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Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals of Pakin Atoll, Eastern Caroline Islands
Micronesica 29(1): 37-48 , 1996 Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals of Pakin Atoll, Eastern Caroline Islands DONALD W. BUDEN Division Mathematics of and Science, College of Micronesia, P. 0 . Box 159 Kolonia, Polmpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941. Abstract-Fifteen species of reptiles, 18 birds, and five mammals are recorded from Pakin Atoll. None is endemic to Pakin and all of the residents tend to be widely distributed throughout Micronesia. Intro duced species include four mammals (Rattus exulans, Canis fami/iaris, Fe/is catus, Sus scrofa), the Red Junglefowl (Gallus gal/us) among birds, and at least one lizard (Varanus indicus). Of the 17 indigenous birds, ten are presumed or documented breeding residents, including four land birds, a heron, and five terns. The Micronesian Honeyeater (My=omela rubratra) is the most common land bird, followed closely by the Micro nesian Starling (Aplonis opaca). The vegetation is mainly Cocos forest, considerably modified by periodic cutting of the undergrowth, deliber ately set fires, and the rooting of pigs. Most of the present vertebrate species do not appear to be seriously endangered by present levels of human activity. But the Micronesian Pigeon (Ducula oceanica) is less numerous on the settled islands, probably reflecting increased hunting pressure, and sea turtles (especially Chelonia mydas) and their eggs are harvested indiscriminately . Introduction Terrestrial vertebrates have been poorly studied on many of the remote atolls of Micronesia, and distributional records are lacking or scanty for many islands. The present study documents the occurrence and relative abundance of reptiles, birds, and mammals on Pakin Atoll for the first time. -
Traditional Leadership in the Constitution of the Marshall Islands
TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS by C. J. LYNCH Working Papers Series Pacific Islands Studies Center for Asian and Pacific Studies in collaboration with the Social Science Research Institute University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii Joe Lynch is a consultant on legislation and constitutional drafting whose long experience in the Pacific encompasses island areas in Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. Robert C. Kiste, Director Pacific Islands Studies Program Center for Asian and Pacific Studies University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS (With Comparative Notes) C. J. Lynch 1984 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface v Introductory 1 Part I. THE COUNCIL OF IROIJ l. The precursors 3 2. Functions of the Council 4 (a) General 4 (b) Relations with the Nitijela 6 ( c) The Council in action 9 3. Composition of the Council 10 4. Procedures of the Council 13 5. Miscellaneous matters 14 6. Comparisons 16 (a) Palau 16 (b) The Federated States of Micronesia 17 (c) Yap 18 (d) Vanuatu 21 (e) Western Samoa 22 (f) The Cook Islands 22 (g) Comment 24 Part II. THE TRADITIONAL RIGHTS COURT 7. The Traditional Rights Court and the judicial system 27 ADDENDUM: Two problems of interpretation 8. Comparisons and comment 34 Part III. CONCLUSION 9. General comments 35 10. Is a traditional input desirable? 37 APPENDIX 42 NOTES 43 iii PREFACE It hardly needs to be said that this paper is written by a lawyer and from a lawyer's point of view. This fact, however , necessarily means that it is selective, firstly in the aspects of its subject that are considered and secondly in the detail (especially on non-legal aspects) into which it goes. -
Early Colonial History Four of Seven
