologic lly r mov d from Kh m B b col mn 2

li s s One e e a a a a . The e t he e o do r u e . of H ) it lf of th s is r il c pit l b ll , which forms ’ T e a 2 2 e . he e a t he el e low rmost p rt , is ? in h ight upp r h lf of b l is v ry much ( A e a a e e i e t h a e e a n d e . e e b tt r d injur d bov is c bl n ck ng , which divid d b ll from ” 1 and i a The a e 9 a e . t he a a s . e b cu l tt r is high , is c rcul r in sh p It is divid d into

a e s t he e hi e t he ea and ee r a e two comp rtm nt , low r of w ch is occupi d by b d r l o n m nt , a n d h e w e e a e a e a l On t he t e upp r ith hon ysuckl p tt rns lt rn ting with crocodi es . ' " ' ” a a a a l 2 a a e and1 an da e e b cus is r i moulding s squ r g high , bov it com s ' " n d la another memb er in t h e form of a ni a ha . It is 1 13 hi gh thus bringing t he ' a e t h e e a a 4 10 e t he e at t he tot l h ight of whol c pit l to xcluding t non top , ” d6 hi 7 5 a an . hi e ee a e ee w ch is 5 long , bro d , high T s t non s ms to h v b n

e t h e r e t h e so fﬁt t he ma ka ra n a e t h e e ﬁtt d into mo tis of of pin cl , oth r sculpt ure ” " ( ‘5 1 Th e e 9 6 a an d es e ee . n o do u lying b id it mortis is long , 1 bro d , d p This bt a ea s be a e a e t he e t he a - a a an dmi li a e pp r to littl too l rg for t non of r il c pit l , t t s ,

Mr a e a a s t he a e s a n . . ea da ccordi g to L k , g in t bov upposition But in rly In i n archi ‘ e r e t h e se e e e e e a e a t he e an d i t ctu morti hol s w r fr qu ntly much l rg r th n t nons , S r

Ma a a s r es me a he h as met a a a e at Sa John rsh ll s u th t with m ny simil r inst nc s nchi . This crocodile again b ears such a close resemblance to t he simil ar animals

u e t he e e t h e a a t he a a a a e r n e ﬁg r d on dg of b cus of r il c pit l , th t th i con xion c an

a e y be e a e e . e e e ui e a ee Cumi i n ham sc rc l s riously c ll d in qu stion I , th r for , q t gr with g a w as t he a e a a The in holding th t it pinn cl of this c pit l . greatest height of t he ' " ni a ha ra, i s 2 7 t he a e an d w e e t he s ; but t il is brok n , if judg by proportions of these animal s 0 11 t h e rail c apital its original height must have b een about two

ee e C a a f t mor . unningh m s ys There is a mysterious hole at a short distance

‘ e t h e e w ha s e e me e . e a a r a ﬁn b hind y hich puzzl d v ry much P rh ps horn o k

- t h e . ha s e w as e e e e as an aft er which sculptor forgott n , ins rt d h r thought . There i s o n e e e o n e e ea e e and ee not hol , but two hol s , b hind ch y , it s ms more e ( ”lik ly a e e e a s r ses o l t he e s t he i th t th y s rv d mo ti for h ding t non of crowning p ece .

W a P r e Bhan darkar ea t he ei o w ni n e e ea h t of ssor m ns by g pi c is not cl r . But there i s a singul a r consensus of opinion a mong such eminent archaeologists as C h a Si r l l arshall and r e Bha n dark ar unning m , John P of ssor himself I egardi ng

o t he W lm a e t h e a w e a e i b ing pinn cle of t he capital . So h v to recognise i n t he

’ ma hxm t a n dt he c a pital t he remnants of a M a ka radhvaya or a column with

” ‘ ’

e s b . I n Sa s e a e a P r adumna e crocodil ym ol n krit lit r tur Krishn s son y , id ntiﬁ ed

’ W t he e a e m aha radhi 'a a ma karakéta na o n e ith god of lov , is c ll d j or , with t he cro ’ c o dile a s hi s s s — ymbol . In ome of t he sculptures of t he Greco Buddhis t school

’ ’ o f ( } a n dhz1 ra o n e Ma a da e ee n a a a Ma ha ra of r s ught r is s n holdi g st ff with on it , ’ ’ F o uc her s L A rt Gréco -Bo u hi d dd ue a, h ra d and e . G . e e F a q Tom II Pr mi r scicule,

- s . 19 13 14 r a n 11 , , pp .

’ l V ( 1 I . U , .

1 . i s . P a . rt 11 1 1. L I V b , , . R E G R A CH OLO Y AND VAI SHNAVA T ADITION .

d4 1 a F r e 400 an 0 . an d a e M a de igu s , f cing p in S nskrit Buddhist works lik h astn ’ ” a ndL a li tav i stara Ma a e e a K i sh -bandhu a k e a a . r is fr qu ntly c ll d r n , Krishn s insm n We shall see presently that t he P anc harat ra s or Bhagav at a s worshipp ed P r a

' dumn a as t he r t he r v i t has and e h e w as e y thi d of fou y , m th ir philosophy r cog

s i a ar va a ni sedas t he p er on ﬁcation of i n a nas or mi nd . As G n dadh j presupposes

e e as e a m a w e a e a a ma ka radhva a an a e a t mpl of V ud v , y not ssum th t i in nci nt c entre of Vaishna vi sm like Vedi sa dating from t he time of o ur garadadhvajas presupposes t he existence of a templ e of Pr adyumn a or an image of P r adyum na ? w me t he temple of Vasudeva Th e documents dealt ith i n t he next section sho w

t h e v ahas a e a an dSamk arshan a e e e e e that ﬁrst two y , V sud v , w r worshipp d tog th r

in t he same period .

II .

