..... ;&.;: .. u ...... ' . ' r;r; . ( MAR K E' D c 0 P¥ • I •4.J..Y.:.~'[ !-)' ,;.

Testing a Boy' s Intel ligence at the Psychological C linic. On the table are a dynamometer for testing the strength of the hands, a pegging board for testing co-ordination, colored worsteds for testing color sense, blocks and dominoes for testing n umber. toys to test common knowledge and instinctive reactions, and the form board, one of the best tests for distinguishing the feeble-minded child from the child of norma l intelligence. 403 p-R

rn!!OLD.PENN ~WEEt\LY· RCVIE~

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC. neighboring parochial school. His education, as well as his recreation, had been obtained on the street. The University's Work for Defective and Backward The teacher, touched by the forlorn boy and his unpromising home, undertook to do something for - Children. him. His mental state suggested the Psychological By Lightner Witmer. Clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. Busy though she was with her professional work as a In the lower section of Philadelphia, a public public school teacher, but probably seeing her task echool teacher was interrupted daily in her work by in its broader social aspects, as so many teachers a noi.:;e from the street corner like that of a min­ are now doing, she employed one of her Saturday iature boiler shop. Upon investigalion it turned out holidays and providing Joseph's carfare herself, she to be one small lone urchin assiduously drumming.- brought him with his parents' consent to the Clinic. Her object was to obtain assistance in placing the boy in some institution for feeble-minded children. At the Psychological Clinic the boy was given a careful physical and mental examination. Joseph went through it stolidly enough. He spoke only once. That was to say "candy." He never smiled. Tickling brought only a whimper. His mouth re­ tained throughout its melancholy droop. His eyelids fell halfway over dull pupils, except when a sudden motion of the examiner caused a momentary look and start of terror. Little could be learned of his mental condition, but no significant physical stigmata of degeneration were discoverable. His enjoyment of unearthly pole-pounding was quickly accounted for by the discovery of marked deafness. This was found to be associated with, perhaps caused by, an adenoid growth in the postnasal cavity. His teeth were decayed, some were Jacking, and others already showed the distorting effect of the adenoid palate. The mental examination of this future citizen ot Philadelphia revealed com';)Jet<> i:m nc o'\~ce of 'lhillty 1o read, write, count and no knowledge o! CJ!ors, nor of many common objects. He showed no affec­ tion, receiving candy without a word of thanks or sign of gratitude, held on to his cap and bag of pea­ nuts as if fearful of losing them, and displayed an almost animal fearfulness in his evident desire to get away from the examination room. J oseph was first brought to the Psychological Clinic on the ninth of October. On the same day he was taken by Miss Campion, the social worker ot the Clinic, to the Nose and Throat Dispensary of the University of Pennsylvania, where adenoids were diagnosed. Three days later, the boy was operated upon at the University Hospital and a large adenoid removed. When he appeared at the Psychological Clinic on the fourth day following the operation, he Twins, ci!l"ht years old. The one on the left bas never been was brought in by the teacher, assisted by our social to scbool and was supposed to be fPellle-minded. On examinntion he proved to be ill nourished, deaf. and t o worker, only after strenuous coaxing. To his natural have a denoids. llis rapid imp1·ovement s ince tbP timidity, which appeared to be almost that ot a removal of the ndenoids suggests tbat his r etardation young savage, had been added the fear of the clinic, is largely due to them. Tbe boy on the right is bette!' developed, menta lly normal, and is in tbe second scllool bred of his experience in the necessary examination year. of his nose and throat. But his improvement was instantly remarked. He breathed better and the nasal discharge had ceased. It could now be deter­ to him-sweet music from a trolley pole. Further mined that he was able to hear in at least one ear, Investigation proved this to be his chief, if not onl:r and most encouraging of all, he spoke a few words. recreation. At home-two poor rooms in a tene­ A week later, he even smiled. He also played with ment-eight other children left from a flock of thir­ the toys, called many of them by name, learned to. teen, demanded all the scant room available and all string beads, and after repeated instruction was the care the busy mother could give. Joseph had finally able to select and string yellow ones. He was to find an outlet for his energies upon the street and responsive, inquisitive, and showed an unusual energy manufacture a toy out of trolley poles. !or doing things. Though h e was eight years old, his apparently Under proper psychological direction and medical hopeless stupidity, r eported as "idiocy" and "gros<> treatment, the whole life prospects of this boy had mental deficiency," combined with disorderliness and completely changed within a fortnight from intel· Intractability, had precluded his admission to the lectual and social hopelessness to a promise of use­ public school and caused him to be rejected by the fulness and good citizenship. He reacted to some of 98 \ ~OLU.PENN EJS.ll.EEt\IX· RE.VIE~

1 2 3 4 1. An institutional case, trainable but not educable. :0. On the borderland between the normal and the Imbecile. Tbree months In the hospital school, where his good progress threw doubt on the previous diagnosis of middle grade imbecility. When last heard from was a ttending a regular class In t he public schools, but making lit tle progress. 3, An educable Imbecile. After two weeks In the hospital school was discharged because observation showed the proper place for him to be a n Institution for feeble-minded children. 4.. A normal boy retarded because he doesn't get enough to cat and Is Ill treated at homo. Diagnosis confirmed by ~ ~ J< weeks In hospital school.

