CENSUS OF INDIA 1971
SERIES-7
HIMACHAL. PRADESH
PART IV-A & B
HOUSING REPORT AND TABLES
ATTAR SINGH pf the Indian Ac1ministrative Serm~ce ])irector of Oensus Operations Himachal Prac1esh '1l1M/J(l»l!I:lCO( Hl>j--·2 77'"
f-!IMACHAL. PRADESH ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS 1971
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31
aouncla~y International ~.-.... eounGory Slate eounda~y District ./ Boundary Tahsil/Sub-Tahsil -.Ib"" State CapitGI .,. District Headquartea @ TOhsli/Sub Tahsil H~Qdquartu$ 0
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760 £AST OF GREENWICH 77~
15[0 UPON 'U~VE¥ 0' I~Dll "lP "'T" THI P~'WIIS'9" , fHf ,uPV,yo; HN~R'~ 9' 'NPI~ CENSUS OF IND1A 1971
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
Part Subject covered Number
I-A General Report. I-B Detailed Anal)'sis of the Demographic, Social, Cultural and Migration Patterns.
I-C Sub~idiary Tables. II-A General Population Tables ('A' Series). II-B Economic Tables ('B' Series). II-CU) Distribution of Population, Mother Tongue and Religion, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. II-C(ii) Other Social and Cultural Tables and Fertility Tables, Tables on Household Composition, Single Year Age, Marital Status, Educational Levels, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, etc., Bilingualism. III Establishment Report and Tables ('E' Series). IV-A&B Housing Report and Table:; (present volume). V Special Tables and Ethnographic Notes on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. VI-A Town Directory. VI-B Special Survey Reports on Selected Towns. VI-C Survey Reports on Selected Villagcs. VII Special Report on Graduate and Technical personnel. VIII-A Administration~Report-Enumeration (For Official use only) (Published). VIII-B Administration Report-Tabulation (For Official use only) IX Census Atl!1s.
GOVERNMENT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH PUBLICATIONS DISTRWT OI!}NSU"S RANDBOOK
X-A -Town and ViIlage Directory. X-B Village and Town-wise Primary Census Abstract. X-C Analytical Report, Departmental Statistics and District Census Tables. . . . (District Census Handbook in respect of 10 Districts of Himachal Pradesh are be.lUg publi~hed in 20 vohlmes i.e., two volume:; for each district. Parts X-A and X-B are bemg combmed and Parts X-C are being hrought Qut independently).
73-MjJ(D)2SCO(RP)-2(u) (i) ContentS PAGES
PREFACE v-vi REPORT J-164
CIL-<\PTEE I
INTRODUCTORY
PLACE OF HOUSES IN CENSUS
6'enesis oj House numbering and housel1:sting; Houselisting in 1961; Housel~sts 1-n pretests; Permanellt House-numbering; The conduct of operat£cms ; Ooncepts.
CHAPTER II
USES OF WIIICH CENSUS HOUSES ARE PUT Vacant Oensus houses; Residential houses; Business houses and cjftces; Fadories, W orkslwps and UJork sheds; Restaurants, Sweet-meat shops and eating houses; Places of worship.
CHAPTER III
MATERIAL OF WALL AND ROOF O}' HousEe Distribution of Oensus houses by predomiMnt material of wall; Distribution of Residential Oensus houses by material of wall classified by material of roof.
CHAPTER IV
HOUSEHOLDS AND THE NUMBER OF ROO;\fS OCCUPIED Ooncept of house and household; Number of persons per room and per household; District wise distribution of households according to numb!3r of rooms occup~ed; Average number of persons for household by the number of 'rooms.
CHAPTER V
TENURE STATUS Explanat£on of data collected in Table H-IV; Households classified by size and Tenure Status; Tenure Status aml the size of the houselwlds, TABLES PAGES H-I Census houses and the uses to which they are put 64 H-II Distribution of Oensus houses by predominant material of wall and roof Appendix to Table H-II, Distribution of Reaidential Census houses by mate- rial of wall and material of roof 65-67
H-III Households classified by number of members and by number of rooms occupied 68-69
H-IV Households classified by size and Tenure Status 70-71
SUBSIDIARY TABLES
H-I-l Distribution of 1000 Census houses by Vacant and Different Types of Occupied Census Housef. 72
H-I-2 DistributiOJ;i of 1000 Census Houses for selected types of use among Rural and Urban areas 72 H-II-l Distribution of 1000 Census Houses by predominant material of wall in Rural and Urban areaS separately 73
H-II-2(A) Distribution of 1000 Residential Houses by predominant material of wall in Rural and Urban areas separately 73
H-II-2(B) Distribution of 1000 Residential Houses by predominant material of roof in Rural and Urban areas separately 74 H-II-2 Distribution of 1000 Census Houses by predominant material of roof in Rural and Urban areas separately I' 74
H-III-1 Distribution of 1000 Census Households by number of rooms occupied 75
H-III-2 Number of Persons, Males and Females pel' room and persons per household. 76-77
H-IV-l Distribution of 1000 Census households living in Census Houses according to sh, of the household in Rural and Urban areas separately ., 78
(iii) APPENDICES
PAGES' Annexure (i) Form of houselistsfhouselist abstract/establishment schedule/summary of houselist 80-87
Annexure (i1:) Details of the scheme ~n,Permanent Housenumbering 88-92
Annexure (iii) Instructions to the enumerators for filling up t.he Houselist and Establishmen t Schedule .• 93-109
Annexure Uv) Oirculars and important letters on houselisting 110-141
Annexure (v) Edit instructions for the scrutiny of the houselists 142-151
AnnexurE> ivi) List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 31-3-1970152-164 PREFAOE
Food, clothing and housing are. the basic necessities for the hUman beings. With the growth of population and ra 1,id changes in socio-economio pattern of society in modern times these basic necessities assumed all the more importance. Non-availability of data was greatly. felt in the beginning of in dependence era. In this respect though SOme efforts wer-e made in the collection of data. for food and clothing a very little was noticed prior to 1961 as far data on housing is concerned. The oensus orga nisation how?ver, touched upon the problem and made efforts to collcct at least some basio data on the housing in the country. For this purpose houselisting (lperation was conducred throughout the country as a preliminary to the census count of 1971. How far the organisation is able. to meet the basic requirement by presenting the data the readers are the best judges for it. In Himachal Pradesh houselisting operations were conducted in Maroh, 70 through the revenue agency. This operation entailed numbering of each house in the state while at, the same time this op portunity was ayailed to collect valuable essential data such as uses to which the census houses are put, the material with w,hich the walls and roofs ale constructed, the number of rooms in individual house holds live and the tenure status of the houses. On the basis of this data this volume has been prepared whicn gives a wide range of informa,tion on the housing conditions in the state. I want tg place it on record that houselisting and numbering operations 'are subordinated to the main population census and cannot, therefore, claim the status of fullfledged housing census notwithstanding its limi.ted scope and keeping in view the time and the type of agency whioh was utilized for conducJ;ing the survey, this effort <.:annot be taken as the specialised survey of scholars, but still a vast mass of important material on the housing conditions in our state have become available through this process which can serve as a frame for those who intend to under take keen studies on this subject. I am grateful to my Assistant Directors SarvjShri C. D. Bhatt, R. R. Sharma, S. L. Bahl; S. M. Bhatnagar, Tabulation Officer; S. P. Shabi, Investigator and C. L. Sharma, Tabulation Officer who have asl'isted me in pre]X11'ation of the report. I am also grattful to Shri A. Chandra Sekhar, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India and Shri Chakravorty, Asstt. Registrar General, India for their guidance and help in bringing out this volume.
ATTAR SINGH
Director of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh "Boswtll" Simla-5 25th AU{fust, 1975
(,,·vl) APPENDICES
PAGES Ann(lxure (i) Form of houselistsjhouselist abstract/establishment schedule/summary of houselist 80-87
Annexure (il:) Details of the scheme on Permanent Housenumbering 88-92
Annexure (iii) Instructions to the enumerators for filling up t.he Housclist and Establishmcn t Schedule .• 93-109
Annexure (1'v) Circulars and important letters on houselisting 110-141
Annexure (v) Edit instructions for the scrutiny ofthe houselists 142-151
Annexur(' 'vi) List of Agents for the sale of Government of India Publications as on 31·3-1970 152-164 Food, clothing and housing are tho basic necessities for tl).e human beings. With the growth 01 population and ralJid changes in socio-ecoIlomic pattern of society in modern times these basic necessities assumed all the more importanco. Non-availability of data was greatly felt in the beginning of in dependcnoe era. In this respeot though some efforts wer~ made in the ool1eotion of dats. for food a~d olotlling a very little was noticed Fior to 1961 as far data on housing is eonocrnoo. The oensus orga nisation however, touolied upon the prOblem and ma.de efforts to colloct at least some basio data on the housing in the country. For tlJis purpose houselisting <'peration was conduded throughout the country as a preliminary to the census count of 1971. How far the organisation is able to meet the basio requirement by presenting the data the readers are the best judges for it. In Himachal Pradesh houselisting operations were conducted in March, 70 through the revenue agency. This operation entailed numbering of each house in the state while at the same time this op portunity was availed to collect valuable essential data such as uses to which the census houses are put, the material with which the walls and roofs alO constructed, the number of rooms in individual house holds live and the tenure status of the houses. On the basis of this data this volume has been prepared whioh gives a wide range of information On the housing oonditions in the state. I want to place it on record that hOW'lelisting and numbering operations are subordinated to the main population census and cannot, therefore, claim the status of fullfledged housing census notwithstanding its limi.ted scope and keeping in view the time and the type of agenoy wllieh was utilized for oonduot,ing the survey, this effort Gllnnot be taken as the specialised survey of 80holars, but still a vast mass of important material on the housing conditions in our state have become available through this process which can serve as a frame for those who intend to under take keen studies on this subject. I am grateful to my Assistant Direotors SarvjShri C. D. Bhatt, R. R. Sharma, S. L. Bahl; S. M. Bhatnagar, Tabulation Officer; S. P. Shabi, Investigator and C. L. Sharma, Tabulation Officer who have assisted me in preparation of the report. I am also gratdul to Shri A. Chandra Sekhar, Registrar Genernl and Census Commissioner, India and Shri Chakravorty, Asstt. Registrar General, India for their guidance and help in bringing out this volume.
ATTAR SINGH
Director of Oensus Operations, Himachal Pradesh "Boswell" Simla-5 25th August, 1975
(v·vf)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Accomplislling such a task involves great deal of team work and it is my privilege to place on record my aoknowledgements to my colleagues wbo have put in hard wOlk in preparing this book. Actually hundreds of Enumerators, Supervisors and District Officers have helped us initially to collect this information. Coding and punching of data was done in the Data Prooessing Division of the Regis trar General's Office. Tabulation work was done in this office and mention be made of S Shri Harbans Singh, Computor; Naresh Chakraborty, Computor; Dhirendar Prasad, Assistant Compiler; R. D. Bali, Assistant Compiler and Miss Usha Lamba, Assistant Compiler.
The Maps and sketches have been prepared by SjShri Kaul Singh, Tuka Ram and Parma Nand. Typing work was done by Shri Gian Chand, Stenographer and Miss Raj Kunwri. Proof-reading has been carefully and patiently done by SjShri Jagdish Gautam and Sohan Lal, Proof-readers. I would like to convey my gratitude to them.
Last of all my thanks are due to the Manager Shri K. S. Krishnan and Assistant Manager Shri V. J. Kishore Government of India Presr for taking keen interest in our publications.
ATTAR SINGH "Boswell" Simla-5. 25th August, 1975
(vii.viii)
CHAPTER I
Introductory : in a particular area be counted on the census night, wherever they were found. The first problem Encyclopaedia Britanica describe3 'Home' a'! a this system posed was that of the selection of a place where people in general fulfil the basic Census Night. As the pract.ice went, it was usually domestic and personal functions of family life. a moonlit night, so that the visibility. may not Therefore physIcal and mental health, working cause any hindrance in its smooth working. efficiency, emotional security and social status aro At the same time the Census Night must not Le all influenced by housing conditions.' very cold, nor very hot facilitating smooth enumera Adequate shelter had been natural want orman tion. Particular care was taken that no major since time immemorial. In fact it got itil birth festival occurred on that day, when, people were with him. In the early stages of the (;lvolution of expected to be out of their homes. society a shelter was merely a cave or a workable arrangement made with the loose boulders; where The defacto method of enumeration was not the primitive man could spend a night or so with complt'tely free from shortcomings. Whereas this his family members. And if the site posed any sYbtem was very simple, n,nd ensured quick results threat to his life, it was dispensed with for a new within a night but its drawbacks were many and and safer place. forced the Census Agency to adopt a simple method, which can ensure accurate data. We may perhaps As society developed, the mode and shape of sum up that search for a new method primarily shelter too underwent several changes. The man necessitated to adopt a change in technique for today is no longer satisfied with the olel ways of enumeration when the policy maker in the country living. A house, in fact, is more than a mere had to depend more heavily on correct population shelter, and a comfortable house is the cherished data for devising further plans and programllles fOl need of all people. economic development. The defacto method did At the national level housing is important be not ensure correct information for the reawns that cause it i8 closely related to such political principles enumeration was completed in a very short period as equal opportunity and minimum standard. of a night, affording, whatsoever no opportunity And with the advancement in the field of I]cience for rechecking the information collected by the and technology, the concept of housing pattern enumerators. Then as the schedules were to be too could not pORsibly remain uninfluenced by the filled on personal contact from the· individuals, winds of change. In fact nothing short of ,R com wherever they were found, there was every likeli fortable house, with all the basic f~eilities available hood of an omission of an individual or double is what the people want today. counting, resulting in either overcounting or undercounting of the people. And then this Place of Houses in Census: " method required a huge army of enumerators to complete counting in a night. T~e~e officials were The housing subject is no longer isolated from generally not given adequate tramlll? Hence t?e the Census. In fact it is very much linked with the data that poured in was again qnestIOned for Its' enumeration, where a census house is the starting reliability; as there was no scope of verifications of point for the General Count. It is an admitted the information. fact that accurate and realistic data on population so imperative for the socio-economic development Therefore with all these limitations, the defacto of the country could only come forth when door method of Census count was abandoned in 1941 to door enumeration' in a systematic way is Census, and dejure Census count was adopted. carried out. Therefore the houses today serve a The scope of the Census information was also twin purpose for th e Census, firstly to net in as enlarged to provide an effective accommodation to accurate data as could be possible; and then also the policy makers of the country, so that really good to bring to the national forefront the impending plans could be formulated for the economic deve housing problems of the country. lopment. Genesis of Hou~e numbering and Houselisting: In this system, persons are enumera.ted on the Untill 1931, Census in India was held on a de basis of normal residence and not wherever facto basis. This system remained in vogue, ever they are found on the night of Census. The since the dawn 'of regular census, held in the concept of normal residence provided that man country. It provided that all the persons living should be enumerated at the place of his residence. 2
For that purpose, a comprehensive list of the resi form of 1961 was so exhaust,ive that it oontained dences called houselists, were prepared, much detailed information both on hous.;s and establish before the actual census started. Every house ments. was given number and details of the household, as also th'1t of the house itself, were collected. Th( houseli,~ting experiment, apart from pro viding an important frame for the census count This operation helped in drawing blocks for the threw open basic par~iculars of houses :md further enumerators, and furnished advanced information useful data on living conditions ofthe people wllich on population for actual enumeration. It also was not made available hitherto. in our countrv. provided details on houses-an additional infor The experiment proved so useful that it came to l~e mation now available for the Census. regarded as a sort of a Housing Census. On the day of actu!].l enumeration, which was For 1971 Census, Houselist was split in two parts this time a fortnight, the enumerators went to Houselists and Esj'ablishment Schedules. The their .blocks, with the help of the information Houselist Schedule covered exclusively houses, and thrown open by the Houselists, and enumerated went on to net in every possible detail on a house. all the persons living in a house. Provision for Its columns too were more or less the same as that verification of data was also there. Mter the of 1961 Houselist. fifteen days of enumeration, three days were kept Columns 1 to 7 related to all houses used both for revisiting the blocks for verification of inform a for resirlential and non-residential purposes. These tion. And lastly, the census concept of a normal provided information on predominant material resident was so defined that no per&on was to be of walls and roofs; besides indicating the actual left uncounted. UBe of the houses. Unlike the defacto system, this method of cen Columns 8 to 16 related to the houses which were sus count is reckoned to he the best system of gene used wholly or partially for residential purposes. ral count. The time of enumeration is so large that Further information as to the name of head of every day, whatever information is collected by the household; whether the household was a the enumerators, tha Supervisors are there to scheduled caste Or scheduled tribe; total nunlber check it on the spot. And then the whole system of rooms used by the household for living purposes; is so well planned that there is no room left for any whether it was a rented house or owned by the under or over enumeration of population. And tho household; the sex-wise details of the family mem vividity of data now available is highly useful for hers and whether it was an agricultural household various plans which are very important for the or not was collected under those columns. economic development of the country. In fact the pIa nners in the country have been provided an Details about all vacant houses, shown as such effective accommodation under this system. All in column 6 of the houselist was designed to he col the successive PopUlation Count,s therefore, saw lected under column 17. The details included rea further modification/additions of items of infor sons for the vacant houses i.e. the house was vacant mation in the quest,ionnaire of census Qorrnt, to for want of repairs or to let or for some other rea suit the convenience of policy makers. sons. A specimen of the Houselist Schedule is ru produced at Annexure I of the Report, togetner HOUSELISTING IN 1961 with the instructions issued in this behalf to the field staff i.e., Patwaries in rural arealS; and In 1961 Census a standard houselist form was Municipal Staff in the towns dr9'fted tor nUUH(J devised for the first time. Its seventeen columns listing and housenumbering in the 8tate. wore designed in such a manner so as to collect detailed information on the use of a census house. The Esta blishment Schedule covered all esta b Briefly these columns related to the material of lishments, which were returned as such in colunui 6 wall and roof; whet,her the census house was owned of the Houselist. Detailed information pertaining or ronted and the number of rooms. Finally such to each Establishment reported therein was col information whether the house was used for dwell lected through this Schedule. ing or otherwise was also collected. As regards houses that were used as establishments t,he in This schedule wit.}l eleven columns provided format,jon such as workshop or factories; name information on twelve establishments at a stretcll. of establishments or its proprietor; type of pro Columns 1 to 5 were designed to contain informa ducts produced, repaired or servi(Jed; number of tionin respect of all establishments i.e., the name persons working and kind of fuel or power used of the establishment or th~ name of its owner whe if any, was colleoted. Apparantly the houselist ther it was Government/Semi-Government, private 3·
and co-operative; and the average number of Canvassing of the schedules in rural areas was workers working oach day in this establisllment at a slower rate as Patwaries were also engaged in in the last week. Girdawari operation during that period: The Pat waries associated with the protest in rural areas Columns 6-8 related to all establishments where could not devote full attention to the work. The production, processing, servicing and repairing municipal staff too had not done hetter either. A was undertaken. Generally all these establishments perusual of the :611ed in ~chedules both in rural included hou~ehold industries. The deta,ils made and urban areas revealed that despite three days available under these columns indicate whether intensive training imparted to the enumerators and it was a household industry, registered factory or supervisors. certain concepts still eluded their unregistered factory or workshop; details of the comprehension. manufactured, processed, serviced or repaired arti cles; find type of fuel used. The houselist schedules canvassed during the pretest contained exhaustive information abol't Columns 9 to 10 pertained to trading establish the houses. For this purpose certain additional ments, such as banks and shops. These columns columns were included in the 1961 Houselist sche povided details about the goods bought and sold; dules the first of the additional colunms were in and whether it was a retail or wholesale bade. respect of age of the house (in years). For this an Finally column 11 of tho Schedule furnished attempt was made to asseES the age of the house information on other establishment i.e., Govern in the nearest completed years. Necessary instruc ment offices; School, Hospital, Railway Station, tions in this behalf povided that as far as possible barber's shop; cinema houses; hotels; and tea shops correct age of the house should be ascertained. etc., which were not covered in the previous col In case of the old houses, where it was found diffi umns. cult to work out the exact age, the instructions laid down to record 50 years and above. For the Frame of Establishment Schedule and the houses which had been built during the last twenty instructions for filling it up are exhibited in Ap years it was envisaged that the exact period 'of tIle pendix II. The data yiolded by this schedule for construction of house should be arrived at through this State at the time of 1971 Census has been pre close interrogations. If a portion of the house had sented in part III-Establislunents Report and been reconstructed it was stressed that ago of the Tables. house in that case would be worked out in relevance to the age of the major portion of the house. HOUSELISTS IN PRETESTS In most of the states two rounds of pretesting For the predominant construction material of were conducted whereas for Himachal Pradesll only the house, additional information was sought to one round i'.e., second round of pretesting was be collected. The material used for tllO construc carried out. It was undertaken during March, 1969 tion of the floor such as cement, stone~, bricks, lime, to 10th April, 1969. The houselist proposed for 1971 concrete tiles, etc. was to be ascertained. If more Census was canvassed in thirteen units of this state. than one material had been usc.d, it was made olear The selection of the units was made on the basis that in such a case major material of the floor of 1961 population, so that each unit covered ap should be recorded. proximately a population of about 4,000 persons Besides some information about the hOuses was in rural areas and 40,500 persons in urban areas. In also collected in the household Schedules canvassed all five units in rural areas and eight units in urban in the houselisting pretest. This touched the fol areas were selected for this purpose'. The houselists lowing particulars of the houses. prescribed for the second pretest were different .from the 1961 Census, ill so much as an exercise About the ovorall structure of the house, it wa: was taken to collect. some additional information to be recorded whether the house was Katcha on houses such all age of house and other amenities or Pucca. A Pucca house was termed as one whose i.e., privy, fuel etc. walls and roofs were made pf burnt bricks, ston6, cement and G.I. Sheets, timber etc. A Pucca house In Himachal Pradesh the schedules of the pre must be liable to last for at least ten years. And a test were filled by fibld staff i.e., Patwaries in rural Katflha house was termed as one which did not units and staff of the local bodieE in urban units. fulfil the above conditions. This field staff was given intensive training for about thred days in the matter of canvassing sche Similarly, provision was also made to ascertain dules. Filled in Schedules were received in our offi the amount of monthly rent paid in case it was b. ce and passed on to the RegisLI:ar General's Office rented house. The details of the rent paid l.b.; for further scrutiny alongwith ·detailed comments. in cash or kind was to be coUcct~d. Failillg ill lin!) wore some more questions on general amenities a vail~ details in the matter of other amenities, :"uch as able to the household, such as drinking water facil drinking water, electricity, type of fuel used, ities, ci
Preparation oj Notional Maps Jor House could be possible. For that matter he was iIlBtru listing Operations-The Houselisting Opera cted to give the names of other neighbouring tions for the 1971 Census had to be completed units touching the boundaries of the unit. A in t1uee stages preparation of notional maps, specimen of tbe 'Nazri Nakasha' as the notional housenumbering and preparation of houselists. maps was termed by the Patwaries is reproduoed In Himachal Pradesh, the smallest rural unit here. This map is of village Baruti in Kangra was a revenue village. Departure was made in Tahsil of Kangra District. the case of some new areas merged in this State As would be evident, village Majra is in the after the reorganisation of the State of Punjab, north-eastern side of village Baruti. River Beas in 1966. Barring Amb and Una Tahsils of Kangra flows in the south, separating it from Tahsil District, the smallest rural unit was a Tikka Hamirpur. And in the west, village Koti is tou which had a .sub-hadbast number allotted to it ching its boundaries. These details about the in the revenue records. Similarly, in Kulu District, village are essential to give an idea about the exact as also in Lahul and Spiti District; a Phatti was location of this village in the Tahsil. The enume taken as the samallest unit. In towns a ward rator was asked to give similar treatment to the was considered to be a unit. For each unit, a Ward map of the town. notional map was prepared. The minimum pres cribed size for the notional map was 13" X 8l", Having thus drawn the boundaries of the unit drawn on a white paper. the enumerator was asked to fill in the entire, Stressing the importance of notional maps, the natural details of the unit, such as the topography instructions provided that the Enumerators would of the areas, prominent features and land-marks be required to prepare layout sketches, showing such as village site, roads, cart tracks, hills, the location of houses, residential or otherwise, rivers, nallahas etc. In this sketch, the main and list them and fill up some essential parti emphasis was laid on the general layout of the culars in t,he schedules provided for that purpose. houses on the village/ward site. These features The housenumbering sketches prepared by thorn therefore, mado it still important to have a better formed the basis for a permanent system of house understanding of the layout. The sketch, there numbering that might be introduced and main fore, should not remain confined to showing the tained by the Local Bod!es concerned in future. details but if it is a skotch of a ward, the names of the streets and public bUildings, such as Schools_ Further instructions issued to the enumerators hospitals and offices etc. should also be prominent laid down that before taking up this work of ly displayed. It was further desired to give namea notional maps, an enumerator must take a round of the buildings for a hetter understanding of the of the village (or ward) to aC5J,.uaint hims{'lf fully map. with the area, and other topography of the region. The attached map depicts the entire topography When he was sati&n.ed,. with all the necessary details that he had .gr.asped for preparing the map, he of village Baruti i.e., nallah, river, roads, rail should si~... to draw the notional map. The first way line, canals; besides the important buildings pre-requisite laid down for this work was that of Panchayat Ghar, Police Chowki, Hospital, the enumerator should indicate the direction to Primary School, Post Office, Rest-House, Well give a clear idea about the location of the unit. and Temple. In that way, the exact situation of the unit would Next to follow was to locate every single bUil be available in the first glance. ding or house on this sketch. It was therefore, Thereafter the enumerator was required to necessary to understand the exact definition of draw the boundaries of the unit, as clearly as a building before taking an exercise in this behalf. 73.MjS2SCOHP-3 8
\. \ \. \ . I"il0 . ~. \ .'-.... 11' ...... 9
Tho instructions on the subject defined a building Katcha house were [adopted as it was more as tmder: advantageous to have an idea of Katcha and "A building is generally a single structure but Pucca houses in a unit at just one glance. Further, sometimes made up of more than one component for depicting the houses according to use, i.e .., unit, which are used or likely to be nsed as residential or non-residential :..:mrposes i.e., a dwellings (residences) or establishments such as shop, work-shop, school etc. the notation of house shops, workshops, factories etc, or as godowns, should be shaded. The instructions were contrary stores, cattle-sheds etc., or in combination with in the caso of a house, put to non-residential pur any of these such as sbop-cum-residence, Or work pose. Finally, it may be mentioned here that ·in shop-cnm-residence. " our case those notations (shading) were not uti lised and all buildings were shown alike, irres For the purpose of preparing notional maps pective of their different uses. wo wore concerned with the buildings only. In this case too the relevant instructions provided Assigning numbers to Houses-The above opera thnt it was although difficult to evolve a compre tion gave lead to allotment of distinguishing num hensive definition of the term "Pucca" and bers to each Huilding, house and household. In "Katcha" houses to cover different patterns of the notional map, only buildings were to be shown structures all over the country, yet tIle categori which were given numbers. The method of sation of houses as Pueea or Katcha for the pur allotting house numbers was that once the location pose of depicting tltem on the layout sketches of every building/house was fixed on the plan, a was purely to facilitate identification. Katcha simple matter to decide on a convenient method of houses were not likely to be long-lasting, and numbering the building/houses in one series follow any-one referring to tho layout sketches a few ing certain principles, was to be adopted. No years later could easily distinguish settlement hard and fast rules were laid down to the direction areas which were likely to have undergone a in which the house numbers should run i.e. left to change. For the purpose of the preparation of right or in a clock-wise order or north-east to layout sketches, a pucca house might be treated south-west, and so on. Much depended on the as one whicn had its walls and roof made of the layout. The number allotted to each house were tollowing materials : to be marked on the sketch and with the help of arrow marks at convenient intervals, the direction Wall Ma terial Burnt bricks,;stone (duly packed in which the house numbers ran was to be indicated. with lime or cemont) cement This was important particularly when streets cut concreto or timber, etc. across one another and the housenumbering Roof Material Tile, galvanized corrugated series along a street got interrupted. Therefore lIon sheets, asbestos cement it was suggested that to escape all these difficulties sheets, reinforced brick con it would be better if numbers were roughly marked crete, reinforced cement con in pencil on this sketch and later verified with the crete and timber, etc. actual state of things on ground to see if the order of numbering indicated on the sketch was con The walls and roofs of a house made of material venient or if any slight change was needed; for other than those mentioned above such as unburnt after all the sketch was only a rough one and the bricks, bamboo, mud, grass, reeds, thatch etc. or actual state of buildings on ground might suggest a loosely packed stone, burnt bricks etc. were t·o be more intelligible order of numbering at some places. treated as Katcha House. The detailed instructions contained in the manual Conventional signs like a square (0) for as also in circular Nos. 6 & 7 issued in 1969, be <.10 Pucca house and a triangle (,6) for a sides elaborate discussions held on the preparation 78-M/S2SCOHP--3( a.) 10
of notional maps at the time of trainings, brought count. This scheme could not be oompleted by the about really good results. It would by all means, due date inspite of the best efforts of the Static be fair to terms the preparation of excellent notional Government and the Census Office. Hence this maps of villages and wards have been a wonderful scheme was temporarily shelved and substituted by product of Houscnumbering and Houselisting the Houselisting Operations of March, 1970. Operations, of 1970. These maps do not alone show the general location ()f a village in a Tahsil, but Now that all the houses in both rural and urban also indicate the broad details of topography of areas have been numbered and the notional maps the unit, besides giving the location of every house. have been prepared these maps could be very useful The specimen or two attached notional maps, for the proper implementation of this Permanent one of a village and second one of a ward would Housenumbering Scheme. The notional maps, afford an excellent opportunity to assess the stan with a little adjustment, could be lltilised for that dard of the out-turn of these maps during the scheme. And the Housenumbering given in House listing Operations in this state. these maps may be adopted for the Permanent Housenumbering Scheme, whenever it got a fresh Now that we have notional maps of each and momentum. It could also be interesting to study every village of Tahsils drawn; as also that of each the extent of changes that have been recorded in a ward of towns in Himachal Pradesh, giving the particular period. minutest details of the topography, permanent land-marks, and each building located in the unit Recently the Registrar General, India, bas circu it would not be wrong to oharacterise these maps, lated a scheme to re-study the notional maps of as the permanent pictorial record of villages/wards the villages, and comments of the Director Census of Himachal Pradesh. These maps would provide, Operations in the States were invited. If this an effective frame for all future surveys. Even scheme is approved for implementation during Qtherwise it would be an exercise worth taking the inter-Census period, these maps would be if an attempt is made to study in the next Census useful to explain the general pattern of the settle in 1981, or even earlier, the extent of new develop ment of villages and would also afford an oppor ments that have taken place in the rural and tunity to study the changes in the settlement urban. areas. pattern recorded during the passage of time. The Now that our country is on the threshold of re-study will also explain the change in the cast.e economic development, new surveys and studies wise settlement pattern of the village. are fast coming up. The utility of these maps for Rural reconstruction for the economic develop all such type of future surveys which may be of ment of the country is the starting point of all the houses, roads, canals or other public places, or it Five Year Plans. Steps arc already afoot to may be to study the extent of urbanisation of remodelling the villages. In some selected villages an area, would be completed which did not take of this Pradesh, the State Government intends due cognisance of these maps. to revise the layout of the pattern of the entire For an immediate instance a case may be pre habitation in such a manner that nothing but the pared to trace out the usefulness of these notional best land is available for cultivation and settle maps for permanent Housenumbering schemc in ment. The remodelling envisages that there Himachal Pradesh. As explained in the foregoing should be sufficient space left for both the purposes paras, the scheme of Permanent Housenumbering The importance of not,ional maps for that matter was introduced only in urban areas of this State, could hardly be over emphasised. These maps in'the first instance. It was envisaged to complete with the details of settlement pattern and topo it by December, 1969, so that the housenumbering graphy would provide an ideal opportunity for in towns could be utilised for the 1971 census taking an exercise on such a scheme. 11
/ i i \ \ \\ t \ ~ <8 \ \\ \\ \ \. ._._./~- L _.--- _/ _ .... _. ._ - _._._. ~ 12
Similarly in the towns, new constructions are Smallest Census Unit -As explained in the fast catching up. The Government too is engaged foregoing pages, a village, which had a separate in planning for the new colonies. Master plans Hatlbast Number allotted to it in the Revenue are being drawn. The notional maps of a ward, ~otds, was taken as the smallest unit for tho showing distinctly the pattern of settlement and purpose of houselisting and enumeration. In other landmarks would again render a useful ser Kangra District, Tikka, which has a sub-hadbast vice to the Local Bodies in prcparing the bhle number allotted to it, was taken as a smallest prints for such a plan. unit for the entire District, excepting for Amb and Una Tahsils of this District. In Kulu and Lahul Houselisting Operations for 1971 Census -The and Spiti Districts, a Phatti was the smallest unit. Houselisting and Housenumbering work was This too had a sub-hadbast number allotted to it in started in this State, a year before the Enumeration the Revenue Records. for 1971 Census. No houselisting and house numbering was done in the Military Oh~rges. In the towns, the smallest unit was ward of the town. The houselisting and housenumbering. Appointment of Field Staff-In 1969, the was therefore completed in the units and separate Himachal Pradesh Government issued a notifica record was kept which was later on utilised for the tion, appointing Revenue Assistants as Distriot 1971 Census and proved a valuable frame for the Census Officers. In rura.! areas, the Tahsildars enumeration. and Naib-Tahsildars were designated as Oharge Officers. Similarly the Secretaries of the I,ocal Distribution of Synchronous and N on-Syncl~ro Bodies in the towns were appointed as Oharge nous Areas -- The general topography of this Officers. In the case of newly declared M.O. Na Pradesh necessitated the division of the entire grota Baghwan town in Kangra District the region into two parts i.e.; synchronous (general) Block Development Officer of the area was appoint and non-synchronous (snow-bound) areas. This ed as Oharge Officer. Similarly for B.S.L. matter was discussed at length in the meeting of Pandoh treated as a town in the Mandi District the District Oensus Officers, held at Simla in for the Oensus purpose, the land Acquisition September, 1969. And keeping in view of the Officer was declared as the Oharge Officer. As general accessibility to these places, the areas regards the Oantonment Boards, the Oantonment were declared as general and snow-bound areas so Execut~ve Officers were designated as the Oharge that this operation could be carried on at the right Officers. time.