Early Colonial History Four of Seven Marianas History Conference Early Colonial History Guampedia.com This publication was produced by the Guampedia Foundation ⓒ2012 Guampedia Foundation, Inc. UOG Station Mangilao, Guam 96923 www.guampedia.com Table of Contents Early Colonial History Windfalls in Micronesia: Carolinians' environmental history in the Marianas ...................................................................................................1 By Rebecca Hofmann “Casa Real”: A Lost Church On Guam* .................................................13 By Andrea Jalandoni Magellan and San Vitores: Heroes or Madmen? ....................................25 By Donald Shuster, PhD Traditional Chamorro Farming Innovations during the Spanish and Philippine Contact Period on Northern Guam* ....................................31 By Boyd Dixon and Richard Schaefer and Todd McCurdy Islands in the Stream of Empire: Spain’s ‘Reformed’ Imperial Policy and the First Proposals to Colonize the Mariana Islands, 1565-1569 ....41 By Frank Quimby José de Quiroga y Losada: Conquest of the Marianas ...........................63 By Nicholas Goetzfridt, PhD. 19th Century Society in Agaña: Don Francisco Tudela, 1805-1856, Sargento Mayor of the Mariana Islands’ Garrison, 1841-1847, Retired on Guam, 1848-1856 ...............................................................................83 By Omaira Brunal-Perry Windfalls in Micronesia: Carolinians' environmental history in the Marianas By Rebecca Hofmann Research fellow in the project: 'Climates of Migration: -
On the Relative Isolation of a Micronesian Archipelago During The
The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (2007) 36.2: 353–364 doi: 10.1111/j.1095-9270.2007.00147.x OnBlackwellR.NAUTICAL CALLAGHAN Publishing ARCHAEOLOGY, and Ltd S. M. FITZPATRICK: XXXthe ON THE RELATIVE ISOLATIONRelative OF A MICRONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO Isolation of a Micronesian Archipelago during the Historic Period: the Palau Case-Study Richard Callaghan Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Scott M. Fitzpatrick Department of Sociology & Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Contact between Europeans and Pacific Islanders beginning in the early 1500s was both accidental and intentional. Many factors played a role in determining when contacts occurred, but some islands remained virtually isolated from European influence for decades or even centuries. We use Palau as a case-study for examining why this archipelago was free from direct European contact until 1783, despite repeated attempts by the Spanish to reach it from both the Philippines and Guam. As computer simulations and historical records indicate, seasonally-unfavourable winds and currents account for the Spanish difficulty. This inadvertently spared Palauans from early Spanish missionaries, disease, and rapid cultural change. © 2007 The Authors Key words: computer simulations, seafaring, Spanish contact, Palau, Caroline Islands, Micronesia. he first contacts between Europeans and world’s largest ocean and most island groups native Pacific Islanders occurred in the consist of small, not-very-visible coral atolls. In T early 1500s. This was, of course, a major addition, relatively few European ships made historical event which ultimately transformed the their way into the Pacific in the 16th and 17th lives of thousands of people through the spread centuries, thereby reducing the chances of contact. -
Appendix D : Cartographic Materials Codes
Appendix D : Cartographic Materials Codes These lists are based on Ministry of Defence Mapping and Charting Establishment practice. Field 31 - Character positions 1-4: Relief codes CODE DEFINITION a Contours b Tonal hill shading c Hypsometric tints – layer method d Hachures e Bathymetry – sounding f Form lines g Spot heights h Other methods in colour (e.g. in the style of Imhof) i Pictorial j Land forms (e.g. in the sytle of Lobeck, Raisz, Fenneman) k Bathymetry – isolines l Bathymetry – tints m Ridge lines z Other Field 031 - Character positions 5-6: Projection type codes AZIMUTHAL OR ZENITHAL CONIC PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS aa Aitoff ca Alber’s equal area ab Gnomonic cb Bonne ac Lambert’s azimuthal equal area cc Lambert’s conformal conic ad Orthographic cd Polyconic (simple) ae Azimuthal equidistant ce Miller’s bipolar oblique conformal conic af Stereographic cf D Lisle ag Other Azimuthal equal area cg Projection of the International Map of World au Azimuthal, specific type unknown ch Tissot’s conformal conic az Azimuthal, other known specific cu Conic, specific type unknown type cz Conic, other known specific type CYLINDRICAL OTHER PROJECTIONS PROJECTIONS ba Gall da Armadillo bb Homolographic db Butterfly bc Lambert’s cylindrical equal area dd Goode’s homolosine bd Mercator df Van der Grinten be Miller’s cylindrical dg Dymaxion bf Molweide dh Cordiform bg Sinusoidal di Polyhedric bh Transverse Mercator uu Type of projection unknown bj Plate Carree zz Other known type bk Cassini’s bl Laborde bm Oblique Mercator bu Cylindrical, specific -