our tests as does a feebl e-minded child, but his be­ adequate care and training. I do not believe the havior suggested that he failed to comprehend what proper place for him to be an institution for feeble­ was being required of him because of deafness and minded children, and yet, such a mind as his, lying fearfulness, a nd the new e-nvironment in which he dormant for years, partially shut off from even his found himself. At the · end of another week he poor environment by deafness, must be awakened by t>howed increased improvement. The social worker, pedagogical methods different from those of the who visited his home and assisted the family with regular schools. A special class, with an abun­ instruction and a gift of some clothing, reported that dance of interesting and stimulating devices, is the _ he h ad astonished his mother one day this week by proper place. H is mind must be r eached and trained using for the fi rst time in his life two or three words through his hands. The inquisitive little fingers, together . This fi r st sentence was "Mom, my shoe which go exploring over ever y new object presented hurts me." He has ceased the screaming in the hi m, tell this story only too well. The lost heritage street which annoyed the neighbors so much, and of childhood's sounds, sights, and above all touches, has become more tractable in the h ouse. The must be made up in a school curriculum especially "viciousness" of which his mother had com plained, n cl:iin all these sensations. s uch as pulling his brother s' hair, s pitting in their Pover ty in this case precludes the possibility of faces, lighting matches and setting fi r e to paper in sending him to a private school. T he best provision the house, has n ot shown itself since the operation. fo r his present needs would be supplied by a hospital He is playing or working, whichever we choose to school wher e he could be kept under observation and call it, in a more sensible and intelligent manner. training for a suitable period of time, and where He has a craze to use hammer and nails, and suc­ hygienic baths, an adequate diet, and sufficient out­ ceeded one morning recently in driving nails into door exercise might strengthen and stimulate his the front door so that it was impossible to get it nen ons system. For a brief period we wer e able Qpe-n. The social worker suggested to the mother through private m unificence to extend the advan tages to give the boy a block of wood and some n ails, and of Rueh a hospital school to cases like this, and we let him amuse himself in this way. a wa it the necessary fi nancial resources to continue T he critical question arises: Will this boy be this work in the future. a ble t o enter upon the new life at the threshold of For him at prese-nt , as fo r hundreds of others like him which h e now appears to stand, and to fulfil the in Philadelphia, the hope of escape from a life of inef­ promises of the present ? Despite the apparen t im­ ficiency, with the possibilities of constant pauperism becility, I consider that he bas a good chance of or crime, lies wholly in the special cl asses attach ed to n ormal development, if provision can be made for the public schools. Placed in one of these, the a ttempt 99 1hould be made to prepare him for work in the regu­ and filed for future reference, added to as the case lar school, where his education may proceed at least develops, and kept for consultation by students inter­ cost to the public. If he should prove to be really ested in this phase of psychological investigation. feebleminded despite the promise of his rapid improve­ The children come from all .quarters of the city, ment within the last two weeks, he should then be from this state and even from distant states. Within sent to an institution for the training of such children, the past few weeks eight have come from New Jersey, with the knowledge that he had been given a chance one from Illinois, two from West Virginia, one from at least to prove himself possessed of a normal mind, Ohio, two from New York, and one from North Caro­ handicapped though it. was by remediable defects. lina. As an example of the growth of the Clinic, news Acting upon this interpretation of the boy's condi­ of the improvement received from treatment in one tion, I sent to the superintendent of schools in Phila­ case reached a woman in Mississippi, who has written delphia a report on the case, suggesting the desir­ several letters since, desiring to have her child treated. ability of organizing a special class in this boy's dis­ The report of this same case reached as far as Califor­ trict to care for him and others like him attending nia and brought a letter from a woman there concern­ the public schools of the neighborhood. The result ing her own defective child. was a significant demonstration of the alertness or Not only do the children come from widely separate the present administration of Philadelphia's school loca lities. but from many strata of society. The 1ystem in providing for the needs of every child or soun:es from wl1icl1 these cllildren are received are ecbool age in the city. Within two days I was in­ equally ,·aried. Many of them were brought by their formed by Dr. Brumbaugh that he had called District parents directly from home, where the child had given Superintendent Brelsford's attention to my report, tt·onble either on acco unt of men tal deficiency or moral tn whose district this boy's school lay, and two days deliuquency. Thus, a father brings his boy on account later Mr. Brelsford informed me that he had already of truancy, bad companionship and a deY eloping organized two special classes in his district and was tendency to steal. 'l'he Juvenile Court of Philadel­ about to open one or two additional classes and would phia and adjacent counties bas sent us many cases for take under advisement the desirability of establishing examination. By far tile largest number of children a special class within easy reach of this boy's home. come from the public sclloolR. A few hn VP been sent I have r ecited the details of this case because they by parochial schools. Very frequently it happens that eerve to illustrate the work which the University or a public school teacher observes a pupil dnll below Pennsylvania is doing for many unfortunate children the average. She may even suspect a case of imbe­ tn Philadelphia and throughout the State of Pennsyl­ cility but discretion prevents her from stating her Tania. Some of them are subnormal in intelligence suspicion to the naturally opinionated parents. She and backward in school work, because of remedial therefore refers them to the Clinic with the statement physical and mental defects. The Psychological Clink that "George is backward in his Rtudies and bad makes a mental and physical examination. In this better be examined at the University." Such a course work a number or psychologists, physicians and social r elieves the teacher of possible controvery and puts workers are taking part. A child brought to the the case into the hands of experts in whom the Psycbological Clinic because of mental r etardation parents haYe abundant confidence. is often found to be in need of medical treatment. For the best disposal of the cases a close relatlon­ Such treatment is not given at the Psychological Clinic, ~;hip with all social agencies dealing with these classes but the child is r eferred to the dispensaries of the of children, as well as with the public schools, is University Hospital, and the social worker of the quite necessary. The social worker acts as an inter­ Psychological Clinic sees that the child receives atten­ mediary between the managers of institutions or the tion and visits the home to see that the prescribed school and the often ignorant, uncertain and suspi­ treatment is carried out. If the visit to the home cious father or mother. Parents frequently have not shows, as often happens, that the home conditions are the remotest suspicion of what is really wrong with responsible in part for the child's mental and physi­ their child. When they do know, they are usually cal state, an effort is made to rouse the family to the completely helpless in getting relief. They need an proper care of the child. Where poverty precludes the immense amount of sympathetic direction and patience, giving of adequate treatment, the case is referred to all of this to be shown, first in the exact diagnosis or the Children's Aid Society or other charitable organi­ their child's case and secondly, in the practical help zations for care and treatment. When the desired needed for the best disposition of it. Both of these course of mental training is determined upon, whether functions the Psychological Clinic undertakes, making in the home or in a special class, the attempt is made Its contributions on the one hand to the science or to follow and direct the work. If the child is an psychology by a careful study and exact r ecord of Institution case and its condition requires that it should each case, and on the other hand to society by co­ be cared for in an institution for feebleminded chil­ operating with the schools and other agencies in mak­ dren, the Psychological Clinic gives the parents such Ing the best disposal of each child possible under assistance as may be necessary to gain the child ad­ the circumstances. mission to the proper institution. Of the cases coming The Psychological Clinic was first established In to the Clinic the most difficult to treat satisfactorily March, 1896, at the Psychological Laboratory of the are the moral cases. We have tried to help these in University of Pennsylvania. The occasion was given some instances through the Y. M. C. A., and the effort for the inception of this work by a public school ts being made to develop a regular means of assistance teacher, who brought to the laboratory a boy fourteen through the "Big Brothers' Movement." years of age for advice concerning the best methods or From first to last a careful record Is made and teaching him, in view of his chronic bad spelling. Her kept of the child's history, including all possible hered­ assumption was that psychology should be able to Itary and natal influences, accidents or diseases after di scover the cause of this deficiency and advise the birth, its educational history, and its present physical means of removing it. Up to that time I could not and mental condition. These records are classified find that the science or psychology bad ever addressed 100 Apparatus for studying blood pressure, the pulse rate, and volumetric changes in the local blood supply.