The District Oensus Officers were over all In Besides the entire Pangi Tahsil and Brahmaur charge of the Oensus work in their Districts sub-Tahsil in Ohamba District, Lahul and Spiti including rur~l and urban areas. The Tahsildarsi District and Kinnaur District, the other snow Naib Tahsildars and Secretaries of Local bound areas included the following :- Bodies etc. were responsible for their Tahsilsj Sub-Tahsils and towns. Name of District Name of Tahsilj Name of Patwat Sub-Tahsil Circle treated as The District Oensus Officers appointed Patwaries Snow·Bound as Enumerators and Kanungoes as Supervisors in the rural areas. The Patwaries were held res 1. Kangra . . I Palampur .. (a) Bara Bhangal ponsible to complete the Houselisting work in (b) Chota Bhangal their Patwar Oircles. The Kanungoes provided 2. Mandi . . I Jogindar Nagar (a) Kotgarh necessary checking of this work in their KaDlmgo (b) Amargarh Cjrcles. In the towns the staff of the Local Body (c) Silh Bhadwan i waH appointed as Enumerators/Supervisors, (d) Devgarq 13
II Mandi Sadar (a) Kalanta, III Rohru •. (a) Sheel (b) Jaral (b) Tikkar (c) Bachhunch (c) Majra. (d) Summerkot (d) Thann (e) Lower Koti (/) Punjarili (e) ChetDhar (g) Kaloti (Kaloti) (f) Bali Chowki (h) Khashdhar (q) Panjgani (i) Dodra Kwar (j) Gahiani (h) Jhurogi (k) Tikhri (i) Dhisti (I) Chirgah (m) GaonBari (j) Kandha (n) Thana Jangla (0) Sari Basa III Chichot (a) Thunag (b) Kamand (c) Jawalapur IV Chaupal •• (a) Pauri (b) Matal (cl) Badar (c) Marog (d) Nanhar IV KarSog (a) Chawasi (e) Pul Bahal (b) Bagra (f) Sarani (g) Charali (c) Ramgarh (h) Dohtali (i) Dhar Chandna (j) Tikkri 8. Kulu o· I Kulu (a) Manali (k) Tharach (b) Jagat Sukh (c) Baragarh The remaining areas in this state were treated (d) Naggar as synchronous (general) areas. (e) Mandalgarh (f) Raison Time Bened'ule -Mter an intensive four rounds (g) Dugilug training, this operation was taken up in March (h) Choparsa and completed in April, 1970 in the synchronous (i) Dagar areas. During these two months, all houses were (j) Kannaur numbered in accordance with the temporary numbers shown on the notional maps. These II Banjar (a) Shanshu numbers were given with 'geru-matti'. And after (b) Banogi this was brought up-to-date, the notional maps (c) Shikasi were also finalised. Thereafter, houselist and (d) Channi establishment schedules were canvassed in the (e) Nauhanda entire units.
III Nirmand - (a) Barangarh Soon after, the work in general areas was over (b) Pandra Bis this operation was started in the snow-bound areas in May and was completed in June, 1970. The IV Ani (a) Jalore process was the Same as -discussed above. (b) Raghupur Training Programme - In order to achieve the (c) Manjhadcsh best results intensive training was given to the field staff in houselisting and housenumbering. In all 4. Mahasu .. I KUmarBain .. (a) Dhutti /" four rounds of training were held. Before the (b) Kotgarh work was started the importance of this operation (c) Jarol was stressed upon the District Census Officers to .- (d) Narkanda render efi'ective supervision in the matter. II Rarilpur (a) Baglati The District Census Officers were informed that '" (b) Khuni Paholi time for carrying out housenumbering and house (c) Sholi listing operation was fast drawing nearer and it (d) Manjholi was imperative that exhaustive training to enll (e) Bahili merators and supervisors who had to undertake (1) Takleoh the operation should be imparted. A training (g) Deothi programme covering all the Charges was drawn (h) Monish BahU up for this purpose. Officials from this office were (i) Mashnoo detailed to conduct the training classes. The (j) Ph!I,nchl\ C~~r~e Officers and Assistant Charge Officers were 14
asked to taKe advantage of that facility and make areas for practical work. The Enumerators were themselves fully conversant with what they had to asked to interrogate the households for extracting do. They were further asked to conduct subse information and on the spot supervision was pro quent training camps for the Enumerators and vided to ensure that no point remained uncleared. Supervisors of their charges. The Charge Officers Of course the experiences of similar training im were requested to ensure that all the Enumerators parted earlier in the general areas, proved a useful and Supervisors attended the training classes. guiding factor.
The first round of training commenced at The amount of pain,;; taken by the officials of the different places of general areas of the State from Census Office in conducting training camps and the 15th to 31st January, 1970. The duration of interest shown by the field staff together contribu training at each place was of two days which was ted to make this operation a success. Probably the conducted by the officials of the Census Offic~. success of this work was also due to the fact that Similarly the 4th and the last round of training of the field staff detailed for this operation which in a duration of one day was conducted again by cluded the Patwaries/Kanungoes who are generally the representl.tives of this office between 16th good field workers. They thoroughly knew their to 27th February, 1970. This last round was more areas of operation. Hence not only the entire of a refresher's cour5e. In between the first work was completed in time but the out-turn and the fourth round the Charge Officers were too was upto the desired standard. asked to hold two training rounds in their charges. HONORARIUM GIVEN TO THE FIELD STAFF Our instructions to the District Census Officers and Charge Officers at the time of last round of When the Houselisting and Housenumbering training envisaged that as a result of intensive Operation was over in this State, the field staff training imparted to the field staff including the was paid an honorarium at the following rates: refresher's course held from the 15th Februaryon wards, it was expected that every Enumerator and 1. Enumerators : Supervisor should be able to perform his duty in Honorarium for Housenumbering. Rouse listing and filling up of the Establishment an efficient manner. All Charge Officers and Super Schedules (Including the eost ofthe Rouse· visors were asked to personally supervise these numbering material) for an enumerator's operations (Housenumbering, Houselisting and block (an average block in rural areas will consist of about 150 houses and an average filling up of Establishment Schedules) and ensure block in urban areas of about 120 houSes) that as far as possible cent per cent accuracv of this amount Rs. 5 is for the cost of house numbering material which, if neoe· was maintained and that the first pha'lc of the sSary, might be drawn in advance and Census operations was accomplished in a smooth paid to the EnumeratorS. and efficient manner. 2. Supervision Charges Rs. 15 As regards snow-bound (non-synchronous) areas Housenumbering and houselisting and filling up of Establishment Schedules con- of the state, the training period commenced from sisting of 4 to 5 enumerator's block .• Rs. 15 9th to 17th April, 1970. For training purposes, the entire area was divided into seven zones. 3. Charge Superintendent .. Rs. 150 fer the entire Earlier, the District Census Officers of the snow CensuS. bound areas were explained the importance of 4. District Census Officers .. Rs. 300 fOf this operation as a frame for the 1971 Census. the entire And for that matter they were informed about the Census. paramount importance of training to the field staff to accomplish this work effectively. The Census Oorwepts : At the time of training, District Cen&us Officers and Charge Officers in efforts were made to explain as clearly as could be these areas were given a detailed schedule of the possible all the Census concepts. Starting from the training at different places. They were requested Census definition of a house which was the primary to be present at the time of training and ensure aspect of houselisting and housenumbering all other that all the Enumerators/Supervisors attend the connected iosues were discussed at length; as any oamp. The Charge Officers were further asked to ambiguity in this respect would have yielded com arrange the sub,,;equent trainings. pletely wrong results. Through and through the main emphasis had The Enumerators were asked to give numbers to been on thorough training of the field staff for this building and Cem;lls Houses in all areas. But for operation. Besides the theoretical part of the recording entries in the houselists they had to go training, the field staff was also ta.ken to the nearby down to the leyel of a Census Household. 15
In the foregoing paras, these concepts have been as 10(1), 10(2), 10(3) ...... etc. The order in which explained in details. Briefly a building was gene·· the census houses within a building were to be rally considered to be a single structure some times numbered should be continuJus preferably clock made up of more than one component unit which wise or in any convenient manner, if it was difficult were used or likely to be used as residence or for to do it clock-wise. non-residential purpose; such as shops, workshops, Elaborating further the concept of the Census factories etc., and as godowns, stores, cattle House, it was indicated that this definition might sheds, etc., or in combination Witli any of these i.e., sometimes be difficult of application in the literal shop-cum-residenee, or workshop-cum·residence sense, in the context of varying patterns of struc etc. It was further indicated that sometimes a tures and their usages. For example one come~ series of different buildings might be found along across a situation in cities or towns when a flat in the street which were joined with one another by the occupation of one household as residence might common walls on either side, looking like a continue be made up of four rooms or so. All the rooms structure. In fact for all intents and purposes might have direct entrance from a common court these units were not bound to one another and yard 01' stair-case. In the definition of a census were built up at different times and beside8 owned 'house each of these rooms having entrance from the by different persons. Therefore, the whole block common stair-case etc. might qualify to be treated should not be taken as one building. It was em as a census house. But it does not realistically phasised that each portion should ba treated as reflect the situation of the number of houses. In separate building and given separate numbers. such cases 'singleness' of use of these rooms along Similarly there were other conditions also which with the main house by the household should be might cause confusion in the minds of the enumera taken into account and the entire flat comprising tors. For example if there were more than one four rooms should be treated as one census house structure within an enclosed or open compound only and assigned number. If on the other hand (premises) belonging to same person e.g., the main each one of these rooms had been separately occu house, the servant's quarters, the garage etc., it pied by independent households and if each was nothing but only one building, number should portion had separate main enterance then each will be given for this group. Each of its constituents, be justified to be treated as a separate census separate structures be assigned special numbers house. In a hostel building even if the door of like 1(1), 1(2), 1(3), : and so on, provided this each room in which an inmate lived opened on to a structure satisfied the definition of Census House. common verandah or stair-case as it happened The next to follow was Census House. The defini almost invariably, the entire hostel building might tion of the Census House provided that it was a have to be treated as one census house only. In building or a part of a building having a separate some parts of the country particularly in rural main entrance from tIle road or common courtyard, areas, the pattern of the habitation was such that or stair-case etc. used or recognised as a separate sipgle household occupied a group of huts within unit. It might be inhabited or vacant. It might an enclosed fence which had one main entrance. be used for a residential or non-residential purpose Each of the apparently separate structures was ah or both. integral part of the housing unit as such. In such cases it might be more realistic to treat the group as one census house. Care was taken to ascertain If a building had a number of flats or blocks if only one household occupied such a unit or which were independent of one another having shared with other households. Thus the definition separate entrances of their own from the road or a of a census house was applied having due regard to common stair-case or a common courtyard leading the actual situation in such exceptional cases. to a main gate, these would be considered as se It was usual to find in Municipal towns/cities parate Census houses.;, If within a large enclosed that every site whether built upon or not was area there were separate buildings, then each such numbered by municipal authorities on property building would be one or more separate census basis. Such open sites even if enclosed by a com houses. Irthe entire structure in any enclosed pound/wall were not listed for census purposes. compound was together considered as one building then each Census house should be sub-numbered. Last to fall in the line was the household. It was If a building by itself was single census house defined as one where a group of persons, who com the number of Oensus House was the same as that monly lived together and took their meals from a of the building. But different parts or constituent common kitchen, unless the exigencies of work units of a building qualified to be treated as separate prevented any of them from doing so. It might be census houses, each Census house should be , given a made up of related or unrelated persons. A sub-number within brackets to the building number cook or a servant who lived in the house Qf his 16
employer, taking his food there, was a part of that These two aspeots-the Ilgrieultural hackground household. A hostel where a number or unrelated and the hilly terrain }Jave influenced the living persons lived together, was an Institutional house condition of the people. The :hilly terrain has hold, so also a jail. There might be more than one influenced thc mode and structure of the houses household in a census house, each household was in this stato. TllC })OUSOS arc generally made of given a separate number. Then there might be one Rtones, with thick walk Thoy are generally multi member household, two members household or storeyed with litt.le or insignifioant provisions for multi-member household. For Census purposes ventilation. The roofs Jnny be flat made up of each one of those types was to be regarded as a clay; or fllanting ones, made up of slates. The local household. Again there were households of persons mltterial is generally used for constructing houses. relat.ed by blood or household of unrelated persons. The latter were boarding houses, hostels, resi But the agricultural background .of the people dential hostels or orphanges, rescue homes, has influenced the living pattern in its own way. ashrams, institutional households. etc. This profcp,,<;ion demands that the cattle-sheds must be nearer tho homeg. In certain areas, such Each household was listed according to the as Pangi and Churah and Bharmaur tahsils of instructions and di~tinguishing numbers were Chamba DiBtrid; Lahul and Spiti; and Kinnanr allotted to each household. Afl ollch household was Districts, which are subject to severe winters and related to the physical struccure of consus hons(' heavy snow falls, s(}parate cattle-sheds, also called the household numbem were not painted on the as 'adwahries' or 'dogheries' are built up in distant door of each census houso. Only the building and pastures, so that in the few summer months the house numbers were painted. cattle may be taken there for grazing in the gras& lands. Meanwhile when the cattle aro away, the The definition of building, house and house household keeps on collecting sufficient stock of hold used for tho Houflelisting Operations did fodder for the herd, for cO'll1ing wintery days, not poso much of a problem for the enumerators when the area would be covercd ,,,,ith a thick sheet in this state, because the housing pattcrn here of snow. So when the winter is approaching, the is simple. However, it would not be out of place _cattle arc brougM back from tho pastures to to mention that the census concept for buildings, their original abode. hOUflOS and households did not bring into light Of the several storeys of tho houses, tho ground the other neceAsary amenities such as kitehenR, floor generally serves as cattle-shed, and tho upper latrines and bathroom'! available to a housohold. storeY(fl) is used for living.
Living OOiJ,ditions in Himachal Pradeslt-The In Pangi and Charah Tahsils, there is still living conditions" in some parts of this statc are another typical method of warding off the cold primitive, giving an impression of the general and winters. When winter approaches and the backwardness prevltiling. The description that oattle return from distant pastures, the solitary appearg below in respect of the house,~ in different room of the ground floor, which is usually quito parts of this state, may be representative to give commodious one, acconunodatcs both the cattle an account of the general living conditions of a sheep and goats and the inmates. The cattle heads large numOOr of people. These details were colle and tllO sheep/goats are kopt in the pen, provided cted "for tho village monographfl during the 1961 for the purpose on the two sides of the walls of Census. the room. In the Central space of this room, that ./ is now available a "Ohullalt" is erected where the Himachal Pradesh is predominantly rural in household does its oooking etc. And when night oharacter. Majority of its people, constituting 'approaches, and the household has to retire, all , ninety three percent of the total population livo inmates sleep all around this "Ohullah". The in villages. Hence the living pattern is e5sentially philosophy of such a living is not without reasons. agriculture oriented as agriculture is the main The people here are generally poor, with scanty occupation of the people. The second aspect clothes to ward off the chilly weather of the region. which went on to influence tho living pattern of So with this arrangement entailing both cA.ttle the people is the geographical conditions of the and household members living together they area. The whole of the region is mountaneous manage to pass their winter months in compara and the terrain swings between high to modera tive warmth and the dearth of adequate clo tely low altitudes. The state is, therefore subject. thing is compensated by their animals heat gene to severe witness some of its north and north rated by the cattle tethered in the same room, eastern parts recording heavy 8110W fall during The hearth in the centre also plays the part to winter&. " keop the room warm. 17
This may be peculiar to that region alone, but living or sleeping purpoges was made, was to he elsewllore also in the state, tho one specific purpose ascertained. of a house if! nothing better than the primitive For roofs, the detail.'! of material out of which shelter. In most of tho cases, it is devoid of most of tho portion of tho roofs, exposed to the the basic minimum amenities of life. More often, woather and not the ceiling was made, which could and household comprising of sevell to ten members be tiles, thatcll, corrugated iron, zinc Or asbestos have just one or two room'! to live. A little pro cement sheets or conorete, slate, tiles, etc., was jection, OJ' even a corner of a room is uRefl as obtained. For a mulit-storoyed building, the kitchen or ba tIl room. intermediate floor or floors would he the roof of In towns the living conditions are of a different the lower floor. Hence if the roof was mainly made nature. Here, as we find from our common experi of stone etc., and had a mud plaster, cement ence, the oongestion is too much, that by no plaster or lime plaster exposed to the sky, the means could be termed as a good living. material of roof in such cases would not be mud, cement or lime respeotively, but it would be stone The entire disCllo'lSion boils down to this that whioh constituted the fabrio of the roof. the Census definition of a Census house; and the data available from the Housolisting Operations, Tho details that are now available on the mate does not bring about all these details about the rial of houses givc an idea about the economio conditions of the people as a whole, and the level living conditions of the people. of the prosperity in the state. This information The Censllfl definition of a house adopted for the has further facilitated to carry out discussion down Houselisting, should have becn comprehensive to District level, in our subsequent chapters. one, so as to take in its fold importajIlt dct.ails Vacant Houses-Details about the vacant about the amenities available to a household. Such houses were colleoted in the Houselisting Opera a detail, if available would havc been an effective tions. Columns 6 of the Houselists, which was indicator about the over all standard of living of instrumental in netting in all Buch details referred the people, and t,he level of the economic develop to the purpose for which the Census House was ment in the state, revealing at the same time, the used, i.e., residence; shop; shop-cum-residence; real magnitude of housing problem. In the absence sohool, bank; commercial houses; office; hospital; of all this information availahle on a hou&' , hotels etc., or vacant. Wllcreas the actual use of whatever data has been thro"\\ n open by thr H OUst the house on the lines indioated above was recorded, listing Operation, would appear to lack colour the reasons for the house lying vacant was further giving no indication ",hatsoever or the acute ascertained. housing problem of an aroa. It has rather dragged According to instructions elaborate intelTOga our <:Jountry to the level of a backward economy. tion was carried out to roach the depth of the posi Brief description about the nature of data colle tion. A house could be lying vacant for want of cted under these· columns is reproduced below. repairs or tenant or occupant. As for the circums However, general disoul!sion on these points, sup tances in whioh a lock was found on a house, the ported with relevant data in the subsequent chap reasons could be that the entire household might ters of this report. be away to attend the field operations and during the period of listing, the time of absence of the Predominant Construction Material-The details members of the household coincided with the visit about the construction material of the hOUSOR of the enumerator who found a look on the house. was collected in columns 4- an,d 5 of the Houselist. Then there could be yet another possibility that Such an information on the houses helped to eva the entire household had temporarily migrated luate the extent of Kutcha and Pucca houses in to their another abode e.g., from the hills to the the state. plains, due to inolement season or migrated tem This pie!)e of information was colleoted in two porarily for wage earning. It has afforded an oppor parts m~terial of walls and material of roofs. tunity to hold further discussion about the over all For walls, the material out of which the major position of houses viz-a.-viz the vacant houses in portion of the walls of the house was made was the country. collected. For example the material could be Use of the Cens~ts H ouse- Census houses in grass, reeds, bamboo, unburnt bricks, mud, Himachal Pradesh are mostly used for residential burnt bricks, besides stone, cement, conorete, purpose. Because of low pace of economic deve timber eto. Where a house consisted of separate lopment in the state the commercial and other structures, each having walls made of different uses of the houses are fewer. Necessary details material, the material out of which the walls of about the USe of the house were oollected, ,mder the main portion of the house mostly Wjed for column 7 of the HOllselist. 18
An Establishment was defined a>; it place occupied by each household was recorded ag'tins wher~ goods wore produced or mq,nufacbured, tho namo of eaoh HMd of Hous6hold. Tracing not solely for domestic consumption or where remote cases where a room was oocupied by mOre servicing and/or repairing was done, such ar. than Oll{) household or they shared more than factory/work~hop or n plllo!} where retail or wJJO}C ono room, the number of rooms was given together sale busine-:>!> was carried on Or commercial services against a bracket as common to such households. wero rendered; or an office, public or private or Still further, if a· conical shaped hut or tent was a plaoG of ontortainment or whore eduoational, used for living in such case-H, t,hough this type of religious, social or entertainment servicos were improvised aocommodat.ion did not havo four rendered. It wa.s necessary that, in 1111 such places waUs, t.hese too W0re con8idcred as room"l. one or more person should bo actually working. Oonwwn Errors jOlm(1 'in the Hou8elist.~-It hall Thus an establishment would cover manufacturing, been our endeavour to attain the best standard trado and ot110r establishments where people in the out-tum of the Houselisting work. Aud from worked, the very beginning of the Operations, such steps Tenure St(ttus-And finftlly the Hous'.Jlisting were taken as could make this goal possible. Firstly wont on to touch the house to t11e extent if a the selection of the field staff, fell on Patwaricr; and household, occupying a Censm Hou~e owned i~ Kanungoc8 because tho Revenue staff is fuHy or had it on ront. If it did not pay anyLhing to conversant with their arMS, and in most of the anybody in the form of rent then the household cases, every bit of details of a household 'of their might bo considored aR living in his own houso. areas is known to them. Even otherwise, they Similarly a hous.chold living in a flat or a house are used to the terrain of their areas so well that it taken on "ownership" basis on payment of instal was never a problem for them to reach their field ments, was considered as living in its own house, of operation. Il.ltbough :1.11 the instalments may not have been The Enumerators and Supervisors appointed paid. for this work, were thoroughly trained. Four As agftinst it a housing unit was rented if rent rounds of training were conducted to acquaint was paid or contracted for, by the occupants in them well. The first and last round was conducted cash or in kind. Where an owner permitted a by the officials from this offioe. And in between, household to live ront free, even then t.he house two rounds \vere held by the Charge Officer con hold was treatocl as living in a renood houso. cerned. The mode of training too was an impressive one. Besides the theoretical part, the Enllmerators This type of information again furnished some and Supervisors were ta~en Olit to the llea.rby important facts about tho housing conditions in areas to fill up the forms. In fact significant empha tho country. As could be easily expected, a signi sis was laid on the practical aspect. Some blank ficant proportion of people in tho tOWl1'! still live forms were issued to them for this purpo!lc, so that in rented houses; ;ind the people of rura 1 areas they may have sufficient practice, before the opera live in their own houses. tion started. Number £!.f Rooms-The concept of room was During actual operations close supervision was RO defined that a room was one which hacl four provided as far as pos.<;ible by the staff from this walls with a door-way; a roof overhead; and 'wide office. The checking staff was specially drafted for and long enough for a person to Hioep in i.e., it this purpose and area wert; distributed to them. should have a length of not less then two metres The Director went to the checking assignments, and )readth of at least one a,nd a half metros; frequently. Whatever difficulties were experienced and two metres in height. An enclosed room wllich hy the Enumerators and Supervisors, thc'lc were was used in common for sleeping, sitting, dinning promptly remov~d on the spot wherever pos3ible. storing and cooking otc., was also regarded as a All these efforts went on to make this operation room. An unenclosod vera.ndah, kitchen, stofe, a SUCCeSS. Even the non-gazetted officers strike garago, cattle-shed, latrine and rOOm in which a Which ha.d raged the whole state that time, did not household industry such as handloom was locat.ed, deter in timely execution of this work. which were not normally useable for living or l'lleeping eto., were excluded from the definition On 3rd March, 1970, a circular letter was also of a room for this purpose. issued to all the Deputy Commissionern in Himachal Pradesh, on this subjeot. Briefly they were informed If there was only one housohold in a Census that the Houselisting Operation had started in the House, the counting of room" would not be diffi state on 1st March, 1970. The field staff had been cult. But if a Census House accommodated a thoroughly trained for this work and there was no number of householdsl the number of rooms difficulty on this score. They were requested to enSllre detailed checking of the work in their Dis These instructions were hrought to the notlce tricts. For that matter it waR suggested that the of tho field staff, to remain on guard against such Supervisors would check cent pel' ccnt work. The type of mistakes. Besides, the state government Oharge Officers shall have to do at least seventy also issued similar instructions to the field staff per cent of the checking. The district Census Offi impressing upon them to se..:; this work through in cers, like-wise do atleast fifty per c~nt checking. tlleir areas by the due date, and to ensure that the And the Deputy Commissioners were requested to whole operat.ion was executed sincerely. The do at least five per cent checking of the total work Supervisors and Charge Officers etc., were also They were also requested to ellf:,ure regular inspec. like-wise impressed to do close checkin~ of this work tion reports from their bubordinate officers every so that the out-turn might be the best. week. '1'he entire Houselisting and Housenumbering The then, Director vi Census Opera.tions had work progressed satisfactorily according to schedule. flome experience of common mistakes that he 'This was made possible due to close supervision had noticed in Haryana state. Copies of these provided by the officials of the Census Depart common mistakes were circulated to all the Deputy ment and the field Supervisory staff; a special Commissioners in this State, to remain guard note may be ta·ken of the fact that when this work against their occurrence in their areas. started in the state, the whole region was raged by the strike of non-gazetted officers of Himaehal Similarly, the Registrar General, India, in his Pradesh, and other work was completely paralysed. letter of 3rd March, 1970, had also pointed out Even, then, this operation was completed well in certain common mistake" that he had come across time. \ while checking the houselisting work in some The houselisting record started reaching this States. It was observed that where a single census office, soon after this Operation was over. As already house had more than one houijehold living in it: indicated in the foregoing pages, the time Ilcheduie entries had been made in columns 3 to 7 against for general areas was March/April, 1970; and for each of the household. while there should have been snow-bound area", it was May/June, 1970, respec only one entry in re~pect of the Census House as tively. So that first consignment of the record Huch. It was therefore, pointed out that. the entrieH reached this office in the last week of July, 1970. in columns 3 correctly reflected the actual number And then it continued to pour in till the end of of census houses, as this would be the frame for December, 1970. "The late arrival of the record the purpose of sampling for tabulatiqn. was due to two reasons. N.O.G.'s strike which 'l'hen, there had generally been an omission affected this work in this respect, at least in the i_n noting the institutional households properly. urban areas; and the difficult terrain of this state." It appeared that some enumerators had not fully Meanwhile, this office was preparing for con followed the concept of Institutional House ducting training camps in the snow-bound areas, holds. where the enumeration was scheduled to be held in September, 1970 and where the training pro In the Houselid Abstract, some negligence was gramme was to begin in August, 1970. And shown in filling up, columns 2, 3: 4, 8 and 9 particu similarly, after September, the next training was to larly. Whenever the nwnber of occupied residential begin in the general areas, where it started from census houses, was shown in column 8, this had December, 1970 to February, 1971. So, in between been generally due to wrong entries. While it might these two training assignments which this office not be impossible to envisage a single household held there was very little time left to edit the occupied more than one Census House, by and Houselisting records, received from the field. large the numlfer of household would be the same as or slightly more than the Census Honses. Large A mention lllay here be made of the fact that number of residential Census Houses than the in our case, the tables had to be prepared on fun households and generally been the result of wrong count basis. Further, the houselisting data of this posting in the abstract. Sometimes, it was noticed state had to be lllechanically processed in Data that a 'baithak' had been counted under residen Processing Division of the Office of the Registrar tial Cemma House on the ground that it was used General, India. Editing the Houselisting record was by thE' people to sit. Occupied residential houses discussed at length with the Registrar General's were intended to cover only those Census Houses Office and the genuine difficulties, "ivhich this office in which people lived and against which there faced, in the matter of editing and checking, were would invariably be a household and entries would placed before them. The Registrar Genera!':; Office have been made from column 8 onwards in the therefore, a~eed to send fo~ the entire houselisting Houselist. record unedited from thiS state, and besides processing the data, the record was edited there. the predominant material of wall. In fact, thero In view of this decision, this record was sent in the should have been only stone, as mud is used l1':J the two instalments to the Registrar General's Office. joining material for the stones. Further, in the The first instalment wa':) sent in November, 1970; ca':Je of roofs, slate and wood both were mentioned and the second instalment was despatched in as the material of roof. Here again, slates being February, 1971. the predominant material of roofs, should alone have been mentioned. Wooden beam'> are used However, some checking was also done in this only as a frame to support the slat"s of the roof'). office during the short period that we had at our disposal. And in the process, the common mistakes, Column 17 was filled with wrong remarks, that were noticed, are reproduced below:- although it pert.ained only to "vacanb houses". In other words, only if 'vacant' was written in In some cases, the details required on the top of column 6 of tIle hOllselist, then only the remarks, the houselists, i.e., name and code number of the giving the reasons for the vacant house, were to. be DistrictfTahsilfTownJVillage etc., was found miss recorded in column 17. In some cases, 'column No. ing. These details were completed with the help of 17 was left blank, even when a house was shown other connected record. as vacant in the houselist. The number of pages, of the houselist, used for a In column 10, 'S.C.' or ',S.T'. was not written village/ward, were not marked. This was also com first and then tho name of the caste or tribe. pleted. And finally in some cases, the words 'sweeper' Page-wise totals of columns 13; 14, 15 were not was used instead of 'Bhangi' or 'Chura' or 'Balmiki.· struck at the bottom of each page of the Houseli'lt. as.. per instructions given in this behalf. In column 4: and 5, relating to the material of It may be indicated that during the short period the Wlllls and roofs of the house, 'ditto' marks wera of editing of the HOllsehsting records only one used; instead of giving details of the actual ma District, i.e., Sirmaur District was completed and terial for each house. Besides, for the material of rest of the record was sent to. the Data Processing wall, both stone and mud had been mentioned as Division, as it was received from the field. CHAPTER It Uses to which Census Houses are put: other subsidiary tables H-I-l 'Distribution of Development in various socio-economic fields 1000 Census Houses by vacant and different types of occupied Census Houses', and Table of a 'country could be measured to certain extent H-I- 2, 'Distribution of 1000 Census Houses' for selected by a detailed study of census houses and uses to types of uses among rural and urban areas res which they are put. In India, it is noticed that pecth;ely have also been prepared. The different by and large a house is put to use generally for uses of house are broadly categorised as under ;- residential purposes both in villages and towns. In villages, the pace of Industrialisation is 1. Vacant. negligible. A village house is therefore used 2. Residence. essentially for living purposes. Of course, it must 3. Shop-cum-residence. be sufficiently large so as to meet the pre-requi 4. Work shop-cum-residence. sites of an agricultural economy. In towns, this 5. Hotels, Sarai, Dharamsala, Tourists Homes phenomenon has been noticed greatly on account and Inspection Houses. of the sky high rents, coupled with the problem 6. Shops excluding eating houses. of acute shortage of living accommodation. 7. Business houses and offices. These two factors have therefore, contributed 8. Factories, workshops and worksheds. to the usages of the houses for residential pur 9. Restaurants, Sweet-meat shops and eating poses mostly, in the towns. places. 10. Places. of entertainments and community Significant increase in the population both gathermg (Panchayat Ghar) excluding in rural and urban areas, in the recent years, places of workship. has also influenced the use of a house more to 11. Places of workship, e.g., Temple, Church, residential purpose, than fer any other purpose. Mosque, Gurdwara etc. The slow pace of industrialisation on the other 12. Others. hand had little demand of houses for other pur poses, than for dwellings. Brief description of each category of the use of a house appears below :- The state of Himachal Pradesh has not fared any better in this respect, that what has emerged Vacant at the all India level. Himachal Pradesh is pre dominantly- an agricultural state and industrial If, no one lived in a house at the time of house~ development here is still insignificant. Therefore, lir:.ting and was not being used for any other in a majority of cases, the houses, both in the purpose, it was recorded as vacant. In the case of a villages and towns of this state, are put to resi house locked and on further enquiries it was learnt dential purposes alone. that the occupants had gone on journey or pil grimage, this house was not treated as vacant. The present discussion in this Chapter will Adequate reasons for. the. vacant house, i.e., dilapi afford an opportunity to analyse the position of dated, under repaIr, mcomplete construction the houses in the state, as also in its dif1:erent want of tenant etc. were ascertained and recorded !3istricts. The study will be supported by the in column .17 of the Houselist (Rem'arks column). data collected in column 6 of the houselist. In fact thIS column had special bearing with the houses returned as such in column 6 of the House Explanation oj term -Used list. Information on the actual use of a house was Residence collected in column 6 of the houselist. The data collected under this column depicts the state as A house under t~lC o~cupation of a family, and well as District level position. Table R.I., which used purely for reSIdentIal purpose, not, combined deals with the 'Census Houses and uses to which with any other use was treated ,as residence. they are put has been prepared from column 6 The Institutional. Houses such as Orphanges, of the Houselist'. This table gives data for the Rescue Homes, JaIls, reformatory-Children Homes state as well as for each district with rural and and Boarding Houses etc., were also included III urban break up. Connected with this table, two this category. 8Jwp-cum-residence Shops excluding eating 7tause.s