ISO Country Codes
COUNTRY SHORT NAME DESCRIPTION CODE AD Andorra Principality of Andorra AE United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates AF Afghanistan The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan AG Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda (includes Redonda Island) AI Anguilla Anguilla AL Albania Republic of Albania AM Armenia Republic of Armenia Netherlands Antilles (includes Bonaire, Curacao, AN Netherlands Antilles Saba, St. Eustatius, and Southern St. Martin) AO Angola Republic of Angola (includes Cabinda) AQ Antarctica Territory south of 60 degrees south latitude AR Argentina Argentine Republic America Samoa (principal island Tutuila and AS American Samoa includes Swain's Island) AT Austria Republic of Austria Australia (includes Lord Howe Island, Macquarie Islands, Ashmore Islands and Cartier Island, and Coral Sea Islands are Australian external AU Australia territories) AW Aruba Aruba AX Aland Islands Aland Islands AZ Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan BA Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina BB Barbados Barbados BD Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh BE Belgium Kingdom of Belgium BF Burkina Faso Burkina Faso BG Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria BH Bahrain Kingdom of Bahrain BI Burundi Republic of Burundi BJ Benin Republic of Benin BL Saint Barthelemy Saint Barthelemy BM Bermuda Bermuda BN Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam BO Bolivia Republic of Bolivia Federative Republic of Brazil (includes Fernando de Noronha Island, Martim Vaz Islands, and BR Brazil Trindade Island) BS Bahamas Commonwealth of the Bahamas BT Bhutan Kingdom of Bhutan -
Monthly Weather Review July 1936
248 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW JULY 1936 TABLE1.-Averages, departures, and extremes of atmospheric pressure weakened considerably and on the following morning had at sea lwel, Xorth Pacific Ocean, JZL~Y19S6, at selected stations disappeared. The typhoon was small and the winds were not violent over northern Luzon, July 3, consequently Highest Date Lowest Date little damage resulted. Typhoon, July 5-10, 1956.-From July 2 to 4, pressure - was low over the Eastern and Western Caroline Islands; Inches Inch Inches Inchrs but no definite center appeared until July 5, when the Point Barrow ..________29.72 -0.20 30.28 27 39.12 9 Dutch Harbor ._._.____30.09 +. 15 30.36 ia 39.31 1 inorning weather map showed the existence of a depres- St. Paul _________.______30.06 +.?Z 30.44 20 2Y. 40 5 sion about 200 miles north-northeast of Yap. During kodiak. - __ ________..__29.93 -.01 30. ?2 1s 29.48 9 Juneau .________________29.93 -.E 30.24 31 29.42 9 the nest 2 days the depression moved west-northwest Tatoosh Island _______..30.M -.01 30.23 29 29.6s 4 San Francisco _.______._29.S9 -.OB 50. oo 11 a.74 14 quite rapidly, intensifying as it progressed. The morning hf azat Ian. - - - - -.- __ -.__ 29. S3 --.a3 "0. 92 29 29.66 14 of July 8 found it about 300 miles east-northeast of Manila Honolulu.. -. - __ _.- - 30.02 .00 3u. 13 31 29.92 15 Midway Island ________ 30.10 -.a1 so. 2n 23 29.98 13,14 moving west-northwest. -
Marshall Islands Nations Data 7.108028 °”N, 171.372771 °E Share of 2 Pacific Gdp 0.6% Source: United Nations Total Aid 2011-2016: Statistics