itself to the ascertainment of the causes and treatment tained since 1896 by the University of Pennsylvania o! a deficiency in spelling, yet this is a simple develop­ for the scientific study and remedial treatment of mental defect of memory; .and memory is a mental defects of development. process concerning which the science of psychology is During the early years of its existence, the Ps:r­ supposed to furnish authoritathne information. It chological Clinic was open for a few hours on one day appeared to me that if psychology was worth any­ of each week. As the knowledge of its work grew, thing to me or to owers, it should be able to assist the demand increased, and soon the clinic was open the efforts of the teacher in a retarded case of this for three days of each week. Although the experiment kind. of holding a daily clinic was first tried in the summer The absence of any principles to guide me made of 1897, during the six weeks of the Summer School, it necessary to apply myself directly to the study of it was not until this fall that regular daily clinics the mental and physical condition of this child, work­ were instituted. About three new cases a day are ing out my methods as I went along. I discovered !ieen. The number which can receive attention ia that the important factor in producing bad spelling necessarily limited, owing to the fact that the study in this case was an eye defect. After this defect had of a case requires much time, and if the Pnsc is to be been corrected, his teacher and I worked together to properly treated, the borne conditlrJus must be looked instruct him as one would a mere beginner in the into and one or more social workers elliployed to fol­ art of spelling and reading. In the spring of 1896, low up the case. The progress of sorue cllildren hat when this case was brought to me, I saw several other t•<>en followE-d for a . term of year a. cases of children suffering from the retardation of My experience with cases referred to the Psycho­ 6ome special function like that of spelling, or from general retardation, and I undertook the training of logical Clinic had early shown me thnt It Is often these children for a certain number of hours each impossible' to make a satisfactory diagnosis of the week. Since that time the Laboratory of Psychology mental status of a child after seeing him once, or has been open for the examination of children who indeed after several visits. A child's mental capacities have come chiefly from the public schools of Philadel­ and failings become apparent only after an attempt ie phia and adjacE-nt cities. The University of Pennsyl­ made to teach him something beyond his known acquirements. To do this work efficiently, there is vania thus opened an educational dispensary. It is 1n effect a laboratory of applied psychology, main- required a borne, a school, and something in the nature 101 ot a hospital. A home must be provided for the sary expenses of the trip. Before or after his children where food, baths, sleep, massage, open-air address, he will be prepared to examine such chil· exercise, and the entire physical life may be adequately dren as may be brought to him by parents ana 11upervised. The best of medical treatment must also teachers, and give free advice as to proper training. be supplied not only for the examination and treat­ and the necessity of procuring medical treatment. ment of eyes, ears, and naso-pharyngeal obstruction, The staff of the Psychological Clinic is organized but also for intestinal disorders, malnutrition, and so with Dr. LiP"htner Witmer, as director, Dr. Arthur on, which in some cases seriously interfere with the Holmes, a psychologist, as assistant director, Miss. child's mental progress. A nurse who at the same Campion, as head social worker, and Miss Schanche time is a trainer, is needed for the physical care of as recorder. There is a staff of volunteer profes­ the children. The training school must provide dis­ sional assistants, including . a number of psycholo­ cipline, motor training through physical exercise and gists, among them Dr. Twitmyer and Dr. Town, and manual work, and intellectual training in the elemen­ several physicians, Dr. Burdick, Dr. Craig, Dr. Lip· tary subjects of the school curriculum. This type of pert, and Dr. Ludlum. A corps of volunteer social r;chool I called a "Hospital School," because I wished workers will be organized under the direction of to call attention to the fact that it is the object of the Miss Campion. school to keep children for a brief period and restore This is pioneer work on the part of the University them to a condition where normal development in of Pennsylvania. In an article on the University or ordinary schools or in the home becomes possible. Pennsylvania in the current number of the "Inde­ It is a restoration school to make the crooked straight, pendent," M'r. Slosson finds it difficult to enumerate· to remedy defects, and to cure the status of retarda­ au the academic, scientific and social activities In tion. It is also a school of observation, where the which the University has been first in the field. child may be kept under training for a month, six Among these is the organization of the department months, or a year, for the purpose of discovering his of Psychology and the ·origination of the Psychologi· individual defects and the strong or weak points of cal Clinic. The Laboratory of Psychology at the his personal character, as a result of which founda­ University of Pennsylvania is the oldest in continu­ tions for subsequent educational treatment may be ous existence in an .American institution of learning. securely laid. When in January, 1889, Dr. J. McKeen Cattell was In 1907 the University of Pennsylvania was pro­ appo.nted Professor of Psychology by the Board of vided with a fund which enabled the Department of Trustees, it was the first time that a chair specifically Psychology to make the experiment of establishing a entitled a professorship of psychology was estab­ hospital school. During the first year of its existence lished in any educational Institution in the world. From first to last the Department of Psychology at the school, like a hospital, took both pay and free the University of Pennsylvania has owed much to· cases, and placed them in the same home. After July, the personal efforts and interest of the Provost. In 1908, the school was divided into two homes situated looking over the records of the department at the in different localities, a school for such children as time of the organization of the laboratory, I find that are able to pay for the expense of treatment, and a It was Mr. Harrison who as a member of the Board' school for free cases. Although the school has been of Trustees contributed most largely to the fund assisted with contributions from time to time, these for its establishment. Under his administration the have not