The (JellSUi> House having common main exit A shop was defined as a place where articles used for residence as well as running a shop, was wore bought and/or sold but not manufactured. Of 4;reaterl as a shop-cum-residence. The shop and COllrse restaurants and other ea ting houses were residence, though part of the same building, having not included in tbis c<'ltegory. separate exits, were treated as separate Oensus Business houses and Offices Houses and separate Oensus numbers were allotted A business house was defined as one where trans to them. actions in money or other articles took place. In this category banks, offices of firms, commercial Worksho p-cum-residence and business houses governmental as well as non In case a Census House used for living; as well governmental houses were included. All such as being used as a workshop i.e., where any kind cenSllS houses were thrcfore treated as Business of production, repair, or servicing was undertaken, Houses and Offices, Govornment ~md Local self or where goods and articles were made and sold; Government Offices, inst.itutions, commercial firms but was not large enough to be a factory; it was etc. were covered under this category. treated as a work shop-cum-residence. According to the Census definition, it was not necessary that Factories, workshops and worksheds some machinery should exist there. Even a place A Oensus House could be treated aR a factory was considered as workshop where some household only if it was registered under the Indian Factories industry such as handloom, weaving, biri-rolling, Act; otherwise it was treated as a worlulhop. A papad making, toy making etc., was carried on. workshop/workshE.d has already been discussed in tJle foregoing pages. All such census houses which This category also included all the household fully satisfied those conditions, were included in industries in the state. A h_ousehold industry this category. was defined as one which was conducted by the head of the household himself/herself and/or Restaurants, sweet-meat shops and eat~:ng places mainly by the members of the household at home These terms arc Helf-explanatory. A Census or within the village in rural areas; and only within House, which provided only boarding facilities of the village in rural areas; and only within the pre and where no lodging facilities ",ere avrtilable was mises of the house where the household lived in \ treated as a restaurant. A sweet-meat shop war urban areas. The household industry should not taken as one wJlere sweets were made and sold. be run on the scale of a registered factory. Briefly, Such a shop was recorded as a work8hop in the it must fulfil the following four conditions, befor~ Houselist. Similarly eating housos wero places it was to be treated as a household industry ;- where food was served. These Oensus Houses are also called as 'Dhabas' in the local language. (a) Nature of actiA:ity-The activities of the industry must confine itself to either pro Places of enterlct.inments an(l Community gathering duction, processing. servicing, repairing (Pancllayat Ghar) excluding places oj Wor or making and selling .(not merely soHing) ship of goods. All cinemafl, theatres and punchayat ghars etc. (b) Partidpation-The head of the llOusehold wero inoluded in this category. Of course places of and/or ono or more members of the worship sl1eh as temples, mosques, churches etc. household must participate in such an were outside the purview of this category. ./ industry. \ Places of worship (e.g., temples, churches, (c) Location-The household industry should mosques gurdwaras etc. be located in t,he premises of the village All Census Houses whero worshipping of any kind in the rural areas; and in the same house was done and prayers werc offcred were treated as in thO' urban areap. places of worship and included in tllis category. (d) Size-The industry should not be on Others tIle scale of rcgistercd factory. The Census Houses could be put to some morc Hotels, Sarais Dharamshalas, T01lrist Homes uses other than those described a bovo. These and I nspection Houses could he cattle-shedR garages, laundries, petrol pumps, passenger shelters, cattle pondfl, gate The terms arc self-expJanatory. The Census keepers' sheds etc. As thcse types of Oensus Houses covered under this category are generally Houses could not be elsewhore classified all slloh used as places of ha.lt or temporary sta.y miscellancolls casos were includcd nnd{'r this by travellers and pilgrims. oategory. Brief disoussion on each separate use of a house. Simla is the biggest town not oni y in the district detailed above would help in taking up the statis but alse- in the entire state. Before Independence tical discussion on each c9tegory (uses of the it was summer Capital of the country. After parti Census Houses) of houses down to District lovel. -tionit became the seat of Punjab Government which moved to Chandigarh only in 1954. It was in the year 1966 when this town was merged in Himachal Vacant Census Houses Pradesh on account of reorganisation of the State of Punjab. Since the formation of Himachal Table H.1 dealing with the Census Houses and Pradesh in ]948 this town has been the capital of the uses to which they are put . would reveal tbat Himachal Pradesh. Some Central Offices like in Himachal Pradesh 74,363 houses were vacant A.G. Himachal and Chandigarh, A.G. Punjab and during tho Houselisting Operations as against A.G. Haryana, Labour Bureau etc. are located in 8,62,896 total Census Houses. As a large pro Simla town. Besides this, Headquarters of portion of the population of this state lives in Western Command are also stationed here. All villagcs, there arc 7,82,345 Census Houses in rural these factors contribute towards urbanisation trend areas whereas urban areas accounted for 80,551. particularly in this district. Siu!la has been a well Vacant houses in rural and urban areas are 65,740 known hill station from pre-independence days and 8,623 respectively. and attracts large influx of tourists throughout the year especially in summer when it is in full swing. With all these considerations hot.eliering industry Referring to table H-I-l. it will be seen tha.t has its importance. Such type of houses are out of one thousand Census Rouses there are 86 vacant houses at the state level. For district generally found vacant. In few caSBS it is also noticed that the local persons keep their houses wise position Kinnaur District with 330 vacant vacant during the rainy and winter seasons with a houses per thousand census houses comes at the view to earn exorbitant rent from the tourists top. Chamba with the figure of 133 and Mahasu during summer when the demand for comfortable showing 122 vacant houses per thousand census ho uses eomo second and third respectively. In houses is largely felt by the tourists. Since tho tourists went to enjoy maximum in their !!hort stay that order Kulu District with the proportion of 56 vacant houses per thousand census bouses they have no hesitation to pay higher amounts. This tendency has influenced certain house owners cJmes at the bottom. to keep their houses vacant. As already stated Simla was the seat of Cen In order to know tIte distribution of one thousand tre as well as Punjab Government. The politi Census Houses by selucted types among rural cal department before independence also used and urban areas Table H.1.2 may bo-referred to shift to Simla during summer. This promp to. Coming to the position of vacant 'houses at the ted rulers of Punjab Stato as well as rulers of State level it will be seon that the rural component Simla Hill States to build their houses in Simla. accounts for 884 as against 116 in the urban areas. Each such house had a large number of out It shows that the incidence of vacant houses is houses with it to accommodate a vast army of more pronounced in rural areas as compared to retenue of these ruling chiefs. Like-wise many urban areas of the Pradesh. In all the districts big-wigs who had to approach high government except Simla similar trend is visible. In Simla dignatories in connection with their busine!)s district there is marked shift towards urban areas ancI other deals had also built their houses in which i~ qu.it!HeVerSe to the situation prevailing in Simla. Yat again many well to do Biswadars other dIstrIcts of the Pradesh. In Simla distrirt of Punjab whose children received education in urban area is comprised of M. Corporation Simla, public sohoole in Simla had also their houses C.B. Jutogh, C.B. Subathu, C.B. Kasauli, C.B. here. After independence ::md with the shift Dagshai and Municipal Committee Nalagarh. It is ing of Punjab capital to Chandigarh and with a faot that major proportion of such houses rela the merging of the states, a majority of such tes to Municipal Corporation Simla but the figures of houses were dispof;ed of by their owners. A few other urban areas of Simla district urban influence of them have still retained these houses, which this proportion on the whole to a greater extent. mostly remain vacant. Their owners mayor For this high incidence one should keep in mind may not come in summer but they do not let out that 32 percllnt of the population in Simla district these houses because it becomes difficult to get lives in tho towns. If we look to urban population them vacated later on. A large number of ser in the Pradesh it is noted that this district accouuts vant quarters attached with these bungalows for larger urban population as compared to other or mothis also remain vacant. Each servant districts. quarter that consists of a single room fulfilled 73.M/J(D)2CSO(HP)-4 the defimtlOn of a census house with a door open collected during the HOllselisting Operations in ing on to a cOtnmon verandah. This waS one Himachal Pradesh. of the causes which contributed to the large num ber of vacant houses in Simla proper and its Highest incidence of vacant houses in urban other urban components. In these places the areas in the Pradesh is noticed by Simla district existence of Circuit houses, Rest-houses, Holi urban as mentioned above but in terms of vacant day homes and other hostels which were generally houses with relation to total census houses in vaoant at the time of houselisting operations urban areas of the Pradesh, it is altogether di was also a contributing factor towards a large fferent. Ohamba district urban takes the first number of vacant housos. place. Mahasu district urban comes next and Simla district urban is ranked third. Number Other towns of Simla urban which have in of vacant houses in urban areas of the district fluenced the number of vacant houses are C.B. as given in Table H.l should be looked into. Kasauli, C.B. Subathu and C.B. Dagshai. Ap parently the houses in thes!} towns are to be Studying the data from this angle one would ocoupied only when oertain force is stationed like to know the reasons for higher proportion there otherwise it is noticed that the houses are of vacant houses in Chamba district urban which vacant for want of tenants. C.B. Kasauli has is comprised of M.C. Chamba, M.O. Dalhousie, another advantage also. It is a hill station C.B. Dalhousie and C.B. Bakloh. Houselist nearer to plains and this attracts a good number ing data reveal that it is only M.C. Dalhousie of tourists during the summer season. Some of and C.B. Dalhousie (now Dalhousie urban agglo the rich persons have constructed houses there meration) which has influenced the number ofvacant only for their temporary stay during summer houses on the whole for Chamba district urban. and for the remaining part of the year, these Mtcr reorganisation of Punjab in 1966 these houses are vacant. Tendency to let out the houses pockets namely M.C. Dalhousie, C.B. Dalhousie to tourists only during summer cannot be ignor and C.B. Bakloh were transferred to the State ed. These all factors attribute for more vacant of Himachal Pradesh and included in Chamba houses in urban areas of Simla district than its district. Whereas Dalhousie brought an addi rural areas. tion to the tourists complex of Himachal Pra desh the State of Punjab was ·deprrved of this Varying patterns of structure and their usages tourist resort also. It is a well known fact that also influenced the number of Census Houses. these hill stations are over crowded during the In Simla town one will see that many buildings summer season and the tourists lea vo their places have attached out-houses with three to four rooms. on the outset of rainy season to their respective All these rooms generally have direct entrance places of work. In winter the situation is quite from a common court-yard or a staircase and reverse to that prevailing in summer, i.e., activi this in terms of the definition of a census house, ties in these places become dull and give a de these rooms qualified to be treated as a census serted look More so most of the houses in rainy house. These rooms are meant for servants and and winter l:lOasons are found vacant. Dalhousie not necessari~y, all these rooms be occupied is not an exception to it. and as such these rooms which were not occupied were treated as vacant. It is true that the de Dalhousie was a well known hill station be finition influenced the number of all categories fore independence and served as a summer exo of houses but in proportion marked incidence dus for people of Amritsar Division. Many will be seen in the number of vacant houses. businessmen and other moneyed people or rf tired people who wanted to lead a quite hfe had Few houses in Simla town were shown as built their houses in pursuit of their business 'Dilapidated' 'for allotment' and 'under repairs' and other interests. But with the advent of which reflects that these houses wete treated as independence when the Government Offices, vacant in the houselisting operations. In few V.l.Ps. stopped moving to hills in summer, Dal cases it may be possible that the Enumerator housie lost its glory, with the result that even after visiting a house repeatedly found the house in summer, very few people now go to this sum locked and in such circumstanoes he would have mer resort and during the rest of the period, treated the hOuse as vacant. Probability of such majority of tIle houses remain vacant. Pre &ituation can not be ignored but this would have ssure on accommodation III Dalhousie has re occured in very rare cases. All these facts brings mained static because it neither IS a distriot head. satisfactory explanation to the share of vacant quarter nor a tahsil headquarter nor any impor housos in urban component of Simla district and tant government office of Himachal I'radesh havll will appeal to those interested in the use of data been shifted to this place. 25
Tn view of. all these factors Dalhousie urban or even'1ifth, arc usW. for resideJAtial purposes'. reported a good number of vacant houses whioh These storeys areknbwn by the.naine of 'Pantll4ng' ultimately influenced the position of vacant in the local dialect. houses in Chamba district urban, bringing the number of vacant houses to 865 as against 5,723 The climatic conditions prevailing in the region urban Census Houses in that distriot. The number coupled with the difficult terrain which is infested of vacant houses in other urban components with precipitous slopes, affords few pieces of of Chamba district urban is insignificant. land suitable for cultivation. Therefore, every household has a number of fields, quite often l\'Iahasu district urban showed 1,009 vacant miles away from the main habitation. Then houses out of its 6,961 urban Census Houses towards oW cold, as also to eke out living, large whereas in Simla district urban 3,367 vacant herds of goat and sheep are reared by every houses have been reported aginst 24,725 urban household, to meet out the requirements of wool census houses. Proportionate figures of vacant and meat. houses per thousand urban census houses in Generally the ground floor of the house is urban areas of Chamba and Mahasu and Simla kept for livestock and if it is insufficient to districts come to 151, 145 and 136, respectively. accommodate the entire livestock, yet another Mandi district urban showing 624 vacant houses house is constructed near the main house. The out of 14,766 urban census houses comes at the separate cattle-shed is known as 'Shanang' bottom revealing vacant houses to the extent of and is practically meant for the livestock, or 8 per thousand urban census houses in that district. store fodder and grains for the coming winter. Coming over to the data for rural areas exclu In the distant fields and nearer the pastures, sively it will be seen that the number of vacant some improvised cattle-sheds-cllm-living accommo h(luses at the Pradesh level stood as 65,740 against dation is also had by an household. This is 7,82,345 rural Census Houses. Among districts known as 'Thatch'. The cattle-shed-cum-living Kinnaur with 6,004 vacant houses out of 18,215 accommodation here is often a barrack type, Census houses i.e., 330 vacant houses out of one with fiat roofs. It has three to four rooms, of thousand Census Houses tops in the rural compo which are used both for cattle-sheds and living nents followed by Chamba district. Mahasu purposes. district with 13,236 vacant houses out of 1,09,584 rural Census Houses comes at the bottom showing The description of the agricultural economy proportionate figure of 13 vacant houses against of this district reveals that practically every one thousand rural census houses in that district. household rears a large live-stock to meet its demand of milk, ghee, whey as also that of meats Taking Kin_na:ur district first, which has shown and wool. Further the climatic conditions pre the largest number of vacant houses in the whole vailing in the region necessitates that the livestock of district, the only possible explanation for remains mostly away in the distant pastures such a huge number could be that in the first during the summer months and is herded together instance, the whole of this district is rural in in the main village house in the winter season character; the predominant occupation of the Qr taken to the warm areas of neighbouring people being agriculture. Even from the point districts during winter. of view population, this is the smallest District, next only to Lahul and Spiti district. The 1971 So, under this typical living pattern, when population figure<; indicate that the total popUlation winter is over the household starts making neces of this district is 49,835 persons 26,407 males sary preparations to send the livestock to and 23,428 fe~ales. Thus acconnting for only 'Thatch'. Roughly the livestock sets on its 1·44 per cent. of the total population of the state. long journey to the distant pastures, sometimes Further the Whole region is subject to severe in the end of April or in the beginning of May, winters and heavy snowfall. Therefore, these every year. After the livestock having gone, two factors agricUltural economy and the climate the cattle-sheds are cleaned. Thereafter, the conditions, have sufficiently moulded the living households gets itself busy in storing fodder pattern of the people. and foodgrains, etc., for the next winter. It is generally found that a household has more than The main houses in the villages, known as one store houses at different places which goes 'Kuim' are generally multi-storeyed. The ground on to explain the reasons of the large number floor called 'Bong' is used as cattle-shed. The of vacant houses in this district. second storey, immediately over the 'Bong' called as 'Sing Karang' is used as store house. Again, religion also plays an important role Thereafter all other storeys, i.e., third and fourth, in the village life in Killnaur. Every village has 73M./J(D)2CSO(HP)-4(a) its own deity, housed in a small temple. Addi 1 2 3 4 5 tional a~commodation is attachcd to the temple Simla Total 10,285 5,458 -46·93 to provde accommodation to the priests and Rural 2,604 2,091 -19·70 few rooms are kept vacant for the visitors to Urban 7,681 3,367 -56·16 serve as night-shelters. This too has inflated Sirmaur .. Total 10,413 4,U5 -60·48 the number of vacant houses in the region, signi Rural 10,068 3,713 -63·12 ficantly. Urban 345 402 +16·52 Kinnaur .. .. Total 6,684 6,004 -10·17 Rural 6,684 6,004 -10017 Next to Kinnaur District, Chamba District Urban has the second highest proportion of vacant houses in the whole district. Comparing the It will be seen fr.om the figures given in the respective position of the two districts in this table that the number of vacant houses has comc regard, wc find that the proportionate figures down in respect of all the districts. Higher are less than half of what have been recorded percentage of decrease, i.e., 60·48 percent relates for Kinnaur District. In Pangi, Chaurah and to Sirmaur District and the lowest, i.e., 3· 39 Brahmaur Tahsils of this District are subjected percent to Chamba district. to severe winters practically every household Taking into account the rural and urban break has similar system of maintaining cattle-shed up it is interesting to note that the number of i.e., one in the main village where the household vacant houses increased in the urban areas of lives, and the second one is loc:\ted quite far off five districts and decreased in three districts. from the main habitation in the distant pastures. For rural areas considering all the ten districts Here too, the same movement of livestock, i.e., decrease in the number of vacant houses is wit for winter and summer, is involved. nessed in every district ranging from 1· 90 to 63 ·12 percent. Studying the data on vacant houses with that Re8idential Houses of 1961 it will appear that there is a considerablc decline in the number of vacant houses. This As would be evident from table H.I., there number in 1971 decreased by 35·41 p~rcent. are in all 6,22,055 houses put to residential purpose. Figures for 1961 and 1971 remained as 1,15,127 These account for a significant proportioD of and 74,363 respectively. In urban and rural 72 per cent of the total census houses in the areas this decrease is to the extent of 35·80 and state. 32· 21 per cent respectively. District-wise position In villages,. the total number of dwellings have is given in the table below:- been recorded as 5,67,914 which account for again a significant proportion of 73 percent Total of the total census houses in the rural areas of State/District Rural No. of Vacant Percen· Urban Houses in tage the state. Similarly for the urban areas, there ,------"------, va iation are 54,141 dwellings in the state, which claim 1961 1971 another significant proportion of 67 per cent of 1 2 3 4 5 the total urban census houses in the state. Table H.I.1 gives the District-wise position. Himachal Pradesh .. Total 1I5,127 74,363 -35·41 It would be gathered that after everyone thousand Rural 102,406 65,740 -35·80 Urban 12,721 8,623 -32·21 census houses, by vacant and different types of occupied Census houses, the highest proportion of Chamba .. Total 9,466 9,145 3·39 Rural 8,707 8,280 --4·90 825' houses, per thousand of Census Houses, has " Urban 759 865 +13·97 been recorded for Kangra District. A possible Kangra Total 28,446 19,530 -31,34 explanation for thiR high rate of houses used as Rural 26,214 17,717 -32·41 Urban 2,232 1,813 -18·77 dwellings may be lack of even small scale industries Manill Total 10,862 9,050 -16·68 in this district as a whole; and houses are construc Rural 10,346 8,426 -18,56 ted for residential purposes only. The next Urban 516 624 +20·93 highest proportion of 733, per thousand of census Kulu Total 12,225 3,359 -72·52 Rural 12,053 3,100 -74·28 houses has been recorded for Sirmaur District. Urban 172 259 +50,58 Here also the same reason holds good. Lahul & Spiti Total 671 440 -34·43 The lowest proportion of 485, per thousand Rural 671 440 -34,43 of census houses, has been recorded for Kinnaur Urban District. Singificant number of vacant houses Bilaspur Total 4,196 3,017 -28·10 Rural 3,735 2,733 -26·83 in this district speaks for the lowest proportion Urban 461 284 -38'39 of Census houses used for residential purposes. Mahasu Total 21,879 14,245 -34'89 Most of these vacant houses are used for one Rural 21,324 13,236 -37·93 purpose or the other during partial period in the Urban 555 1,009 +81·80 year and as such during houselisting period 27
(in April, 1970), these were found vacant. Detailed district showed altogether a different trend. Heer discussion in this regard has already been made an increase of 6· 25 percent. is visible in the in the foregoing pages. number of residential houses in rural areas and a decline by 2· 96 percent in its urban areas. Turning to the rural and urban position we find that in so far as the rural areas are concerned, Table given below depicts district-wise position Kangra District again records the highest propor in the use of residential houses:- tion, i.e., 839 residential houses per thousand Total census houses in its villages. The explanation StatelDistrict Rural No. of wholly Percen. given above for the whole of the District, holds Urban Residential tage houses in variation good in this case also. Kinnaur Di::;trict rural ,.....----"-0----. with the figure 485 residential houses per thousand 1961 1971 census houses comes at the bottom. 1 2 3 4 5 Referring to table H.I.2 wherein distribution Himachal Pradesh .. Total 531,915 622,055 +16·95 of one thousand census houses used as wholly Rural 491,790 567,914 +15·48 residential between rural and urban has been Urban 40,125 54,141 +34.93 given, it shall appear that rural component is Chamba .. .. Total 35,633 45,922 +28·87 Rural 32,739 42,484 +29.77 dominant in all the districts except Simla district Urban 2,894 3,438 +18·80 whereas distribution of residential houseB in its Kangra .. Total 215,658 238,322 +10·51 urban areas is quite marked. At the state level Rural 207,063 229,282 +10·73 proportionate figures per thousand residential Urban 8,595 9,040 +5·18 houses is shared by rural and urban areas to Mandi Total 70,069 91,961 +31.24 Rural 66,269 80,335 +21·23 the extent of 913 alid 87 respectively. For Simla Urban 3,800 1l,626 +153·32 district where the impact on urban area is more Kulu .. Total 30,570 37,150 +21·52 pronounced than other districts urban the figures Rural 29,456 34,499 +17·12 +137·97 per thousand residential houses are 602 for urban Urban 1,114 2,651 Lahul & Spiti .. Total 3,101 3,397 +9·55 as against 398 for rural. This is quite significant Rural 3,101 3,397 +9·55 looking at the proportional figures in urban Urban 33,318 +0·59 areas of other districts in the Pradeah which vary Bilaspur . , .. Total 33,123 from 38 to 126. Mter Simla district urban Rural 31,999 31,217 -2·44 Urban 1,124 2,101 +86·92 it is .Mandi district urban where the distribution +24·15 Mahasu .. ., Total 62,069 77,059 of residential houses in its urban is somewhat Rural 59,607 73,051 +22.55 significant. Out of one thousand residential Urban 2,462 4,008 +62·79 43,212 +2·38 houses urban component of this district shares Simla Total 42,206 as much as 126 residential houses as against Rural 24,482 26,012 +6·25 Urban 17,724 17,200 -2·96 874 in its rural areas. 42,876 +26.10 Sirmaur .. .. Total 34,001 Rural 31,589 38,799 +22·82 For urban areas Mandi district urban with the Urban 2,412 4,077 +69·03 figures of 787 residential houses per thousand +61·13 Kinnaur .. .. Total 5,485 8,838 census houses comes at the top followed by Sirmaur Rural 5,485 8,838 +61·13 and Simla districts urban showing 728 and 696 Urban residential houses respectively. Whereas the rural area~ of Kangra District Comparing the position that prevailed in 1961 have recorded the highest proportion of houses we find that at the state level ali increase of put to residential purp~se; it has the lowest 16·95 percent in the number of residential houses proportion of 575 resldentIal houses per tho~sa~d is witnessed in 1971. !?ercentage increase in census houses in its towns. Mahasu DIstrIct the rural and urban, areas of the Pradesh comes shares near about the same proportion. ~:.e., 576 to 15·48 and 34'93, respectively. Among the residential houses per thousand census houses. districts increastJ in the number of such houses will be seen in all the districts as far as total Shop-culYb-Residence residential houses are concerned but the This term of the use of house implies that urban and rural break up gives a varied picture. a house is put to both the uses, i.e., it may be used Except 15he districts of Bilaspur and Simla there as a shop, and some of its portion may be used is increase in the number of residential houses for residential purpose also. both in rural and urban areas in the district The table H-I would show that at the state of Bilaspur increase in the residential houses level there are 6,945 Census houses, which are comes to the extent of 86· 92 percent in its urban used' as shop-cum-residence. This indicates tha:t areas whereas the number of residential houses their percentage to the total census houses IS in rural areas declined by 2· 44 percent. Simla 23
quite insignificant. Further the rural and urban percent where[),C in rural areas it IS only 1·43 break-up reveals that the number of such houses is percent. more in rural areas tha.n the urban areas. The Table below gives us the district-wise position:- relative figures being 6,182 in rural and 763 houses in urban areas. This leads us to the conclusion that the intensity of such houses is State/Distriot Total No. of Shop' cum· Percen· Rural ReSidential tage more in the villages; than in the towns. Thib is Urban Houses in variation not due to any housing problem, but due to the ,---A----. prevailing customs in the villages, where front 1961 1971 portion is used as a shop and the hind portion I 2 3 4 5 i5 used as a residence. This is so because such an arrangement ensures better supervision and Himachal PradeSh .. Total 7,705 6,945 -9·86 Rural 6,272 6,182 -1·43 prompt service to customers who cannot observe Urban 1,433 763 -46·76 fixed shopping hours as in urban areas. Chamba . , .. Total 334 275 -17·66 Rural 289 268 -7·27 District-wise distribution of shop-cum-residence Urban 45 7 -84·44 per thousand census houses is given under column Kangra .. Total 3,078 2,462 -20·01 6 of Table H.I.1. It would be seen that amongst Rural 2,715 2,327 -14·29 districts the highest proportion of lO such houses Urban 363 135 -62·81 Mandi .. Total 1,052 1,192 +12·36 per thousand of census houses, has been recorded Rural 839 998 +18·95 in two Districts of Mahasu and Sirmaur, Mandi Urban 213 184 -13·62 District, with the proportion of 9 per thousand Kulu .. Total 330 393 +19·09 of census houses, follows next. The lowest Rural 272 293 +7·72 proportion of 4: each, per thousand of census Urban 58 100 +72·41 Lahul & Spiti .. Total 9 27 +200·00 houses has been recorded in respect of Chamba Rural 9 2,7 +200·00 and Kinnaur Districts. Urban Bilaspur ., .. Total 466 350 -24·89 Taking into account the rural and urban break Rural 3,96 320 -19·19 up it is interesting to note that the ruml areas Urban 70 30 -57·14 of Sirmaur and Maha5u Districts have the same Mahasu ., .. Total 1,192 1,162 -2·52 proportion of 10 houses as shop-cum-residence Rural 1,058 1,077 +1·80 Urban 134 ,85 -36·57 per thousand Cemms houses whereas for urban Simla .. Total 799 435 -45·56 areas Kulu urban with 26 such houses comeS at the Rural 288 254 -11·81 top followed by Mandi and Mahasu District Urban 511 181 -64'57 urban with the proportionate figure of 12. For Sirmaur .. .. Total 406 581 +43·10 Rural 367 540 +47·14 lowest proportion in rural areas 4 shop-cum Urban 39 41 +5·13 residence per thousand Census hous.3s relates Kinnaur .. .. Total 39 78 +100·00 to Chamba, Lahul and Spiti and Kinnaur Districts. Rural 39 78 +100·00 .In urban areas. the Chamba District urban with Urban the figure of 1 per thousand Census houses comes at the bottom. From the figureb in the above table it is interest ing to note that the increase and decrease in the Looking at the Table H·I·2 it will appear that number of shop-cum-residences is evenly shared at the state level distribution of thousand Census by the districts i.e., five districts present increasing houses between its rural and urban component have shown decn>..ase. Increase in the number cOIIJ.es 890 and no rebpectively. The share trend where as the remaining 5 districts ranged in of rural areas in this distribution is quite significant. between 12·36 to 200·00 percent whereas decrease Similar trend is visible in all the districts though has in between 2·52 to 45' 56 percent the share in the distribution to the urban areas of districts of Chamba, Kangra, Bila.spur and Simla Simla and Kulu urban is slightly higher in com have shown decrease in the number of such house,'! pa.rison to other districts urban. both in their rural and urban areas. In the districts of Mandi and Mahasu, there is increase In order to know the decadal changes we find in the number of such houses in their rural areaS that there is a decrease by 760 in the number of whereas decrease in those houses prevailed in shop-cum-residence in the Pradesh. Relative their urban areas. Increase in the number of figures for 1961 and 1971 are 7,705 and 6,945. homes used as such is viJible bpth in rural and In terms of percentage the decrease comes to urban areas of Kulu and Sirmaur districts. 9' 86. Taking into account the rural and urban Kinnaur and Lahul and Spiti districts where break-up at the state level there is large difference. no urban area falls have shown increase in th.() For urban areas the decrease comeS to 46· 76 number of such houses. 29