Next to t h e G aruda pillar of H eli o do r us in point of time is t he Ghasun di Ghasundi sto ne-slab l t cave Th a w as t h e a e t he a . e . s tone sl b inscription sl b found on right h nd sid of door ixisi riiiiiii f h a e Ghasun di a 4 or entrance leading down to a ta nk in t e vill g of bout miles k Th a a t li e U a S a e Ra ut an a . e e a e N . E . of N g ri in d ypur t t , jp inscription is ngr v d B s w C . Bha a a in Brahmi chara cters of t h e s econd century . ith long str ight

- n e an a e as i n t he r ight handvertic al line in pl a ce of two short li s forming ngl ,

do rus an d s a a e a t he Ghasun di ins cription of H eli o , roundi h g , indic t th t inscription

h s H eli o do rus hi e t he e e a a is later in date than t e in cription of , w l occurr nc of rch ic

- f e . r i screw like ra s shows that t he distance o tim is not long This insc ption in

c orrupt Sanskrit runs 1 Bha av a e a Ga a an en a P ar asari ut r en a . [ g ] [t ]n j y p a bh a av abh am Samk arsh an a - Vasudev abhyam 2 . jin g y bh am u a- sila rakaro N ara an av até ka[ri t ah] 3 . y p j p y

Tran sla ti o n .

mkarshan a an d e a B av at s Sa a . A stone enclosure of worship for h ag V sud v 3 e a a a a t he a a a a a a a a h as b een erected within t h e enclosur of N r y n by Bh g v t G j y n , " i son o f P arasar . h e e e a a a a e e t he a N ardéanavdta or t nclosur of N r y n d not s compound of P a dstla rakam Bh a av at s Sa a a a a a . t emple or pl ace of worship of N r y n j p for g mk r e es a a e e e u e e e sh an a andVasudeva evidently d not sm ll r ston nclos r round ith r e e e Samk ar shan a an d a e a w t he images or other cul t obj ects r pr s nting V sud v ithin a e a w as a ea e i e a a a a or V n t he N drdya na vata . As V sud v lr dy id nt ﬁ d with N r y n ish u a a e be as N arayan a ata t he ese e t h e place presum bly c m to known v from pr nc w Th e ii asi ldrdhara w as e e e Va e a . . of t h e cult obj ect r pr s nting sud v ithin it p j p ‘ a i analogous to t h e railing round a stup a or holy tree . prob ably someth ng a e a t h e e e a t he Cha /i i da z Samk arshan a and V sud v , d sc nd nts of moon ( m a Dharrna I da I ndra andt he e e D a ( ) , ( ) Chandra) are invoked tog th r with h m

‘ Y a a a a a a K ubéra an d t he r a a , , V (V un ) , guardians of fou c rdin l points m run r 2 i t he N ana hat a e n h ma be Vasava in t he b eginn ng of long g c v i scription w ich y

’ - dP la t e Va . L uders L i st N o . 6 . 77 78 an , VI P t . . , 1 Vo l . L , B . , J A S . , I pp

’ 12. 2 L st N o . 11 Lud ers i , A RCH OL OGY ZE AND VAI SHNAVA T RADITION .

1 I a s e t he en d t he e e B Samkarshan a a nd asudév a sign d to of s cond c ntury C . In

‘ ‘ a e s e e e e e a w e e e t he r V zi ha s n m d id by sid in th s two pigr phs , r cognis two of fou y

a t he N ara a i a e t he M a hdbhdra ta which , ccording to y n y s ction of , Book XII

’ and an ar a e a t he e - 2 42 e e s e a a Su a . S k s comm nt ry on V d nt tr s II , , w r wor hipp d

' P afi h r at ras Bh av as e a t he i es The Paficharatra t he c a a at a s . e e V fih as are by or g Th s y , V ud v or h gh t w "°f "1° vyfihas' e f Samk arsh an a t h e a P radumn a t he ni a nas an d s l , or individu l soul , y or mind ( ) ,

ni rnddha t he r e e a harnhara w as e e t h e A or p incipl of goity ( ) . It furth r h ld by

P aﬁc harat ras a Samkarshan a a a e a e a th t or individu l soul origin t d from V sud v ,

P r adumn a man a s r Samk ar sh an a an dA n i rn ddh a a harnkdra fro m r P ra y or f om , or

a A e e t he ﬁhas s ed bot h dyumn . mor orthodox Vi w of doctrine of t he Vy upport by S a nkara a n dB aman uja i s that t he highest Brahma n call ed Vasudeva abides in a‘

r e ea e e r as t h e V ﬁh as . fourfold form , or v ls its lf by dividing its lf fou fold four y In all a vail abl e expositions of t h e P anc harat ra system Vasudév a i s mentioned

s an di s e Sa mkar sh an a s t he e ﬁr t follow d by . But in both of our inscription ord r i s changed ; Sa mk arshan a i s na med ﬁr st a ndVasudeva comes as t h e s econd This i s in agreement with t he epic an dP aur an ik legends wherein Samkaf sh an a

‘ s e e e e a s t he e e - r a - a a e i r pr s nt d ld r step brother of K ishn Vasudev . But this sp ct of t h e epigraphical evidence has es cap ed t h e notice of Si r Ramakrishna Bhan

D r e t he e Samkar s an a a nd . O S a Th e a a a e . e d rk r tto chr d r form r tr c s s cond ( h ) , third an dfourth Vyfi ha s to t he three of t he P rakr it i s of Vasudeva a s t he Sup

i D r S a e e Th e a e e e t he a a a a 4 . r m b ing in Bh g v dg t VII , chr d r writ s , origin l

i e a ae a n dt h e s e as e a worsh p , prov d by rch ology Buddhist criptur , of only V ud v

n dBaladev a - Sa mk arsh an a c an e e a a a signify nothing ls , in our opinion , th n th t by t he original P anc harat r i n s Krishn a w a s worshipp ed a s t he tr ansc endent Highes t ’ a n dhi s r e t he e as a e a s e a ea God , b oth r , God of str ngth , His imm n nt p ct pp ring

as t he r s a t he e a e e s t he P an wo ld , thi dogm of doubl sp ct of God b ing imply

c h a rat ra t he a e a e t he solution of old , old Indi n probl m of God b coming world " 3 w s a i t s e s a ea c an be e e ithout h ring imp rfections . No such p hilo ophic l id s cr dit d