been sufficient to continue the work of the University of Pennsylvania has encouraged the work charity department. The pay department is now of the department until the Laboratory of Psychol­ firmly established, but the free cases were gradually ogy, both for purposes of research and instruction, reduced in number, owing to the exhaustion of the and excepting only its present inadequate accom­ fund originally contributed for the purpose, until only modations, is as well equipped as the laboratory those children remain for whom special contributions of any university in the country. M'r. Harrison has have been obtained. The next step in the develop­ now brought the support of the University of Penn­ ment of this work must be the founding of an adequate sylvania to the extension and maintenance of the hospital school for free cases. Histories of cases Psychological Clinic, in a way which will greatly which have been under treatment give ample justifi­ enhance its scientific value as well as increase its cation for the expenditure of private or public re­ usefulness to the children of the state of Pennsyl­ sources in this direction. vania and of the entire country. This fall the University of Pennsylvania provrdea All the ·large institutions of learning, and many of the means for greatly extending the facilities of the the smaller colleges, now possess a separate depart­ Psychological Clinic. Children are now seen daily ment of psychology and a laboratory properly equip­ in the Phychological Laboratory every afternoon, ped for investigation. The Psychological Cllnic, from two to five, except Saturday, and on Saturday which originated at the University of Pennsylvania, morning from nine to twelve. In order to assure has come to stay and grow, not only in this Univer­ ade1uate attention, it has been found necessary to sity, but elsewhere. Clark University has recently examine children only by appointment; the first instituted a similar clinic for the examination of examination requires at least an hour, if it is to be backward children, and only last week a professor in made in a satisfactory manner, and we are deter­ an educational institution of New York asked permis­ mined that overcrowding shall not cause us to dimin­ sion to visit our clinic from time to time with a view ish the efficiency of our work. In addition, the to undertaking a similar work at his institution. Psychological Clinic is now equipped to assist parents Last year the state of California passed a general and teachers throughout the state of Pennsylvania law providing for the health and development super­ through the medium of correspondence. A member vision of the public schools of the state, under which of the staff of the Psychologic&! Clinic will also be law the city of Los Angeles organized a Department sent on invitation to address the teachers or school of Health and Development with a director in charge directors of any city, borough, or county In the state of a psychological clinic. This fall the announce­ of Pennsylvania without charge other than the neces- ment is made that Professor Huey, formerly of the 102 ...._ ~OL-D· PENN~.WEEhLY· RE.VIE$j

Wester.. University of Pennsylvania, has been Trustees' Appointments to the Faculty. appointeu clinical psychologist to the State School TLe Doanl of Trustees of the University at the and Colony for the Feeble-minded at Lincoln, Illinois. meeting on Tuesday, November 9, made the followin"' I am recently informed that one of the most largely appointments: Assistant Professor A. T. Clay to b~ endowed hospitals of New York City has in contem­ Prol'essor of Semitic Philology and Archreology; "·­ plation the establishment of a psychological clinic B. McDaniel, Professor of Latin; H. C. Richards, which will have at its command all that large finan: Professor of Mathematical Physics; I. J. Schwatt, cial resource-s can supply. Professor of Mathematics; E. A. Singer, Professor of The expression "Psychological Clinic," is employed Philosophy; G. B. Gordon, Assistant Professor of at the University of Pennsylvania to designate Anthropology; R. G. Kent, Assistant Professor· of another activity in connection with the work of the Comparative Philology; V. J. C. Vurpillot, Assistant psychological department. A course in Child Psy­ Professor of French; Dr. James F. Young, Associate chology, called the Psychological Clinic, offers stu­ Professor of Orthopedic Surgery; A. H. Gumear, dents an opportunity to see backward and defective Assistant Professor of Design. children as they are presented and examined before the class. The greater number of these students Dr. Gilliland Appointed State Veterinarian. have been actively engaged in the profession of teaching, others have been interested in or are prepar­ Dr. Samuel H. Gilliland of Marietta Lancaster Ing themselves for social work, while not a few have County, was appointed State Veterinari~n by Gov­ been practicing physicians. By observing the meth­ ernor Edwin S. Stuart on November 5, to succeed ods of diagnosis and becoming familiar with the the late Dr. Leonard Pearson. The place is worth course of treatment prescribed in individual cases, $2,500 per annum. Dr. Gilliland will take charge of practical training is afforded these different classes the work of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board at of students to deal intelligently in their respective once. fields of work with the common defects of children. Dr. Gilliland was born and spent his early life on Se-veral city school systems have shown their appre­ a farm in Centre County, out recently lived in Phila­ ciation of the value of this work, by paying the delphia and in Lancaster. I-Ie was graduated from the expenses of their teachers of special classes to University of Pennsylvania Medical School in 1901 attend the courses in psychology at the Summer and from the Medical Department of the same univer· School. sity in 1904. On three different occasions be studied Finally, The Psychological Clinic is the name of in veterinary schools in Europe, making a special a journal established in March, 1907, and devoted to study of comparative pathology. For eight years be the reporting of scientific investigations in connec­ was assistant bacteriologist to the State Live Stock tion with the study of retardation and deviation, a S_anita~·y Board of Pennsylvania. Upon the resigna­ branch of science to which I have given the name tion of D1·. M. P. Ravenel he succeeded him as bac­ ot Orthogenics, a word composed of two Greek words teriologist to the board, and had charge, unde1~ Dr. meaning st1·aight in the sense of normal, and devel­ ~eonard Pearson, of the labor a tory work and a por. opment. tJon of the field work of this board. He further supervised the work in connection with Dr. William Torrey Harris Dead. the experimental farm in Delaware County. For two Dr. William Torrey Harris died at Providence, R. I., years he was demonstrator of bacteriology in the Uni­ November 6, 1909. ·william Torrey Harris was born versity of Pennsylvania Veterinary School. For sev­ in North Killingly, Conn., on September 10, 1835. eral years he has successfully managed two farms in He attended Yale College for two and a half years, Lancaster County and for a longer period has hail being a member of the Class of '58, but was not gradu­ ~irect supervision of one of the largest dairy herd!