Although Burma Lost Its Sovereignty to Britain After the Third Anglo
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Myanmar's Spring Revolution
EUROPEAN POLICY BRIEF MYANMAR ’S SPRING REVOLUTION : A PEOPLE ’S REVOLUTION Myanmar’s Spring Revolution is a grassroots, bottom-to-top nationwide resistance against the military ruling class that retook state power in February 2021. It is unprecedented in scale, fascinating in form and shows a profound societal change within the country. Michal Lubina , April 2021 INTRODUCTION A People’s revolution Myanmar’s Spring Revolution is a grassroots, bottom-to-top nationwide resistance against the military ruling class that retook state power in February 2021. It is unprecedented in scale, fascinating in form and shows a profound societal change within the country. EVIDENCE AND ANALYSIS The end of hermit country Burma has traditionally been called a hermit country 1 – a designation not uncommon in Asia (Bhutan and especially Korea were similarly named), yet very fitting in the case of Myanmar. Precolonial Burmese kingdoms were generally inward-looking, with periods of sometimes spectacular external expeditions being exceptions rather than the rule. Some believed Burma’s isolation was due to economic self-sufficiency, others ascribed it to geography. Still others looked for explanations in the cultural realm, believing - like Aung San Suu Kyi in her early writings 2 - that Buddhism made Burmese uninterested in foreign ideas. Whatever the reasons, it was only the colonial period that brought Burma into the global, capitalist world, however imperfectly: “Burma had been thrown open to the world, but the world had not been opened up to Burma.” 3 This forceful incursion inflicted wounds that never healed. That is why after the creative and chaotic decade of the 1950s (somewhat similar to the last ten years), Burma reverted to self-isolation after the 1962 1 Gustaaf Houtman, Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy, ISLCAA Tokyo 1999, p. -
The Resettlement of the Karen in Minnesota A
THE RESETTLEMENT OF THE KAREN IN MINNESOTA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOLOF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Kathleen J Lytle IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY David Hollister, Adviser January, 2015 Kathleen J Lytle 2015 Copyright This thesis is dedicated to: My husband Allen, who walked with me on this journey; My mom Helen, who has always been the most inspiring role model; My children Kari, Jeff, and Laurie; And the Karen people of Minnesota i Abstract Minnesota has a long history of welcoming immigrants and refugees into its communities. Following the Vietnam War large numbers of Southeast Asian (SEA) refugees came to Minnesota. With the implementation of the Refugee Act of 1980, a formal refugee resettlement program was created nation-wide. As part of the Refugee Act of 1980 Voluntary agencies (VOLAGs), were established to help the refugees with their resettlement process. Soon after the arrival of refugees from Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia, refugees from other countries began coming to Minnesota. In the 1990s refugees from the former Soviet Union began resettling in Minnesota. In the mid 1990s refugees from East Africa began arriving. In the early 2000s, large numbers of Karen refugees from Burma began coming to Minnesota. In order to help the Karen refugees in their acculturation, it is important for the community within which they are living to understand them and their culture. Using an ethnographic approach, this qualitative research project is aimed at understanding the lived experiences of the Karen and their resettlement. -
Violence, Warfare and Politics in Colonial Burma(<Special Issue
State Formation in the Shadow of the Raj: Violence, Warfare Title and Politics in Colonial Burma(<Special Issue>State Formation in Comparative Perspectives) Author(s) Callahan, Mary P. Citation 東南アジア研究 (2002), 39(4): 513-536 Issue Date 2002-03 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/53713 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4, March 2002 State Formation in the Shadow of the Raj: Violence, Warfare and Politics in Colonial Burma* Mary P. CALLAHAN** Normally, society is organized for life; the object of Leviathan was to organise it for production. J.S. Furnivall [1939: 124] Abstract This article examines the construction of the colonial security apparatus in Burma, within the broader British colonial project in eastern Asia. During the colonial period, the state in Burma was built by default, as no one in London or India ever mapped out a strategy for establishing governance in this outpost. Instead of sending in legal, commercial or police experts to establish law and order—the preconditions of the all-important commerce— Britain sent the Indian Army, which faced an intensity and landscape of guerilla resistance never anticipated. Early forays into the establishment of law and order increasingly became based on conceptions of the population as enemies to be pacified, rather than subjects to be incorporated into or even ignored by the newly defined political entity. The character of armed administration in colonial Burma had a disproportionate impact on how that popula- tion came to be regarded, treated, legalized and made into subjects of the Raj. -
Shwe U Daung and the Burmese Sherlock Holmes: to Be a Modern Burmese Citizen Living in a Nation‐State, 1889 – 1962
Shwe U Daung and the Burmese Sherlock Holmes: To be a modern Burmese citizen living in a nation‐state, 1889 – 1962 Yuri Takahashi Southeast Asian Studies School of Languages and Cultures Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The University of Sydney April 2017 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Statement of originality This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources has been acknowledged. Yuri Takahashi 2 April 2017 CONTENTS page Acknowledgements i Notes vi Abstract vii Figures ix Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Biography Writing as History and Shwe U Daung 20 Chapter 2 A Family after the Fall of Mandalay: Shwe U Daung’s Childhood and School Life 44 Chapter 3 Education, Occupation and Marriage 67 Chapter ‘San Shar the Detective’ and Burmese Society between 1917 and 1930 88 Chapter 5 ‘San Shar the Detective’ and Burmese Society between 1930 and 1945 114 Chapter 6 ‘San Shar the Detective’ and Burmese Society between 1945 and 1962 140 Conclusion 166 Appendix 1 A biography of Shwe U Daung 172 Appendix 2 Translation of Pyone Cho’s Buddhist songs 175 Bibliography 193 i ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I came across Shwe U Daung’s name quite a long time ago in a class on the history of Burmese literature at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. -