POPULATION 53,066 SOURCE: UNITED NATIONS DESA / POPULATION DIVISION CURRENTGNI PER PRICESCAPITA - US $ 4,677.70 SOURCE: UNITED MARSHALL ISLANDS NATIONS DATA 7.108028 °”N, 171.372771 °E SHARE OF 2 PACIFIC GDP 0.6% SOURCE: UNITED NATIONS TOTAL AID 2011-2016: STATISTICS $466M $536M 484 33 GOVERNANCE spent committed projects 2 4.81 (PERCENTILE RANK 9 (0-100) - INDICATES RANK OF COUNTRY AMONG ALL COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD. The Lowy Institute Pacific Aid Map 0 CORRESPONDS TO LOWEST RANK AND 100 CORRESPONDS TO HIGHEST RANK.) is an analytical tool designed to SOURCE: WORLDWIDE GOVERNANCE INDICATORS *EXCEPT COOK ISLANDS AND enhance aid effectiveness in the NIUE: LOWY INSTITUTE ANALYSIS Pacific by improving coordination, alignment and accountability of ODA % OF GNI foreign aid through enhanced 11.99% transparency of aid flows. SOURCE: LOWY INSTITUTE The Pacific Aid Map team has *ALL DEMOGRAPHIC FIGURES 2016. collected data on close to 13,000 projects in 14 countries from 63 OTHERS - $13M donors from 2011 onwards. TOP DONORS ADB - $16M Visit the website on USA JAP TW* AUS pacificaidmap.lowyinstitute.org $314M $49M $45M $29M *TAIWAN IS INCLUDED IN THE PACIFIC AID MAP AS A SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORY CLAIMED BY CHINA. TOTAL AID SPENT / COMMITTED 2011-2016 COMMITTED SPENT KEY DATES 2011 US $75m on Compacts of Free Association, Multiple Grants and 2014 Marshall Islands declares a state of emergency after major flooding Agreements 2015 UAE $2.7m project: 600 KW Solar PV Power project 2013 Pacific island leaders sign “Majuro Declaration” to tackle climate change. 2016 Taiwan $4m Home Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy project TOP 10 AID PROJECTS SPENT (2011-2016) DONOR PROJECT TITLE AMOUNT IMPLMENTING PARTNER SECTOR LOCATION United States Compacts of Free Association, Sector Grants: $75,011,450.00 Government of Marshall Government & US Embassy, Program Support - Unspecified. -
Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503 the Vascular Plants Of
ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 503 THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS BY NANCY VANDER VELDE ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. AUGUST 2003 Uliga Figure 1. Majuro Atoll THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ABSTRACT Majuro Atoll has been a center of activity for the Marshall Islands since 1944 and is now the major population center and port of entry for the country. Previous to the accompanying study, no thorough documentation has been made of the vascular plants of Majuro Atoll. There were only reports that were either part of much larger discussions on the entire Micronesian region or the Marshall Islands as a whole, and were of a very limited scope. Previous reports by Fosberg, Sachet & Oliver (1979, 1982, 1987) presented only 115 vascular plants on Majuro Atoll. In this study, 563 vascular plants have been recorded on Majuro. INTRODUCTION The accompanying report presents a complete flora of Majuro Atoll, which has never been done before. It includes a listing of all species, notation as to origin (i.e. indigenous, aboriginal introduction, recent introduction), as well as the original range of each. The major synonyms are also listed. For almost all, English common names are presented. Marshallese names are given, where these were found, and spelled according to the current spelling system, aside from limitations in diacritic markings. A brief notation of location is given for many of the species. The entire list of 563 plants is provided to give the people a means of gaining a better understanding of the nature of the plants of Majuro Atoll. -
Soils and Agriculture of the Palau Islands'
Soils and Agriculture of the Palau Islands' A.J. VESSEL and Roy W. SIMONSON2 SOILS OF THE PALAU ISLANDS range from shown in Figure 1. Lying 7° north of the deeply weathered Latosols- to shallow, rocky equator, the Palaus are in the same latitude as Lithosols, and include Regosols, Alluvial Colombia and Venezuela. Soils, and Organic Soils. Most extensive in The Palau chain stretches appro ximately 50 the islands are the Larosols, ofgeneral interest miles, from Kayangel at the north to Angaur because of their wide distribution in the at the south. From east to west, the dimen humid tropics . Associated soils are much less sions of the chain range from 3 to 25 miles, extensive but are more impo rtant to local as measured to the outer barrier reefs. food production . The latter also illustrate The total land area of the group, which effects of