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On the Relative Isolation of a Micronesian Archipelago During The The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (2007) 36.2: 353–364 doi: 10.1111/j.1095-9270.2007.00147.x OnBlackwellR.NAUTICAL CALLAGHAN Publishing ARCHAEOLOGY, and Ltd S. M. FITZPATRICK: XXXthe ON THE RELATIVE ISOLATIONRelative OF A MICRONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO Isolation of a Micronesian Archipelago during the Historic Period: the Palau Case-Study Richard Callaghan Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Scott M. Fitzpatrick Department of Sociology & Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Contact between Europeans and Pacific Islanders beginning in the early 1500s was both accidental and intentional. Many factors played a role in determining when contacts occurred, but some islands remained virtually isolated from European influence for decades or even centuries. We use Palau as a case-study for examining why this archipelago was free from direct European contact until 1783, despite repeated attempts by the Spanish to reach it from both the Philippines and Guam. As computer simulations and historical records indicate, seasonally-unfavourable winds and currents account for the Spanish difficulty. This inadvertently spared Palauans from early Spanish missionaries, disease, and rapid cultural change. © 2007 The Authors Key words: computer simulations, seafaring, Spanish contact, Palau, Caroline Islands, Micronesia. he first contacts between Europeans and world’s largest ocean and most island groups native Pacific Islanders occurred in the consist of small, not-very-visible coral atolls. In T early 1500s. This was, of course, a major addition, relatively few European ships made historical event which ultimately transformed the their way into the Pacific in the 16th and 17th lives of thousands of people through the spread centuries, thereby reducing the chances of contact. of new technologies, religious ideologies, diseases, But it is still curious why some islands remained animals and plants, and trade activities. Over isolated, especially considering that many were the following centuries, European influence grew fairly large and that Europeans were intent on through direct contact with native groups and taking advantage of these new sources of wealth indirect movement of various goods such as and increasing their control over critical trade iron (Hezel, 1972; Hezel, 1983; Descantes, 2001; routes. Fitzpatrick et al., 2006). The acquisition of precious One of the island groups which remained commodities, including spices, copra (dried coconut isolated long after other nearby islands were meat), mother-of-pearl shell, bêche-de-mer (sea- exposed to European influence was the Palauan cucumber or sea-slug), and metals, and aspirations archipelago in the Western Caroline Islands to convert native peoples to Christianity, became of Micronesia (Fig. 1). Contemporary Spanish powerful motivators for Europeans to expand historical accounts testify to the frequency of their global empires, and seek out new islands to drift-voyages from the Carolines (Hezel, 1983) establish trade outposts. with no fewer than nine different landings Despite a massive effort by Europeans to between 1664 and 1669 (Hezel, 1972: 28). These discover new islands so that they could develop voyagers reported to missionaries that numerous their economies and extract resources, there are islands lay to the east. In December 1696, Father several instances where islands remained largely Paul Klein, after meeting on Samar, in the free from European influence for decades or even Philippines, 30 Carolinians who had blown centuries. On the surface this may not seem off-course while sailing from Lamotrek to Fais, necessarily surprising, for the Pacific is the described their experiences in a letter to the Jesuit © 2007 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2007 The Nautical Archaeology Society. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA. NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 36.2 Figure 1. Maps of Oceania (A), western and central Micronesia (C), and Palau (B). Dates in parentheses in map (C) show the earliest probable contact of islands by Europeans (see Hezel, 1972; Hezel, 1983). 354 © 2007 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2007 The Nautical Archaeology Society R. CALLAGHAN & S. M. FITZPATRICK: ON THE RELATIVE ISOLATION OF A MICRONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO General in Rome (Hezel, 1972: 27). This spurred average, the mean wind velocity decreases from a keen interest in conducting exploratory voyages 10.5 km per hour in January to 5.8 km per hour into the Western Carolines to locate these in June, primarily due to the development of the ‘Enchanted Islands’ (Hezel, 1983) with the goal Australian anticyclone which shifts the prevailing of claiming them for the Spanish Crown. winds (Corwin et al., 1956). From July to Historical accounts from both passing ships and October winds are comparatively light, with the intentional voyages sent to find Palau often only mean monthly velocity ranging between 0.5 and sighted the Southwest Islands (approximately 1.5 km per