> ated. The degree of A.M. was given him by Yale in m the country. During this time he eradicated tuber­ 1869 and an LL.D. in 1895. He received the degree culosis from the herds. of LL.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1894. Dr. Goodspeed on Wireless Telegraphy. Oean Kirk Honored by French Dental Associations. Professor Arthur W. Goodspeed, of the Department The Groupement de !'Ecole Dentaire de Paris, which of P_hysics, lectured at Allentown, Pa., on Thursday Is an association consisting of the Dental School and evenmg, November 4th, before the students and facul­ Dispensary of Paris, the Odontological Society of ties of Muhlenberg College and their friends. The Paris, and the General Association of the Dentists of subject was "Wireless Telegraphy," and was illus­ France, have elected Dr. Edward C. Kirk, the Dean trated in a very elementary way by a stage full of of the Dental Department of the University of Penn­ apparatus taken from the Randal Morgan Laboratory sylvania, an honorary member of the Groupement. of Physics. The lecturer and his assistant were most The Council in this way wished to express to Dr. corcli_ally received and were entertained over night by Kirk their appreciation for the services which be bas Pres1dent and Mrs. Haas. 'l'he audience which Dr. rendered as a member of the Executive Council of Goodspeed addressed was a large and appreciative one, the Internationa 1 Federation for the Teaching and and the lecture was pronounced one of the most suc­ Improvement of Dental Hygiene, in the yearly cessful eyer given in Lehigh County. reunions held by the federation for the past ten years, and especially for his elaboration of the programmes Dr. Pride Professor of Pathology in Memphis. which have so largely contributed to the adoption by Dr. William 'l'homas Pride, Jr., who was graduated the public authorities o1' many of the principal odonto­ from the Department of l\ledicine in 1906 and who· logical reforms in various countries and in France was an interne in the University Hospital durin~); in particular. A beautiful engrossed diploma has 100G-7, bas been appointed Professor of Pathology in been forwarded to Dr. Kirk, signed by the president the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Memphis. and officers of the society. Tenn. 103 established before the laboratory or psychology at OLD PENN Yale, and is indeed the oldest in continuous existence, 400 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. the only one founded earlier at Johns Hopkins Univer­ Published every Saturday during the Academic Year of the sity, having gone out of existence when Dr. Hall went University of Pennsylvania as president to Clark University. Publisher, EDGAR F. SMITH. Editor and Business Manager, EDWARD B. RORINIIlTTE. Professor Witmer calls attention to the priority or Editors: the University in establishing the first chair of psy­ J. H. Penniman, Morris Jastrow, Jr., W. E. Lingelbach, Edgar Marburg, chology to be created at any educational institution. J. P. W. Crawford, L. S. Rowe, T. D. O"Bolger, R. Tait McKenzie, Dr. J. McKeen Cattell was the University's first pro­ C. F. Osborne, George B. Gordon, fessor of psychology. When Dr. Cattell was called Thos. H. Montgomery, Jr., A. Duncan Yocum, Allen .J. Smith, G~orge E. Nitzsche, to Columbia, the University of Pennsylvania gave Edward C. Klt·k, Edward Robins. Dr. Witmer, then an assistant, eighteen months' leave SUBSCRIPTION...... •. $2.00 PER YEAR. of absence to prepare himself at Wundt's psycholog­ PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. Single copies, ten cents. ical laboratory in Leipzig to carry on the work which Posta.,c free to all countries in Postal Union. had been instituted by Dr. Cattell. Since 1892, when Checks, drafts and orders should be made ,.,ltyable to OLD PENN. Dr. Witmer took charge of the Department of Psy­ All correspondence should be addressed chology, the laboratory has been greatly increased in OLD PENN, Houston Hall, University of Penn•ylvania'p equipment and in efficiency for instruction and re­ Philadelphia, a. Teler>hones-Bell, Preston, 23-34; Keystone, West, 42-39A. search. The teaching force has been added to until 1 ---- it now includes a professor, as assistant professor, Entererl 'as •eoona-dass matter, Ootober 17 t!l03, at the post offioe at Philarlelphia, Pa., under Aot of Maroh ::1 . t879. two instructors, and an assistant. In 1896, Professor Witmer opened the Psychological Thrs magazine is devoted to the general public work of the Umversity,-local and national, and to its work in Clinic, which has proved so helpful to large num­ other lands, as well as to the interests of its great body of alumni, now numbering nearly twenty thousand. bers of children in Philadelphia, and the benefits of which the University is now proposing to extend to PH ILADELPHIA, NOVEMBER 13, 1909. the children of the entire state of Pennsylvania. The influence of the research and pr actical work ot _ _The Provost of the University has just been in­ the department has been felt at other institutions, formed of a gift of $50,000 to the University Hospital. even at Clark University, which is recognized as a Under this benefaction ten beds will be permanently leader in psychological work in connection with endowed. children, where a psychological clinic on the plan of The Hospital is growing very rapidly,-more rapidly the University's has .just been established. In 1896- than any like institution in the State of Pennsylvania. 