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MAR K E' D C 0 P¥ • I •4.J..Y.:.~'[ !-)' ,; ..... ;&.;: .. u .. ...... ... ' . ' r;r; . ( MAR K E' D c 0 P¥ • I •4.J..Y.:.~'[ !-)' ,;. Testing a Boy' s Intel ligence at the Psychological C linic. On the table are a dynamometer for testing the strength of the hands, a pegging board for testing co-ordination, colored worsteds for testing color sense, blocks and dominoes for testing n umber. toys to test common knowledge and instinctive reactions, and the form board, one of the best tests for distinguishing the feeble-minded child from the child of norma l intelligence. 403 p-R rn!!OLD.PENN ~WEEt\LY· RCVIE~ THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC. neighboring parochial school. His education, as well as his recreation, had been obtained on the street. The University's Work for Defective and Backward The teacher, touched by the forlorn boy and his unpromising home, undertook to do something for - Children. him. His mental state suggested the Psychological By Lightner Witmer. Clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. Busy though she was with her professional work as a In the lower section of Philadelphia, a public public school teacher, but probably seeing her task echool teacher was interrupted daily in her work by in its broader social aspects, as so many teachers a noi.:;e from the street corner like that of a min­ are now doing, she employed one of her Saturday iature boiler shop. Upon investigalion it turned out holidays and providing Joseph's carfare herself, she to be one small lone urchin assiduously drumming.- brought him with his parents' consent to the Clinic. Her object was to obtain assistance in placing the boy in some institution for feeble-minded children. At the Psychological Clinic the boy was given a careful physical and mental examination. Joseph went through it stolidly enough. He spoke only once. That was to say "candy." He never smiled. Tickling brought only a whimper. His mouth re­ tained throughout its melancholy droop. His eyelids fell halfway over dull pupils, except when a sudden motion of the examiner caused a momentary look and start of terror. Little could be learned of his mental condition, but no significant physical stigmata of degeneration were discoverable. His enjoyment of unearthly pole-pounding was quickly accounted for by the discovery of marked deafness. This was found to be associated with, perhaps caused by, an adenoid growth in the postnasal cavity. His teeth were decayed, some were Jacking, and others already showed the distorting effect of the adenoid palate. The mental examination of this future citizen ot Philadelphia revealed com';)Jet<> i:m nc o'\~ce of 'lhillty 1o read, write, count and no knowledge o! CJ!ors, nor of many common objects. He showed no affec­ tion, receiving candy without a word of thanks or sign of gratitude, held on to his cap and bag of pea­ nuts as if fearful of losing them, and displayed an almost animal fearfulness in his evident desire to get away from the examination room. J oseph was first brought to the Psychological Clinic on the ninth of October. On the same day he was taken by Miss Campion, the social worker ot the Clinic, to the Nose and Throat Dispensary of the University of Pennsylvania, where adenoids were diagnosed. Three days later, the boy was operated upon at the University Hospital and a large adenoid removed. When he appeared at the Psychological Clinic on the fourth day following the operation, he Twins, ci!l"ht years old. The one on the left bas never been was brought in by the teacher, assisted by our social to scbool and was supposed to be fPellle-minded. On examinntion he proved to be ill nourished, deaf. and t o worker, only after strenuous coaxing. To his natural have a denoids. llis rapid imp1·ovement s ince tbP timidity, which appeared to be almost that ot a removal of the ndenoids suggests tbat his r etardation young savage, had been added the fear of the clinic, is largely due to them. Tbe boy on the right is bette!' developed, menta lly normal, and is in tbe second scllool bred of his experience in the necessary examination year. of his nose and throat. But his improvement was instantly remarked. He breathed better and the nasal discharge had ceased. It could now be deter­ to him-sweet music from a trolley pole. Further mined that he was able to hear in at least one ear, Investigation proved this to be his chief, if not onl:r and most encouraging of all, he spoke a few words. recreation. At home-two poor rooms in a tene­ A week later, he even smiled. He also played with ment-eight other children left from a flock of thir­ the toys, called many of them by name, learned to. teen, demanded all the scant room available and all string beads, and