local factors in soil formation . Data consists of some 350 closely spaced islands on characteristics, distribution, and utilization and islets, is 175 square miles. Babelthuap, of the soils and a preliminary evaluation of largest island in the group, has an area of al their agricultural potentialities are given in most 140 square miles. The bulk of the re this paper. More complete descriptions of the maining land area is distributed among eight soils are part of a comprehensive report on additional islands. Most of the 350 islands the geology and soils ofthe islands now being and islets of the chain are tiny reefs or bars, prepared for publication as a professional barely above sea level. -
Pacific Freely Associated States Include the Republic Low Coral Islands (Figure FAS-1)
NOAA Coral Reef Ecosystem Research Plan PACIFIC FREELY Republic of the Marshall Islands ASSOCIATED STATES The Marshall Islands encompasses approximately 1,225 individual islands and islets, with 29 atolls and 5 solitary The Pacific Freely Associated States include the Republic low coral islands (Figure FAS-1). The Marshalls have a 2 of the Marshall Islands (the Marshalls), the Federated total dry land area of only about 181.3 km . However, States of Micronesia (FSM), and the Republic of Palau when the Exclusive Economic Zone (from the shoreline (Palau). These islands are all independent countries that to 200 miles offshore) is considered, the Republic covers 2 at one-time were governed by the U. S. as part of the Trust 1,942,000 km of ocean within the larger Micronesia 2 Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II. Although region. There are 11,670 km of sea within the lagoons these countries are independent, they still maintain close of the atolls. Land makes up less than 0.01% of the ties with the U.S. and are eligible to receive funds from area of the Marshalls. Most of the country is the broad U.S. Federal agencies, including NOAA, DOI, EPA, and the open ocean with a seafloor depth that reaches 4.6 km. National Science Foundation. Scattered throughout the Marshalls are nearly 100 isolated submerged volcanic seamounts; those with flattened tops The coral reef resources of these islands remain are called guyots. The average elevation of the Marshalls mostly unmapped. is about 2 m above sea level. In extremely dry years, there may be no precipitation on some of the drier atolls. -
Atoll Research Bulletin No. 317 the Palauan and Yap
ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 317 THE PALAUAN AND YAP MEDICINAL PLANT STUDIES OF MASAYOSHI OKABE, 1941-1943 BY ROBERT A. DEFILIPPS, SHIRLEY L. MAINA AND LESLIE A. PRAY ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON,D.C.,U.SA October 1988 THE PALAUAN AND YAP MEDICINAL PLANT STUDIES OF MASAYOSHI OKABE, 1941-1943 ROBERT A. DEFILIPPS, SHIRLEY L. MAINA AND LESLIE A. PRAY* ABSTRACT Masayoshi Okabe visited the Palau and Yap Islands to study the local medicinal plants and diseases treated through their use. He made reports of his findings (1941a, 1943a) in Japanese. In this paper the authors present for the first time in the English language a published record of Okabe's findings. INTRODUCTION On September 25, 1513, from a hilltop on the Isthmus of Panama, conquistador Vasco Nunez de Balboa looked down upon and, in the name of Ferdinand I1 of Spain, christened the vast ocean before him the "South Sea." Since then, the paradise islands of the Pacific have continued to be the setting for much enterprise in behalf of European, American and Asian powers. Micronesia is one of three major geographic regions in Pacific Oceania. It comprises three main island chains, one of them being the Caroline Archipelago of which Palau and Yap are a part. Ruiz Lopez de Villalobos of Spain was the first European explorer to set foot on the shores of Palau, in 1543 (Smith, l983a). Spain, though exerting little authority, would claim sovereignty over the islands for the next three centuries. In the meanwhile, British and American traders frequented the islands in an effort to expand their rich Far East trade lines by scouting the Pacific itself for tradeable items such as pearl shell and the sweet-smelling sandalwood.