Workshop-cum-residence including Household who have a large incidence of Khadies, besides other Industry household industries, have come to take this place. Bilaspur and Mahasll urban, with the figures of As compared to the above ca.tegory of houses 15 per thousand of census houses, follows next. ?:.e., shop-cum-residence, the houses used as The lowest figure of 5, per thousand of census workshop-cum-residence, including household houses has been recorded by Chamba District, industry, have a higher number in this state. for its urban areas. There are in all 13,614 such houses, accounting for only 1· 6 percent of the total census houses Referring to Table H.I.2 it will appear that the in the state. Of these, the rural and urban share in the distribution of a thousand Census areas account for 12,750 and 864 houses, res houses used as workshop-cum-residence including pectively. household industries is more dominating in rura areas at the state level. Whereas the share in the Before further discussion down to District level is taken up in respect of these houses, it distribution to the rural areas comes to 937, the urban areas restricts its share to 63. Distribution would be useful to give a brief narration of the houses, that could be used as workshop-cum in rural and urban areas in the district falls in line residence, including household industry. As with the state except Kulu and Simla districts the terms itself implies all such industries which where we find significant share to their urban areas. could neither be rated as registered factories, In 1971 considerable decrease in the number nor these were treated as household industries, of houses used as workshop-cum-residence including were treated as workshop. Of course, the present household industries is noticed while comparing data is inclusive of the information on household the position that prevailed in 1961. During the industry as well. Himachal being predominantly decade the number of such houses decreased by an agricultural state, the region is full of such 7,096 with relative figures 20,710 and 13,614 in 1961 common industries which may be nec/essary and 1971 respecth:ely. Rural as well as urban areas for an agricultural economy. These generally of the Pradesh on the whole show decrease by include black-smithy, carpentry, basket-making, 33·45 and 44·33 percent respectively. weaving, pottery, shoe-making, tailoring and ornament making. These household industries The following table gives district-wise position though occupy a place of importance in the in this regard :- villages, have also infiltrated in the towns, with State/District Total No. of work Percent a further addition of similar other occupations. Rural shop.cum-resi age Urban dence including variation At the District level, we tind that Sirmaur and Household Kinnaur Districts have recorded the highest Industry in ~ proportion of "Such houses in the State, each with 1961 1971 the figures of 25 per thol,lSand of census houses. Kinnaur District is traditionally known for its 1 2 3 4 5 pattu-making and gharats, besides other industries -34·26 Himachal Pradesh Total 20,710 13,614 detailed above. And similarly, for Sirmaur Dis Rural 19,158 12,750 -33·45 trict, gharats, weaving, shoe-making, pottery Urban 1,552 864 -44·33 518 -85·15 and basketry, besides blacksmithy have all com Chamba .. Total 3,488 bined to give it such a high proportion in the Rural 3,455 490 -85·82 Urban 33 28 -15·15 state, in the matter of such houses. The lowest 4,045 +234·57 Kangra Total 1,209 proportion of 1 per thousand of census houses Rural 1,137 3,883 +241·51 has been recorded for Lahul and Spiti District. Urban 72 162 +125·00 2,673 -40·03 Mandi .. Total 4,457 Taking into account the~rural and urban distri Rural 3,875 2,485 -35·87 bution of such houses separately at district level Urban 582 1,188 -67·70 233 526 +125·75 it shall be revealed that for rural areas ranking of Kulu Total Rural 155 415 +167·74 Sirmaur, Kinnaur and Bilaspur in this regard comes Urban 78 111 +42·31 very close with proportion of 26, 25 and 24 res 5 -78·26 Lahul & Spiti Total 23 pectively as per thousand census houses. Rural 23 5 -78·26 Urban Turning to the urban side, we find that Kulu 2,211 1,168 47·17 Bilaspur ., 'Total urban, with the proportion of 29 houses, per Rural 1,990 1,121 -43·67 221 47 -78·73 ~housand of census houses, comes on the top in Urban 5,072 1,779 -64·93 MahaSu ., Total the matter of such houses. Kulu is traditionally Rural 4,879 1,676 -65·65 known for its shawl making. And it may be Urban 193 103 -46·63 perhaps due to this leason that its urban areast 30
Census houses in the state. For a proper explana 1 2 3 4 5 tion we may exolude Chamba and Kinnaur from Simla .. Total ,463 994 +1l4.69 this group. As the conditions prevailing in these Rural 298 827 +177'52 two Districts which may be identical to some Urban 165 167 +1'21 extent differ from those in Simla and Kangra Sirmaur .. Total 2,541 1,453 -42·82 Rural 2,333 1,395 -40·21 Districts . Urban 208 58 -72·12 Both Chamba and Kinnaur Districts, no doubt Kinnaur .. Total 1,013 453 -55·28 Rural 1,013 453 -55·28 do have a direct bus link to their Distriot Head Urban quarters; but their interiors still remain to be effec tively connected with bus service. Even now, touring in some parts of these Districts is full It will appear from the table that increase in the number of such houses both in rural and urban of risks and hazardous. About a few years back travelling to Pangi Tahsil, in Chamba District areas is witnessed in respect of Kangra, Kulu and Simla districts. Decrease in the number of these was to invite calamity. Hutchinson has recorded houses both in rural and urban areas relates to in Chamba gazetteer that during the times of Chamba State, the rulers had earmarked a special the district of Chamba, Mandi, Bilaspur and fund, called as coffin allowance which was advanoed Sirmaur. Districts of Kinnaur and Lahul & Spiti being completely rural have also shown decrease to all the travelling people in that part of the state. This shows the extent of hazards involved in tho in the number of such houses. touring to these areas. Similar1y the Brahmanr As would be evident from the main table, there Sub-Tahsil of this District has also· the identical are in all 2,543 census houses, used as hotels, sarais, conditions. This part of the District too, is yet dharamshalas etc., in the state. These houses, to be connected with a regular bus service. So unfortunately, account for quite an insignificant whatever the large number of sarais, in,spection proportion of 3 houses per thousand of census bungalows, dharamshalas etc., is due to the fact that houses at the state level. This proportion in itself padestrian locomation was still remains the gives an impression that accommodation problem only mode of conveyance in these parts; and hence for the tourists and visitors needs immediate the incidence of 1)uch houses in this District. solution. The rural and urban distribution too Kinnaur too has the identical conditions, pre does not present a satisfactory picture, as at the vailing in the region only recently, it has been state level, we find that such houses are only 1,890 opened by a regular bus service, and three of its in the rural areas; and 653 in urban areas. Tahsils i.e., Kalpa, Poo and Hangrang are Analysing the district-wise position of such houses having the bus links. But its other three Tahsils we find that Lahul and Spiti District has recorded i.e., Morang, Sangia and Nachar, still await the highest proportion of such houses in its areas, motor able links. Hence this District too accounts -with the figure~of 6 per thousand of census houses. for the high incidence of inspection huts, dharam The figures give a true picture of this District, shalas, hotels etc. when we find that though -in a few SUlnmer months, a regular bus service exists there to link Manali As for Kangra District, the high incidence of in Kulu District, the accessibility to this Dis hotels, sarais, dharantshalas, tourist homes and trict has remained most difficult. The bus service inspection houses is because of multiple reasons. depends on weather as it has to cross about fourteen K.angra District "Can boast of some important thousand feet high Rohtang Pass on the way. places of pilgrimage such as Jawalaji and Chint Besides this meagre facility of bus service, the far purni. Thousands of people from the plains throng flung areas of this District are difficult to approach. to have darashans at these shrines throughout the Therefore, trekking remains the only general mode year. Secondly Dharamshala and Palampur are on conveyance for the entire region, of this District. famous tourist resorts because these places abound This has probably brought above a large propor in natural beauty and are much frequented by the tion of hotels serais, dharamsha.las etc. In the devotees and the tourists. Then there are several region, which are generally in the form of tents military camps and cantonment boards scattered pitched at convenient places as the travellers can all over the District. The Government have also not cover long distances on foot, and after a brief constructed some inspection houses for their journey they require some sort of a shelter to pass touring officials. These reasons have combined the night. to give it a high incidence of such census houses in this District. Next to follow in the heirarchy are Chamba, Kangra, Simla and Kinnaur Districts each with a Of course with the exception of any pace cf pH. second highest proportion of 4 per thousand of grimage, which Simla District can best of; 31
the biggest reason for its having a high incidence of with roads and railways; and large number of pil such houses in its region are again several one. grims visiting its important places of worship, more Probably, the most important reason being that shops have been established here. this District is the biggest tOUIist attraction, as it has earned a country-wide fame of being the Ohamba and Lahul and Spiti Districts occupy queen of all the hill stations in the country. Easy the third place in the state, with the proportion of accessibility both by roads and railways have added 14 each per thousand of census houses; the all the mo:e charm to this District. The tourists lowest proportion has been recorded for Kinnaur from all parts of India, keep on visiting this part District. It 'has only 6 such houses per thousand of of the State round the year, to enjoy the nature census houses in its area. Keeping in mind its small in its wildest form as also to see snowfall. The population which according to 1971 Oensus is just other reasons can be that there are several canton over forty nine thousands; and also the fact that ment boards and military camps, scattered all over this area has nothing much to offer for export the District where a large number of inspection except chilgozas, the lowest proportion of census bungalows exist for the touring stati. houses used as sp.ops can be easily comprehended for this District. 8hops Excluding Eating Houses Business Houses and Offices: As would be gathered from Table H.I, there are This category of census houses includes banks, in all 12,199 such census houses, which are used as offices of firms, commercial and business houses, shops. Such houses accout for a proportion of 14 governmental as well as non-governmental offices. per thousand of census houses, at the state level. At th.e state level, total number of such census This proportion may not be of much significance, hous'ls has been recorded as 4,297. As their propor because the level of business, as also that of indus tion itt the state level is very small i.e., only 5 per trialisation in the state as a whole is nl)t much thouilaild of census houses we get yet another proof appreciable one. of slpw rate of economic progress of the State as a In so far as the villages are concerned, there are whole. as many as 7,690 shops. These claim a proportion In so far as the rural and urban distribution of of 63 percent of the total shops in the state. How such houses is concerned, we find that there are in ever, in urban areas, where only seven percent of all 2,p78 business houses and offices in the rural the State population lives the number of shops is areas, ,)f this state, and the urban areas have only quite significant i.e., 4,509 accounting for 36% of 1,619 sl1ch houses. These account for 62 and 38 per the total shops in the state. cent 1',~spectively of the "total business houses and offices in the state. The higher percentage of such shops in urban areas, indicate that their high concentration in the Thn highest proportion of business houses and towns is because these shops, besides metting the officeR has been recorded both for Lahul & Spiti needs of the local people, also serve the rural popu and Kinnaur Districts, each with the figures of 9 lation of the state. pet t)l{)Usand of.census houses.
In SI) far as Lahul and Spiti District is concerned, At the District level we find that Simla District, we can advance only this explanation for such a with the proportionate figures of 21 per thousand high proportion of business houses and offices, that census houses comes on the top. The reasons are this is a very small District. Accounting for just only obvious. Simla is the largest town 'in the state. 0·6. per cent of the total census houses of the state, Naturally enough, it has a large number of shops And as all the District as well as tahsil level to cater to its inhabitants and also the large number officCll are located in its only two tahsils, Lahul of tourists, who visit this place, all the year round. i.e., Yet again, Simla serves as an important distri Tahsil and Spiti Tahsil, this inflated the proportion to the highest level in the state. bution and supply centre for Upper Mahasu. Kinnaur District and Karsog Tahsil of Mandi As far Kinnaur District is concerned, which District. All the potato trade and a major portion has v,\so recorded the highest proportion of 9 per of apple trade is also handled by the businessmen thoufl offices are located here, but several Central Govern confined to urban areas of the state, and have ment ()ffices too are stationed here. This explana~ added to the number of suoh census houses in the tion, therefore, substantiates the high proportion towns. for th\s District. The District level distribution of such houses Simla District with a proportion of 7 per thousand jndicare, that Lahul and Spiti Distriot, with the of ce'lSUS houses records thfl next highest number proportion of 83 per thousand of census houses, of business houses and offices in its area. The posi has recorded the highest proportion in the state. tion of this District is quit6' understandable. This The whole of this District is rural, '-;..ith t,he pre District not only accommodates all the District dominant occupation of the people being a.!l'1'icul level offices; but being the seat of the State Govern ture. Hence the only reason for such a hign pro men~. all the stat~ level offifles are located here. portion of census houses put to the use of factories, BesHes this some important Central Government workshops and worksheds, in the District is what Offic'ls, such as labour Bureau, A.G. Punjab, there are a large number of gharats, (flour grinding HaCY'tna and Himachal Prade."h; Western Com mills). Further this number iIi the case of this mand and few offices of the Ministry of Informa District has also been inflated by the inolusion tion and Broadcasting are also stationed here. of other industries, such as black-smithy, car Otherwise also, being a major tourist attraction; pentry, shoe-making, weaving etc. besides being an important marketing centre to Kulu District, with a proportion of 73 per thous other far flung areas of the state, this District sand of census houses claims the next highest accounts for several business houses. number in the state, in the matter of suoh census Kangra, Mandi, Kulu and Bilaspur Districts houses. With only two towns in the District, i.e., are a.t the lowest rung of the ladder in this behalf M. C. Sultanpur and N.A.C. Manali, the rest of the each with the proportion of 4 per thousand of area is rural. Hence the po:;sible explanation of census houses. such a high proportion of workshop/worksheds and factories in the District, could, again be the same, Factories, workshops and worksheds : as advanced for Lahul and Spiti District. Further, Kulu is traditionally known for its production of Th~ number of census hotlSes used as factories, ;l,pple, in the country. Yet one of the other reason work'lhops is quite significant in this state. At for it large number of workshops and worksheds the s~ate level, the proportion of such houses is 37 in the District, could be the coming up of several per thousand of census houses. saw-mills; for manufacturing cases for apple,,; The rural and urban distribution at the State as also preparing sleepers etc. level, as shown in the H.I. tR.ble, reveals that the And finally the lowest proportion of 25 each per numher of such houses is ten times more in the thousand of census houses, used as workshops, rural areas, than in the uih'1n areas. This is worksheds, and factories, have been recorded quit" understandable for 3 state like Himachal in Kangra and Bilaspur Districts. It may be per _ Pradl'."h, which has a signififlantly large percentage hapes that a.s oompared to other Distriots in the of its f,otal population living in the villages. Further, stata, these t~o Distriots have used census house the predominant occupati(ln of the peClple being for this purpose. agric1l1ture, all such industries which could not be embrltced by the Census difinition of Household Restaurants, Sweet-Meat Shops, and Eating liouses Indulltries, ana nor these could be included in the Table H. 1., gives a picture of restaura.nts list of registered factori~s were taken as workshops. A significantly large percentage of these industries; sweet-meat shops and eating houses. Of the total incluile gharats, which are so common to the village number of 8,62,896 census houses in. the state, life in this Pradesh and are very often fixed far away there are only 2,653 such houses which are used. as from the main habitation in the khuds. Further the restaurants, sweetmeat shops and eating places. numher of such workshops and worksheds has also These constitute a proportion of barely 3 per been inBated by such other industries as black thousand of census houses in the state. Further smithy, which is so important for the agricultural the number of such houses is more than double ecoD'lmy of the villages. And finally, timber extrac in the rural area as compared to urban areas. tion, besides khaddies etc., for weaving shawls and Lahul and Spiti Distriot with t,he proportionate pattus constitue some of the other importa.nt sma.ll figures of 6 per thousand of census housoo; account indUfltries in this region. for the highest proportion iIi the state. This IllAy Whatever the small number of registered fac be due to two reasons. Firstly, this district accounts tories operating in the region, they are most for the smallest number of total census: houses in the state. Tbis has helped in inflating the propor proportion of these houses comes to only 1 per tion on the one hand. And then since trekking thousand of census houses, which is the lowest remains the only mode of journey to its different for all the other categories of houses in the State. parts, it is but natural that the number of such At the District level, Lahul and Spiti District houses should be more, where the travelling people accountE. for the higllest proportion of 6 per thou can take food, tea etc., during the course of their sand of census houses in the state. This otherwise brief ltD Its at a particular place. smallest District of the state in the matter of Kangra and Simla Districts, each with the population accounts for about two hundred proportion of 4 per thousand of census houses villages. The topography of the region is such come at the, second place. Both these Districts that these villages are located at sufficiently long aro well connected with bus and rail service; distances from eaoh other. Therefore, one of the and a,re frequented by the tourists. Hence it is reasons can bethatthePancbayats here have small quite natural tlli1t these Districts account for the areas population in its fold, as compared to other second highest proportion of such houses in the Districts. This has naturally increased the number state. of Panohayat Ghars in tIle District. Then there is yet another reason for this inflated proportion. Kinnaur District is at the lowest rung of the In this District, every village claims a Gumpha, ladder in this behalf; with the proportion of 1 per i.e., Budhist lllonastry. And with each Gumpha thousand of census houses. thETe is yet another building where in one of its big rooms dancing etc., is held on religious or Places of Entertainment and Oommunity gathering other ceremonial occasions. These places of re (Panchayat Ghar etc.) excluding places of Worship creation have further increased the proportion to its highest level. As the term implies this category of houee includes cinemas, theatres, panchyat ghars etc. Chamba District has the next highest propor The places of worship, such as temples, mosques, tion of 2 per thousand of census houses in the Sta t.e. churches and gurdwaras etc. have not been includ And ·barring Kulu Distriot, which has the most ed. insignificant proportion; the remaining Districts account for 1 each, per thousand of census houses. Referring to the position, as we find in this state, this oategory has been largely influenced by Places of Worship (e.g., Temples, Ohurches, Mosques, two types of houses, cinemas and panchayat ghars. Gurdwaras) etc. In so far as the cinemas are concerned, their Himachal Pradesh is traditionally ·known as occurrenoe is most frequont in the towns; but the the abode of innumerable Gods and Goddesse& Panchayat Ghars are largely confined to the The land of this Pradesh is popularly known as villages. For separate discussion, we do not have Dev-Bhumi. In this region, templlCs are in abund figures for each tYl!e of such houses i. e., cinemas ance; and so are the legends conneoted both with and panchayat ghars for this State. However by the temple and the diety. Further, as the large virtue of general experienco we .oan say that the majority of the population of this State are Hindu number of cinemas, which are mostly limited to the the intenflity of census houses used as churches, towns, is bound to be much less in comparison to mosques and gurdwaras etc., (separate figures of the panchayat ghars. The latter have oertainly a these oensus houses are not available) is bound to significant number in this State; as Himachal ?e much less in comparison. Pradesh is one of those progressive States in India, which have provided panchayats to its entire rural The proportion of census houses, put to these population, and no viIla_ge is today left uncovered uses comes to 8 per thousand only at the State level. by it. Naturally, wherever the panohayat Head There are in all 7,165 such houses in the State quarter is "located, £here must also be a Panchayat of which rural areas account for 6,750 ; and Gh:u. ". urban areas claim only 415. The comparison of the rural and urban figures reveal that the intensity The figures at the State level depict an insigni of suoh houses is more in the villages, than in the fica.nt number of such houses. Of the total number towns. 8,62,896 oensus -houses, there are only 869 such houses. The rural and urba.n areas aocount for 797 The district level figures reveal that Lahul and a.nd 72 auch houses respectively. Their number Spiti District accounts for the highest proportion oommensurat.es with the total rural and urban in the State, with the figures of 23 per thousand population of the state. The overall picture of such of census houses. The figures are truly representa houses at the State level is a dismal One as the tiVE) of the prevailing conditions iu the District, 34 Practically every village in this District has a the census houses in the category, such as garage&/ Gumpha Budhist Monastery. This has resulted godowns, passenger shelters eto., are mostly con in such a high proportion of these census houses fined to tbe urban areas, and are less in number. in this District. At the state level, such census houses are the Maha.su District, with the proportion of 18 per larll'est in number, nf:l{t only to residence. The thousand of census houses, comes at the second respective figures of table 1I.I., reVE'a] that there place. Here again the figures are truly representa are 48,418 such houses in t,he Stat.e, of which rural tive of the prevailing conditiom. Practically every areas claim 78,972; and towns only 5,446. This village in this District has its own diety, housed sufficiently large number of houses in rural areas in a small temple, in the vicinity of the village. give support to Our belief that it is mostly infil The same explanation holds good for botb Kulu trated by a large number of cattle-sheds in tbe and Kinnaur Districts, which have third place in villages that have been included in this category. this behalf, each with the proportion of 14 per thousand of census houses, in the State, The Bilaspur District tops the list in the State in the entire Kulu District has large number of dieties as matter of a higher proportion of such houses in practi.cally every village has its own diety. How its area. Table R.I.L would reveal that the pro ever, in the case of Kinnaur, the high proportion is portionate figures for this District are 203 per because of the combination of large number of thousand of census houses. It is because unlike Gumph8.s and the temples of local deities. The higher hills, where the ground floor is used as cattle intensity of Gumpha is particularly more in its sheds or obm as it is called the cattle sheds in the three tahsils Hang-rang, Poo and Morang, where a rural areas of this District are separately built, large majority of people are the followers of which are located at some distance from the Budha. However, in its remaining three tahsils, main house. the intensity of gumpha is not much; and in ita The next highest proportion of sucb houses place, the temples of local dieties a;re found afl each has been recorded in the Kulu District, with the village has its own one or even more separate figures of 1,099 per thousand of census houses. diet.ies. Further as shown in the table R.I., of the total The lowest proportion of 4 per thousand of census of 11,862 such 'houses in the District, there are houses has been recorded in Bilaspur and Kangra 11,687 houses in the rural areas, and only 175 in Districts. the urban areas. This rural and urban distribution of tbe District goes to lend furt.her support to Our Others belief that this category mostly includes cattle sheds. As indicated in the foregoing pages, cattle-sheds, garages, godowns, laundries, passenger shelters Whereas, Simla District has been elevated etc., wbich could hot be categorised elsewhere, to third place in the state, in the matter of such were included in "Others". Of tbese the census houses; the lowest proportion bas been recorded houses used as cattle-sheds, hold a predominant in ·the Kangra District. The respective propor place in the State, commensurating with the agri tionate figures for these two districts are 151 and cultural economy of the people. The other uses of 24 per thousand of census houses respectively. CHAPTER II! Material of Roof and Houses: "The Pradesh has a mountainous terrain 'Perennial snowfed rivers and abounds in rich The data based on the material of wall was forests. The chief minerals of the state are rock the material out of whioh the major portion of salt, slate, limestone, gypsum and barytes. the wall of the house was made, i.e., grass, leaves The State is almost wholly mountainous with bamboos, unburnt bricks etc. And for roofs the altitudes ranging between 460 metres to 6,400 material out of which most of the oute~oofs metres above sea level. It has a deeply dissected exp~sed to the weather and not the ceiling, such topography. Physiographically the State can be as tlles, thatoh, oorrugated iron, zinc Or asbestos divided into three regions outer Himalayan, inner oement sheets or concrete eto., were oolleoted. Himalayan and Alpine pastures. The rainfall in the On the basis of the information thrown open outer Himalayan region va.ries from 152 cm. to 178 by these two columns of the houselist, the fol cm. and in the inner Himalayan region from 76 cm. lowing tables were oonstruoted. to 102 om. The alpine region remains under snov. for about 5 to 6 months in the year and thus Table-H. II Distribution of oensus houses compells the inhabitants to become migratory. by predominant material of wall The climate varies from cool to cold with areas and predominant material of under snowing winter. The normal rainfall of roof. Himachal Pradesh is about 152 cm. The maximum Table H. Appen Distribution of residential rainfall is in Kangra Distriet; Simla holding the dix census houses by material of s~cond place." wall cross-elassified by material The general topography and olimatie conditions of roofs. of the Pradesh would give sufficient help in under Table H.ILI Distribution of 1000 census standing the possible material of walls in its differ houses by predominant ma ent Districts. Barring Bilaspur District, parts of terial of wall in rural and urban Mandi, i.e., Sarkaghat Tahsil, the whole of Kangra areas respectively. Distriet; Nalagarh Tahsil of Simla District, and low lying areas of Mahasu and Sirmaur Distriots, etc., Table H. II. l(A) Distribution of 1000 residential the predominant material of walls would be mud houses by predominant material or unburnt brioks. In the remaining area s the of wall in rural and urban areas pre9-0minant material remains the stones. In nut separately. shell, the areas which record sufficiently high Table lI.1I 2 Distribution of 1000 -census temperature during summer, and where clay is houses by predominant material abundantly available, mud or unburnt bricks of roofs in rural and urban would be chief material of walls. As against it, areas separately. the area.s whioh are rocky and where clay is not easily available, stones would form the backbone Table H. II. 2(B) Distribution of 1000 residential of the material for walls. houses by predominant ma terialofroofs in rU1'aI and U1'ban As for roofs, again, we shall have to lean on areas separately. the olimatio oonditions of the particular area to arrive at a deoision in this behalf. The areas By and large, the-- general pattern of living which record sufficiently heavy rains during aocommodation in a region among others, i& mould summer, would generally go in for slates as the ed by the prevailing climatic conditions of that material of roofs. And those areas of the state area. ~heiefore, before the discussion is initiated, whioh record heavy snowfall during winters; it would be worthwhile to have a general look at the and do not have much of the rains in summer climatio oonditions of this Pradesh. The following months, would have flat roofs, made up of clay. desoription appearing in the Economic Review of We find this material of roofs, abundantly used Himachal Pradesh, 1971 (page 1), produced by in the interiors of Kinnaur and Lahul and Spiti the Director of Economics and Statistics, Himachal Districts, of this state. These areas of the two Pradeshwould have an ample idea about the topo Districts, being looated in the arid zone of inner graphy of the entire region. Himalayas, normally record heavy snowfall 35 86 during the winter days. But in Kangra District Un burnt Br£cks as also in Simla District, slate is the chief material for roofs, in mfficiently large number of case». The prOJess of laying walls with unburnt bricks Dharamsala, which is known for its second is a little different. As in the former category, highest record of rains in the world, next only to good quality earth is brought, the clods are broken Chirapoonji in Assam, is the solitary example for and a muddy pastb is prepared. This paste is this discussion. moulded into bricks of the required size; and dried in the sun. Sometimes a little straw is also To initiate of further discussion on the cons mixed with the mud to impart strength. Like truction material of houses in this state, and wise, small pebbles are also mixed in the paste their distribution among the districts; it would again to give it strength. be better to take up the whole matter in two parts i.e., the material of walls and the material of When the bricks are dried in the sun, these roofs, sepq.rately. are laid on the stone foundation of the walls, The material of walls was classified in the with mud mortar. Having thus raised these following nine categories- walls to the required size, these bricks are plas tered with mud and cow-dung. So, as in this l. Grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo. matter, the predominant material remains the 2. Mud. mud, this latter process, i.e., walls laid with 3. Unburnt bricks. unburnt bricks are considered better in the 4. Wood. sense that it is a quicker method in the first 5. Burnt bricks. instance. Besides walls of unburnt bricks, pro 6. G. 1. Sheets or other metal sheets. vide good finish also. 7. Stone. S. Cement concrete. In this state, the same areas where mud walls 9. All other material and materials not stated. are found use unburnt bricks for walls. Kangra District may perhaps be singled out for this Brief discussion on each category, detailed process of laying mud walls. above is given below- WooJ Grass, leaves, reeds or ba,mboo The cases where wood has been used as the The wall material of grass, leaves, reeds or predominant material for walls, are a few. The bamboo, of a house, represents the poorer section process for laying walls with wood may be that of the people. In this state, their number is timber of the required size of the walls is sawed small. Very few such houses may be found in and nailed, to the appropriate length and breadth some of the towns, where the poor people live. of the walls. Log huts in Kulu District, erected In villages where again they are found would be specially for the tourists, may be some of the the houses of the .poor people; but other house examples. holds too may have such house" in far off places, particularly erected for night vigil of the distant Burnt Bricks fields. Bricks are made from earth mud, without Mnd mixing any other material, and they are of uni form size, when ready; burnt bri.cks is the main Walls, made of purely mud, are found in su material for walls in the towns. As there are few fficiently large number in this State. Such brick kilns in some parts of this state burnt bricks hou~es abound in Kangra and Bilaspur District. are mostly imported from the plains. The number Mud is used in two ways. First, the clods of of houses which have used burnt bricks as the earth taken out of ponds, on from the nearby predominant construction material for the walls, are only 53,097 in this state. places where there may be a stock, are taken out in sufficient quantity. In the second stage, these G. I. Sheets or other Metal Sheets clods are broken, and a paste is prepared with water. Thereafter, over the stone foundation of The houses which have used G. I. sheets or the house, lumps of mud are placed one above other metal sheets as the wall material, are another, and beaten in between two planks of very rare. These may be the houses used as wood, in order to give a plain shape for the wall. store-cum-dwellings constructed at different When dry, the walls made up of mud are equally places by the Government. However, only two strong as the stone walls and have a neater Districts Simla and Sirmaur, have recorded them appearance. in their areas. Stone And though the tent living may be temporary affair, which may come up only when there is Stone, as the predominant construction ma a need for it; these will continue to serve the terial for walls finds general favour in this people in their modest way for many years to state. It may be because of this reason that the come. Though the case of the 'Dhajjiki-Dewar' largest number of houses that have walls made may be a thing of the past now, but its feasi of stone, have been recorded at the time of house· bility for adoption in this Pradesh is being ex listing opera.tion in this state. Cost and avail plored keeping in view the use of material easily ability of the material are the main considera available within the state. tion in this respect. Since stone quarries are available in large number in the Pradesh, this Distribution of Oensus Houses by predominant material may not cost anything other than the Material of Wall labour or the mason charges. As such, stone has been rightly termed as the conventional A look at the Table H. II, would reveal that material of the state, for many years. And even out of the total number of 8,62,896 census houses now, it finds general favour. in this state, half of them, numbering 4,46,613 houses, had stones as the predominant material As for the mode of utilising it, sometimes irre of walls. Of these 4,14,124 houses were in rural gular stones are extracted, and arranged to the areas, commensurating with the large rural required thickness of the wall, which in most population of the state. And only 32,489 were of the cases ranges anywhere between one to two in urban areas. The first ever inference that we feet in thickness. In some parts of the state get now is that about 52 percent of the total wood is also used side by side. At some interval, houses in the state have walls made of stones. wooden beams are also laid down, which serves The rural areas claim a significant high percen as the mortar for the stones, used in the walls. tage of again over 52 percent of the total rural Walls of good houses are made of stones dressed houses. While the urban areas claim significant to the required length, and breadth and utilised proportion of about 40 percent of the total urban with cement or lime mortar. It is a fact that the houses in the state. houses made up of stone walls, have a much The second largest number of houses in the longer life than any other house. In Kinnaur State is in respect of those, which have walls and Lahul and Spiti Districts, some of the houses made of unburnt bricks closely followed by the have been estimated as more than one hundred houses with the walls made up of mud. In the years old and still have no signs of withering even beginning of this Ohapter, we have already ex at this stage. plained that mud remains the predominant ma.terial of construction in both the cases, only Oern£nt- Ooncret. the mode of erecting walls differs. The number The houses with walls made of cement concrete of houses at the state level, which have used are very few in this state. Whatever their num-- unburnt bricks as the material of wall is bers, it must be mostly in the case of recently 1,88,710, of which the rural areas account for a constructed buildings by the persons with higher significant number; i.e., 1,82,399. The urban income. areas claim only 6,311. All other material and materials, not The walls made of purely mud, occupy the stated. This category of houses which have third position at the state level. Their number their walls made up of other material, include being 1,49,460, i.e., 1,44,131 in rural areas and two types of dwellings in this state. In the 5,329 in urban areas, respectively. Like the rural areas of Simla Di&trict, as also in certain category of houses whose walls are made up of parts of the urban ar_eas of'this District, there is unburnt bricks, this category too has a signifi a peculiar style of building walls, known as cantly large number of houses in the rural areas 'Dhajjiki Dewar". In a wooden frame, the in than the urban areas. terspaces are filled with mud and pebbles. And And finally, with the exception of houses in then the second type of dwellings, which de cluded in the last category, i.e., all other material serve mention are tents used for residence. In aud materials not stated, where mqstly tents Kulu and Mahasu Districts it is a common sight etc., were included; the houses with the material to see people living in tents, particularly the of G. I. Sheets or other metal sheets as the walls, labourers engaged on road or building cons come at the lowest rung of the ladder. Thier truction. Some shop-keepers who mostly serve number being only 1,711, of which the rural areas refreshments, i.e., tea etc., along the highway, account for 1,245, and urban areas claim only are also seen living in tents, 456 houses, respectively. 