‘ to t he author o f t he N an aghat Cave inscription who invokes Sa i i i kars han a a n d Vasudeva along w ith some other divinities of t he Brahmani c p antheon a nd

a es e f e e e t h e e n es n a e a t l e1i 1 desc e11 indic t th ir dif r nc from oth r divi iti m d by c lling j . The dan ts of Ch andra or b elonging to t he lunar Yadava line . mention of Sa m k a rs ha n a ﬁ rs t a n dVa sudeva a fterwa rds in two records of such two di s tant pl ac es as Gha s undi in Raj putana an dN anaghat in t he D eccan show s that in thos e d ays Sa i nka rshan a w as popula rly recognised as a divinity equalling Vasudeva ‘

t K a t i l a in rank . u y in his A r t /za sds tra says “ Spies disguised a s a sc etic s with sh aved h ead or braided hair andpretending

' to be t he s e s Sa ni k arshan a ma e s a a e e a e wor hipp r of god , y mix th ir criﬁci l b v r g

' with t he juic e o f t he ma da na pl a nt ( andgive to t he cowherds) a n dcarry o ff t he ” 4 c attle .

‘ e m w . . O l oi A . I ll S , N 1. 2 t a s hn a i s m Se n m t a - s m o f t h s t heo r b t he res en t r er s ee The I n o V e e . 12 13 fo r r t i v i , pp ; c i ici i y y p w it d

a n li n r a A r e s P r 1 . y , t , pp 3 ’ ' d 6 - I n t réi l u c l i o u l o th l ﬁﬁ h r / lmdh n a Surhhi t Ma ras 19 1 . 144 145 . e e a a ra a n dthe A hi r y , d , , pp ‘ ’ l a mu s S i n t r s E n l s h t ra ns la o n 8 . y g i t i , p . 4 5 R HE G A N D S R A C OLO Y VAI HNAVA T ADITION .

This p a ssage incidentally b ears witness to t he existence of a special order of

a e e e Samkarshan a an d a e e e t he hasun di an d sc tics d vot d to , t k n tog th r with G

N an a ha i di a es a t he P har a a a g t inscriptions , n c t th t an c at ra or Bh g v ta religion origi n t ed t h a in e worshi p of t he Yadava ( Vr i shni) brothers Samk ar sh an a an dVa s u

e a p as e - s e a a d v h ro god of qu l r nk . Sa mk arsh an a came to be consigned to a

e a a e e t he a e a a s dévadéva o d su er s cond ry pl c wh n worship of V sud v , g of gods n

sededt he t he a a a e - a t he as e a as worship of Y d v h ro gods . Th t worship of V ud v d go of gods w as prevalent even b efore these two epigraphs were en gi av edi s

e i d as w e a e a ea ee r t he Besna ar l a r e v ent , h v lr dy s n , f om g pi l r insc iption of H lio

. The e e e f e e a e es Vasudev i s m e s e dorus xist nc of two di f r nt v ri ti of sid by id ,

‘ t he s ’ . wor hip of Vasudeva as t he go dof gods a ndals o a s a go d second to

Samkarsh an a t he e e B C a e a t he a n a e , in s cond c ntury , indic t s th t b sic cult origi t d a e e a in much r mot r ntiquity . The second of these two varieties of Vasudév i sm Origi n of Vaish na

Vi sm' o e l t he e t h N o i s di d e l s e . w t he e e is und ubt d y old r of two qu stion , how th s cu t ? ’ a e a e a e hi n d e a H origin t G rb s nsw r to t s question i s ingeni ous a l borat e . e w rit es :

It m ay be assumed as prob abl e that Kri shn a w as originally t he leader

t he a an d a a e - a a a e an d a he e of w rrior p stor l trib of non Br hm n r c , th t liv d long

e e t he a H . e e a e t he e e e e nl b for , Buddh b c m ponymous h ro of his p opl , not o y

e aue e w ar a s o a e a e he w as t h e e b c s of his prow ss in , but l o pr b bly b c us found r — of t he religion of his race a religion indep endent of t he Vedi c tradition an d

e i a w ethi cal e r e Th e a s e a s a e . e monoth istic , in wh ch sp ci l tr ss l id on r qui m nts ’ hi i e a a e a e e e e e a e Bh av at as a e . dh r nts of t s r ligion w r c ll d ag , dopt ng oth r n m s l t r on As t he form of Krishna w i thin t he race to which h e b elonged w as advanced fr om t he position of a demi - god to that of god (identiﬁed esp ecially with t h e god of t h e Bhagav at as) Brahmanism claimed as its o w n thi s popul ar an dpower ful

e e e a t he D e and a e an a a . r pr s nt tion of ity , tr nsform d it into inc rn tion of Vishnu In this w ay Brahmani sm succeeded in gaini ng over t h e entire communi ty of t h e ’

ha av at a a n dt he a e a l e s e e e e e a a i s . B g s , l tt r ( sti l xisting ct) w r m rg d in Br hm n m

The a a a i a w as a a e i s s e and“ t he r s e Bh g v dg t origin lly t xt book of th ct , in cou of t ime h as won a position of such signi ﬁca nce for t he whole of Brahman Indi a that in recent years educated Hin dus have put it forward as a rival to t he ’ ’ 1 w N e Testament . In thi s statement w e have a kernel of truth with much that i s not quite

ddh a an d a n a a sh na a a e . i a a i Bau ccur t Accord ng to Br hm n c , J i tr ditions Kri

a e a w as t he e a a e t he a a a V i sh i s an dA n dh ak as V sud v chi f of w rrior trib , Y d v s ( r n ) , who were Brahmani st Kshatriyas andin t he epic p eriod represented t he Rigvedi c

hi w r e i ul a t he t Ma a n d v . a t he K a a a Y adus . a a at a But thur r k (in f p n ns ) , ‘