98, Professor Witmer, as Lecturer in Experimental In the near future it will probably be the largest and Psychology at Bryn Mawr College, rounded the psy­ most important Hospital in our State. It is in great chological laboratory at that institution. For two need of income. The annual expenditure of this im­ years, 1903-05, with the consent of the Trustees of the portant part of the University exceeds $200,000. University of Pennsylvania, he was also a member Everyone will rejoice at this gift, and will hope of the faculty of Lehigh University as Professor of that many others will soon follow. Psychology, and established a psychological labora­ tory there. The Work of the Psychological Laboratory. To one who is familiar with the work or the " Old Penn" presents to its readers in this Issue department, it is difficult to realize that so many an article by Professor Witmer on an interesting and activities can be carried on in a few small rooms in important work undertaken by the Department or the basement o! College Hall, originally devoted to Psychology for the investigation and relief or a the purposes of the Department of Physics. To the large class of unfortun.ate children. To many of our ordinary mind, psychology conveys the idea or n graduates the knowledge may come with a shock "soul," some thing ethereal to be analyzed and talked or surprise, that the University or Pennsylvania has about as an other-worldly thing. For any one who a laboratory o! psychology. The story is told that a thinks that, a surprise is waiting when he enters the professor in the University, attending the Yale Bi­ rooms devoted to this important department. The centennial a few years ago, was much impressed first thing that meets his eye is an up-to-date office with the psychological laboratory at that institution. crowded with desks and filing cases, beyond which Returning to Philadelphia he sought the Provost to lie the rooms o! the Psychological Laboratory proper, tell him that our University should establish a filled with their glistening pieces or apparatus and similar laboratory, only to be informed that his own various contrivances for studying the mental pro· Institution already had one. In !act the Laboratory cesses by modern methods. A turn to the left brings o! Psychology at the University or Pennsylvania was the visitor into the library with 1ts more than two 104 " ...... _

thousand volumes, and tables for students doing world and occupied only with academic pursuits, into literary research work. Urossing the hall from the practical institutions applying their knowledge directl;r to the affairs and problems of everyday life. In this library one is ushered into the lecture room and general nwvernent the University of Pennsylvania bas model room, with its skulls and plaster of Paris long maintained the leadership in America. In this casts of brain, spinal cord, and nervous system, with sense it is the oldest university in this country, receiv­ its stereopticon and little back room for human and ing its name from the legislature in 1779. It estab­ animal brains preserved for dissection purp.oses. lished the first medical school in the United States in 1765; opened the tirst university law school in While he is examining these objects, his ear is 1790 ; founded the first professorship in American atruck with the sound of machinery, and his amaze­ history ; and, though not the first, was among the ver;r ment reaches its climax when he is ushered into a earliest to recognize the value of a university's con­ well-equipped machine shop, employing constantly tribution to the business world by the establishment of the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce in the time of a mechanic and a helper for the manu­ 1883 ; founded the first veterinary school ; and still facture and repair of the apparatus used in instruc­ maintains its reputation by the application of psy­ tion and investigation. Besides this, he is told of chology to the problems of backward and mentally tile publication of a rnontllly journal, The Psychologi­ deficient children, begun in 1896. The growth of this last work, its recent reorganization and the spreading cal Clinic, of the dark room and the photographic of its activities to distant points, indicate how wide­ studio in which photographs are taken of scientific awake the general public is to such practical tenden­ objects and of children, and finally the Psycholo­ cies on the part of educational institutions, and with gical Clinic, described in this issue, which carries what readiness the people avail themselves of any on its work in two small rooms eight by eighteen help such institutions can give. From as far north as Maine, as far south as Mississippi and Texas, as feet. In this labyrinth of small rooms are contained far west as California, the call has come to the Psy- a psychological laboratory, a complete machine shop, chological Clinic for assistance and advice. ..- a library, a clinic room, photographic studio, a dark room, offices for faculty and assistants, and clasa Alumni, Attention! rooms for one of the departments of the College. The following is a list of nine colleges and uni­ The apparatus and photographs at the Alaska-Yukon­ versities printed in the order of the endowment funds which they possess: Pacific Exposition, showing the work of the Depart­ Columbia ...... $28,542.,246 ment of Psychology attracted great attention as a Leland Stanford, Jr...... 24,525,922 part of the University's exhibit, and awakened more Girard College ...... 24,467,770 Inquiries than many of the other activities of the Harvard ...... 21,011,574 University. Chicago ...... 13,999,900 Yale ...... 9,597,102 The work of the Psychological Clinic has become Cornell ...... 8,875,676 so well known at home that a child picked up on the Princeton . . . . . • ...... 3,939,200 streets or Philadelphia and presenting problems un­ Pennsylvania ...... 3,438,790 solved by welfare agencies, is immediately referred to As will be seen, we have the smallest endowment fund. Although we have nearly three times as many 1t; so influential abroad that it has molded the sys­ students as Leland Stanford, our endowment is not tems or training backward school children or at least one-seventh of theirs. We have four times as many two large American cities by instructing those in students as Princeton, but our endowment fund is charge; and so practical that it has become a clear­ less by half a million. Many other striking compari­ sons might be made. However, the above figures ing bouse in this city for receiving, classifying, and speak for themselves. Why should not Pennsylvania disposing or children suffering from defects or subnor­ head the above list, or at least be among the first mal mentally or morally, whether received from home five? Our twenty thousand alumni could put it there or from institutions, gathered up from the streets, or if they would. sent from the public schools; and finally, so in the Gross Registration November 10, 1909. confidence or administrators or school systems through­ Freshmen. Totnl out the country that special schools have been estab­ College ...... 434 1,438 lished at its suggestion. Through Dr. Witmer's jour­ Wharton ...... 181 487 Medical ...... 115 521 nal for the study and treatment of retardation and Dental ...... 144 435 deviation, the problem or the backward child has been Law ...... 151 346 brought Into the roreground of educational discm~sion, Veterinary ...... 80 181 and very jm:tifiably, !or as Dr. Witmer and others Graduate School ...... 397 define retardntion. fully one-fourth of the school ch11- Evening School ...... *437 dren of the United States are retarded, and thus ran College Courses for Teachers .. . 544 to get the benefits of a common public school educa­ Summer School ...... 