3S If at the State level, the houses with grass, Due to the mountainous region stone quarries leaves, reeds or bamboos; mud; unburnt bricks are abundant in Chamba District. Hence for a and wood, as the wall material are grouped to considerable number of houses, the walls are made gether, we find that these houses total 3,52,564, of stones. with the percentage of a little over 40 percent of the total census houses in the state. And further The process of utilisation of stones however, if we take the material of walls of such houses re~ differs in rural and urban areas. In the towns, presenting Katcha houses; we find that in the generally, the stones are dressed in a rectangular state as a whole, more than half of the total form, and used for the walls. These are joined houses are Pucca built. either by th" mortar of mud; hy flome other mortar, such as lime, cement etc. But in the villages, But before coming to this conclusion that altogether different system of erecting walls is general prosperity prevails in tlllS state, it would followed . WaIls are erected of unchiseled stones. be better to examine this case from yet another No mortal' is used, and the proc!;.ss of construction angle also. The number of pucca houses in this is generally termed as dry masonry. However, state has been largely inflated by the number at several places, wooden beams are also used. of houses, having stone walls. This type of houses, The general process of using wooden beams is that as discussed earlier, constitute the highest pro at some regular intervals, full sized wooden beams portion in the region. And when we study this are laid down at the time of constructing walls. aspect in details, we find that, on account of the These wooden beams are used as binding material climatic conditions prevailing in the state for the stones. stone as the predominant construction material A perusal of Table H. II. 1 would reveal that for walls is a natural compulsion. Then as the the largest. number of houses in this District have area is subject to severe winters and heavy walls made up of stones. For every 1000 census snowfall; besides heavy rains the houses should houses in the District the highest proportion of be strong enough to brave the vagaries of nature. houses, accounting for 952, have walls made of Hence, stones find general preference over all stones, in its villages. In urban areas too; signi other material.:, for the walls. As per common ficantly high percentage of houses have walls practice prevailing in the area, stone walls do made up of stones. The relative figures depict not cost much, because, at least in villages where that for every thousand census houses, 912 houses such houses abound, labour charges are very in tho urban areas had walls made of stones. nominal. Members of the household have suffi cient time to contribute in the construction The second largest number is in respect of the of the house in the shape of labour and even at houses with wall:; made of wood. Their occurence times assist the local mason as much still is not is more in the towns than in the rural areas. It involved in the construction of houses in rural may be that as timber at concessional or cheap areas. And that is why, in villages at least, rates was easily available, wooden planks were house construction is taken up in idle period of used in certain buildings as material or wall. These the year. Thus sometimes, under such circums are mostly tourist huts, constructed to attract tances a house takes two to three yearb for com more and more tourists. The relative figures are pletion. Therefore, we should not link the issue 79 a.nd 17 per thousand of census houses, respecti of significantly large number of Pucca houses of vely, for urban and rural areas of this District. this state with the general level of prosperity of the people. And finally the houses with mud walls and un _. burnt bricks, possess the third and fourth positions Dz'strict-wise Position respectively. These houses are found only in tho rural areas. The relative figures are 20 and 9 res Now that we have studied th~ position as it pectively per thousand of census houses. The emerged at the state level; it would be useful to proportion of houses with burnt bricks as the proceed with our discussion in respect of each materials of walls is the lowest. The percentage District in this Pradesh. figures are 1 per thousand of census houses. The TV all Material in Olwmba District Table H. II. 1 would show, that these houses arc mostly to be found in the rural areas. But for the low lying areas of Bha1itiyat Tahsil the rest of the District is mountainous with high If out of the total census houses, we take into peaks and steep slopes. Some of the parts such account only the residential houses and study their as Pangi and Chaurah Tahsils and Brahmaur Sub distribution in so far as the material of wall is con Tahsil in this District record heavy snowfall cerned, we will find that a significantly large during winter. number of residential houses, both in rural and 39 urban areas, are made of burnt bricks, G.I. sheets per thousand of households. Against it, this year or other metal sheets, stone, cement etc. as the the relative figures are 17 and 79 for rural and material of walls. The rest of the houses have urban areas respectively per thousand of census used grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, unburnt, houses. bricks, wood etc. The relative figures are 954 and 921 for rural and urban areas respectively per And finally, the proportionate figures of 1 per thousand of residential houses, in the case of thousand of census houses recorded this time, for former category. And 46 and 79 for rural and the houses using burnt bricks as the material of urban areas respectively per thousand of resi walls is the lowest among all other categories of dential houses, for the second category, may re wall material; during 1961, this material was negli present Katcha houses, we come to this conclusion gible, and no proportionate figures were recorded that in thi& District a :;ignificant proportion of that time. houses, both in rural and urban areas, are Pucca Concluding the entire discussion, we find that built. This shows the overall standard of resi the use of stones as the materil11 of walls has in dential houseR. Surprisingly the proportion of creased in this District. This material, unlike 1961; Katcha houses appears to be more in towns than has found general preference in rural areas. How in the villages. ever, the use of mud, as the material of walls has For the sake of comparison of the present pOl'li declined. But, wood as the predominant material tion, with the position that prevailed during 1961, of wall has increased quite significantly. Th6 table E-IV. I of the Housing and Establishment higher proportion will be found in C.B., and M.O. Report 1961, is referred to. This table deals with Dalhousie; the famous tourist resorts of this Dis the distribution of 1,000 Households in census trict, which were not forming the part of Chamba houses used wholly or partly as dwelling by pre District in 1961. The inclusion of these two towns dominant material of walls (based on 20% sample). in Clutmba District, appears to have probably This table does not include the figures about C.B. increased the number of such houses. and M.C. Dalhousie, as these two towns were the parts of Punjab State, that time. This table Wall Material in Kan.qra District would show, that in 1961 also, a large number of Before initiating discussion on the walls of the houses both in rural and urban areas has used houses in this District, it will be useful to take note stone as the predominant material for construc of the general pattern of housing structure in its tion. The respective figures for this District, a.reas, as given in the District Gazetteer Kangra; recorded that time, are 939 and 991 per thousand 1924 (pp. 219-220). of census households, respectively. As would be gathered, that time, the intensity of such houses "The houses of the peasantry are scattered in wa~ ~ore in-the .towns, than in the villages. This the pleasant and picturesque localities, not c01i pOSItIOn but for Its rural and urban distribution, is gregated into villages. Every man resides upon well comparable with the present details collected his own farm and builds his cottage in some selected in H. II. 1 table. ~' spot, open as a rule to the sun, and yet sheltered from- the wind. _The house is of the sub-dried In the case of walls made of mud these were second highest that time. Again these houses were brick having generally two storeys. The inmates chiefly confined to rural areas. The proportionate occupy the lower floor, the upper being used during figures, as collected in table E IV. 1 shows that their the gre!1t.er part of the year as a lumberroom or store-room for grain. During the rains, the upper number was significantly high, i.e., 52 per thou room is used for cooking and in many cases as a. san~ of.census households. This time, their pro· sleeping room, the whole family occupying it at portIOn IS no doubt very insignificant, i.e., only 20 night in order to escape the close and unhealthy per thousand of census houses, it shows the declining air of the ground floor. The upperroofil'l generally pattern of mud wall8 in the last ten years. made of thatch thick, substantial and neatly The. proportion ofthe houses, using wood alll the trimmed, but of late years slates have been exten materIal of walls, was the lowest in 1961. How !lively used. The outside walls are plastered with ever, this time their proportion is not that much red or light coloured earth. The front space is l~w .. Fll:rther during 1961, their proportionate kept clean and fresh, and the whole is encircled by dIstflbutIOn between -rural and urban indicated a hedge of tree and brambles, maintaining privacy that such houses were more in rural areas and less and affording material for repairs. On one side of i~ urban arca. But against it, this time it is sig the cottage is the shed for the cows and bullocks, lllficantly reverse. We have more of these house:; called ghural; and another building containing the in t~e towns and much less in the villages. The sheep and goats, styled the 'Ori'. If the owner of rela-ave figurei recorded during 1961 were 8 a.nd 6 the farm be a man of substance, he will probably J (D)2SCO(Bl')-5 4U pOSSess a buffalo or two, these are penned. in se In 1961 also, the Housing and Establishment parate tenements called 'menhara'. Report of Punjab, which included figures on the pre sent Kulu District, recorded more or less the S<1me The thatch of the cottage is renewed every position. BaEcd on 20% sample, the E. IV-I table third year, and in parts where grass is plentiful reveals that the largest proportion of houses in a fresh covering is added annually ...... the rural areas had mud or unburnt bricks walls. every year, in the season of the 'Naoratra' (in The proportionate figures were 36 and 746 per September) the cottage which devolves upon the thousand of Census houses. For the towns the \Vomen in all but the highest castes. On the largest proportion of 432 per thousand of census occasion of a marriage too the bridegroom's house houses, was recorded in respect of these houses is always adorned with some fresh gay-coloured which had stone walls. Wood as the predominant plaster. construction material. of wall recorded the second position with the figures of 240, per thousand of The entrance to the cottage is usually to the census houses, for its towns, But this time the east or to the south; but there is no general law proportion of this type of houses in the towns has and the favourite position varies in different parts faded into insignificance. of the District. The west, however, is supersti tioU'Sly eschewed." Wall Material in Mandi District Encircled by Kulu, Kangra and Bilaspur Dis This description would not only help in analysing tricts; Mandi District was the largest populated the position of construction material used for the District of old Himachal Pradesh. It has now been houses in this District; but it would also help to elevated to second place as a result of the 1971 compare the position as it prevails today, with Census data on population, returned in Himachal what it was about forty years back. Pradesh. The north eastern parts of this District, i.e., Jogindar Nagar, Mandi, Chichot and Karsog The table H. II reveals that mud and unburnt Tahsils are mountainous areas. The remaining bricks occupy the predominant construction parts i.e., Sundar Nagar and Sarkaghat. Tahsils materials for walls. The largest proportion of are sub-mountainous. Only extreme north eastern houses with walls made of unburnt bricks has been parts record mowfall during winters. recorded for this District. The relative figures are As a result of this topography of th\:} District 537, per thousand of census houses, in the rural the largest number of houses have walls made areas. The second highest proportion of 319 per of stones, both in the villages and towns. Tlle thousand of census houses has been recorded in corresponding figures returned by the table the case of houses using grass, leaves, reeds or H. 11.1 reveals that 765 and 513 houses per bamboos, as the predominant construction thousand of census houses have walls made Qf material. stones in rural and urban areas of this District, As against it, when we turn our attention to the respectively. The eecond highest proportion of 312 urban side of this District, we fnd that the largest per thousand of cene·us houses, has been recorded number of houses have burnt bricks aE\ the pre for the houses in the towns of this District, which dominant construction material for the walls. have used cement, concrete as the wall material. The relative proportionate figures are 469 per This gives an apparent impression about the living thousand of census houses. It is followed next conditions of the urban population of this Dis by the houses which have used un burnt bricks as trict. WaUs made of mud oc:mpy third position, /the predominant construction material. The with the proportionate figuresof ll8, per thousand proportionate figures are 302 per thousand of censu'l of census houses, in its rural areas. The use of houses. Houses wit]] the walls made of stones, unburnt bricks as the wall material too finds an im also occupy an important place in the urban areas portant place in the villages, as the proportionate of this District. The relative proportionate figures figures of 81, per thousand of ccmsus houses have of 1 each, per thousand of census houses has been placed such houses at third position in the District. recorded for the houses which have used grass, And finally, the houses which have used grass, leaves, reedi'l, or bamboo; and G.I. Sheets, or otller leaves, reeds or bamboo, etc., as the material of metal sheets as the predominant material for walls. walls, are most insignificant both in rural and urban areas of this District. Concluding, we find that in the villages, unburnt The 1961 description of the material of walls, bricks and mud occupy the place of prominence fits in perfectly in 50 far as the material of walls, for the wall material; and in the towns, burnt remains stones. The highest proportion that time bricks followed next by unburnt bricks have the was in the same order. The corresponding figures place ot' general liking for the walls. speak that 858 and 947 houses, per thousand of 41 census houses has used this ma terial for walls, However, significantly large number of houses in both in rural and urban areas. This would show that the towns have been recorded as such, which used the proportion, indicated above, was higher in wood as the predominant construction material of urban areas, than in the rural areas. However, walls. The proportionate figures are 1000 houses, this time, this proportion is the second highest. per thousand of census houses in this District. Further in 1961, 42 per thousand of census houses These are the popular log huts, constructed at had recorded the second highest proportion of different places to attract tourists. houses using cement, concrete etc. as the wall material. This time too, it is at the second position Wall Material in Lahul and Spiti District but the proportionate figures are much higher This extl'tlme north-eastern part of Himachal this time. The significant advancement made by Pradesh if: completely a mountainom\ region, the urban people of this District, in using cement recording heavy snowfall during winter. The concrete as the wall material in the towns, speaks description of the housl's that appeared in the volumes of the progressive trend visible among Punjab Housing Part IV-A Report, 1961, is them, during the past ten years. worth recalling:- Wall Material in Kulu District "Lahul and Spiti District is tract of high The whole of Kulu District, may be termed as mountaim:, not permitting easy transport and with mountainous region. Every year it records heavy scanty rainfall and very few trees. In these circum rains and snowfall. Its higher reaches remain stances, except a few housas all have walls of stone. snow covered for most of the time during the year. Roofs are mostly flat and mud pastered which Therefore, the climatic conditions, prevailing in keeps the rooms warm in winter. Only a few among this District, have moulded to some extent the these have corrugated iron sheets on the top. living pattern of the people. Before further dis Table R.IL1, reveals the same position of cussion is initiated, it would perhaps be better to houses even after a lapse of ten years. A very have a general view of the housing pattern in this little change has been recorded in this District. District; as recorded in the District Gazetteer of The above table would show that the highest Kangra,Kulu,LahulandSpiti, 1897 p. 27., which proportion of 795 per thousand of census houses is reproduced below:- has been recorded in respect of the houses which "A Kulu villages viewed from some litttle have walls made of stone. And the second highest distance, usually presents both a picturesque proportion of 204, per thousand of houses has been appearance and an air of solid comfort .... Th~ recorded for the houses which used mud as the houses are genera.lly detached and are grouped with predominant construction material of walls. a delightful disregard of method and plan; for their arrangement necessarily depends on the When we look at the position, as it prevails in nature of the ground on which they ~tand. In 1961, we find that the overall position, detailed structure they are very quaint and pretty, above, is well comparable. The largest proportion like square or oblong turrets :much greater in of houses, i.e., 872, per thousand of census houses height than in length or breadth and crowned in 1961, has walls made of stones. And the second by sloping gable roofs covered with slates or with largest proportion, i.e., 66 per thou~and of census fir shingles. houses had made of mud. In the past ten years, Wf!, find that the number of houses with walls of mud From the foundations of the dimensions of one has recorded a significant increase whereas there or other of plans the house shoots up three or has been a decline in the case of those houses four storeys high. No mortar is used in its con which used stone as the predominant construction struction; the walls are of drystone masonary material for the walls. the stones being kept in place of timber placed upon them at vertical intervals of two or three And yet another significant change is also feet ; and ordinary house of forty or fifty feet visible in the past ten years. The houses which used in height thus s]:(ows ten, twenty or thirty layers all other material, not stated, w~re at third position of beams in its wall the intrestices between which in 1961, with the proportionate figures of 62, per are filled with roughly squared grey stone." thousand of census houses. And this time, their number has faded into insignificance. And as table R.II.1 would reveal that even after seventy five years, stone still remains the predo Wall Material in Bilaspur District, minant material for walls, both in the rural and urban areas. The corresponding figure'3 of 975 and Next to Kangra District, Bilaspur is the only 827 per one thousand of censuS houses, respectively, District in the state which has the largest propor for rural and urban areas of this district, tells noth tion of houses with walls made of unburnt bricks ing better than that has been described above. and mud. This District records sufficiently high 7 a.l!i/J(D)2SCO(HP)-5(a) temperature during summer. And rains too are This time, the houses using stones as the pred.omi normally heavy III the region. The general topo nant construction material for the walls in rural graplly of this district is mountainous one, and a areas is second highest, next only to those where good stock of fine clay, suitable for constructing unburnt bricb has been used. houses is available and therefore in villages pre ference is given to unburnt bricks in the construc We therefore, conclude, that in the past ten years, tion of walls. The material of walls in the new significant changes have taken place in this Dis township of Bilaspur is mostly burnt bricks. trict, both in the rural and urban areas, in the matter of predominant construction material for For the District as a whole, we gather from the walls. Unlike ten years ago, when stone was the table H.ILl, that the highest proportion of predominant construction material for walls, in houses in the urban areas of this District have villages; the conventional material, i.e., unburnt recorded burnt bricks as the material of walls. bricks have come to occupy a prominent place now. The proportionate figures are 595, per thousand And in the towns, when stone was the predominant of census houses in the urban areas of this Dis construction material for the walls, ten years ago; trict. The second highest proportion recorded burnt bricks, today, hold the overall position of in the rural areas for the houses which have used importance in this behalf. unburnt bricks as the material for walls. The corresponding figures are 529, per thousand of Wall Material in Mahasu District census houses. The houses with stone walls, have the This District lies in the outer Himalayas. It if:: third position in the rural areas. The proportion a te bounded by Tehri Garhwal of Uttar Pradesh and figures for these houses are 278, per thousand Simla District in the East. Northeast by Kinnaur, of census houses in the rural areas. We therefore, and in South, by Bilaspur District. Mandi and conclude that whereas the largest number of Kangra Districts are in the west and north western houses in the towns have used burnt bricks as the side. Mahasu District is entirely hilly and possesses predominant construction material, in the villages a variety of climate, varying according to eleva unburnt bricks have been used largely for the tion. Summer months are excf'edingly hot in the walls. lower parts as also ill places situated near the banks of the Sutlej river. In the upper reach3s, the For the sake of comparison of the present posi climate remains cold throughout the year. The tion, with the 1961 position statement V-I, of the winter months are severe in upper Mahasu. As Housing and Establishment Report of Himachal would be evident from the extracts, reproduced Pradesh, 1961, is referred to (p. 93). As would be taken from "View of Simla" by Capt. George evident, in 1961, the largest proportion of houses, Powell Thomas, the housing pattern is as follows in accounting for 941, per thousand of census houses this District- in the towns, has walls made of stone. The position after ten years has completely changed. We now "The places of worship, as well as the better find that the largest number of houses in towns sort of private dwellings in these hills, are com, have walls of burnt bricks. This is due to the fact tructed with gable ended roofs, whose i'hape, that the old Bilaspur Township which probably though readily represented in a drawing, it i:; not claimed the largest proportion of houses with easy to describe in words. stone walls, has since submerged in the Gobindsagar Lake. The new township, which is coming up now, The walls are composed of hewn stone, and has started using bricks as the predominant con frames of pine planks of some four inches thick and struction material for walls. The proportion of very narrow; one layer of wood dividing every houses in the towns using stone as the material of fifth or sixth of stone. The wood is applied solely walls, today, is also high, i.e. 140 per thousand of for the purpose of strengthening and binding the urban census houses in the District. And in this stone work, with which no cemE'nt, whether of manner, these houses today occupy third position; mortar or mud, is used even in houses of three as aga~nst first position in 1961. storeys high. The walls are commonly about four feet in width (a little less in English houses), and if Further, in the villages too stone walls welC the wooden frames are interposed with skill, they the largest among the rural houses in the District, may be carried to any ordinary height of a three in 1961. The corresponding figures depict 556, per storeyed house, and in the towers of temples are thousand of rural census houses in the District. sometimes run up to many feet higher than that, In 1971, this position is again reverse. The highest though after a certain height it is found as proportion in the villages have been recorded by might be expected, that the frames of wood those houscs which used unburnt bricks as the should recm: more frequently than in ordinary predominant construction material for the walls. buildings .... " 48 From what has been detailed above, it would be provide the basic material for the wall to a large easily gathered that stones remain the predomi number of houses in the District. nant construction material for most of the houses, both in rural and urban areas, in this District. Table Table H. II. I, gives a true support to what has H.ll.1 lends further support to this version, when been stated above. In the rural areas of this Dis trict, we find that the largest number of houses we find that the largest number of hous~s in this District, have walls made of stone. The correspon have walls made of stones. The relative propor ding figurcs both for rural and urban areas, are 782 tionate figures indicate that there are 763 houses, and 351, :respectively per thousH.nd of rural/urban per thousand of rural houses in the District, which house::;. have walls made of stones. Mud has also been used by a significantly large number of houses in the Whereas this proportion of houses, using stones villages. The relative figures of the table reveal as the material of walls, is the highest in rural areas, that 149 per thousand of such houses in the villa it comes at the second place in the urban areas. We ges have this material for the walls. find, that in the towns, the first place has been occupied by the houses which use burnt bricks as As against it, the highest proportion of houses is the predominant cJnstruction material for the for those which, in the urban areas of this District walls. The relative figures are 413, per thousand of have used burnt bricks as the predominant construc urban houses in the District. tion material for the walls. The figures are 451 per thousand of urban houses. The second position The position of houses using mud as the predo in the towns, has been, of course, occupied by minant construction material for the walls, is se those houses which used stones as the predominant cond in the rural areas and third in the U:>wns. The construction material. There are 307, such houses, respective proportionate figures for these two are per thousand of urban houses. And the houses 186 and 154, per thousand of rural/urban houses in with mud walls have been relegated to the third the District. position, with the figures of 110 per thousand of urban census 119uses. The 1961 position in this behalf, goes on to tally with the present position to a large extent. We therefore, sum up, that in the villages a Statement V-I, of the Housing and Establishment large number of houses have used stones as the Report is referred to. As would be evident, in 1961, predominant construction material for the walls. the largest number of houses in the villages, had Mud has been used by the second largest number wall material in stones. The proportionate figures of houses in the villages. As regards towns, we that time, were 781, per thousand of rural houses find that houses which have burnt bricks walls are in this District. In the towns, the largest number the largest. St.ones, of course, come at the second of houses, accounting for a proportion of 370, per position in their case. thousand of census houses had walls made of burnt bricks. Stones, as the material of walls for For comparison with the 1961 data, table E.IV. the urban houses, had the second position. T·he I of the Housing and Establishment Report relevant figures recorded for i~ were 340, per thou Punjab (p. 166) is referred to. This table deals sand of census houses in the towns. with the distribution Df 1000 households living . In the matter of mud walls, also, the position was in census houses used wholly or partly as dewel the same i.e., second in the villages and third in the lings, by predominant material of wall. Simla Dis towns. We therefore, sum up, that in this District trict which did not include the present Tahsil ot though there has been a little changein the matter Nalagarh, (merged in this District in 1966) will of the number of houses using stones burnt bricks, give an idea about the prevailing position of the and mud, as the predominant construction material houses ten years back. for th~ walls; but the over::all position in this-behalf This table (E.IV.I) indicates, practically the remains the same .. same position, ten years hence. The largest num Wall.material ·in Sz'mla District ber of houses in the villages of this District, had Simla District, which is also the seat of State walls made of stones, in 1961. The proportionate Government is mountainous. Its upper parts figures recorded were 721, per thousand of census abound in high mountain peaks, and record suffi houses. Mud as the predominant construction ciently heavy snowfall during winter. However, material for the houses, occupied the second high its lower parts, adjoining plaine, such as Nalagarh est position with the figures of 181, per thousand Tahsil, and Dharmpur in Kandaghat Tahsil of of census houses. In the towns too, the same posi this District, record sufficiently high temperature tion as for 1971, prevailed. The largest number during swnmer. As the region abounds in COn. of h~uses, in 1961, had walls made of burnt bricks; ffro us trees and structural stones, stones and timber: with the proportionate figures of 415, per thousand 44 of census houses. Stones has the second preference construction material for a large nuw.ber of bouses. for the walls; the proportionate figures being 216, Mud a,'! the predominant construction material per thousand of census houses. Mud walls, for the for walls, finds second preference in the rural areas houses in the towns, had the third preference. of this district. In the case of towns stone is the most liked material for walls with the second pre Wall Material in Sirmaur Distr£ct ference attached to burnt bricks. Following description of houses, whicll appeared in the Sirmaur State Gazetteer, 1934 (p. 25-26), In 1961 also, more or less the same picture em is note-worthy :- erged for the rural and urban areas of this District. As would be evident from the subsidiary table "In Nahan Tehsil the zamindar's houses are E. IV. I of the Housing and Establishment Re made of stones and mud, usually of one storey, port of Himachal Pradesh, 1961, we find 774 and and are built contiguous to one another in abadis, 806 houses, per thousand of rural and urban houses of which there are several in each village. But be in this District used stones as the predominant sides the houses in the abadi, most zamindars construction material for the wall Distribution of houses by predom!'nant material Cement concrete, RB.OjRO.C. as the pre- of roof dominant construction material for roofs fiuds much favour in the towns. It further depicts the The roofing material has been broadly classified trend towards modernisation. Whatever new con into the following eight categories for which necess struction is coming up in the towns, this material ary information on houses was collected in column finds favour in sufficiently large number of cases. 