' Vr i shni s an dt he A ndhak as lived ami dst Abhi ras an dSaurashtras who are said

ma e e e be e me a a e ee e t he a a a e . to h v b n outsid Br hm nic p l It y, th r for , pr su d th t

t a e h ad ase o n e from he very outset Vasudev i sm mi ght h v two distinct ph s ,

a d as e andt h e e Brahmam c profes sed by orthodox Brahmani st trib es n c t s oth r - s a The e e w e un Brahmani c profess ed by t he Abhi ras andt he Saur a htr s . pr s nt rit r

l - E nc clo cedi a 0 Rel i o n a ndE th s Vo l . 2 . 5 35 5 36 . y p / ig ic , , pp ARCHZE OLOGY AND VAI SHNAVA TRADITION .

h as el s ewhere collected anddiscussed texts tha t condemn a phase o f Vasudév i sm l n h s n - di c The u n - e un - c alled Bhagavata or P a c arat ra a u Ve . V dic or Brahmanic P afi c harat ra e e e p f t he e s Samkarshan a a vid ntly gr w out t primitiv wor hip of , V su ’ deva a n dother Vri shni chiefs such as Vasudeva s son P radyumn a andhi s grand

A ni rnddha as e - s t he a a a Abhi ras and a Th son h ro god by b rb ri n S ur ashtras . e

e t h e a a a i a t h e e a e ese t he a e a r ligion of Bh g v dg t , on oth r h nd , r pr nts orthodox ph s of V su

w m a s n dév i sm in its fully develop ed form . If e y a s ume a y b asis of fact in t he

e i c e e s a n d a s w e e e e a t he s a e a as p l g nd tr dition , must b li v th t wor hip of V sud v

t he a a a i a a nd nu i t a t he founder of (t he religion of Bh g v dg t A g originated amc ng

‘ t he V i sh i s A n dhakas a nd andw as a e t hem t o t h e Sﬁr a r n , Kurus h nd d down by e

e a t he Mahdbhdra ta t he e e a e Bhi shma t he mi e and* s n s . According to v n r bl , ghti st

t he a t he w as r s a an dt he ﬁv e most chiv lrous of Kurus , its ﬁ t ch mpion , sons of

The t he a e a e and a P andu its foremost adherents . story of Indi n H r kl s his d ughter

t h n w a 6 P a nda i a Me as e es as e e ee a e . a e a a told by g , h v s n bov (p ) indic t s th t s

ea as t he e BC t he e s a- rly fourth c ntury . conn xion of Kri hn Vishnu with t he ‘ w d a a e Mora ston -slab a da a as an a e a a . The e a n Mo a st o n e e P n v s rticl of popul r f ith obscur d m g d r , ns t o i crip i n. s lab inscription of t he time of t he Mahakshat rapa Raji fv ula furnishes evid ence

t he e a e e a e e t he e i n t he C a r a F of pr v l nc of this f ith b for b ginn g of hristi n e . rom ’ t he few e e s s e e t he a an d C a a e A . . S R. l tt r till l gibl on sl b from unningh m s f csimil ( ,

4 D r e ea t he s e Vol . XX , Pl . V , No . ) . Vog l thus r ds ﬁr t two lin s

Mahak sh a t ra asa Ra uv ulasa 1. ( ) ( p j

a a a -a Vr i sh n é na amc ha Vi ran am a a 2. Bh g v t ( ) ( p pr tim “ e w e e e e e a t he e t he o f R D r . Vog l rit s ls wh r Ap rt from m ntion of son ajuv ula

' t he only certain point with regard to thi s inscription is that in t he second line

‘ ’ a e t he fiv e e e arncha Vi rdnani rati md Th it refers to im g s of h ro s (p p ) . e words ’ are dis tinct on Cun ni ngham s facsimile It seems quite plausible that these fiv e heroes were t he fiv e P andava brothers whose exploits a re extolled in t he

t he ea bha avata e Ma a a a a . e h bh r t But r ding g is op n to obj ction .

e e all e e a e t he ha maha e 1 ia As point d out by Vog l , l tt rs ft r of in lin nd after c c ri in line 2 are either p artially or wholly da maged on t he slab now in t he

' ‘ Mus um o f ae be ee a a e h Mathura e Arch ology . It will s n in f csimil of t e iusc rip i rs P a h Memo A . s . . 1 e s e t e . 5 t hht tion publi h d in No , l t VI , No , in line 2 after c ri t he outline of s h an dt he subscript n are clear andso t he conjunct

. i s n So hn e a e s hne e e a . ee may be read as s . But ft r th r no sign of it s ms more

’ a r i shn na T rea sonable to read t he name as Vri shne(h) inste d of V e . he l etter that

w s bha ai ‘a ma a be ea as to t he e s a e t e e follo g y lso r d , for vow l ign bov xt nds a

a s a e t he s e a a e li ttle to t he l eft well . In votiv inscription in trum nt l c s indic ates

t a e e a e Bha ava t and he . e donor But donor could not v ry w ll c ll hims lf g , nowh re

So Bha ava ta V i sh éna e 2 w e se i s he . e l found to do so , for g r n in lin should

ea Bha a va ta Vr i shn eh a nd e a t he e as e e t h r d g und rst nd lin “r f rring not only to e images of t he ﬁv e Panda vas but also to an image of t he Bless ed or Divine

Vri s hn i a i s s a - as e a e e t he V ish i a o f , th t , of Kri hn V ud v , who b long d to r n br nch

1 - The h a l o A r a n Ra es P t . I . ha t e r I I I . y c , , C p ‘ ' q la / the A r haeo lo a l 11118 0 1117 a t Ma th ura . 18 4. C lOm e 0/ c g ic 1 1, p

3 - 12 P : 11 . ?7 . A . S . R . 19 11 t l , , , p A RCH ZE OL OGY AND VAI SHNAVA TRADITION .

1 The - M a a a e 7 st t h Ma a . e t he Y adava trib e . or is vill g miles we of e thur city ston ’ ” slab on which this ins cription is engraved measures 11 2 by 2 11 It is pro

o n e t h e a e e la a i n t he i ma es a b ably of p v m nt s bs of big templ e which g of Krishn t h e ﬁv e P a a a e s e e and ndv broth r w r enshrin ed .

s Me as n 6 i Be ee a T rom a pas age of g the es quoted above (p . ) it w ll s n th t

- h in those days Herakles (Krishna Vishnu) w a s specially worshipp edby t e Scum.