449 tion. The establishment of the Psychological Cllntc ts in 1,105 5,235 line with the trend of morlern universities whl<'h bas transformed them from cloisters, sequestered from the *157 of these are "Specials." 105 Annual Smoker of the Mechanical and Electrical friend. I miss him more than I dare trust myself Engineers. to say. For a quarter of a century he has been at the head of this department; l!e has made it what it Tlle students in Mecllanical and Electrical Engi­ is, the foremost engineering school in the country. neering gave a smoker and reception to the Fresllman Only a great man could make all this possible. I miss Class in tlle Engineering Building, l!'riday evening, his wise counsel, llis readiness to censure, and his October 29. This was the seventeenth annual smoker sustaining force. I know how helpful he has been given by the Engineers and proved an unusually suc­ to me and to those that ha>e gone from these halls cessful affair. into the great industrial world to fight life's battles. 'l'he lm·ge lecture hall and the museum, where the "There is another man absent from here to-night !unci.! was served, were tastefully decorated with col­ that I wish to speak of; one whom we all love, one lege colors and fraternity emblems. The center of the who works for you early and late; who shares with lecture hall was reserved for the four classes by you your difficulties and your pleasures. The man arranging the chairs in the form of hollow r ectangles. whose only thought is for you, and your interests, Here tlle classes assembled and cheered each other, the man that has made this great University the and good-naturedly roasted and cheered the instruc­ foremost educational institution in the world-our tors as they entered the hall. Provost. Mr. Harrison told me to-day that be wanted In addition to the music and the singing of college to be witll the engineers to-night, but that he did songs, several novelties were introduced, one of them not feel able to attend. He asked me to express to being the signing, by everyone present, of an auto­ you his regrets, and to assure you of his love and his graph card, about one yard square in size, which was good will." sent to Professor Spangler in his absence. Doctor Fisher, the new Dean of the College, was The surpise of the evening occurred at the time the next speaker. He said: "I have beard much in when some of the Trustees and members of the Uni­ the past about the smokers given by the engineers, versity Faculty entered the hall and reached the place particularly of the good fellowship displayed and reserved for them nea1· the stage. As the cheering for the enthusiasm for everything Pennsylvanian. I am the officials died away the building was suddenly glad I am here to-night. I wish I could meet you here plunged into darkness, and upon the south wall often. It is an inspiration to work for Pennsylvania, appeared a picture of Professor Spangler, the Director to help everyone that has anything to do with our of the school. The effect was instantaneous. The great University." students sprang to their feet and cheered until they Mr. Arthur L. Church, of the Baldwin Locomotive were stopped by tlle turning on of the lights. Works and a Trustee of the University, followed the During the summer, when upon his customary visit Dean of the College. He admonished all to be keenly to thel.\'laine woods, Professor Spangler was stricken ali\'e to the opportunities afforded them in their witll an acute attack of heart trouble. For a time splendid shops and laboratories, for properly prepar­ bis condition appeared serious, and the students and ing themselves for their profession. his assistants feared for his recovery; but of late his Mr. David Halstead, a distinguished engineer and physician speaks very encouragingly and all are graduate of the Class of 1895, spoke of the rapid hoping for his speedy return. growth of the department, of the superior advantages Professor Stanford, acting Director in charge of the offered the students in the facilities for experimental department during the absence of Professor Spangler, work, and an importance of a sound knowledge of the made the introductory address. He told tlle students fundamentals. He advised all to take an active part that Professor Spangler was able to take short walks, in the undergraduate engineering society of the and that progress towards recovery was slow but department, saying in part: "It was from the associa­ constant. He then read a letter from Professor tions formed at some informal meetings of engineer­ Spangler which expressed his regrets, and thanked ing students, the benefits derived from the work done those present for the many kind messages of good there, that suggested to some of us the value of a will he had received from them. He also wished the fraternity made up of graduates from the depart­ boys a good time and hoped they would see that Dr. ment. The Mu Phi Alpha Society was the result, Smith, the Vice-P1·ovost, conducted himself properly, and to-night in behalf of the Mu Phi Alpha it Is my a statement that seemed to assure the boys that their pleasure to present to the department the piano which professor was getting back to his old form. you see before you, the music from which we have Professor Stanford, referring to the work in the been enjoying this evening.'' department, said that while the hard times lessened The department is very much gratified with the girt. the expected increase in the number of students, they The need for a piano to enliven the social gatherings nevertheless had more men in the department than has been of long standing, and the thoughtfulness of last year, which was clue to the increased size of the the members of the Mu Phi Alpha Fraternity, in pre­ upper classes. For himself, he said, he appreciated senting this handsome and very substantial evidence the value of the splendid system and the magnificent of their good will, is very much appreciated. organization developed by Professor Spangler; that the work was moving smoothly, and that he was grateful for the cordial support accorded him by every Early English Drama. one in the department. Alexander Jessup, editor of the Lippincott's French Doctor Smith, the Vice-Provost, was the next Men of Letters Series, is editing a series of Master­ speaker, and he was at his best. In his own inimi­ pieces of the English Drama for the American Book table way he assured the boys that he was going to be Company. Each volume of the series will contain good, because his friend, their professor, was not with four complete plays by a single dramatist, and will them to defend himself. After referring to their be edited by a different scholar. Beaumont and ramon~ trip to the West be said: "Boys, I cannot "Fletcher" will be edited by Professor Felix E. tell you bow I feel to-night in the absence of our Schelling. 106 LIPPINCOTT BOOKS INVESTMENT SECURITIES JUST PUBLISHED A Handbook of MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS IN FOUR PARTS I. Medical Diagnosis in General. CHAS. C. HARRISON JR. & Co. II. The Methods and their Immediate Results. III. Symptoms and Signs. IV. The Clinical Applications. By JAMES C. WILSON, A.M., M.D. BANKERS Profusor.o/ the Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine in the Jefferson Medical College, and Phvsician to its Hospital; Phya­ ician to the Pennsylvania H ospitol; Phy•ician in Chief to tho German Hospital, Philadelphia. F"IFTH AND CHESTNUT STREETS 408 Text Illustrations and 14 Full Page Plates. Octavo Cloth, $6.00 Ne t PHILADELPHIA THE NEW STANDARD Pierso!s (fna!OIIfY