hour. 400 km away), not the main Palauan archipelago. The north-east trades offer a comparatively What can account for the relative isolation of consistent velocity and direction. This has two Palau, despite the Spanish attempts to locate it? advantages for sailing: a constant wind direction To investigate the underlying reasons behind that aids navigation on the open sea, and a this phenomenon, we examined historical records constant south-east or north-east ocean swell of voyaging and conducted computer simulations (depending on the month). Outside the north- of seafaring to try and determine whether east trades, the highest number of days for winds currents and winds may have affected sea-travel originating from any given direction occurs in and reduced the chances of Europeans reaching September. These 4–7 knot (7.2–12.6 km/h) winds Palau. The simulations use ocean conditions come from the south-west for about seven days recorded by the US Navy to determine how (Morris, 1988; US Navy, 1995). Calms (or low watercraft are likely to move or react to ocean wind velocity) are reported for a similar number conditions during given times of the year. This of days. type of approach to studying ancient and historical Palau is located at the junction of three major seafaring has increasingly been used to investigate ocean currents—the North Equatorial Current issues relating to colonization, migration, and (NEC), the Equatorial Counter-Current (ECC), culture contact (Callaghan, 2001; Callaghan, and the South Equatorial Current (SEC). These 2003a; Montenegro et al., 2006), and have proved can produce considerable seasonal current-pattern particularly useful for understanding voyaging changes in the region (Gatty, 1944; Jenkins, throughout the Pacific (Levison et al., 1973; 1973; Morris, 1988; Irwin, 1992; US Navy, 1995; Irwin, 1992; Callaghan, 2003b; Callaghan, 2003c). Rapaport, 1999). Between Yap and Palau, for example, currents are fairly consistent for most of Environmental background the year, with only minor local variations in and around the various islands and reef systems The Palauan archipelago comprises several (Heyen, 1972; Hazell and Fitzpatrick, 2006). The hundred islands in western Micronesia situated currents flow east to west at around 0.75 to 1.25 at 7°30′ north. The largest is Babeldaob, which knots (2.5 km/h), except through August and is 330 km2 and the second largest island in October when a variable, weaker north-east set or Micronesia after Guam. The archipelago is 25 km direction occurs, although a rate of 3 knots has across at its widest point and stretches over been reported (Morris, 1988). During September, 160 km. Palau is roughly 800 km equidistant surface currents can have a north-west to south- from the Philippines to the west and Irian Jaya west set. The variable winds and surface currents to the south. The islands of Yap and Guam lie also make this and other months with similar approximately 400 km north and 800 km north- conditions difficult periods for sailing. east of Palau and are oriented in a north-east- south-west direction (Fig. 1B). Historical contacts in western The main climatic feature in western Micronesia is the equatorial trough of low pressure that Micronesia induces winds known as the north-east trades Historical accounts and ships’ logs offer insight (Siedler and Church, 1951; Hazell and Fitzpatrick, into when islands in Micronesia were contacted 2006). These occur throughout the winter and and the difficulties that explorers may have had spring from October to May (Morris, 1988) and in seeing, relocating, or landing on them. Guam are fairly consistent, with a mean speed of c.10 is especially notable because it was the first island knots (18 km/h). With decreasing north-east in Remote Oceania discovered by Europeans trade winds in April, east winds become more when Magellan landed there in 1521. The island frequent and become dominant in the region. On later became a critical stopover for provisioning © 2007 The Authors. Journal Compilation © 2007 The Nautical Archaeology Society 355 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, 36.2 Spanish ships travelling between Mexico and different and several hundred kilometres away. It the Philippines. After staying for only a few days was not until Captain Henry Wilson was wrecked on Guam, Magellan traveled south to the on the reef near Ulong Island on 10 August 1783, Philippines, making his way to the islands of while returning from Macao on the Antelope, Cebu and Mactan (a small island on the eastern that there began a sustained period of contact side of Cebu) on the way to the Moluccas, but between Palauans and Europeans—almost two- did not encounter any other islands in Micronesia. and-a-half centuries after European contact with Ironically, Magellan never did see the Moluccas other nearby islands. Although the paucity of which he had tried so hard to find, as he was sightings of Palau by Europeans may in itself not killed in a skirmish with competing groups on seem significant, it is curious why it remained Mactan after befriending a local chief and undiscovered when smaller and less-visible coral becoming embroiled in local disputes.
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