after repeated instruction was the care the busy mother could give. Joseph had finally able to select and string yellow ones. He was to find an outlet for his energies upon the street and responsive, inquisitive, and showed an unusual energy manufacture a toy out of trolley poles. !or doing things. Though h e was eight years old, his apparently Under proper psychological direction and medical hopeless stupidity, r eported as "idiocy" and "gros<> treatment, the whole life prospects of this boy had mental deficiency," combined with disorderliness and completely changed within a fortnight from intel· Intractability, had precluded his admission to the lectual and social hopelessness to a promise of use­ public school and caused him to be rejected by the fulness and good citizenship. He reacted to some of 98 \ ~OLU.PENN EJS.ll.EEt\IX· RE.VIE~ 1 2 3 4 1. An institutional case, trainable but not educable. :0. On the borderland between the normal and the Imbecile. Tbree months In the hospital school, where his good progress threw doubt on the previous diagnosis of middle grade imbecility. When last heard from was a ttending a regular class In t he public schools, but making lit tle progress. 3, An educable Imbecile. After two weeks In the hospital school was discharged because observation showed the proper place for him to be a n Institution for feeble-minded children. 4.. A normal boy retarded because he doesn't get enough to cat and Is Ill treated at homo. Diagnosis confirmed by ~ ~ J< weeks In hospital school. our tests as does a feebl e-minded child, but his be­ adequate care and training. I do not believe the havior suggested that he failed to comprehend what proper place for him to be an institution for feeble­ was being required of him because of deafness and minded children, and yet, such a mind as his, lying fearfulness, a nd the new e-nvironment in which he dormant for years, partially shut off from even his found himself. At the · end of another week he poor environment by deafness, must be awakened by t>howed increased improvement. The social worker, pedagogical methods different from those of the who visited his home and assisted the family with regular schools. A special class, with an abun­ instruction and a gift of some clothing, reported that dance of interesting and stimulating devices, is the _ he h ad astonished his mother one day this week by proper place. H is mind must be r eached and trained using for the fi rst time in his life two or three words through his hands. The inquisitive little fingers, together . This fi r st sentence was "Mom, my shoe which go exploring over ever y new object presented hurts me." He has ceased the screaming in the hi m, tell this story only too well. The lost heritage street which annoyed the neighbors so much, and of childhood's sounds, sights, and above all touches, has become more tractable in the h ouse. The must be made up in a school curriculum especially "viciousness" of which his mother had com plained, n cl:iin all these sensations. s uch as pulling his brother s' hair, s pitting in their Pover ty in this case precludes the possibility of faces, lighting matches and setting fi r e to paper in sending him to a private school. T he best provision the house, has n ot shown itself since the operation. fo r his present needs would be supplied by a hospital He is playing or working, whichever we choose to school wher e he could be kept under observation and call it, in a more sensible and intelligent manner. training for a suitable period of time, and where He has a craze to use hammer and nails, and suc­ hygienic baths, an adequate diet, and sufficient out­ ceeded one morning recently in driving nails into door exercise might strengthen and stimulate his the front door so that it was impossible to get it nen ons system. For a brief period we wer e able Qpe-n. The social worker suggested to the mother through private m unificence to extend the advan tages to give the boy a block of wood and some n ails, and of Rueh a hospital school to cases like this, and we let him amuse himself in this way. a wa it the necessary fi nancial resources to continue T he critical question arises: Will this boy be this work in the future. a ble t o enter upon the new life at the threshold of For him at prese-nt , as fo r hundreds of others like him which h e now appears to stand, and to fulfil the in Philadelphia, the hope of escape from a life of inef­ promises of the present ? Despite the apparen t im­ ficiency, with the possibilities of constant pauperism becility, I consider that he bas a good chance of or crime, lies wholly in the special cl asses attach ed to n ormal development, if provision can be made for the public schools.
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