State Formation in the Shadow of the Raj: Violence, Warfare and Politics in Colonial Burma*
Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 39, No. 4, March 2002 State Formation in the Shadow of the Raj: Violence, Warfare and Politics in Colonial Burma* Mary P. CALLAHAN** Normally, society is organized for life; the object of Leviathan was to organise it for production. J.S. Furnivall [1939: 124] Abstract This article examines the construction of the colonial security apparatus in Burma, within the broader British colonial project in eastern Asia. During the colonial period, the state in Burma was built by default, as no one in London or India ever mapped out a strategy for establishing governance in this outpost. Instead of sending in legal, commercial or police experts to establish law and order—the preconditions of the all-important commerce— Britain sent the Indian Army, which faced an intensity and landscape of guerilla resistance never anticipated. Early forays into the establishment of law and order increasingly became based on conceptions of the population as enemies to be pacified, rather than subjects to be incorporated into or even ignored by the newly defined political entity. The character of armed administration in colonial Burma had a disproportionate impact on how that popula- tion came to be regarded, treated, legalized and made into subjects of the Raj. Administra- tive simplifications along territorial and racial lines resulted in political, economic, and social boundaries that continue to divide the country today. Bureaucratic and security mech- anisms politicized violence along territorial and racial lines, creating “two Burmas” in the administrative and security arms of the state. Despite the “laissez-faire” proclamations of colonial state officials in Burma, this geographically and functionally limited state nonethe- less established durable administrative structures that precluded any significant integration throughout the territory for a century to come. -
The Social, Political and Humanitarian Impact of Burma's Cyclone Nargis
Volume 6 | Issue 5 | Article ID 2763 | May 03, 2008 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus The Social, Political and Humanitarian Impact of Burma's Cyclone Nargis Donald M. Seekins The Social, Political and Humanitarian where it is most needed. Impact of Burma’s Cyclone Nargis Donald M. Seekins Summary This report provides background information and analysis concerning the humanitarian crisis caused by Cyclone Nargis when it passed through the densely populated Irrawaddy Delta and Burma’s largest city Rangoon (Yangon) on May 2-3, 2008. One of the largest natural disasters in recent history, it caused the death Survivors of the cyclone of as many as 130,000 people (the official figure on May 16 was 78,000) and resulted in In the days following the storm, the SPDC between one and two million people losing placed major obstacles in the way of the rapid their homes and property. distribution of relief goods and services by the United Nations, foreign governments, international non-governmental organizations and local volunteer groups – a situation that has continued despite warnings from aid experts that a second, man-made disaster – the systematic neglect of people gravely weakened by thirst, hunger and disease and many more fatalities – is on the verge of occurring. On May 10, the SPDC carried out a referendum on a new military-sponsored constitution, though the vote was postponed to May 24 in the townships most affected by the cyclone. Observers wondered why the referendum was Fatalities are likely to rise both because of the considered so important by the SPDC, given the extremely unsanitary conditions in the disaster scale of the natural disaster and the need to area, and the slowness of the State Peace and commit resources immediately to its alleviation. -
Central Banking at the Periphery of the British
Macquarie University ResearchOnline This is the author’s version of an article from the following conference: Turnell, Sean (2007) The Elastic margin : central banking theory and practice in colonial Burma. Regarding the past : History of Economic Thought Society of Australia Conference (20th : 10 - 12 July 2007 : Brisbane). Access to the published version: http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/hetsa/HETSA%2020071%20Turnell.pdf The Elastic Margin: Central Banking Theory and Practice in Colonial Burma by Sean Turnell Macquarie University [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this paper is to bring to light efforts to fashion a central bank in Burma during the years in which the country was a province of British India. Throughout this era, which lasted from 1886 to 1937, questions of money and finance were chiefly the preserve of the Raj in Calcutta. Behind the scenes, however, plans to establish a central bank for Burma itself were promoted by imperial officials well-schooled in the great monetary and banking controversies of the age. These plans borrowed ideas from many likely and unlikely places but they were also innovative in their own right, and were not without useful insights for central banks everywhere. Lastly, this advocacy for a central bank in Burma was also indicative of a political economy discourse in the country that was more vigorous, and theoretically sophisticated, than is commonly supposed. JEL Classification: N25, E42, E58. Keywords: Monetary institutions, British Empire, Burma, Indian monetary reform. 1 I Introduction For most of the history of colonial Burma all the important questions of money and finance were decided upon in India. -