5 of the Houselist :- The total number of houses which has corrugated RB.C./RO.C., as the material for roofs has been 1. Grass, leaves, reeds, thatch, wood, mud, recorded as 23,718, of which rural areas claim only unburnt bricks or bamboo. 9,320, and the towns account for 14,398. 2. Tiles, slate, shingle. The number of houses which have all other 3. Oorrugated iron, zinc or other metal &heets. material and materials, not stated, is small at the 4. Asbestos cement sheets. state level. There were only 852 such houses, of 5. Brick and lime. which the rural areas claimed 505, and urban areas 6. Stone. accounted for 347. The houses in this category generally include tents, which are largely found 7. Ooncrete RB.O.jRO.O. in Kangra, Kulu and Mahasu District. 8. All other material and materials, not stated. Turning to the position, as it prevailed in the districts, we find that in Ohamba, the highest pro· In so far as the first category of roofing mat portionate of houses in rural areas has been re erial is concerned, we find that out of the whole lot corded in respect of those which has used grass, the commonly used material is mud. As would leaves, etc., as the material for roofs. The relative be evident from table H.n., of the total number figures are 619 per thousand of census houses. The of 862,896 census houses in this state, 260,444 used second highest number of houses have tilt..s, slates, this material for roofing the house. Of these, signi etc., as the material for roofs. Thi~ is quite under ficantly large number i.e., 247,898 houses were in standable. A large number of houses in the villages rural areas and 12,546 in urban areas. of this district have Bat roofs. The roofs are laid in such a manner, that after the walls are raised Census houses using tiles, slates, shingle as to the requirrd size, wooden beams are laid. The predominant material for roofs have been clubbed surface is covered with the wooden boards; and together in one category and the extent of different furthcr a sheet of bhojpatra is spread. Thereafter matcrials included in this category, it may be men fine clay is spared and beaten to smooth surface. tioned that slate alone, as the predominant mat And where slates are available in abundance, these erial for roofs is in large use than the other mat have been used to a large extent for roofing the erials. The number of houses using slate for roofs houses. is the highest in the state as a whole. And it finds more preference in the villages-, than in the towns. However, in towns of this district, we find that Of the total census houses in the state 471,102 used the largest proportion of houses have used slates it for roofs. Of these, 454,896 were in the villages for the roofs. The relative proportion is 467 per and only 16,207 in the towns. thousand of census houses. And the second highest proportion hail been recorded by those houses The number of houscs using corrugated iron which have med corrugated iron or zinc sheets sheets, and asbestos cement sheets is not very for roofing material. The relative proportionate high in the state. Their number at· the state level figurel" are 334 per thousands of census houses. was 816,654. The houses using corrugated iron @r zinc sheets for roofs remained large in the rural Kangra, the thickly popu~ated d~strict of ~he areas, with their number at 54,382 census houses' state, has the highest proportIOns of Its houses WIth against 27,272 ih the towns. But in the case of th~ slate roofs. This material of roofs doE'S not alone house~ using ;:i.8bes~os cement sheets as the roofing occupy the predominant position in the villages, materIal was large m the towns than in the villages. but in the towns too a large number of houses have The respective figures were 5,623 for the towns roofs of slates. The relativE' figures for villages and and 5,197 for the villages. towns respectively are 643 and 368, per thousand of census houses. And the second largest number of Brick and lime and stone a9 the predominant houses the villagee have grass, leaves, thatch roofs. construction material for roofs of the houses ac In the towns, the second place is of those houses count for quite an insignificant number at the which have corrugated iron zinc or other metal state level. Their number wa" larger in the villa~ sheets. The corresponding figures are 263 and 219, ges, than in the towns. J.'~sJl.ectively per thOUBalld of cellSl1S houses. 46 · Sub!idiary table E-IV of the Punjab Housing which have used mud, as the predominant cons and Establishment Report, 1961, presents figures truction material for roofs. The proportionate in respect of the 'Distribution of 1000 House figures being 978 per thousand of census houses. holds living in census houses used wholly or partly This position is well comparable with 1961 when as dwellings by predominant material of roof.' the proportionate figures in respoot of these houses This table is based on 20% sample. In 1961, Kangra were 931, per thousand. The whole of this dis- District (which included the present Kulu Dis 1;rict falls in the arid zone but is subject to severe trict and Una Tahsil was excluding) presented the winters and heavy snowfall. Roofs are therefore same picture. Tiles, slates, shingle constituted the fiat, wherefrom snow is shovelled off with the predominant material for roofs in a large number help of wooden spades, thus, fiat thatch roof or of cases, both in rural and urban areas. The pro roofs built with similar material serve their pur portionate figures were 623 and 489, per one thou pose well. Further grass etc. for the livestock for iAnd of census houses, respectively. However, long dreary wintery months when nothing grows, it shall be evident that in the last t.en years, their or is available; is stored on roofs. number has decreased slightly. The rural areas of Bilaspur district recorded In Kangra, grass, reeds and thatch roofs re hi.ghest proportion of 534 per thousand of census present the poorer sections of the communities and houses in the district, which have graM, leaves, their high incidence is in the rural areas. This thatch etc., for roofs. However, in urban areas, indicates that this material is abundantly avail this proportion is the highest in respect of those able in the ncinity; and is cheaper also. This ~ouses which havtJ stone 80S the roofing material. type of material of roofs is found useful in meet However, the 1961 position in respect of the roofing ing the climatic conditions of the region. material was different when in the villages, the Mandi District falls in line with Kangra Dis largest numoor of houses had grass, thatch etc. trict in the use of slates, tiles etc., as the pre for roofs, but in the towns significantly highly dominant construction material for roofs. It proportion of houses had used corrugated iron, lnay be that slate is the traditionally conventional zinc or other metal sheets as their roofing material. material. Its local availability has made it all the more prominent, both for the villages and The present p06ition for this district can wcll towns. Table H. II. 2., depicts that in rural areas, be summed up that in the villages this type of the proportionate figures were recorded as 788, material i!:! locally available. Hence it found pre per thousand of rural houses in the district; and ference over all other material both in 1961 and in the to'YIlS, 341 per thousand houses had used in 1971. However the deviation in the towns it for the roofs. In 1961 also, this material had may be that all the old houses of the Bilaspur been used in a large number of rural and urban township; now submerged in the Gobindsagar houses. The relative figures were 749 and 807, has cheaply imported it from ou~side. But now respectively per thousand of rural/urban houses for the new constructions, stones, laid on the in this district. Statement V-3, of the Housing wooden beams and boards; and further covered Establishment Report of Hima.chal Pra.desh, 1961, with a layer of clay, are perhaps cheaper than is referred to (p. 97). The compf!.rability of these the old material, used ten years ago. And further two sets of figures would indicate that in the the latter may found as more useful now suiting last ten years, the use of this material is on the to the local conditions. decline particularly in urban areas where large Slates being -abundantly available in Mahasu number of houses have taken to asbestos cement District; it was quite natural that the proportion / sheets etc., for the roofs. of the houses with slate roofs would be the highest Kulu District too, has the highest proportion in its villages. But the place of pride in its towns of houses, both in rural and urban areas, using has been snatched by the houses which have used slates as the predominant construction material corrugated iron, zinc or other metal sheets as the for the roofs. Table H. II. 2. reveals that for roofing material. The respective figures being 632 everyone thousand of census houses in rural and and 432 per thousand of census houses in rural urban areas, the proportionate figures were recor and urban areas, respectively. The relative ded as 834 and 457, respectively. These figures low proportion in urban and rural areas in the are well comparable with 1961-data (where KuIu matter of slates for towns; and iron sheets for VIas " tahsil of Kangra District). villages may be due to the inaccessibility of the respective areas. The table depicts yet another The oaae of Lahul and Spiti District is altogether important feature that in the towns of this dis It different one. Among all the districts this district trict, concrete R. B. C.jR. C. C. roofs, which has recordsd the highest proportion of houlie$ indicates the modern trend in house building, 47 the second highest proportion of 272 per thou only found cheaper becuase of local availability; sand of census houses, has been achieved by such but perhaps highly suitable in view of the prevail ltouse.'3. In 1961 also, slate wa~ used -largely in ing local conditions of the areas. Mud or thatch the villages; and likewise, for the towns , the lar roofs recorded the second proportion with the gest number of houses had iron sheets for the figures of 263, per thousand of census houses in roofs. The relative proportionate figures were 612 1961. And again in 1971, these houses have the and 518 per thousand census houses respectively second highest proportion of 360, per thousand of for rural and urban areas. However, houses with census houses. concrete roofing had a negligible number in 1961. In urban areas of thi~ district the highest pro portion of 413, per thousand of census houses has In the rural areas of Simla district, houses with been recorded for those which used concrete grass, leaves and thatch, wood, mud, etc., have R. B. C./R. C. C. , as the predominant construction the highest proportion of 643 per thousand of mateial fur roof",. As against it, in 1961, the highest census houses. Whereas, in the urban areas corru proportion of houses has used all other material gated iron, zinc or other metal sheets roofing have for roofs. The present position of cement concrete recorded the highest proportion of 582 per tho used for roofs in the houses, indicate that in the usand of census houses. The proportion of urban past ten years, the people have taken to the mod houses, using metal sheet, is noteworthy in the ern trend. sense, that it is the highest in the state. This position of villages and towns of this district, And finally, it is nothing but all grass, thatch, is well comparable with 1961 when Simla district wood and mud for the roofing material in Kinnaur did not include Nalagarh tah8il. The proportionate district, recorded in the H. II table. As far as figures were 450 and 584, re8pectively that time. our common knowledge goes, of all the material detailed in this category, mud has been predo This may be explained that in the low lying minantly used. The pattern of construoting areas of this district, mud is not only cheaper due roo£'1 in this district is the same, as detailed for to its being available locally, but it is found to Lahul and Spiti district. The figures in the. table be suitable also for the local conditions. And in reveal that the highest proportion of houses, with the towns, the iron sheets can be had easily, and the figures of 840 per thousand of census houses are again found suitable for the prevailing local in this district had mud as the predominant cons conditions. The latest trend keeping pace with truction material. And the second highest propor the modern ways of laying roofs is visible in the tion of 108, per thousand of census homles was towns when we find that the second highest pro in the caso of those which used slates as the pre portion of houses of the towns have used cement dominant construction material for roofs. In concrete as the predominant construction. ma 1961 also, the same pattern of roofing was avail terial for the roofs of their houses. The relative able. The figures were 611 for mud and 182 only figures are 271 per thousand of census houses. for slates, respeotively per thousand of census This trend can be traced right from 1961 when houses in this district. The increase in the number both in rural and urban areas, ,the second highest of housos which have taken to slate roofing in proportion of houses had used cement concrete the pa'lt ten years is on the increase. The houses for roofing purpose; with the relative proportionate which had used all other material for roofs in 1961, fi!1ures of 294 and 256, per thousand of census was the second highest with the proportionate h~uses. The decline in the villages may be due to figures of 299, per thousand of cemms houses. As the reason that the present Simla District includes against it,' this type of census houses recorded figures for Nalagarh tab.sil also. most insignificant proportion of one per thousand However in the rural areas of Sirmaur District, of census houses this time. _the highest' proportion of1no per thousand of cen Now we have discussed the position of houses sus houses is in respect of thosd houses which have by predominant construction material of walls used tiles, slates, and shingle as their roofing and roofs, down to district level, it would be material. Of the three, it is slates whioh are pre worth-while to have an overall appraisal of the dominantly used in the villages. Slate is abundantly housing conditions in the state, in terms of the available locally, and it is conventional material housing conditions. for roofs. According to the 1961-Housing and Establishment Report of Himachal Pradesh, 473 For this analysis, subsidiary tables RII. 2(A) , per thousand of census houses used slates. What and H.II.2(B) are referred to. Referring to ever increase in the proportion that has been the first table, which deals with the walls, we find . recorded in this district in the past ten years, that if grass, leaves, reeds or bamboo, mud, un lUay be due to the fact tha.t this matv'Tial is not burnt bricks, wood may indicate towards Katcha 'walls, and burnt bricks, G. 1. Sheets or other that could bc drawn is that [I, large number of metal sheets, stone cement may refer to pUCC:1 houses in the state are pucca or semi pucca. wallf; the proportion of Pucca houfles appears to be the highest in the state, both in the Coming over to the villages where 93 percent rural and urban areas. The proportionate figures of the total population of the State is rural we are 518 and 827 per thousand of census houses find that Pucca house'! have an edge over Katcha in rural and urban areas respectively. houses. Completely Katcha and Pucca houses are 91,168 and 219,401, r€sprctivel? Combina In the rural areas the highest proportion of tion of Katchrr and Pneca is also significant. R7,244 houses with puccrt walls has been recorded houses 11aving pu{'ca walls have Katcha roofs for Kulu district followed next by Chamba and whereas 193,901 houses having pucca roofs Kinnaur Districts. The relative proportionate have katcha walls. In rurl1.l area.s of the Pradesh figures are 976 and 954 and 946 respectively, also we notice that there is a '3hift for Pucca houses per thousand of rural census houses. In the though combination of Katcha and Pucca houses tOWnE, the highest proportion of 961, per thoUfland still holds a significant proportion. of census houseR has been recorded for Sirmaur District. tn RO far as Katcha wallR are concerned, In urban areas of the Pradesh i.t will be seen Kangra rural is on the top, with the proportionate that larger number i.e., 40,500 houses are pucca figures of 865 per thousand of rural conPous houses. whereas 6,300 houses with pucca walls have Katcha. Bilaspur District with the figures of 705 per thou roofs and 7,666 houses with pucca roofs. The sand of census houses, follows next. number of Katcha houses in urban areas comes Turning to Katcha and PUClJ:1 roofs we refer to 1,929 which is insignificant when compared to table H.II.2(B). In both rural and urban to Pucca houses. '),reas 698 and 851 per thoufland of census houses And finally, before discussion on this Chapter have pucca roofs. The highest proportion of 861 is concluded, it would be worthwhile to note that per thousand of cenSUfl houses for pucca roofs pucca houses which are under the occupation of has been recorded in the rural areas of Kulu a large number of people in this state generally District. And among' urban areas of towns of give an idea of better living conditions of the Bilaspur district, with t·he proportionate figures people. The life of the houses, whi'lh are COll of 920, per thousa.nd of census houses, are on the monly found in this state, i.e., stone walls and top. The highest proportion of Katcha roofs has slate roofing, ranges anywhere between 50 to 100 been recorded for Kinnaur District. with the years. This material is locally available, but for figures of 840~ per thousand of cens~s houses. the labour cost, nothing ffiU0h is involved. Active Distribution of Residential Census Heuses by participation by the members of the hOllBehold in the shape oflabour further reduces the cost and Material of wall classified by material of roof: restrict it to construction charges and purchase Table H.II. Appendix would give an overall of material i.e., wooden sleepers etc. "account of houses which' have pucca walls a.nd ~ pucca roofs, viz., Katcha houses in the state. At The vtrsion of better standard of living of the the State level, the largest number of houses, i.e., people in the state, gets added strength, when 93,544 had wal1'O of burnt bricks, G.1. Sheets etc. we take up the comparison with other states. which have been termed as pucca walls but the For effective comparison, the position of houses roof& of such residential houses are m'lde of grass, as it prevailed in the neighbouring states, i.e., le3v .. s [' The state lovel position, of Haryl1na too is on mie position of the people. This however, is not so the same lines. Here too, the largest number of in the case of Himachal Pradesh. Houses with houses, claiming 61 percent of the total honses stone walls and slate roofs and other similar dura have Katcha material for walls, and pucca ma ble material have got to be constructed keeping in terial for roofs. view the rigorous climatic conditions. The type of houses found in rural areas of plains would simply But the state of Uttar Pradesh, presents an be useless here and may not withstand even one altogether ilifferent Ilicture, than what emerged snowfall and would afford no protection from biting in ether .,tates, including Himachal Pradesh. In cold in winter. These would be blown off by high this State, thatch, wooa, mud etc., as the material ,howling winds. So, a hill man has perforce to con for walls, as also for roofs. Therefore, these are struct better type of houses which are generally purely Katcha houses. found in rural areas of Himachal Pradesh even though the entire family has to labour hard for it The picture, as it emerged in the neighbouring for two or more years. Although the houses may states, as also in this state, reveals that the living be solidly built, yet this should not be taken to be conditions in this state are much better. This an index of prosperity of people of Himachal would to some extent appear paradoxical, because Pradesh, who otherwise are not economically ad· better houses should obviously reflect better econo- vance athan the people of adjoining states. OILlPTERIV Households and the number of Rooms Occupied: enumerator. Sex-wise details were made available Perpetual and persisting housing shortage in under these columns. The definition of a room pro vided that a room should have four walls with a the country has made the desire of better and com door-way, a roof over head, and should be wide and modious living for the people an utopia difficult to attain. Oomparing the position prevalent in long enough for a person to sleep in, i.e., it should the country, with that of the developed countries have a length of not less than two meters and it shall be visualised that we might take sufficiently breadth of one and a half meters, and be two meters long time to be anywhere near the standard, which in height. An enclosed room, which is used in the people have already achieved there. Presently, common for sleeping, dining, storing and cooking the attention of the Government in our country etc., should be regarded as a room. An unenclosed is focussed on how best to provide a shelter to the verandah, kitchen, store, garage, cattle-shed, latrine millions of houseless persons living without a roof and rooms in which a household industry such as a handloom was located, which were not normally on their heads. The Government could be expected only thereafter to turn its attention on bringing usable for living or sleeping etc., were excluded about improvement in the living conditions of the from the definition of a room. people comparable, if possible with the living In the case of conical shaped hut or tent or conditions of the people of developed countries. similar improvised accommodation in which The present Ohapter deals with the living con human beings reside, and though the Oensus defini ditions of the people in thjs state, viz-a-viz the tion would not strictly apply as there were no four number of living rooms available to a household. walls to a room, it was envisaged that in such cases the tent or conical hut etc., should be taken to be Concept of House and Household: a room. In 1961 census, a room was defined as a construction usually having four walls with a door Definition of a Oensus House and Household way, a roof overhead, and wide and long enough has already received a detailed discussion in Ohapter for a person to sleep in, i.e., at least six feet long. I. However the definition of Oensus House and Unenclosed verandah, kitchen, store, garage, cattle household in brief is given here under ;-- sheds and latrines which were not ordinarily used A Oensus House is a building or part of a build for living and sleeping purpose were not treated as ing having a separate main entrance, from the road rooms. An enclosed room, however which was used or common CQurtyard or staircase etc., used or for living, dining, storing and cooking purposes was recognised as a separate unit. A household is a regarded as a room. group of persons who commcnly live together and It would therefore, be quite evident from above would take their meals from a common kitchen, that the Oensus definition of a room was the same unless the exigencies of 'work prevented anyone as in 1961. Broad dimensions of the room, given of them from doing so. A houshehold may be of in the two censuses, of 1961 and 1971 did not persons related by blood; or of unrelated persons. furnish adequate information on the size of the The latter refers to such cases as Boarding Houses, room. As a result of which it would be difficult to Hostels, Residential Hotels, Orphanages, Rescue make a suitable case for the detailed study of the Homes, Ashrams etc. living conditions of the people in this state. Oorrect Information pertaining to the number of rooms, dimensions of the room, besides information on was collected in column 11 of the Houselist, which other aspects of amenities available to a household, read number of living rooms in the occupation of such as bath room, latrine, kitchen, etc., cpuld have "Census Household." On the basis of the details afforded an opportunity to given better description made available by the Houselisting Operation under about the standard of living people in this Pradesh. lihis column, Table H-III dealing with "House Data available in Table H-III: holds classified by number of members, and by number of rooms occupied" has bcen prepared. The Table H-III would enable us to study the data number of the members of the household was made on housing accommodation, expressed in terms of available under column 13 to 15 of the Houselist number of rooms, in relation to the aize of house dealing with the number of PQrsons normally resid holds. This study would be further facilitated by ing in Census HOllsehold on the day of visit of consulting two other subsidiary tables H-III-l and tiQ 51 . ..) :H-IIj-2. These two subsidiary, tables explain the living in two roomed houses. The number of distribution of 1000 Census Households by number the households with the unspecified number of of rooms occupied; and number of persons, males and rooms is very small, i.e., these stood only 855 house: females per room and persons per household. holds with a population of 3,543 persons-i,827 males and 1,716 females. Number of perSOns per room and household: The rural and urban break up at tho ltate level Before attempting discussion on this Chapter, would also reveal an interesting position. Generally, it would be worthwhile to give a general description the housing problem is more acute in the towns in of houses in this state. The description would help comparison to villages. The intensity of this situa to analyse the picture that emerges in this Pradesh, tion, again, is universal in all the towns of the more realistically. country. Obviously, this state too has more or In the extremely cold areas of Chamba District less presented the same trend of acute housing such as Pangi and Chaurah Tahsils; and Brahmaur problem in its towns. Sub-Tahsil, the housing pattern is generally of one Table H -III goes on to explain that in the rural room structure. When winter approaches and the areas, on an average, a house comprises of a little entire region is covered with a thick sheet of snow, over two rooms. Further on an average, a llousehold this room accommodates the entire family, besides has five persons. And as such the ratio between serving as a cattle-shed. But in other extremely the number of rooms and members comes to cold areas-Kinnaur and Lahul and Spiti Districts, 2·40 persons per room. living conditions do not conform to the above pattern. In fact the housing structure here differs The households, occupying one roomed houses from region to region, or even between one sub aCCOUfJt for the highest percentage of about 39 to division to another ofthe same district. An attempt the total Census Households in rural areas, and has already been made in the foregoing Chapter the lowest percentage i.e., 0·14 by the households to give a description of housing pettern of this state with unspecified number of rooms. This would lead in different parts. to the conclusion that despite the fact that on an Taking the main table fer discussion, it would be average a census house comprises of two rooms, seen that at the state level, the total number of the largest section of the rural population is in 6,54,637 Census Households in the State, accoun occupation of one roomed houses. ted for 14,41,296 number of rooms. In this In urban areas we find that an average census on an average, each houshold can claim 2·20 rooms household consisting of four persons (3·96) persons or say on an average, each household has a little to be precise lives in less than two rooms. The ratio over two rooms in this state. between the number of rooms and number of Further, according to th~ houselist, the total persons comes to 1· 99 persons per room respectively number of persons returned duri~g the hOllselifltiIl_g that the largest number of households accounting were 34,16,179 i.e., 17,46,031 males and 16,70,HS for 46·45 percent of the total urban households females. In this way, an average household would live in one roomed houses. seem to be comprised of 5·22 persons. Looking at the rural and urban composition it Linking the two issues, we get that at the state would be gathered that in both components, a level, an average household comprising of five major portion of households live in single roomed persons, has on an average two rooms at its dis houses. In terms of percentage however, the house posal. Conversely we find that on an average, hold] with one room in urban sector, have an a vout 2· 37 persons share a room in this state as edge over the rural. Further, referring to the ratio against the all India aver~ge of two persons per of rooms as to the number of members, we find room. that in urban areas, there is less concentration, as A further lool>-'into this table would reveal that after every ro(m there are about two persons (1' 99 at the state level, the largest number of households persons per room). But in rural areas, there appears live in one roomed houses. The relative figures to be more pressure as the ratio being more than speak that in this category 2,59,095 households, two persons (2, 40 persons) per room. accounting for 1Q,73,9'16 persons-5,72,052 males In view of the size of the households living in and 5,01,894 females are one roomed households. single roomed houses in rural and urban areal3, the The second largest number of households live entire discussion should ordinarily lead to the obvi in two roomed houses. The relevant figures are ious inference that more congestion is pronounc 2,19,318 households, accounting for 11,68,425 ed in rural areas in single roomed housel! than in persons, 5,90,754 males and 5,77,671 females, urban areas. 52 But the position is not exac~ly the same as the only a single room and that should explain why statistics discussed above would lead us to infer. t uere is a large percentage of one roomed house Unfortunately the size of the room has not been holds in urban areas. defined. In urban areas rooms are of smaller di mension than in rural areas. In rural areas a single District-wise distribution of householdll according room is big enough to serve manifdd purposes of to number of rooms occupied : domestic life. In one corner of such a room, is the Subsidiary Table H-III-1 gives the details family hearth where food is cooked, in other part about the distribution of 1000 census House their entire household effects are stored. Still this holds by number of rooms occupied. very room has space enough to enable the entire family to sleep at night and yet in census termi This table would reveal that at the state level, nology this will be categorized as a single room the largest number of householdi; were in the tenament. So this big room should not be equated occupation of one roolIled and two roomed houses with a small room in urban area. Such a room with the proportionate figures of 396 and should therefore not be held at par with small room 335 per thousand of Census Households, respec in urban areas, as the space covered by such a room tively. The Census Households, in occupation of would in larger cases be more than the space five rooms and above are the smallest, with the covered by two rooms of ordinary size in urban proportionate figures of 70 per thousand of Census areas. So these statistics should not ordinarily Household. lead us to the inferen(le that there is more conges The proportion of households in occupation of tion in rural areas. In fact the position is the one room varies from 172 per thousand in Bilaspur otherway round. District to 667 per thousand in KuIt.. District. The proportion of one roomed houser, is fairly hig~ The only apparent reason fpr thir, appeat:_s to in Sirmaur and Kinnaur Districts, where the re be the joint family system which holds a stronger lative figures are 512 and 507 per thomand of grip on the rural population of this state. This hold census households, respectively. of joint family system in the rural areas can be attributed further to two reasons-agricultural In the case of Census Households, occupying occupation of the people and the age old traditions two rooms, the proportion varies between 193 and customs prevalent in the areas. Agriculture to 407 per thousand. Lahul and Spiti and Kangra in this part of the country is not that easy a task as Districts account for the lowest and the highest in the plains. The hilly terrain of this Pradesh, proportions respectively. The Kinnaur and coupled with the climatic conditions, force people Maha6u Di~tricts with the proportion of 331 and to exert more to eke out a meagre living from the 319 per thousand respectively record the second inhospitable land. So to make the best use of the and third position in thib behalf. land resources under these circumstances, more Reverting to the category of households in hands in the family are said to be the only answer. occupation of five rooms and above, we find that Lahul and Spiti District with the proportion of Still further the construction of houses too is 317 per thousand of Census Households account not an easy job here. The material no doubt, is for the highest number of such houses; followed locally available, but the carriage is expensive. Lab next by Bilaspur District, with a proportion of our can be available only in off agriculture period 214 per thousand. Of course, Kulu District and it. takes many years to build a h011se, even if with the proportion of 14 per thousanrl, accounts the owner can manage the necessary finance. The for the lowest proportion. speed of constructions is extremely slow. Construc Summing up, it would be evident that Kulu tion of a new house or room is under taken only is the only District in the state which has a large when it is absolutely necessary or when a joint number of households in occupation of one roolIled family falls apart. This has forced people to learn houses; and smallest number in the matter of to build single roomed houses" but commodious five rooms and above. As against it, Lahul and enough to serve as an all purposes room. Spiti District, has the largest number of census houses in occupation of five rooms and above. As regards the urban areas, the reasons for low ratio of the inmates to the number of rooms, are Simla District has presented all together a contrary to what have been offered for the rural moderate picture in this behalf. The largest areas. In towns, mostly service people are living. number of households do occupy one room; but And there is no question of much of the effects of the second highest number of two roomed houses. joint family system. However, on account of high The number of households in occupation of five rents low paid employees can afford to take on rent rooms and above is also significant. 53 NU11iber of PerSOltlJ per room and Persons per roomed houses. Similarly in the case of three Household by District. roomed houses, this District with the figures of 2·26 persons 1·18 males and 1· 08 females Subsidiary table H-III-2 explains the position of the bize of the Census Households and its accounts for the highef,t number of persons living break-up; sex-wise, per room. It would be con in three roomed houses. venimt to study thi8 table in two parts i.e., The number of persons living in four; .and five number of person" per room, which would give roomed and above houses is significantly much an idea about the housing shortage; and persons smaller. In these two size of houses, Sirmaur per household which would reveal the size of the again with the figures of 1 . 