The o ur n s t h ra a senai of Met ho ra (Mathura) . S asen ai are t he Surasé a of e B hm nic

Mann h uras a e . e t h t e S é andBuddhist s cr d books (II . 19) includ s e country of

‘ naka s together with K uruk shét ra an dt he lands of t he Matsyas an dt he P aﬁc halas

- Brah i arshidésa t he t h a a a s a es The Surasén as wi t hin n or country of e Br hm nic l g . are no t named in t h e Vedic literature ; but in t he P uranas they are conn ected

' The a a as dé i wi th t he Yadava s . orthodox Br hm nic V u v sm w as prob ably handed

t h uras en as t he r s andt he a a s The ha a i t on t o e S by Ku u Y d va . B g vadg tdis he The ahti qui ty of vai’hm ' - The a e i e . e t he Bha avadi td t he a s a t xt book of th s r ligion fr m work of g g , s oci tion 3 o f a e a and a as a e a as w e a e a ea ee a s of the Bha amd V sud v Arjun divin p ir , is , h v lr dy s n , old g 9M i andMe a st he es ma be a s as s m e e e a s Bi i , t he mn g n so it y old Buddhi or v n old r , for antiquity of Buddhis t traditions is certiﬁ ed by nothing older tha n t he edicts

The a a a of t he e h a s a . t e e t h e of A ok b ckground , g in , pictur within fr m , philosophy

e “ Bha ava di ta a e t he e Sa a e D euss en ‘ and e a of th g g c ll d pic mkhy , is h ld by H rm nn " let Oldenb erg as t he p recursor of Buddhism . Now us turn to t he chief element

— e r of t he religion of t he Bhagavadgi td t h e p ath . W a e not here concerned with t he other elements of t he religion of t he Bhagavadgi ta or t he date of t he composi

The a a s v tion of t h e work as w e have it . p th t ught by Va ude a to Arjuna is

- — — h i n s . t he karma yoga (path of work) of t e yog (III 3 ; V . 2 6 ; XVIII 3 7 ) and

2 s ka - t h e goal is Brahman i rv an am ( I I . 72 ; V . 4 Thi rma yoga or t he path ” of work involves t he performance of rites andduties enjoined in t h e Veda s a s a householder without attachment to t he worldly pleasures andp ain an dt he ’ t he t he w a a a e a an d a e dedication of fruits of orks (k rm ) to V sud v , is contr st d ‘ ’ ﬁ . w e e t h am a . 4 ma t h t he yn a nayoga or t he p ath of kno l dg of e S khy s (III 3 ; V . 5 which involves t he renunciation of t he world andworks an dwanderin g as a e h mendic ant in search of t he knowledge of s lf . In this connexion t e question

e t he a t he Bha avadi ta e e e e o a ). arises , do s uthor of g g , by giving pr f r nc to y g or

‘ - s e hdn a o a sarnn dsa e a karma yoga a distinguish d from i y g involving y (r nunci tion) ,

’ ‘ ’ P an a a 3 a e e i n ef e — a e a discour ages sani n ya sa . S k r nsw r to this qu stion f ct is ; V sud v

' he e of t h Sarnkh a e e ” in t h e Bhaga vadgi ta disapproves of t vi w e y xtr mists who hold that all should renounce t he world whether they are ﬁt for such! renuncia tion or not ; karma or t he p erformance of t he secular dutie s andsacred rites is obligatory on a verage ignorant p ersons like Arjuna ; so Va sudeva does n o t di scourage sani n yasa on t he part of those who have risen above t he world by

na i t nan ani s h han v n ttha i n a samn a si n oha eksh a means of knowl edge ( t 7 t y g h y p g h) , for ’ a ema a e sarnnydsa t he en d( an a a bhdshya ﬁn l ncip tion is not _ possibl without in S k r s

" 1 K is h a i s ma e t o s a Vr i shn i n arh Pds udévo smi I a m as ude a amo n g t h e I n t he Bhaga va dgi ta X . r n d y , V v

2 a n P hi los erl n 1907 36 . Outli n es o r the l ndi ophy, B i , , p . _,

19 18 . 321. R. A . s . , , p R G A N D S RA 1 68 A CHE OLO Y VAI HNAVA T DITION .

d 11 n d i n hi s I . 3 a n ema t he on XV II II , a But introductory r rks to com

d a e an a a a . 11 a n e e ea e mme a ment ry on II to ch pt r III , S k r r f rs to rli r co nt tors

hec hi t an d a a t h e e a sambandha - ra ntha an ( ) , p rticul rly to .gen r l introduction ( g ) of ea e m e a a e c r i tti hdra An an da ir i i n m e a rli r com nt tor , c ll d by g his sub com nt ry , who

i e an e e t h e e t he ea hi Of t h e Bha ava i ta h eld qu t Opposit Vi w of tr nd of t c ng s g dg . S anka ra quotes I n t h at conn exion some say F inal emancip a tion is not a ttai nable by t he ,

t he e e e nl a e e i all e a pursuit of knowl dg of s lf o y ft r r nounc ng works . Th n wh t

C e i a a e a a i s a a a e ea t he rs should be don . Th t ﬁn l m ncip tion tt in bl by m ns of ( pu uit of) knowledge along w ith ( t h e p erformance of) Agni ho t ra a ndother nites en jo i x éd ” 1 i n t he e a a n dS t he e e ea i t h e e r e i C V d mriti is incontrov rtibl m n ng of nti G ta.