Charney 2001 from Congested Identities to Contested
[Draft published as Charney, Michael (2014) 'The Shifting China-Burma relationship and Categorizations of Chinese Migrants in Burma, 1740-1940.' In: Wade, Geoff and Chin, James K., (eds.), China and Southeast Asia: Historical Interactions. Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge. (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia] "From Congested Identities to Contested Identifications: The Shifting China-Burma Relations and Categorizations of Chinese Migrants in Burma, 1740-1940"1 by Michael W. Charney (National University of Singapore) Introduction China's relationship with Southeast Asia has undergone serious reevaluation in the past twenty years, both in terms of how we perceive the history of that relationship (Hamashita 1997, Sun 2000) and in terms of how our changing understanding of that relationship requires adjusting how we understand Southeast Asia as a region and as an accurate unit of analysis (Liu 2000). For historians, the record of official state relations was once the nearly sole focus of the study of the relationship between China and Southeast Asia. The historiography is balancing out significantly due to efforts to understand the roles and history of Overseas Chinese who settled in Southeast Asia throughout the early modern and colonial periods (Blusse 1986), as well as in the present (McKeown 1999). We also know more about the overall sub-regional groups of Chinese and their merchant activities in Southeastern China (Ng 1983) and Overseas (Wang 1990 & 1996). Although this paper focuses specifically upon the Chinese in Burma, it is in the 1 The author has benefited considerably from conversations with Hong Liu, Takeshi Hamashita, Laichen Sun, James Chin Kong, and Atsuko Naono concerning the Overseas Chinese in Burma. -
EXTRACTED from WIKIPEDIA British Burma
EXTRACTED FROM WIKIPEDIA British Burma Main articles: British rule in Burma and Burma Campaign The landing of British forces in Mandalay after the last of the Anglo-Burmese Wars, which resulted in the abdication of the last Burmese monarch, King Thibaw Min. British troops firing a mortar on the Mawchi road, July 1944. The country was colonized by Britain following three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885). British rule brought social, economic, cultural and administrative changes. With the fall of Mandalay, all of Burma came under British rule, being annexed on 1 January 1886. Throughout the colonial era, many Indians arrived as soldiers, civil servants, construction workers and traders and, along with the Anglo-Burmese community, dominated commercial and civil life in Burma. Rangoon became the capital of British Burma and an important port between Calcutta and Singapore. Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s.[58] Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas. Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement. U Wisara, an activist monk, died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned.[59] On 1 April 1937, Burma became a separately administered colony of Great Britain and Ba Maw the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma. Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule and he opposed the participation of Great Britain, and by extension Burma, in World War II. -
Burma Road 1943-44: Stilwells Assault on Myitkyina Pdf, Epub, Ebook
BURMA ROAD 1943-44: STILWELLS ASSAULT ON MYITKYINA PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Jon Diamond,Peter Dennis | 96 pages | 19 Jan 2016 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781472811257 | English | United Kingdom Burma Road 1943-44: Stilwells Assault on Myitkyina PDF Book Following the disastrous retreat from Burma in April , China had become isolated from re-supply except for the dangerous air route for US transports over the Himalaya Mountains. As a prelude to the post-war concept of a single main battle tank design, vehicles Hurricane PR. A27 This is the history of the ambitious joint Allied assault led by American Lt. Burma Independence Army enters Rangoon. Chinese troops on Stuart tanks Ledo road. Jon Diamond. Easter Rising Antietam D-Day 2. Okinawa Stilwell and Merrill. Other Editions 5. All Rights Reserved. Shop Our Brands. Wabash Yarmuk AD Community Reviews. Specifications Age Range 12 Up. Peter Dennis Illustrations. Rather than just rolling a few dice, the rules allow players to make tactical Lawrence rated it really liked it Sep 07, Japanese troops of 52nd Division hand over weapons. Verdun Ogni volume termina con una breve guida al campo di battaglia oggi. Frank Merrill watches troops into Burma. Japanese troops on elephant in Burma. Japanese troops firing a heavy machine gun. Hampton Roads The Mareth Line Burma Road 1943-44: Stilwells Assault on Myitkyina Writer Spartacus and the Slave War BC. D-Day 1. The collapse of British rule in Burma. Rating details. Battle of the Bulge 2. Packed with first-hand accounts, specially commissioned artwork, maps and illustrations and dozens of rare photographs this book reveals the incredible Allied attack on Myitkyina. -
Colonial Burma As a 'Problem' in South Asian History
This is a repository copy of Is it in India? Colonial Burma as a 'Problem' in South Asian History. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/90305/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Saha, J (2015) Is it in India? Colonial Burma as a 'Problem' in South Asian History. South Asian History and Culture, 7 (1). pp. 23-29. ISSN 1947-2498 https://doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2015.1109310 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Is it in India? Colonial Burma as a ‘Problem’ in South Asian History J. Saha School of History, University of Leeds, Leeds Abstract Despite being governed as an integral part of the Indian Empire for over fifty years, it is commonplace for historians to consider Myanmar/Burma as a distinct entity beyond what is usually taken to be South Asia. -
The Foreign Service Journal, January 1954
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