90 persons-I· 00 males households. and 0-90 females; and 1·46 persons-0·78 males and 0·68 females account for the highest number NumrJer of Per8(m~ pBr room of pcr&ans sharing each room in this size of the At the -state level, the number of persons per houses. This goes to explain that for the District room comes to 2·37 i.e., 2·40 in rural areas and as a whole, Sirmaur District in thi& state accounts 1· 99 persons in urban areas. This goeb on to or the highest averages of persons living in explain that there is more congestion in villages two roomed to five roomed and above houses. than in the towns. This District has a small urban population and is inhabit~d by mostly local people, living in Coming over to the ratio of persons and the their own houses. number of rooms occupied, we gather from this table that this ratio i" the highest in the case of one Taking the rural and UI ban position at the roomed houses. The relative figures of the table District level separately, we find that in the rural reveal that the one roomed houses account for areas, Kulu District with the figures of 3·40 4·15 persons i.e., 4·31 in rural, 2·77 persons in persons per room comes on the top agJ.inst the urban areas. The rural and urban composition state level rural figures of 2·40 persons. Sirmaur strengthens our belief still further that the District with the figures of 2·93 persons follows concentration of one roomed houses is more next. Lahul and Spiti District with the figure of pronounced in the villages than in the towns. 1· 26 persons per room comes at the bottom. Among the different sizes of houses we find that The ratio of persons and the number of rooms Chamba District with the figures of 4·54 persons keeps on decreasing substantia.lly, till we find -2' 39 males and 2 ·15 females, accounts for the that the concentration, both in village" and the highest number of persons living in one roomed toWllS is the lowest in respect of the cemus houses in the villageI'. Kulu and Sirmaur Dist.rict houses with five roomH and above; which with the figures of 2· 89 persons each (1' 48 males account for· 1·20 i.e., 1·21 in the villages and and 1·41 females; and 1·55 males and 1·34 1·15 in the towns. females respectively) living in one room of two Among the Districts, Kulu District accounts roomed hOUS3S record the 'econd highest number for the highe"t ratio of the number of pnsons per of their rural population. These Districts arc room. The figures speak that there are 3·26 per followed next by Mandi District which has the sons per room in this District. It may be due second largest rural population living in two to the fact that the whole District is a big tourist roomed houses, with the figures of 2· 80 persons attraction, resulting in this high concentration. -1 . 41 males amI ]·39 females per room. How· And since the tourist influx is mosjJ.y a seasonal ever among the Districts in the case of rural affairs, new houses are not coming up. population living in three roomt;d houses, this district with the figures of 2·31 persons-I'I5 Referring to one roomed houses, we find that males and 1· Hi females accounts for the highest the concentration in Dhamba, Kangra, Mandi, number. And in the case of four roomed houses, Kulu and Sirmaur Districts of the Pradesh is more Sirmaur District with the figures of 1· 94 persons or lass the same but Chamba District. has an edge -1 ·02 males and 0·92 females has the highest over these districts accounting for 4·46 persons number of persons living in such houses. i.e., 2·36 males and 2·10 females. The reason being the typical living pattern of the people in In the last category of houses i.e., five rooms Pangi and Chaurah Tahsils as also in Brahmaur and above; we find that whole Sirmaur District Sub-Tahsil where generally cattle and inmates has again the highest figures of 1· 53 persons live together dluing the wintry days. -0·81 males and 0·72 females in the whole of this Pradesh. Sirmaur District, with the figure& of 2·86 per sons i.e., 1· 53 males and 1· 33 femabs accounts Coming over to the towns. we find that at the for the largest number of persons living in two state level, there are 1· 99 persons after every 154 fOOin. it reveals that the congestion viz-a.-viz grip on the village folks evert now. The agriculturg,l the number of rooms is lesser in urban areas, occupation of the people, which itself being a as compared to villages where the average is gambIt> in the monsoon necessitates more hands in 2·40 persons per room. the family to effectively carry out the operations in the fields. These two reasons alone account for the The District-wise position indioates that the bigger sizes of the households in the ruml areas of number of persons per room is the highest in the this state in. the case of the towns where generally towns of Chamba District, which accounts for service and business people live, the size of the 2·24 persons per room. The lowest proportion household is small. is claimed by the towns in the Bilaspur District, with the relative figures ofl· 82 persons per room. When we turn our attention to the District-wise posit.ion of the composition of the households in the In so far as the different categories of houses Districts we find that the size of the household in are concerned, we find that in the towns of Kangra, Mandi, Bilaspur, Mahasu and Sirmaur Sirmaur District, the largest number of people District is more or less the same but amongst them, claiming a proportion of 3·27 persons-I· 95 Biiaspur District, with the figures of l). 62 persons males and 1· 42 females live in one roomed per household, accounts for the highest average in houses. In this respect this District is followed the state followed by Kangra District with the next by Chamba District, where 3·25 persons- figures of 5·36 persons per household. The lowegt 1·88 males and 1·37 females live in one average of the composition of the households have roomed houses in the towns. been recorded for Simla District, with the figures of 4:. 66 persons per household. Sirmaur District again tops in the matter of the' largest urban population of this District, Turning to the rural and urban break-up sepa. living in two roomed hou8e&. The relative figures rately of tha size of the households, we find that in are 2· 50 persons i.e., 1· 33 males and 1·17 the villages Bilaspur District again claims the females. largest proportion of 5· 72 persons per household, in the state. Mandi with the figures of 5· 46 persons In so far as three roomed houses are concerned comes next. Bilaspur District with the figures of 1· 99 persons -1· 04 males and o· 95 females accounts for the In the towns, the avorag@ size of the household largest number of its urban population living in is tho highest in Sirmaur District which accounts three roomed houses. for 4:. 65 persons per household. Chamba District with the figures of 4· 63 persons is close on the heels. Finally., so far as the four; and five rooms and Kulu District accounts for the lowest average i.e., above house~ am concerned, Chamba District 3 . 55 persons. has the highest ratio of its urban population living in such .type of houses with the respective figures of 1·78 persons-O'91 males and 0'87 AVerage numbar of persons per househOld by the females; and 1 ·45 persons-O· 8.2 males and number of rooms: 0·63 females. At the District level, the highest average of 4:. 46 person -I per household, Ii ving in one roomed Number oj Persons per Household houses is in the Ohamba District, Sirmaur District, /" with the figures of 5·72 persons per houeehold The data available on this aspect will afford claims the highest average of households, living in an opportunity to study the size of the households two r.oomed houses; as also in the case of three in this state. It has already been discussed in the roomed houses when the average is 6' 77 persons beginning of the Chapter that the average si~o of.n per hou'lehold. household is 5·22 persons. However, the Slze IS bigger in rural areas than the urban areas. -The Four; and five roomed and above houses account average composition of a household in villages is for a significant average at the state level, which 5·35 persons, and in the towns it comes to 3· 96 being 6· 36 and 7 ·86 persons respectively. III thes~ persons. two categories of houses, the average size of a household is the highest in Sirmaur District along The reasons for a bigger &ize of a household with the figures of 7·60 and 9·02 persons, res in the rural areas of tho state have already been pectively. This reveals that sufficiently a good explained in the foregoing page6 whic~ ~!l.ve be.en number of hou~eholds in this district are in the attributed to the age old customs of Jomt famlly occupation of bigger houses having rooms ranging system in the villages, which holds a. much stronger, from three to five a.nd above. 05 Dil:lcul)sing the rural and urban break-up sepu [11> cious ones, to accommodate large family members tely in respect of the size of the households, by the which is the natural boon of this system. number of rooms, we find that in the Districts of Bilaspur and Mandi, the highest proportion has In urban areas the average size of a houo-chold been recorded in the rural areas, with the figures of at the state level comes to 3· 96 persons. Sirmaur 5· 72 and 5·46 persons per household, respectively District again has the largest E'ize of the household in rural areas. In the urban areas, Sirmaur District in its towns, with the average figures of 4· 6f) . with the figures of 4·65 persons per household has persons. It is followed next by Chamba District the largest average in the state. which account for 4· 63 persons per housell.old. In tho case of hou'leholds living in one roomed In the category of one roomed houses Sirmaur houses in the rural areas of the District, we find District, with the figures of 3· 37 persons, comes on that the average number of persons per household the top, against the state level urban figures of is the highest in Chamba District, with the figures 2· 77 persons. Chamba District with 3·25 persons of 4· 54 persons. comes next. Bilaspur District is at the lowcst rung of the ladder with 2·31 persons. Sirmaur District with 5·79 persons has the highest average per household, living in two roomed As regards the houses with two rooms, the llOuses. Kulu Distriot is olose on the heels, with average number of persons per household comes to 5· 78 persons. 4· 28 persons at the state level for its. urban areas. At the District level, again Sirmaur District, with In the category of three to five rooms and 5· 00 persons comes on the top followed by Chamba above, the highest average again has been recorded District, WhICh 'has 4· 75 pereons per household. for Sirmaur District, with the relative figurep of In the case of three roomed houses, the average 6 . 86, 7· 75 and 9· 20 persons per household res number of persons per household coines to 5·39 pectively. at the state level. Here the Bilaspur District tops the average with 5·96 persons whereas Sirmaur Dis Summing up, the results revealed that in the trict has been elevated to the second position in villagts of Sirmaur District, the people have the this regard, with 5·94 persons. highest average in the state in the matter of living in big houses, i.e., from three roomed to five roomed For four roomed houses, the average number of and a bove houses. The reasons for large hom'es in persons per household comes to 6·07 persons at the the rural area'! of this District being due to the state level. For the towns, Chamba District with fact that in this Dil"trict, there is a tradition to 7·1 0 persons comes on th~ top, followed next by build up generally double or multi-storeyed houses. Mandi District, with 6·57 persons. The gr?und floors are completely earmarked for the live stock. The upper storey are kept exclusively And finally, in so far as the houses with five for living purposes. In Paonta, Shinai and Rainka roomed and a hove are concerned, the highest 'l'ahsils of this District, which are also called as averaglO' of the nunlber of persons, per housohold, cis-giri, and trans-giri areas, mostly barrack type has he en recorded in the towns of Chamba Dis double or multi-ftorey houses are constructed. As trict with 9.84 perflons, against the state figures polyandry i ~ the popular cu!"tom of marriages in of 7.50 persons. Bilaspur District with 8.73 these areas, the houses are made sufficiently spa- persons follows next. 73M, J(D)2SCOJl.P.,-o CHAPTER V Tenure Status : Explanation of data collected in Table H-IV : Households classified by size and tenure status: Table H-IV deals with the householrls classified A perusal of table H-IV would reveal that at by size and tenure status. It furnishes information the State level the total number of households are down to District level. This table was constructed 6,54,637. Of these 5,96,686 households are in rural on ihe basis of the particulars of tenure stntns areas; and 57,951 are in urban areas of the State. collected in column 12 of the houselist, Y{'t In this way the raral areas claims a little over 91 anot.her subsidiary table, H-IV-1, construded with per cent. of the total households in the Stl1te; the help of main table, furnishes information on and the urban areas have only 9 per cent. homc 'Distribution of 1000 Census households living in holds in their share. The deduction COlli census houses, according to size of the household mensurates wit.h the otherwise 1971-C'ensus in rural and urban areas, separately'. population distribution of rural and urbl'.,n areas. Occupied Census Houses can be cla.ssified into Referring to the distribution of owned and two broad categories, viz., (a) those used wholly rented houfles at the S~ate level; w~ find that at or partly as dwrllings; and (b) non-dwellinljf1, the State level, largest number of households used for different purposes. In this cha pter we live in owned houses. And the number of houEle aro concerned with the first category of housee holds living in rented housos is about seven tim(-s only. less. The respeetive figures are 5,65,058 in respect of those households, who live in owned housf;s; It may be further indicated, that the dwelling~ and 89,579 for those. who live in rented houses. were still further divided into (i) those used ex clusively for residential purposes, (ii) shop-cum Further the rural and urb[l,n distribution in residence, (iii) workshop-cum-re~idence, and fimllly this behalf would reveal that tlJO households (iv) residence with other uses. living in owned houses is very substantial in An (){'cupied census house may be either owned the rural areas; whereas, reverse position is or rented. Necessary entries to this effect were noticed in urban area~. Out of the total rural made in column 12 of the houselist, which read households in rural areas 5,48,233 households 'whether the household lives in his own house, or accounting for about 92 per cent. of the total rural rented house'. In case a household lived in his own households, live in owned houses. And on tht, houae, and paid no rent to anyone in any form, he other hand the households living in rented houses was considered to be living in his own house. If it in the urban areas, account for 71 per cent. of the person lived in a flat or a house taken on 'owner total urban households. The appare'1t result that ship' basil! on payments of instalments, that is forthcoming out of this discussion is tha t for person too was considered to be living in his own a significantly large popUlation of the State, which house, even though all the instalments had not has its 93 per cent. people living in the villages, been paid. The word '0', personIfying as owned, the overall position of the houses appears to be was recorded against that household in this column. quite satisfactory. On the other hand for a small urban population, claiming just 7 per oent, On the other hand, if a household lived in a the high percentage of households living in ronted rented house, necessary entries were made in hl)uses, does not matter much. /this column against that household. For that mat ter the word 'R', representing as living in It ren Studying tenure status with reference to tLe ted house was recorded. The rent may be in size of the households in the State, we find that cash or kind. For example Government or some agl:'inst 6,54,637 total census households the lar private ageneies provide rent-free accommoda gest number of households, i.e., 2,75,235 have tion to their staff. The enumerators, in all such six and more members in the family. TllO cases, were instructed to record against ll,1I those outright impresf-ion that these five figures for the households as living in rented houses; irrespective State as a whole is that the trend is towards of the fact that they were provided with rent-free largest fa.mily size. And looking at the rural accommodation, and no rent was paid by them. and urban distribution we find that such house Besides, if a household lived in a house with certain holds have the largest number in the rural side adjustment; of course with the prior permission with the figures of 2,60,331. Further 2,63,060 of tho owner of the house, and paid no rent, it households i.e., 98 per cent. of the households in was also considered as living in a rented house. this category, live in owned JlO11se8. 56 51 On the urban side also, we find that tho largest Among the Districts, Bilaspur with the propor number of households, accounted fcr 14,904 house tion of 957 per thousand of Census households holds, having six and mOre persons. Majority claims the largest number of households living in of these households, i.e., 8,039, live in owned houses owned houses in the rural areas. Kangra District, and 6,865 househ )lds live in rented houses. with the proportionate figures of 942, per thousand of census households follows next, in the rural At . the State level quite an encouraging pif! areas. However, Lahul and Spiti District, with ture emerges in the m'ttter of owned and rented the figures of 768, per thousand of census house hQuses; out of 6,54,637 census households 5,65,058 holds comes at the bottom. houselJOlds live in owned housf>s as against, 89,579 homleholds in ronted houses revealing, Bilaspur District is predominantly agricultural that 11 significantly large population in this State, in character. Out of its three towns-Bilaspur, lives in owned houses. And yet another con Shri Naina Devi Ji, and Ghamarwin; only clusion that emerges out of tbc above discussion Bilaspur town can boast of being at its appro is that in tho State as a whole, there is a trend priate place of town. The other two towns, for larger family. It is applic",ble hoth for rural Ghamarwin being of recent origin, are too small, and urban areas. The rural concept of large with an essential characteristics of rural areas. family is quite understandable. Agriculture, This is one of the very important reasons for a being 010 predominr.nt occupation of the people, large number of house-holds living in owned more and more hand are always welcome to effec houses in the rural areas of this District. And tively carry out this occupation. The joint then as some portion of this District in the shape family system, which has a strongur held on the of houses and land etc., have submerged in the village folks, provides the concepts of larger fami Gobindsagar; more and more people appear to lies all the more strength. As the mobility among have constructed their own h011ses, with whatever the rural population is much less, at least in this compensation they were given by the Government Stat{', the ancestral houms wh;ch make the core for this loss. of the owned houses for our discussion, are largely In so far as the Kangra rural areas arc con found in the areas. cerned, the concept of a large number of owned On the other hand although quite a large num houses can perhaps be explained in the words ber of households comprise of six and more per that the whole District is' known for military sons; in the urban areas; this can be best ex men. Practically from every household in the plained that theBe hous'lhold'l are mostly owned District, one or two persons are either on active by the local people, livirg in the towns for service or are retired persons of the army. When quite some tinie. And ItS a significant number they are on active service, they keep on sending i.e., 8,039, out of the total of 14,904 such house~ regular amounts to their families living in this holds live in owne'l houses; it provides added District, these families after meeting out the strength to our explanation. .. . general expenses utilised the savings for construct ing houses in these areas. We have already ex C However, in the urban areas, tho ~cond highest plained in Chapter III of this report, that quite number of hom;eholds, i.e., 14,180, eompriflo a large number of houses in this District, use of ono person only. Of these, only 1,664 households mud or unburnt bricks as the material of walls; live in owned houses and the remaining, i.e., and slate for the roofs. Both of these materials 12,516 households live in rented buildings. This are locally available, and can be had at much elucidation gives ample support to our earlier cheaper rates. versions that the urban side in this State is mostly inhabited by the s"ervice people, livin~ in Lahul and Spiti District is the smallest District rented houses. And since the holds of joint family of the State, in the matter of population. Accord system is rather loose in the cus£: of service ingly it claims the smallest number of house-holds, pwple; we find .. that the next largest number of i.e., 3,670 only. Further, the entire District is households in the State comprise of only one rural. The smallest number of the house holds person. in the State, living in their own house in this District-wise distribution of 1,000 Census house District, can be explained that all the District holds living in Oensus Houses: According to level offices; besides some Central Government the size of the Housenolds 1:n Rural and Urban Offices, are located here. The service people Areas here live mostly in the rented houses. Hence, in collaboration with the small population size, To study the district-wise position, for rural the outsiders serving in different offices, who and urban areas, separately, Table H-IV-l is mostly live in rented houses have reduced the referred to. number of owned houses. 73M/J(D)2SCOH.F.--6(a) Coming oyer to the urba.n side, we find that besides,being inhabited hy sufficientLy large number Kangra urba.ll comes on the top with the propor of outsiuer3 who are there in connection with the tion of 536 households per thousand of ceusus service; this high proportion cannot take a~yo~e households living in owned houses. Chamba by 81_trprisc. The Kinnaur District, whleh 18 urban, with the figure of 450 per thousand of the second smallest District, and which is aL<;o census households follows next. However, thb rural in character, presents the second highest '3mallest proportion of 90 per thousand of census proportion of rented houses in its areas, with the llOuseholds, has been recorded for the towns (If Simla District. figure of 193 per thousand of census households. What appears to be an interesting phenom~~on Explanation of high proportion for households is the next higher proportion of households l:vmg living in owned houses in the towns of Kangra in rented houses in the rural areas of Simla, District is the same as offered for its rural areas. Mahasu, Kulu and Sirmaur Districts. The propor The local people are largely living in the towns tionate firrures for these Districts are 125, 121, of this District, who have owned most of the 107 and 103 respectively, per thousand of census houses in the urban areas. households. It is due to bhe f-act that more and more outsiders are living in the villages of these For Chamba towns we can offer the only possible Districts in rented houses. Mostly these outsiders explanation that its towns are also inhabited belong to service class posted to the rural areas by the local people, living there for quite some of these districts. Negligible number' could be time. They have built up their own houses for their use. found in business or other activities other than Government service. I However, for Simla District, which has recorded CominO' over to the urban sides of the Districts the smallest proportion for its towns in the State, we find that the urban area.s of Simla District the reasons are so well known. The towns of record the highest proportion of ~Oll~eh~lds this District, chiefly Simla town, accommodates livinO' in rented houses in the towns of thIS DistrlCt. a large number of Government Offices. This The "relevant figures are 910 per thousand of town being the seat of the State Government census households. is housing all the State level offices as well a.~ the District level offices. Further a good number The proportion of households living in. .ren.ted of Central Government Offices, are also located houses in the urban areas of all the DIstncts here. This town, may, rightly be called as a is on the higher side, ranging in between 461 to service town. Since the Government servants 910 per thousand of census households. Tho ur?an are mostly outsiders, they largely live in the areas of Simla District represent highest proportIOn, rented houses. This explanation goes on to i.e., 910 households out of one thousand census prove for the adequately low proportion of the households livlng in rented houses. The next households living in owned houses in the towns higher proportions have been recorded by 1\iahasu - ofthis district,_ and l\Iandi Districts. In their urban areas, the proportionate figures indicate that 796 and Referring to the position of rented houses 727 honseholds, per thousand of census h(Juse and their distribution in rural and urban area~ holds live in rented houses in the towns of these of a District, the over all p08ition that emerged Districts. This gives a feel of the same old expla?-a a.t the State level, is worth recalling. We have tion, that only service people hailing from outSIde already made it clear that the intensity of rented are living here. houses would be more in the towns, than in the villages, where more or less every household Tenure Status and the Size of the lIouseholds : irrespective of its size, owns a house. Table H-IV-1 At the Pradesh level the number of one person goes on to support this version, quite clearly. households stood at 76,909 with the break up Against the proportion of 81 per thousand of of 62,729 for rural and 14-,180 for urban. In census households, in the rural areas of the State rural areas it shall be seen that. as much as 4:1,Q25 the -proportion of rented houses in the urba~ one person households li\re in. ~wne?- houses areas of this Pradesh is as high as 710, per th(Jusand whereas in urban areas the posltlOn lS reverse. of census households. Out of 14 180 one person households in urban areas o_nly' 1,664 households live in owned houses The rura.! areas, of Lahul and Spiti District accounts for the highest proportion of 232, per and the remaining 12,516 in rented houses. thousand of censUli households living in rented The above elucidation completely fits in, m houses. This District being wholly rural and the District-wise position also. Referring to l:Imaller in size, in the matter of population; t~ble !l-IV-l We find that the proportjOJi cf 59 owned hOllses ill the rural areas is quite significant Mandi District, has as many as four towns, viz., at thc District level, yet for our discussion, it N.A.O. Joginder Nagar, M.O. Mandi, 1\1.0. Sundar may be mentioned that the highest proportion Nagar, and BSL Pandoh. In so far as Jogindar of 82, per thousand of census households, com Nagar town is concerned, it has already housed prised of one person, is in the rural areas of the Shan an Power House; besides the Bassi Power Sinllaur District. The next highest proportion, House, which was recently constructed by the 'i.e., 80, per thousand of census households, has State Government. Therefore, because of these been recorded in the case of Bilaspur District. two Power Projects in this town, sufficiently large The lowest proportion of 59 per thousand of number of outsiders reside here, in connectiun . census households, has been recorded for Ohamba with their duties. And on account of these factors, District. As for urban areas, the proportion this district showed highest proportion of one of one person households living in the owned person households when compared with urban houses is again much insignificant, ranging any areas of other districts in the Pradesh. where between 10 to 46 per thousand of census households. This insignificant proportion for one Mandi Town is the District Headquarter of person households, living in the owned houses Mandi District and as such district level as well in urban areas, warrants no explanation. Highest as circle offices are accommodated there. Towns proportion, i.e., 46 one person households per of Sundar Nagar and B.S.L. Pandoh are greatly thousand census households living in owned influenced by the construction of Beas-Sutlaj houses stood for Kangra District urban areas link in lViandi District. A good number of workers closely followed by Bilaspur and Sirmaur Districts, associated with this project reside in these urban areas to the extent of 44 one person house towns. holds. Lowest proportion of 10 one person house Bilaspur, Mahasu and Simla Districts, with holds per thousand census households is found the proportionate figures of 244, 239 and 226 in Simla District urban. respectively, per thousand of census households, However, diverting the discussion on the follow next in the order of their strength. Even rented side, for these one person households, the lowest proportion of 136, per thousand of for the rural and urban areas of each District in census households, recorded for the urban areas the State, we find that in so far as the rural areas pf Sirmaur District, give support to the already llJ'e concerned, the highest proportions have reached decision at the State level. And so we been recorded in the caSeS of Lahul and Spiti conclude that in the State, the households, com and Kinnaur District. The relevant figures are prising of one member, live largely in the rented US and 9:1, per thousand of census households, houses in the urban area. Their distribution, respectively. Both these Districts, as -already even among the Districts is quite fair. explained, are completely rural. And whatever The second category of households comprise high proportion of one _person households, Jiving of two persons. At the State level we find that in rented houses has been recorded for these Dis the distribution among the rural and urban areas tricts is due to the fact that quite a large number as also w'ith regard to the fact whether most of of outsiders are living in these areas, in connection them live in owned or rented houses, is clear from with their duties. The reasons for the small the Table H-IV-l. Here again, we find that size of the households being due to the fact that similar position, as emerged for the One person the terrain and climatic conditions in these Dis huuseholds is visible. The largest proportion of tricts are not such where most _of the households huuseholds live in the rented houses in the towns. can keep their families with them throughout Again probably the same explanation can be offered the year. With the exception of these two Districts, that the towns are largely inhabited by the service the remaining Districts have recorded most in people. And most of them being outsiders, who significant proportions for their rural areas, ranging live there in connection with their service; it between 24- to 19, per thousand of census is but natural that they must be living in the households; and need no explanation. rented houses. This explains only one side of the data thrown open by Table H -IV-I. In the caSe of urban areas; which has alreg,dy recorded a significant proportion of households This generalisation at the State level would with one person, living in rented houses at the help to carry out further discussion down to State level, we find that the highest proportion District level. Taking the case of owned houses, at the District level has been recorded in the urban where two member households live, we find their areas of Mandi District. The relevant figures proportion is higher in rural areas, than ·the are 271, per thousand of census households living urban areas. The OVer all proportion ranges any in rented houses. where between 62 to 108, per thousand of census 60 households, respectively for the rural areas. And respect of the towns of Kangra District; and the this proportion is the highest for the rural are as towns of Simla District are occupying the lowest ofSirmftur District; and the lowest for the District place. of Lahul and Spiti. In the case of rural areas, where the propor ll'urther the urban areas too did not fare any tion is quite significant as compared to urban areas better. Here the proportion of two persons house it can be said that large family is a most common holds living in owned houses in the towns ranges feature in the villages. As three persons house anywhere between 9 and 55, per thousand of census holds cannot be termed as a large family, by any households; respectively. The highest proportion stretch of imagination; we can offer only this has been recorded by the urban areas of Kangra explanation for it that it is the turning point of District; and the lowest by the towns of Simla, the entire discussion. From now on we would District. find that larger and larger families in the villages When we turn our attention to the rented are living in owned houses. houses for this category of households, we find The position of three persons households living that the State level position is very well exhibited in ranted house.,;, both in the villages and towns by the towns of all the Districts. We base our of this State, present a decreasing trend. The conclusion on the fact that whereas in rural proportion of these households living in rented arcus of the Districts the proportionate figures houses present a contrasting position at the Sta"te for such type of households, living in rented level for rural and urban area&. Whereas in the houses ranges anywhere between 7 and 46 res rural areas of the State, the proportion i,,; 9, per pectively, per thousand of census households, thousand of census households; for urban areas which apparently appear to be quite insignificant; the proportion is as high as 89, per thousand of the urban proportion ranges between 76 and 166, censu~ households. per thousand of census households respec.tively. The highest proportion has been recorded by Among the Districts, tht' rural proportion lIas the Mahasu District, for its urban areas. Kulu, remained quite insignificant throughout, ranging Simla and Mandi Districts, with the proportionate anywhere between 4 to 27, p:lr thouf>and of consus figures of 159, 115 and 144 respectively per thou households, lespectively. sand of census houses, follow next. The same However, this proportion for urban areas is explanation as advanced for the one person quitf' high, ranging anywhere between 57 to 113, households, living in the rented houses in the per thousand of census households. The highest towns, are offered for this category. proportion, i.f'., 113 has been recorded for Simla Moving (lver to the next category, i.e., three urban; and 57 the lowest. for Chamba and Kangra persons households, living in owned and rented Districts. houses; we find that out of 68,526 three person The four persons households too cannot be households in the Pradesh 57,911 households termed as larger households. In the case of this live in owned houses against 10,615 households category of hou!1eholds, the previous trend is in rented houses. This showed that the balance visible. We ·find more such households living in is now tilting in favour of the households living owned houses in the rural areas. And more in the owned houses. It is further observed that of them live in rented houses in the towns. The the highest proportion of three member house respective proportions are 114 and 83, per thou holds live in the owned houses in the rural areas; sand of censw; households respectively. against these households living in the rented houses, in the towns. The respective proportion The high proportion of foul' persons households for these two being 95 and 89, per thousand of living in owned houses in vilIage~, is visible in census households respectively. all the Districts. The proportion for such cate gory of households is ranging anywhere between Taking first the cases of owned houses, in 84 and 128, per thousand of census households. the rural areas, where three persons households The highest proportion has been recorded for live; we find that the proportion is ranging any Chamba and the loweEt for Lahul and Spiti Dis where