By Thoma• Dwioht, M.D., J. Play/air Mcllfurric~ Ph.D.J....Carl A . Hamann:;M.D., George A. Pier•ol, M.D., J . william whiU, M.D., and ohn C. Heisler, M .D. Edited by GEORGE A . PIERSOL MEMBERS 2088 Pages. 1734 Illus trations, 541 of which are PHILADELPHIA STOCK EXCHANGE in colors The most comprehensive work of its kind, embracin11: Embry­ NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE ology, Histology, Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy. "The descriptive text is admira ble--clear, well put and not quickly to be forgotten . In reading it one pract1eatly •ees ,he anatomical subi'ect before him, and, with the aid of the beauti­ fully executed il ustrations, could almost dispense with dissection in acquiring a knowledge of the construction of the human body." -Medical Record, New York. Cloth, $7.50 net; half leather, $9.00 net; two volumes, half leather, $10.00 net. Brown Brothers & Co. NEW SECON D EDI TION ESSENTIALS OF FOURTH & CHESTNUT STREETS Milk. Hygiene A practical treatise on dairy and milk in•peclion and on the hy­ PHILADELPHIA gienic production and hondlino of milk, for studenta of dairvino and aanitariana. Translated from the Germ a n of PROF. C . 0. JENSEN o f Copenhagen By LEONARD PEARSON, B.S., V.M.D. Late Professor of Veterinary Me dicine in the University of Penn·sylvania Bankers " A practical and valuable contribution to our science and lit­ erature. The Review therefore commends this work, feeling con­ fident that it will not disappoint either the critical or the practical reader.''-American Veterinary Review. Illustrated. Octavo. 291 pages. Cloth, $2.00 net. Travelers' Letters of Credit International Cheques for Travelers The Exterior of the Horse Bills of Exchange and Cable Transfers By A. G OUBAUX and G. BARRIER Commercial Letters of Credit Translated and Edited by SIMON J . J. HARGER, V.M.D. Professor of Anatomy and Zootechnics in the Veterinary Depart­ Deposits Received and Interest Allowed ment of the University of Pennsylvania. Investment Securities For the teacher, the veterinarian, student, connoisseur and breeder. Enables any intelligent person to determine the relative commercial value of a horse by a rapid examination of his exter­ ior conformation. With 345 figures and 34 plates. Large 8vo. 9 16 pages. Brown, Shipley & Co. Cloth, $3.00 net. LONDON J. B. Lippincott Company Publishers Philadelphia 111 NOTES AND COMMENTS.

The Junior Ball will be held in Weightman Han at the Gymnasium on Friday evening, November 26. Lots of people The next concert at Weightman Hall by the Phll­ never worry about style, adelphia Orchestra will be given on Monday eve­ just buy ning, November 22, at 8.15 p. m. The Junior Class wlll give a tea at the Houston FOWNES Club at the close of the Cornell game on Thanks­ GLOVES giving afternoon. Dr. J. Ramon Ycaza, Dean of the Medical Faculty and hit it right. of the University of Mexico, was a visitor at Penn­ sylvania on November 10. Martin G. Brumbaugh, LL.D., '93 C., addressed the Chester County Teachers' Institute, at West Ches­ ter, Pa., on November 4, on "The Teaching or Morals in the Public Schools." Bernstein Manufacturing Co. A photograph of the Jean Luzac Tablet, erected this year in Leyden, Netherlands, has been recently Makers of "High Grade " presented to the library by Rev. William Elllott Griffis, of Ithaca, N. Y. ASEPTIC HOSPITAL FURNITURE Professor Altamura, of the University of Orviedo, STERILIZING APPARATUS will lecture in Houston Hall on January 11, 1910, on METALLIC BEDSTEADS "Spain of To-day," and in the Law School on Jan­ uary 13, on "Spanish Jurisprudence." BEDDING Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, '86 M., State Commissioner INSTITUTION SUPPLIES of Health, has accepted a tract of 450 acres at Cres­ son, Pa., the gift of Andrew Carnegie, to be used THIRD ST. AND ALLEGHENY AVE. as a tuberculosis sanatorium for western Pennsyl­ PHILADELPHIA vania. The Soclet.v of Nnrml'll a!!(! Pa thologk :J.l Physiol­ ogy will meet at the New M'edical Laboratories in BUREAU BROTHERS Room 119, East Wing, on Monday evening, November FOUNDRY 15, at 8.15 o'clock. Papers will be read by Dr. H. S. Campbell, Mr. W. L. Croll and Dr. R. S. Lillie. Dr. Lyman A. Abbott, editor-in-chief of the "Out­ 1Brnutr ~tatuary look," has accepted the invitation of the trustees fllllrmnrial wabld.!i to speak in Houston Hall, on December 1, at 4 o'clock, 21st and Allegheny Ave., Philadelphia on "The Ethics of Jesus Christ of Nazareth." Dr. Abbott will lecture under the auspices of the Board­ man Foundation. C. Leonard Woolley, M.A., will give an illustrated JOHN T. LEWIS & BROS. CO. lecture at the Free Museum of Science and Art on Man ufacturers of Saturday afternoon, November 20, at 4 o'clock, White Lead, Red Lead on "The Roman Wall-The M'ilitary Defence of Litharge, Orange Mineral North Britain." The lecture will be open to the public. Linseed Oil, Colors, Etc. The Pennsylvania Mandolin Club is to assist in a 231 SOUTH FRONT ST., PHILADELPHIA comedy, entitled "Under the Aloes," which is to be given by the students of the Delancey School, on Friday evening, December lOth, in the Ball Room of the Bellevue-Stratford. The performance is for Baldwin the benefit of the Children's Seashore Home. Locomotive Works Officers for the coming year were chosen at a recent meeting of the Aeronautical Society as fol­ Single Expansion and lows: Honorary President, H. L. Willoughby, '77; Compound Locomotives president, F. H . Deckant, C. E.'lO; vice-president, E. F. Wright, M. E. '11; treasurer, J. F . Rhodes, C. E. Broad and Narrow Gauge Locomotives Mine '10; secretary, G. A. Richardson, M'. E. '12. and Furnace Locomotives, Compressed Air Loco· motives, Tramway Locomotives, Plantation Loco­ The Combined Musical Clubs have arranged for motives. Oil Burning Locomotives. concerts at Chester on December 6, at Moorestown, Electric Locomotives and Westinghouse Motor: December 16, and may take a trip through Pennsyl­ Electric Car Trucks with or without motors. vania during the Christmas holidays. The Cornell­ BURNHAM, WILLIAMS & CO. Pennsylvania concert will be held in the ball room of the Bellevue-Stratford on Wednesday evening PHILADELPHIA, PA. November 24. 112