' Thi s view of t he ancient Vr i tti ha ra is c alled t he doctrine of t h e combination of ( t he pur suit of) knowl edge ( of self) andof (t h e p erformance of) wor (yn a na an a a h as ha rma samac hc ha ga mada) . S k r no diffi culty in refuting thi s doctrin e

’ by stating th at it is inconsistent with t he division of a man s life i nto four

a e t he ur a e w t he e t h e ati bhi kshu st g s , in fo th st g of hich ( ord r of y or ) ( re nun

ll a Th n a i c i at i o n of a works is Oblig tory . e u n med cri tt hdra whose work has b een sup erseded by t he bha shga of S a nkara undoubtedly preserved an older tradi tion

h a a e t h a Th rega rdi ng t e ch r ct r of e religion of t he Bh g avadgi td. e i ncompatibility

’ of thi s religion with t he sch eme Of t he four ds rarna s (stages of li fe) c an only be expl ained by t he supposition that it ca me into b eing before t he promulgation or

’ a t he e e t he r as ra ma s t he a ma i doption of sch m of fou by orthodox Br h n sts . The dsrama dha rma or t he duties of t he (four ) orders is fully recogni sed in other

f t he Ma habharata t he ka rma- o a t he Bha avadi ta p arts O , so y g of g g is older tha n

a a s a e The e e t he r e t h e M ahabhar ta whol . sch m of fou ord rs (asramas ) is also

t he ea e e a D a a u a e a a a and e n e , A as t amba xpou d d in rli st xt nt h rm s tr s thos of G ut m p ,

he h e . a e Bii h ler t an dt e e C. es e e ssign d by to ﬁfth third c nturi s B r p ctiv ly . The

are a e t h l U ani s a as t four asramas not n m d in e o der p h ds such he Bri haddranyaka

O d a . e a ndt h e Chhdn égy In these works w e com across two different types o f s eekers of t he knowledge of Brahm an ; t he ﬁr st typ e is represented by t he Brahm a n Yaj navalkya who renounces t he world fo r that purpose ; t he second

e e e e e t he a a J a a a o f Videha e Sa typ is r pr s nt d by Ksh triy king n k who p rforms . cri

i e hi s e ee n t he e ﬁ es e e . c , giv s g fts , gov rns kingdoms whil s ki g knowl dg of Brahman

a a The ka r - t B a ava i ta w as for ﬁnal em ncip tion . ma yoga of he h g dg evid ently the r e a a e as J a a a o f t he Videhas A s v a at i t he K eka as ligion of such roy l s g s n k , p of y , a as a u t he as s a ndP rav ahana t he Pan chalas a e i n t he Aj t tr of K i , of n m d Upani w ho e u a e m e i es a are e e e e l e shade, r g l rly p rfor V d c rit th t int nd d to s cur if in para — di sc b ut aim at me n diﬁerent i i a ma r o , so thi g , un on w th Br h n th ough kn wledge

‘ “ f e ea a e t he Bha avadi ta J a a a an O s lf . It is cl rly st t d in g g n k dothers a ms iddhi i Yo u t he sa masth ta s . e rea ch ed go l ( ) by work . should p rfo rm ( works) in order t o prevent p eople from going a stray SO it may s ka rma - a t h d be a ssumed tha t thi yog origin ated within e ortho ox fold side b y side

’ ‘ ddhull —sarvva -1a rma -sa rh n asa r t lma d n i h h m l ' tat ra kechi , a w a ka a i na s a drddem l em lét ka i va l y p j g ya ﬁn. m

' ‘ te cva' w o rk k i rk ta r hi l a mho frddi f ro nla -smada-ka r ma sa hi tdt ﬁdndt ka i ml pram/ a , g j ya prdpl i rit i sa r M s u mm u n icehi to rtho ( I I .

’ AR CH rE OL OGY S R AND VAI HNAVA T ADITION .

The a a ch r cters of this fragment resemble t he cha ract ers of t he oth er known

n t he e Of t he ea Sa a S — ’ i scriptions of tim gr t tr p odasa t he Mora inscription (Lii der s O t h e Ma ai a s List , N thura J n in cription on sculptured stone sla b of t h e year ’ 72 u e a dthe Ma (L L , n r a a e E d rs ist No thu J il mound ston inscription ( p .

I nd . X . The e e e , Vol L , p t st l tt rs ya consisting of nearly a semi cir cle

e e a e i e a n n bis ct d by short v rtical l n d a with straight b a se li ne indicate that t h e

i t h e e Of S a sa be a nscriptions of tim od must ssigned to an earlier age than those t he i e K an i shk a of t m of . Though scholars differ widely rel a ting to t he date

K ani shk a o n e has a e So asa a of , no ssign d d to l ater epoch than t he ﬁr st quarter 1

h e . D t e A . Th of ﬁrst c ntury e l a nguage Of o ur fragment resembles t he sort o f C Sa e t he Ma r a a e nskrit us d in thu J il mound ston inscription .

Transcri t p . y a suna Bhagav a vasya Mahast han a

lam t Oran am v é

shthapi t o pri t 5 [bh a] dev ah sv ami [sya ] pasya Soda[sa ]

s mv a art ayat am .

Rem r a ks .

e 10 sva mi s a i s i e ea an d So asa e 1 In lin y qu t cl r so is d in lin 1. F rom t h e f publish ed Mathur a inscriptions O t he time of Sodasa referred to above w e know

a t he a a e e e e th t word th t must h v int rv n d b etween svami sya andS5ddsa [sya ] is ma hdkshatra as a - a s a u t h e e ni Of e 11 p y of which p y occ rs in b gin ng lin . So M a hd

hsha tra e e at t h e en d e should be r stor d of lin 10. This in dicates that 4 to 5

e e s e ea e t he Of t he in sc 11 t i o n an d l tt r occurr d in ch lin of missing portion p , the

e a e e e e t he e e ma a be a e r stor tion of th s missing l tt rs of oth r lin s y lso tt mpted .

The sya of t asya i n t h e b eginn ing of line 7 is evidently t he gen et i v e termi na

a a ﬁe bha ac a an d tion of t he n a me o i. deity qu li d by g so to should be restored Q bha a r a The r a r a s a a e a t he a e ° after g . of y indic t s th t n m of t h e deity must have ° e e déc a a n d es dé at t he en d e 7 w e a bha a i 'a to nd d in so by r toring of lin obt in g .

' déi asya with an intervening sp a ce for two a ksha r a s b elonging to t he name of

e Th e a hs ha ra s a e e e are i t i su a t he d ity . two th t ﬁt in h r b st n dw e m ay restore t a d s u a s sudé a s a . V be s the name a ( V W y should lso re tored b efore devak with t he w e e e 9 r to w as which follo ing lin Op ns , for in lin p i evidently followed by

bha i ‘at u t he rs a l ‘ shura h bha s e e 0 11 t h ﬁ t of w ich word , , is till disc rnibl e stone .

The ﬁn dpl a ce of t he stone (Mathura) renders t he restoration of t he n ame of t he

a v a as a a Bliag at of t he inscription s V udeva un void bl e . If it may be assumed

that t he monum ent to which this ins cr ib ed redsands tone pillar originally b elonged

Ma a— an d h u stood a t thur t e occ rrence of t he name of t he Mahakshat rapa Sodasa — strengthens this a ssumption t he Bhagavat whose mahast fian a i s at Mathura

c an be er a as e a P ra ti be e e a no oth th n V ud v . must r stor d t t he en dof line 8

1 r A . Mc nw i s S. N O . 1. R E G S A CH OLO Y AND VAI HNAVA TRADITION .

' rati shtkdi té sk kdzto t he e n i in to form p p with p p in b gin ng of lin e 9 . In l e 8 t he word

' preceding t arana nz an dending in la m an dt he word followin g t érana m an dbegin

’ ' ni ng with vé may be restored as chatuhsalam andvédzkdresp ectively0 Two words a re now wanting to complete t he fragment ( 1) a word of two a ksha ras in lin e 7

’ bew een Maha st han a an dt he restored chatn lzsd (2) a word of thr ee or four ah

- n sharas after Sodasa[sya ] in li e 11. Though w e cannot restore these words w it h

n e e ea i Th c e a n w e c a . e i n n e 7 a a rt i ty , gu ss th ir m n ngs word li ft er m hds tkdna

a e e e an dt h e mi n e 11 as t he e b samvart prob bly d not d shrin ssi g word in lin , v r

e dtdm t h e l e a e ee a e and e [ ﬂy in following in shows , must h v b n in du l numb r d no

“ The a e e e ea as ' i mi ni . t ng do on fr gm nt , thus r stor d , r ds follows a v asun a Bha av a t o Vasude 6 . g [ ]

n ch at 7 a a . mahast ha a . . u sa . v sy [ h ]

lam t o ran am v é dika at 8 . [ h pr i]

sh h i t o ri t o bh av at u a 9 . t ap p [ V su]

dev a sv ami s a Mahak shat ra 10. h y [ ]

‘ 1 as a S asa s a . 1 . od ] 3 , p y [ y m s amv art e at a . 12. [ ]y

Tran l t s a i on .

a a a a e e e l a l a By . v su qu dr ngl nclos d by four bui dings pi l red d . gateway (téranand) anda square terrace in t he mid le of t he courtyard ( védi kdlz)

at t he e at t h e ea a e t h e a a a a h ave b een built ( shrin ) gr t pl c of Bh g v t V sudeva .

e e M tke domi ni on the t he mahaksh r Ma a e a b ea . a at a a y V sud v pl s d y , ( ) of lord , p

‘Sodasa e e . , ndur

Bh va asudvas a Ma hasthan a ma a be e e e as t h ' ag a ta V é y y lso int rpr t d e great MahEsthzina o,

V dei ’ s hr ine of t h e blessed lord Vishnu on t h e analogy of another Brahmi inscription i su a 1 of Mathura whi ch records bhagavato n dgén dra sya D adhi karf n na sya stdn e si ldpatto prati skthdpi to A i stone slab has b een dedicated in t he templ e of t he blessed lord of

3 ik rnn a s erp ents D adh a .

' ” s tkdna as e e dévakula i e The rendering of stana ( Skt . ) t mpl ( ) is just ﬁ d by another Brahmi inscription of Mathur a which reads ' ’ 2 D a n am D évi lasya D a dl nkaw nnademkuli ka sya e t h e e e D adik The D ev ila t he e a at h ar a . gift of , s rv nt or pri st t mpl of nn In modern Indo -Arya n vernacul a rs stkdna (Astana) is used indifferently o f s a o s c edt h a n altar or a pla ce of worship of a deity a well as of sp t a r \ o t e

t h e Sa a Mahi ala a a a man . , d memory of holy In rn th inscription of p king of G u ,

ma ha stha n a e t h e a e e e t h e a shta ma of Samvat 108 3 , is us d in l tt r s ns in compound ’ e dkakuti e e t h e e ha sthdna sai lagan dha kuti m denoting a ston gan (t mpl ) of ight ’ i a a a t he e e h a e a e i e . a n ) great pl ac s , . , cont i ng sl b illustr ting sc n s (of Budd s lif th t ” 3 The e Mahasthan a e . t ook place on th e eight principal pl c s old fortiﬁ d city of ,

a -e e arat o a 7 e t he a in e , o n t h e river K y , mil s to north of Bogr B ng l is vid ntly

’ 1 L u er s L i st N o 85 . 390 N o . 18 , l . . I . Vo ; E . , I , p , d ’ ‘ 102 Lii ders L i st N o : 63 Vo l . . , d. A n t . ; I n , XXXIII , p

8 - 1906 07 P t . 11 . 99 . A s . R . , , , p 172 AR CH E OLOGY A N D VAISHNAVA T RADITION . s o -c alled b ecause two spots wi thin it ar e sacred to t he memory of two holy ' ’ e s a D e i a a e eadi t h e a e t he e p rson ; Sil v s Gh t , flight of st ps l ng to w t r of riv r

e ef éﬂ a D e i t he a e t h e a i n t he i s a wh r rom v , d ught r. of l st H ndu ki g of city , s id to h ave jum p ed into t he river an ddrow ned herself ; andt he dstkdn or tomb of ( — - t he Muh ammadan s aint Mahi sawar t he fish who is said to have 1 a e t he a e e an a e—e a conquered t he city . In our fr gm nt bs nc of y c s nding fter ma hds ﬁzdn a shows tha t it is par t of a compoun d word t he other memb er of " am es s a whi ch is lost . If I right in gu ing th t this lost word denoted shr in e

’ hi t h e fo r n s e t he a a e cha tu i sdlam e e a a h e to w ch n buildi g nclosing qu dr ngl ( l ) w r tt c d , ma kds thdna m ay be understood to denote a spot sacred to t he memory of Krishna ’ i t he M ahabharata t he a a Bhas a s Bdla ha i and' c a e a . c r t V sud v Accord ng to , Pur n s , a,

e a ani s Ma a t h e a e a - a e a an d oth r Br hm c work , thur is birth pl c of Krishn V sud v

e e o n e hi s s a ea s t he s a i ani a Ma a t he sc n of of mo t import nt f t , l y ng of K s . thur

i l e a s t he anma sthdna a e a - a e is st l h ld holy j or birth pl c of Krishn V sud va . A spot nea r t h e modern temple of K ésav adév a marked by a s mall cell is held s a cred ‘ a s t he prison hous e of Kamsa where Vasudeva a ndD evaki were conﬁnedan d

w t he makdstkdn a Vas udbxf a where Krishna as born . In of mentioned in our fragment w e ha ve to recogni s e a spot th at w as b eli eved to have b een either t he bir th -pl ac e of Krishn a or t he scene of some other notabl e event in his early

P a e a e a e t he e m en a e ee c areer . ilgrim g to pl c s s cr d to m mory of holy must h v b n a time-honoured custom a s ea rly as t he tim e of t he composition of t h e M ahd . Sutta n ta h a a a s a ri n i bbdna sutta n ta . e A a a e e p In this Budd s ys , ddr sing n nd , Th r

r e e e r a e A a a t he e i e man l s e i a th s fou pl c s , n nd , which b l ving shou d vi it with fe l ngs - ’ of reverence andaw e ( cha ttdm i mdn i A nan da saddka ssa kulaputta ssa da ssani ydni ’ ” 2 samvéja n i ydn i ﬁzdndn z) And t he places na med are t he places where t he Tatha

a a w as e e t he a a a a a a e t he e e an d e e s g t born , wh r T th g t tt in d to supr m p rf ct in ight ,

e e t h e e es dhammac akk am w as s et an d wh r kingdom of right ousn s ( ) on foot ,

h a a a a se n a a a a a where t e T ath g t p s d ﬁ lly w y . Th t this comm ndment of t he Blessed B On e w a s faithfully c arried out in t he third century C. is shown by t heRumi n dei pillar inscription whi ch tells u s tha t twenty years a fter hi s anointment Asoka . “ s e s e Lvni min i am a and a i ee erfo rmed b e a e him lf vi it d g worship h v ng b n p b c us here w a s born Buddha t he saint of t he Sakyas he hada slab of stone b earin g a horse l ” 3 d’ a dn a a t he D i c c d . s a e anda e a e u . m d ston pill r r is d p In y , No XXVII , A oka

a t t he ee St hav i r U a u t a O St hav i ra s i s e a a a e . s ys , f lling f t of p g p , , thi my d sir d I shall worship t he plac es where t he bles sed Buddha lived an (thereon) erect ” 4 s e The e a monuments ( chi hn dn i ) for t he b eneﬁt of po t rity . pr v lence of t he

d dn e cu stom of ma king pilgrimage to t he than n i ( stlzdn i ) or plac s connected with

th e As a 011 t he o ne a a ndt he e a t he lif e of Buddha in e r ign of ok h nd , pr v lenc e

s dév a t he s e e of t he worship of Samk arsha n a an dVa u in cond c ntury B C. on t he

e a a us as ha t he Mahast hana Va e a at Ma a oth r , w rr nt in suming t t sud v thur ‘ of d l e m a t he e t he Sa a s a a did not su d en y b co e popul r in tim of k tr ps , but must

s Th a h a ve been a pla c e of pilgrimage long b efore their ri e . e st tement of Mega s

‘ n 107 . r S ur r e R o rl s Vo l. . . u n n n ha m A c h . C i g , y p , XV p 2 . h e Ui t i /cdu Vo l . 11 . 140 E Vo l. I . 00 T S . . X . B , p ; g y , p ’ d RL o . 2 . n A V l . L l “ 0 I . , X , p ‘ Ui v dva ddrw . 38 9 y , p R E G SH TR A CH OLO Y AND VAI NAVA ADITION . t henes that t h e Sour asen ai who li ved i n and about Mathur a held Krishna

a e in r (Her kl s) sp ecial honou lends support to thi s view .

Th a e V ishnava monuments dealt w ith in t i s Memoir all together make up Conclusi om > h a e e a f as a e t he m e a e hi m e m r h nd ul comp r d with nu b r of nci nt Budd st monu nts , ﬁ an dthe earliest of them is more tha n half a centur y younger tham t h e earli est

i e So e e few a a e a e a ae a me c an Buddh st on s . th s comp r tiv ly l t rch ologic l docu nts 3 hardly be expected to throw as much light on t h e growth of Vaishnava tradi tions

s t he m e e t he di an dt he c dn clusi o ns a Buddhist monu nts do on thos of Bud h sts ,

are e l e f w m e set) forth above n cessari y tentative in their natur e . But thes e docu nts a ea be u ﬁ en ea e a e e a t he e a a t he a e e pp r to g s f ci t to cr t b li f th t xc v tion of nci nt sit s W e andCe a i a and a i l a e Besna ar anda o of est rn ntr l Ind , p rt cu rly thos of g b ut

Ma r a ill e ea e a e a t he ea hi of Vai sh av i sm . thu , w r v l mor m t ri ls for rly story n

RA MA P RA SA D CHAN D A .

I ’L ATE XXV

R E R -J M TH E M URA M USE UM OF A RCH ZE L IN SC IB D DOO A B IN ATH O OGY .

' TU D S D . b. SC U P N SC B D S D . a . I RI E I E L RE I E

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