between 69 and 111, per thousand of census tricts, respectively_ As for the urban areas we households. The urban areas, as compared to find that at the State level, the proportion of rural areas, present a poor position in tbis respect. such houses is only 31, per thousand of census This proportion of three persons households living households. In comparison to rural areas, this in owned houses in the towns ranges, anywhere proportion is quite small. At the District level between 9 to 49, per thousand of census households. too, the proporticn ranges anywhere bet.ween 9 The highest proportion has been recorded in to 62, per thousand of cemus householt:ls, 61 However in so far as the rented houses are The rllral distributiun among the District~ concerned, we find that thc proportion of four shows, that the proportionate figures in respect persons hou5cholds living in rural areas is much of such households ranges anywhere between 2 less than in the urban areas. The relative figure to 11, per thousand of census hmseh)ld'l. The for both of them are 8 and 83, per thousand of highest proportion h'1s been rec')rd,3::l for tho census houses, respectively. rural areas of Lahul and Spiti, Simla a;t1d Kinnaur D:str:ct'l respectively a!ld the lowest proportions Among the Districts, the same position is have been recorded for Bilaspur District. clearly visihlc. We find that in so far as the villages are concerned, the proportion of four As for the urban break up of the five persons persons households living in rented houscs, ranges households living in rented hom;es, we find that anywhere between 3 to 15, per thousand of the proportions are no doubt higher than the census households. As regards urban areas, the rural figures for all the Districts; but still theso proportionate figures for towns are bearing quite are quite insignificant. The proportionate figures a significant contrast with the prevailing position ranges anywhere between 45 and 99, per thousand of villages. In this case, we find, that the pro of census households. The highest proportion portionate figures for urban areas in the Districts has been rp.corded for Simla urban and the lowest ranges anywhere between 47 and 114, per thou for Kangra, urban areas. sand of census households. The highest proportion; i.e., 114, four persons households per thousand And finally the last category of household, i.e., census household has been recorded for the towns six and more persons per household, an:l their of Simla District; and 47 the lowest, for the towns rural and urban distribution in the context of of Bilaspur District. The comparative picture of owned and rented houses pre~ents an interesting congestions in the matter of living conditions study. Looking at these proportions at the State of the urban population, is clearly visible in level, out right we get just an impression that these two Districts. among all the sizes of households discussed ear lier, these households are the largest in the State Coming over to the five rersons hom,eholns, not only in the rural areas, but in the urban af~a!l we find that this category too is showing the also. Therefore, we come to the conclusion that same trend, set earlier by the three persons in this State, larg~ sized families are common. households. At the State level, the proporti.on Further, studying this aspect in the context of of such households -living in owned houses is owned and rented houses, both for rural and urban quite high as compared to those, living in rented areas, it shall be seen that such type of large houses. As would be evidmt from the Table sized households are largely living in the villages H. IV. 1, we find that against 125 per thousand and of course, in their own houses. Agai.n the of such households, living in rura1 area['1; the second highest proportion at the State level has urban figures of these households living in owned also been net in by the owned houses for its urban houses, is much less, i.e., 37 per thousand of census areas. And finally, although the third place in hom·eholds. this behalf has been occupied by such house Looking at the position -of owned houses for holds living in the rented houses in the urban such type of households, i.e., five persons per areas; and position of rural areas in this behalf household we find that the State level disparity is most insignificant. between rural and urban areas is truly maintained by all the Districts. The proportion of such At the State l~vel, 427, per thousap.d of census rural households living in owned houses, ranges households, live in owned houses in the rural anywhere between 93 to 133, per thousand of areas. This is quite understandable for a State like census households. As against it the urban Himachal Pradesh, which has about 93 per cent. proportions do not maintain such parity, and the of its people living in villages. And then agri figures for the urban areas range bebwt-en 11 to culture being the predominant occupation of the 75, per thousand of census households. The people; the whole matter becomeb clear for such highest proportion hab been recorded for Kangra a high proportion of these households. District, and the lowest for Simla District. When we turn our attention to the second As regards the rented houses, we find that at highest proportion of 139 households, per thou the State level only an insignificant proportion sand of census households living in owned houses has been recorded for such households living in in the urban areas; we can make out only one rural areas. But in its comparison, the urban reason for this high proportion. All such house figures are quite high. The table reveals, that holds, their size may be of six or more persolL.'l. the respective figures for both of these categories are mostly the local people living in different are 6 and 68, per thousand of census households. towns for quite some time!!, And whereas the insignificant proportion of As against it Simla town is largely inhn.hited 9 households per thousand of census households by the outsiders. As a result of it, we find the living in rented houses in the villages does not urban areas of this District at the bottom, in warrant any explanation; proportion for such this regard. households in the towns is quite significant. The relevant figures for the latter are 119, per The intensity of six persons households, living thousand of census households. The two aspects, in rented houses, is also quite large in the urban i.e., the larger size of the households, which is areas. As against the proportion of 9, per thou six persons and more in a family; and living in sand of census households in rural areas as the rented houses in the towns may be due to many as 119 households, per thousand of census the fact that they relate to outsiders. This appears households live in rented houses in the towns. to be the only appropriate reasoning for this The small proportion in respect of the rural high proportion. In any case the pOBition areas for such hous,·hold;·, does not, thereforo would become still more clear when we discuss warrant any discussion, even at the District it for the Districts, separately. level, where these figures range anywhere bet The District-wise position of the six and more ween 3 to 18, per thousand of census households. However, for the towns, thi& proportion for all the persons households, living in owned houses in the Distriots is quite significant in comparison to rural areas gives a true reflection of what emerged rural areas. The proportionate figures range in at the State level. We find that this proportion is between 63 to 185 per thousand of census house the highest for all the rural areas of the Districts. The relevant figures range anywhere between holds. Th, highest proportion has been recorded for the towns of Simla District; and the lowest 374 to 479, per thousand of census households. Among the Districts Bilaspur has recorded the for the urban areas of Bilaspur Distri;)t. highest proportion for its rural areas. This Large families living in rented houses in the District is followed next by Mandi and Kangfa', towns in Simla District, gives an impression of which have recorded the next highest proportions congestion in these areas; as we know by common of such households in their rural areas. The experience of acute housing shortage in the lowest proportion of 374, per thousand of census town" of this district. The second highest propor households, has been recorded in Kulu District tion of 121, per thousand of census households for the rural areas. has been recorded for Mahasu District; followed ne.xt by Ohamblj. and Sirmaur Districts. These The urban proportion too of such households two Districts have recorded the third highest living in owned houses is not much lees. For the proportion of 98, per thousand of census house ~ntire urban areas of the State, the proportion of holds each for their urban areas. ~ix and more persons households, living in the owned houses, ranges anywhere between 42 to Before closing difcussion on this chapter, a 256, per thousand of census households. The passing reference may be givt,n to the households highest proportion has been recorded for the which have unspecified number of persons. urban areas of Sirmaur District closely followed These households are only few, i.e., 830 at the by Kangra District urban whereas Simla .urban State level. The rural areas claim only 273; and comes at the bottom. the urban areas account for 557. The distribution of these households living in the owned and The t;ntireSirmaurDistricthasthree towns M.O. rented houses would depict that in the towns, Nahan, M.O. Paonta and N.A.O. Sarahan. These where these households have been recorded a towns a~e mostly inhabited by the local people significant number live in rented houses. who constitute the bulk of the service people. These people have their own houses. And since On the whole, as the total number of such ; they are living there for many generations, the households is most insignificant in relation to strong hold of joint family system is apparently the total number of households for the State as visible in the form of larger households, i.e., six a. whole, no further discussion is needed in this members and above for Kangra District urban. behalf. TABLES 63 64 H--I-Oensus Houses and the uses to which they are put State/Di~trictl Tutal Total Census Occupied Census Houses used as City Rural number Houses Urban of CensUS Vacant Resl- Shop- Work- Hotels Sh0r.s Dusiness Factories, Restau- placcs places Others lIOllses at the dence cum- shop Sarais, oxe ud- bouses Work- rants, of of time of resi- cum- Dharam- ing and shops ~weet- enter- worship House- dance rasidence shala.s eating Offices and meet tain- (e.g. listln~ including iourist houses Work- shopS ments Temple, House- Homes sheds and and Church, hold Bnd In- eating commu- :r.losque, industry fpection places "lty Guru- housc~ gllth- dllwara cring ctc. (Pan- chayat ghar) exclud- Ing places of wor:hip 2 3 4 fi 6 7 8 0 10 11 12 13 14 15 Himachal Pradesh Total 8,62,896 74,363 6,22,055 6,945 13,614 2,543 12,199 4,297 31,775 2,653 869 7,165 84,418 Rural 7,82,345 65,740 5,67,914 6,182 12,750 7,690 7,690 2,678 29,068 1,914 797 6,750 78,972 Urban 80,551 8,623 54,141 763 864 65. 4,509 1,619 2,707 739 72 415 5,446 1. Chamba Total 68.955 9,145 45,922 275 618 273 077 345 3,774 242 1I6 638 6,830 Rural 63,232 8,280 42,484 £68 400 180 611 206 3,556 146 106 474 6,422 Urhan 5,723 865 3,438 7 28 84 366 139 218 06 10 64 408 2. Kangra Total 288,880 19,530 23",322 2,462 4,045 1,041 5,446 1,263 7,275 1,156 207 1,075 7,058 Rural 273,165 17,717 lUO,282 2,327 3,883 907 4,297 b66 6,420 1,005 102 971 5,298 Urbln 15,715 1,813 9,040 135 162 134 1,149 307 855 151 15 104 1,760 3. Mandl .. Total 132,057 0,050 01,061 1,182 2,673 178 1,494 589 5,224 364 139 1,018 18,185 Rural 117,291 8,426 80,'135 098 2,485 115 782 367 4,876 244 132 075 17,556 Urbn 14,766 624 11,626 184 188 63 712 222 348 120 7 43 629 4. Kulu Total 59,542 3,350 37,150 303 526 194 527 262 4,337 104 18 810 11,862 Rural 55,651 3,100 34,400 293 415 n6 327 159 4,184 69 17 785 11,687 Urban 3,891 259 2,651 109 111 78 200 103 153 35 1 25 175 6. Lahul and Spitl Total 6,437 440 3,397 27 6 33 77 40 452 31 18 127 781 Rural 5,437 440 3,397 27 5 33 77 40 452 31 18 127 781 Urban 6 •. Bilaspur Total 50,382 3,017 33,318 350 1,168 110 346 204 1,264 121 58 104 10,232 Rural 47,211 2,733 31,217 320 1,121 79 172 123 1,140 77 54 180 9,995 Urban 3,171 284 2,101 30 47 31 174 81 124 44 4 14 237 /' 7. Mahasu Total 116,545 14,245 77,059 1,162 1,779 297 1,108 656 5,425 208 168 2,042 12,246 Rural 109,584 .13,236 7:>,051 1,077 1,676 226 705 442 5,151 191 159 1,095 11,675 Urban 6,961 1,000 4,008 85 103 71 493 214 274 77 0 47 571 8_ Simla Total 64,373 5,458 43,212 435 994 230 1,373 465 1,695 247 48 477 0,739 Rural 39,648 2,001 26,012 254 827 77 314 129 1,196 91 31 380 8,237 181 167 Urban 24,725 3,367 17,200 153 ·1,059 336 499 156 17 88 1,502 9_ Sitmaur Total 58,510 4,115 42,876 581 1,453 109 647 295 1,639 98 78 640 6,970 Rural 52,911 3,713 38,799 540 1,395 ·70 291 168 1,403 38 69 610 41 5,815 Urban 5,599 402 4,077 58 30 356 127 236 60 9 30 164 10_ Kinnaur Totol 18,215 6,004 8,838 78 453 78 114 169 690 22 19 244 1,506 8,838 78 Rural 18,215 6,004 453 78 114 169 690 22 19 244 1,606 Urban H-lI-lJistribut."on oj Cen.sus Houses by Predominant Material of Wall and Preiiom:nantMaterial oj Roo} APPENDIX Dibtribution of Residential Census Houses by Material vf W till Cruss- Cla~s;fied by Material of Roof Predominant Material of Roof r------~~------. Stata Total Total Predominant malerial of Wall Grass, leaves, Tiles, Slate, All other Rural Number reeds, bamboo, Shingle, Materials and Urban ofCcnsus thatch, mud, corrugated Materials not Houses unburnt bricks Iron, Zinc stated or wood or other metal sheets, Asbestos Cement sheets, Bricks, Lime Btone and R.B.C., R.C.C. 2 3 4 5 6 7 Himachal Pradesh Total 648,714 I Grasa, Leaves, Reeds, or Bamboo, lIfud, Unburnt Bricks, Wood 93,097 201,567 227 II Burnt Bricks, G.l. Sheets or other Metal Sheets, Stone, Cement 93,544 250,901 146 III All other Material. and Materials not Stated 9 18 205 Rural 502,115 I Grasa, Leaves, Reeds, or Bamboo, IIIud, Unburnt Bricks, Wood 91,168 193,901 128 II Burnt Bricks, G.!. Sheets or other Metal Sheets, Stone, Cement 87,244 219,401 113 HI All other Materials and Materials not Stated 9 17 134 Urlan 56,599 I Grasa, Leaves, Reeds or Bamboo, Mud, Unburnt Bricks, Wood 1,920 7,666 99 II Burnt Bricks, G.I. Sheets or Other Me- tal Sheets, Stone, Cement 6,300 40,500 33 III All other Materials and Materials not Stated 71 H-II-·Di's~iibution of Census Houses by Predominant Predominant Material State/District/City Total Total Grass, Mud Unburnt Wood Burnt Rural number loaves, bricks bricks Urban of Census reeds, Houses or bamboo 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Himachal Pradesh Total 8,62,896 2,197 1,49,460 1,88,710 12,197 53,097 Rural 7,82,345 2,092 1,44,131 1,82,399 9,845 27,198 Urban 80,551 105 5,329 6,311 2,352 25,899 1. Chamba Tot.. 1 68,955 26 1,249 564 1,526 81 Rural 63,232 26 1'249 564 1,071 79 Urban 5,723 454 2 2. Kangra Total 288,880 839 87,645 151,279 2,036 26,147 Rural 273,165 820 87,029 146,536 1,747 18,776 Urban 15,715 19 616 4,743 289 7,371 3. Mandi Total 132,057 57 14,735 9,774 1,992 '2,652 Rural 1I7,291 51 13,862 9,533 1,557 2,098 Urban 14,766 6 873 241 435 554 4. Kulu Total 59,542 14 752 17 904 69 Rural 55,651 14 752 16 514 28 Urban 3,891 1 390 41 5. Lahul & Spiti Total 5,437 1,109 Rural 5,437 1,109 Urban 6. Bilaspur Total 50,382 103 8,055 25,564 287 2,524 Rural 47,21I 103 8,049 24,990 140 638 Urban 3,171 6 574 147 1,886 7. Mahasu Total 116,545 86 21,417 286 2,119 3,891 Rural 109,584 60 20,348 5 1,922 1,015 Urban 6,961 26 1,069 281 197 2,876 8. Simla Total 64,373 668 8,592 466 452 13,694 Rural 39,648 644 5,889 66 72 2,537 Urban 24,725 24 2,710 400 380 1I,157 9. SirmfLur Total 58,510 397 5,895 759 1,924 4,039 Rural 52,911 367 5,840 688 1,864 2,027 Urban 5,599 30 55 71 60 2,012 10. Kinnaur .. Total 18,215 7 4 957 Rural 18,215 7 4 957 Urban 67 Material of Wall and Prerlominant Material oj ROof of Wall Predominant Material of Roof G. I. Snoots Stone Cement All other Grass, Tiles; Corrugated Asbestos Brick Stone Concrete All other or other Concrete materials loaveS, -alate. Iron, Cement and R.B.C.j materials metal and roods, slJingle Zinc or Sheets Lime RC.C. and Rheet. materials tnatch, other materials not wood, mud, metal not stated stated nnburnt, Sheet~ bricks or bamboo 10 11 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 19 20 1,711 4,46,613 8,616 295 2,60,444 4,71,102 81,654 10,820 3,795 10,511 23,718 852 1,245 4,14,124 1,101 210 2,47,898 4,54,495 54,382 6,197 2,432 7,<16 9,320 b05 466 32,489 7,516 85 12,546 16,207 27,272 5,623 1,363 21,795 14,398 347 45 65,383 73 9 39,967 25,057 3,018 78 1 357 455 22 6 60,165 63 0 39,166 22,385 1,107 60 1 357 137 19 39 5,218 10 801 2,672 1,9Il 18 318 3 III 20,708 78 37 75,017 181,517 20,157 2,122 2,931 621 6,229 286 08 18,040 74 36 71,747 175,731 16,717 1,741 2,188 615 4,321 105 13 2,659 4 I 3,270 5,786 3,440 381 743 6 1,908 lSI 67 97,257 5,489 34 21,048 97,451\ 3,569 7,141 15 1,112 1,635 82 38 S9,689 443 20 19,386 92,416 2,249 2,212 4 246 729 49 29 7,568 5,0411 14 1,662 5,039 1,320 4,929 11 866 906 33 31 57,471 179 105 8,650 4S,174 2,258 65 48 1115 182 19 54,255 12 41 7,622 46,395 1,378 36 25 93 102 12 3,216 167 64 1,028 1,779 880 29 23 72 SO 3 4,322 5,317 4 IOIi 4 2 6 3 4,322 5'317 4 105 4 2 5 186 13,548 115 25,449 lfl,249 5,984 8 10 I,SI2 837 33 163 13,104 24 25,101> 1li,942 6,203 I 10 263 564 33 23 444 91 254 307 781 7 1,549 273 1M ~8,191 335 f!4 20,838 69,715 18,113 176 143 4,709 2,724 127 98 S5,746 326 64 19,639 69,292 15,104 101 74 4,441 827 115 68 2,445 9 1,208 423 3,009 75 69 268 1,897 12 371 37,850 2,265 S 28,391 3,9~4 21,728 164 456 1,424 8,182 54 93 30,264 . 80 3 25,502 3,777 7,331 92 95 1,357 1,473 21 278 7,586 2,185 5 2,889 197 14,397 72 361 67 6,709 33 678 44,71S 73 27 20,467 26,989 5,844 1,058 239 391 3,478 44 664 41,365 70 26 19,033 26,985 4,310 946 60 375 1,163 39 14 3,353 3 1 t434 4 1,534 112 179 16 2,310 (j 63 17,165 8 11 15,300 1,9118 878 8 33 11 17 63 17,167 8 11 15,300 1,968 878 8 33 1I 17 68 H-III-Housekolils Olassified by Num~er of Members Households with one room State/District/City Total Total No. Total No. Total No. No. of No. of Rural of CerulUS ofmemool'8 of rooms House· Members Urban Households '-----. holda ,---...J'---- .. M F 111 F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 II Himachal Pradesh Total 6,54,637 17,46,031 16,70,148 14,41,296 2,59,095 5,72,052 5,01,894 Rural 5,96,686 16,16,107 15,72,813 13,27,044 2,32,173 5,24,640 4,74,866 Urban 57,951 1,29,924 97,335 1,14,262 26,922 47,412 27,028 Chamba 1 .. Total 4\),4S\) 1,32,425 1,22,\)40 9O,25S 24,6S1 IiS,I\)7 51,SOl) Rural 45,969 1,23,493 1,15,628 82,999 23,003 55,037 49,517 Urban 3,520 8,932 7,312 7,259 1,678 3,160 2,292 Kangra Total 2,47,058 65,674 6,67,949 5,45,434 83,009 1,85,969 1,73,616 Rural 2,37,511 6,33,676 6,48,166 5,22,538 80,268 1,81,244 1,70,387 Urban 9,547 22,998 19,783 '22,896 2,741 4,725 3,229 Mandi Total 98,928 2,64,438 2,49,736 2,06,443 45,\)03 1,00,907 87,551 Rural 85,472 2,35,892 2,30,229 1,81,507 38,929 89,466 81,987 Urban 13,456 28,546 19,507 24,936 6,974 11,441 5,564 Kulu Total 38,540 97,330 89,854 57,405 25,718 58,826 53,575 Rural 35,590 91,187 85,536 52,017 24,091 56,038 52,022 Urban 2,950 6,143 4,318 5,388 1,627 2,788 1,553 LahUl &. Spiti Total 3,670 9,201 9,094 14,565 805 1,124 623 Rutal 3,670 9,201 9,094 14,565 805 1,124 623 Urban Bilaspur Total 35,498 1,02,324 96,911 1,20,820 6,109 11,734 9,674 Ruraf 33,263 1)7,254 92,994 1,15,878 5,278 10,442 9,045 Urban '2,235 •• 5,070 3,917 4,942 831 1,292 629 Mahaau Total 81,129 2,19,274 2,05,784 1,85,636 30,948 66,376 56,492 Rural 76,823 2,10,015 1,99,356 .1,77,945 28,591 62,399 54,412 Urban 4,306 9,259 6,428 7,691 2,357 3,977 2,080 Simla 'rotaI 45,378 1,12,086 95,879 1,21,003 13,852 25,777 16,470 Rural 27,642 74,633 68,701 88,642 5,043 9,464 7,493 Urban 17,736 38,353 27,178 32,361 8,809 16,313 8,977 Sirmaur Total 45,412 1,27,935 1,08,804 82,964 23,234 53,283 42,744 Rural 41,211 1,17,312 99,912 74,185 21,329 49,567 40,040 Urban 4,201 10,623 8,892 8,779 1,905 3,716 2,704 Kinnaur Total 9,535 23,444 23,197 16,768 4,836 9,859 9,340 Rural 9,535 23,444 23,197 16,768 4,836 9,859 9,340 Urban 69 and by Number oj Rooms Occupied Households with five HOUS 10 ,11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2,19,3185,90,754 5,77,671 70,485 2,19,972 2,19,160 58,446 1,84,032 1,87,896 45,681 1,77,3941,81,811 855 1,827 1,716 757 2,01,092 6,47,683 5,42,722 64,707 :7;,03,492 2,04,792 54,984 1,73,115 1,77,785 42,672 l,e5,364 1,71,261 842 1,813 1,700 216 18,226 43,071 34,949 5,778 16,480 14,681 3,462 10,917 10,111 3,Oe9 12,030 .0,550 13 14 16 541 14;725 40,168 37,952 5,311 16,857 16,246 2,250 7,991 7,981 1,F35 7,733 7,543 673 1,479 1.409 14 13,682 37,522 35,642 4,974 15,847 15,305 2,037 7,218 7,241 1,594 6,390 6,514 673 1,479 1,409 6 1,043 2,646 2,310 337 1,010 941 2]:) 773 740 241 1,:343 1,029 8 1,00,453 2,67,332 276,999 27,167 83,062 87,938 22,436 68,445 73,529 13,881 51,708 55,732 77 158 135 35 116,656 2,58,475 269,286 25,882 79,309 84,413 21,44:1 65,436 70,690 13,157 49,057 53,261 74 155 129 I 3,797 8,857 7,713 1,285 3,753 3,552 993 3,009 2,839 724 2,651 2,471 3 3 6 4 29,103 79,767 76,683 8,289 27,857 27,348 9,384 29,986 31,047 6,181 25,869 27,060 31 52 47 37 25,Oll 70,431 69,1\52 7,120 24,044 24,658 8,784 27,929 29,160 5,569 23,371 24,825 30 51 47 23 4,092 9,336 7,131 1,l6:! 3,213 2,690 600 2,057 1,887 612 2,498 2,235 1 I '\4 9,355 27,157 25,350 1,891 6,001 5,673 976 3,236 3,198 528 1,980 1,937 66 130 121 6 8,526 25,:!20 23,938 1,686 5,473 5,177 824 2,749 2,797 4llo 1,486 1,489 58 121 1I3 5 , 829 1,837 1,412 205 ' 528 496 152 487 401 128 494 448 8 0 8 I 707 1,624 1,653 538 1,500 1,648 447 1,374 1,489 l,t64 3,579 3,681 I) 707 1,624 1,653 538 1,500 1,648 447 1,374 1,489 1,164 3.579 3,681 9 9,075 22,192 20,417 3,732 10,805 10,170 8,958 26,708 25,990 7,fl06 30,Bl!.5 30,660 18 8,341 20,687 19,202 3,459 9'953 9,393 8,702 25,872 25,235 7,477 30,3UO 30,119 6 734 1,505 1,215 273 852 777 256 836 755 129 585 541 12 25,841 70,444 66,533 10,665 33,988 33,329 6,995 22,911 22,821 6,585 25,548 26,607 7 7 2 88 24,626 67,598 64,309 10,320 32,972 32,422 6,767 22,150 22,131 6,437 24,889 26,080 7 7 2 75 1,215 2,846 2,224 345 1,016 907 228 761 690 14S 659 527 13 13,142 31,631 26,965 7,240 20,325 18,395 4,455 13,368 12,666 6,173 21,884 21,381 I 2 515 7,946 19,109 17,097 5,544 15,682 14,400 3,669 ll,llS 10,606 5,414 19,260 19,105 1 26 5,196 12,522 9,868 1,696 ,4,643 3,995 786 2,250 2,060 759 2,624 2,276 2 489 .13,763 42,041 36,570 4,707 16,635 15,232 2,184 8,732 7,872 I,5Il 7,244 6,386 13 12,443 38,519' 33,494 4,233 ' 15,170 13,882 1,950 7,988 7,133 1,243 6,068 5,363 13 1,320 3,522 3,076 474 1,465 1,350 234 744 739 268 1,176 1,023 3,154 8,398 8,549 !li5 2,l.l42 3,181 361 1,281 1,303 217 964 824 22 3,154 8,398 8,549 945 2,942 3,181 301 1,281 1,303 217 964 824 22 ·70 ll-IV -Households Classified by Size and Tenure Statu.~ Households having number of persons State/District/City Total Tenure Total One Two Three Four Five Six and Number Rural Status No. of Person Persons Persons Persons Persons more of Urban Census Persons Parsons House. Unspeoi. holds fled 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Himachal Pradesb .. Total Total 6,54,637 76,909 69,552 68,526 79,424 84,191 2,75,235 830 Owned 5,65,058 43,589 63,590 67,911 70,000 76,647 2,63,060 261 I Rented 89,679 83,320 15,932 10,615 9,424 7,544 12,175 569 Rural Total 5,96,686 62,729 60,609 61,833 72,804 78,107 2,60,831 278 Owned 5,48,233 41,925 51,943 56,396 68,199 74,492 2,65,021 267 Rented 48,463 20,804 8,666 5,437 4,605 3,615 5,310 16 Urban Total 57,951 14,180 8,913 6,693 (6,620 6,084 14,904 5157 Owned 16,825 1,664 1,647 1,515 1,801 2,155 8,039 4 Rented 41,126 12,516 72,66 5,178 4,819 :8,929 6,865 553 Chamba ., Total Total 49,489 5,059 5,32~ 5,776 6,613 6,596 20,103 14 Owned 44,262 2,838 4,540 5,233 6,064 6,188 19,393 6 Rented 5,227 2,221 788 543 549 408 710 8 Rural Total 45,969 4,257 4,929 5,441 6,205 6,210 18,921 6 Owned 42,679 2,713 4,435 5,097 5,893 5,980 18,555 6 Rented 3,290 1,544 494 344 312 230 366 Urban Total 3,520 802 399 335 408 386 1,18? 8 Owned 1,583 125 105 136 171 208 838 Rented 1,937 677 294 199 237 178 344 8 Kangra .. Total Total 2,47,058 25,781 21,899 25,007 30,901 33,894 1,09,517 69 Owned 2,28,798 18,418 19,153 23,013 28,959 32,324 1,06,878 53 Rented 18.260 7,363 2,746 1,994 1,942 1,570 2,639 6 Rural Total 2,37,51\ 23,921 20,644 23,999 29,781 32,750 1,06,361 55 Owned 2,23,681 17,979 18,624 22,550 28,365 In,6U 1,04,499 63 Rented 13,830 5,942 2,020 1,449 1,416 1,139 1,862 2 Urban Total 9,547 1,860 1,255 1,008 1,120 1,144 3,156 4 Owned 5,217 439 529 463 594 713 2,379 Rented 4,430 1,421 726 545 526 431 777 4 Mandi Total Total 98,928 12,401 10,774 10,214 11,627 12,577 41,291 24 Owned 82,755 5,520 7,624 8,332 10,143 11,453 39,660 23 Rented 16,173 6,881 3,150 1,882 1,482 1,124 1,631 21 Rural Total 85,472 8,329 8,386 8,656 10,283 11,338 38,356 ::4 Owned 79,078 5,089 7,276 8,032 9,789 10,970 37,900 22 Rented 6,394 3,240 1,210 624 494 368 456 2 UrbaD Total 13,456 4,072 2,288 1,558 1,344 1,239 2,935 20 Owned 3,677 431 348 300 354 483 1,760 1 Rented 9,779 3,641 1,940 1,258 990 756 1,175 19 Kulu .. Total Total 38,540 4,408 4,753 4,713- 5,119 5,179 14,357 11 Owned 32,705 2,342 3,552 3,921 4,498 4,729 13,656 7 Rented 5,835 2,066 1,201 792 621 450 701 4 Rural Total 35,590 3,676 4,161 4,308 4,769 4,899 13,772 5 Owned 31,782 2,239 3,430 3,814 4,388 4,613 13,293 5 Rented 3,808 1,437 731 494 381 !!86 479 Urban Total 2,950 732 592 405 350 280 585 6 Owned 923 103 122 107 110 116 363 2 Rented 2,027 629 470 298 240 164 222 4 Lahul and Splti .. Total Total 3,670 711 394 353 363 381 1,459 9 Owned 2,818 276 226 253 S08 342 1,404 9 Rented 852 435 168 100 55 39 55 Rural Total 3,670 711 394 353 363 381 1,459 9 Owned 2,818 276 226 253 308 342 1,404 9 Rented 852 435 168 ]00 55' 39 55 Urban Total Owned Rented .. 71 ------I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I) 10 11 Bilaspur Total ~Total 35,498 4,114 3,221 3,069 3,991 4,417 16,668 18 Owned 32,792 2,755 2,778 2,812 3,796 4,224 16,422 5 Rented 2,706 1,359 443 257 195 193 246 13 Rural Total 33,263 3.471 2,911 2,846 3,787 4,198 16,044 6 Owned 31,839 2,658 2,690 2,730 3,696 4,121 15,939 5 Rented 1,424 813 221 116 91 77 105 I Urban Total 2,235 643 310 223 204 219 624 12 Owned 953 97 88 82 100 103 483 Rented 1,282 546 222 141 104. 116 141 12 Mabasu .. Total Total 81,129 9,735 10,036 8,632 9,282 9,541 33,802 101 Owned 68,393 4,940 7,397 7,070 8,016 8,560 32,326 86 Rented 12,736 4,795 2,630 1,662 1,266 981 1,477 16 Rural Total 76,823 8,59B 9,219 8,094 8,782 9,167 32,877 88 Owned 67,613 4,831 7,293 6,990 7,919 8,474 31,921 83 Rented 9,310 3,765 1,926 1,104 863 693 956 3 Urban Total 4,306 1,130 817 538 500 374 925 13 Owned 880 109 104 80 97 86 404 Rented 3,426 1,030 713 458 403 288 621 13 !11m1a .. Total Total 45,378 7,019 0,216 4,924 5,340 5,283 15,459 537 Owned 25,786 2,346 3,000 2,646 2,943 3,220 11,!i94 37 Rented 19,592 5,273 3,216 2,378 2,397 2,063 3,765 600 Rural Total 27,642 3,443 3,479 2,760 3,147 3,310 11,460 44 Owned 24,183 2,171 2,833 2,384 2,781 3,018 10,959 37 Rented 3,459 1,272 646 376 366 SOl 491 7 Urban Total 17,736 4,176 2,737 2,16i ~ 1,9M 4,009 493 O\~ncd 1,603 175 167 162 16 • 202 735 Rented 16,133 4,001 2,570 2,002 2,031 J./lI. 3,274 403 Sirmaur .. Total Total 45,412 5,587 5,850 4,850 5,054 5,162 18,894 15 OWned 39,055 3,553 4,648 3,976 4,285 4,547 18,032 14 Rented 6,357 2,034 1,202 874 769 015 862 1 RUIn) Total 41,211 4,831 5,335 4,388 4,563 4,084 17,406 lot Owned 36,966 3,368 4,464 3,791 4,072 4,303 16,955 13 Rented (,241) 1,463 871 597 481 381 461 1 Urban Total 4,201 756 515 462 501 478 1,488 1 Owned 2,089 185 184 185 213 244 1,077 1 Rented 2,112 571 331 277 288 234 411 Klnnzur .. Total Total 9,635 1,494 1,051 988 1,134 1,161 3,685 22 Owned 7,694 601 672 755 988 1,060 3,596 22 Rented 1,841 893 379 233 146 101 89 Rural Totzl 9,535 1,494 1,051 988 1,134 1,161 3,685 23 Owned 7,694 601 672 755 988 1,060 3,696 22 Rented 1,841 893 370 233 146 101 89 Urban Total Owned Rented .'M/Jm)"C!(''l{HP)-7 .72 H-l-1-Distribution oj 1000 Oensus Houses by Vacant and different types oJ Occupied Oensus Houses Occupied Oensus Houses ,------A. -. CenSUS Total Residence, shop cum·Residence Hotels, Shops Business Factories Restau· Places Places Others Houses Occupied Workshop-eum-Residenceinclud· Sarais, including house~ Work. rants of of State/District Vacaui Census ing Household Industry Dharm- eating and shops Sweet- enter- Worship at the Houses shalas houses OtHcs. and meat tainment e.g., time of Tot:.l Resl. I!hoI> Work· Tourist Work. shops and Temple, House- wholly dence cum- shop- homes, !heds and Commu· Chur£h, listinll or Res!- cum- Inspee· eating nity Mosque, partly dence Resi- tion places gather- Gur- resi- dence houses ing dwara, dential Incilldinl! Pan- etc.) houses House- ohayat hold ghar) Industry including plaees of Worship 1 2 3 4- 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1~ 15 Hlmaohal Pradesh 86 914 745 721 8 16 3 14 5 37 3 1 8 98 Chamba 133 867 677 666 4 7 4 14 5 55 3 2 8 99 Knngra 68 932 847 825 8 14 4 19 4- 25 4 1 4- 24 Mandi 6Q 931 725 696 II 20 1 11 4 40 3 1 8 1301 Kulu 56 944 640 1124- 7 9 3 9 4 73 2 14 199 Lahul & Spit! •• 81 919 631 625 5 1 6 14 9 83 6 3 23 144 BilasPIU' 60 940 691 661 7 23 2 7 4 25 4 1 4- 203 Mahasu 122 878 686 661 10 15 3 10 6 '7 2 1 103 105 Simla 85 915 694 671 7 15 4 21 7 26 4 1 7 151 Sirrnaur 70 930 768 733 10 25 2 11 5 28 2 1 11 102 Klnnaur 330 670 514- 485 4 25 4- 6 9 38 1 1 14 83 H-I-2-Distribution of 1000 Oensus HousesJor selected types oj use" among Rural and Urban Areas State jDistnct Vacant at the Census Houses Uses all time of HOllllelistinc r--~ Wholly Residential Shop-cum -Residence Workshop-cum-re- sidence inoluding Household Industry Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural ./ Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Himachal Pradesh 884 116 913 87 890 110 937 63 Chamba 905 95 925 75 975 25 946 54 Kangra 907 93 962 38 945 55 960 4() Mandi 931 69 874 126 84;4 156 930 70 KuIu .. 923 77 929 71 74.6 254 789 211 La.hu1 & Spiti 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Bilaspur 906 94 937 63 914 86 960 40 Mahasu 929 71 948 52 927 73 942 8 Siml.a 383 617 602 398 584 416 832 168 l3irmaur 902 98 905 95 929 71 960 40 Kinnaur 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 73 H-II-1-Distribution of 1000 Oensus Houses by Predominant material oj WaU in Rural anti Urban Areas separately Rural! Predominant Material of Wall Urban State/District Grass, Mud Un. Wood Burnt G. I. Stone Cement All leaves, burnt bricks Sheets Cancre· other reeds, bricks or other te Materi· or metal als and bamboo Sheets Materials not stated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Himachal Pradesh Rural 3 184 233 13 35 2 529 t N Urban 1 66 79 29 322 6 403 93 1 Chamba Rural N 20 9 17 1 N 952 1 N Urban 0 0 0 79 N 7 912 2 0 Kangra Rural 3 319 537 6 69 N 66 N N Urban 1 39 302 19 469 1 169 N N Mandi Rural 1 118 81 13 18 N 765 4 N Urban N 59 16 29 38 2 513 342 1 Kulu Rural N 14 N 9 I N 975 N 1 Urban 0 0 N 100 11 3 827 43 16 Lahul & Spiti Rural 0 204 N N () 1 795 N 0 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bilaspur Rural 2 170 529 3 14 3 278 1 0 Urban 0 2 lSI 46 595 7 140 29 0 Mahasu Rural 1 186 N 17 9 1 782 3 1 Urban 4 154 41 28 413 8 351 1 0 Simla Rural 16 149 2 2 64 2 763 2 N Urban 1 llO 16 15 451 11 307 89 N Sirmaur Rural 7 110 13 35 38 13 782 1 1 Urban 5 10 13 11 359 2 599 1 N Kinnaur Rural N N 0 53 0 4 942 N 1 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H-II-2 (A)~Distrihution of 1000 Residential Houses by Predominant material oj Wall in Rural and Urban Areas seperately State/District Rural! Predominant material of Wall Urban r------~,------______~ Grass, Leaves, Reeds, Burnt ,Bricks; G. I. All Other Materials Bamboo, Mud, Sheets or other and Materials not Unburnt Bricks, Metal Sheets, stated Wood Stone, Cement 1 2 3 4 5 Himachal Pradesh Rural 482 518 N Urban 172 827 1 I .llf.T(D)2SCO(HP)- 7(0.) 74 H-II-2 (B)-Distribution of 1000 Residentiat Hous~ by Predominant material of Roof in Rural and Urban Areas separately State/District Rural! Predominant material of Roof Urban r------.------.------~------____, Grass, Leaves, Reeds Tiles, Slate, Shingle, All other Materials Bamboo, Thatch, Corrugated Zinc or and Materials not Mud, Unburnt Bricks other Metal Sheets, stated or Wood Asbestos Cement Sheets, Brick, Lime, Stone and R.B.C.! R.C.C. 1 2 3 4 5 Himachal Pradesh Rural 301 698 1 Urban 145 851 4 Il-1I-2-Distribution of 1000 Oensus Houses by Predominant material of Roof in Rural and Urban Areas separately State/District Rural! Predominant material of Roof Urban r-- .A. -. Grass, Tiles, Corruga- Asbestos Brick Stone Concrete All leaves, Slates, ted Iron Cement and R.B.C.! other thatch, Shingle Zinc or Sheets Lime R.C.C. materials wood, other and mud, un- metal materials burnt Sheets not bricks stated or bamboo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Himachal Pradesh Rural 31.7 581 69 7 3 10 12 1 Urban 156 201 338 70 17 35 179 4 Chamba Rural 619 354 18 1 N 6 2 N Urban 140 467 334 3 0 0 56 N Kangra Rural 263 643 61 7 8 2 16 N Urban 208 368 219 24 47 N 122 12 Mandi Rural 165 788 19 19 N 2 6 1 Urban 113 341 89 334 I 59 61 2 ,- Kulu Rural 137 834 25 1 0 N .2 2 Urban 264 457 226 7 0 6 19 21 Lahul and Spiti Rural 978 1 19 0 0 1 N 1 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bilaspur Rural 534 338 110 N N 5 12 1 Urban 80 97 246 2 0 489 86 0 :Mahasu Rural 179 632 138 1 1 40 8 I Urban 174 61 432 11 10 38 272 .2 Simla Rural 643 95 185 2 3 34 37 I Urban 117 8 582 3 15 3 271 1 Sirmanr Rural 360 5]0 81 18 1 7 22 1 Urban 256 1 274 20 32 3 413 1 Kinnanr Rural 840 108 48 N 0 2 1 1 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 H-IlI-1-Distribution of 1000 Oensus Households by Number of Rooms Occupied State/District One Two Three Four Five Unspeci- House- Room Rooms Rooms Rooms Rooms fied num- holds and berof with Above Rooms details unspeci- fied 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Himachal Pradesh 396 335 108 89 70 1 1 Chamba 499 298 107 45 37 14 N Kangra 336 407 110 91 56 N N Mandi ., 464 294 84 95 62 N 1 Kulu 667 243 49 25 ]4 2 N Lahul and Spiti 219 193 147 122 317 1 1 Bilaspur 172 256 105 252 214 1 l\fuhasu 382 319 131 86 81 N 1 Simla. .. 305 290 160 98 136 N 11 Sirmaur 512 303 104 48 33 N IUnnaur 507 331 99 38 23 2 76 H-III-2-Number of Person8 Males and Female8 Total One Room Two Rooms Statc/Dlstrlot Total ,...__.._-----. ,...---""'" Rural No. of No. of PersOns MaleS Females Average Persolls Males Females Average Urban persons persons No. of No. of per per perSOni persons roam Rouse- per per bold house- house- hold hold 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Himachal Pradesh Total 2'37 5·22 4·16 2·21 1·94 4·15 2·67 1'35 1'82 5'33 Rural 2'40 0'35 4'31 2·26 2'OS 4'31 2·71 1·36 1'35 0·42 UrbaD 1·99 3'96 2·77 1·76 1·01 2·77 2·14 1·18 0·96 4·28 Chamba .. Total 2·88 0'16 4'46 lHJO 2'10 4·46 2·65 1·36 1'29 /j'30 Rural 2'88 5'20 4'54 2'39 2'15 4'54 2'67 1'30 1'30 5'35 Urban 2'24 4·63 3'25 1'88 1·37 3'25 2'S8 1,27 1·11 4·75 Kangra .. Total 2'43 0'36 4'33 2'24 2'09 4'33 2·'1'1 1'33 Hl8 6'42 Rural 2'45 5'40 3'38 2'26 2'12 4'38 2'73 1'34 l'S9 5'46 Urban 1-87 4'48 2'90 1'72 1'18 2'90 2'18 1'17 1'01 4'36 Mandl Total 2'49 5'20 4'11 2'20 1-91 4-11 2·69 1'37' 1'32 5'38 Rural 2·57 5-46 4-40 2-30 2-10 4'40 2'80 1'41 1'39 5'60 Urban 1'03 3-67 2'44 1'64 0'80 2-44 2-01 1-14' O-S7 4-02 Kulu Total 3-26 4-86 4-37 2-29 2-08 4'37 2'81 1'45 1-36 5'61 Rural 3'40 4'97 4'49 2'33 2'16 4'49 2·89 1-48 HH 0-78 Urban 1'94 3'65 2'67 1'71 0-96 2'67 1'96 1'11 0'85 3·92 Lahau! & Spit! Total 1'26 4'99 2'17 1'40 0-77 2-17 2-32 1-Ui 1-17 4'64 Rural 1'26 4'09 2'17 1-40 0-77 2·17 2-32 1'15 1-17 4-64 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BlIaspw: .. Total 1'65 5'62 3'50 1·92 1'58 3'50 2'35 1-22 1-13 4-70 Rural 1'64 5·72 3'69 1·98 1·71 3'69 2'39 1'24 1·15 4·78 Urban 1'82 4'04 2-31 I-56 0-76 2'31 1'85 1'03 0'82 3'70 Total 5-24 Mahasu " 2'20 3'97 2'14 1'83 3'97 2'65 1 3a 1-29 6-30 Rural 2'30 5'33 4-00 2'18 1-91 4'00 2'68 1'37 1'31 0-36 Urban 2'04 3-66 2'67 1'69 0'88 2·57 2'09 1·17 0-92 4-17 Simla Total 1-73 4-66 3-06 1-86 l'U' 3-05 2-23 1·20 1'03 4'46 Rural 1'62 0'19 3'36 1·88 1'48 3'86 2'28 1'20 1-08 4'56 Urban 2'03 3'80 2'87 1'85 1'02 2'87 2-15 1-20 0'95 4-31 Sirmaur .. Total 2'85 6'21 4-13 2'29 1'84 4·13 2'86 1'53 1'33 5-72 Rural 2'1)3 5-27 4-20 2-32 1-88 4-20 2'89 1'56 1-34 5·79 Urban 2'22 4'65 3-37 1-95 1'(2 3'37 2'50 1'33 1'17 6'00 ltlnnaur .. Total 2-78 4'1}0 S'97 2'04 1'93 3'97 2'69 1'33 1'36 6'37 Rural 2·78 4'90 3-97 2'04 1-1)3 3-97 2-69 1'33 1'36 0-37 V~ba!l 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 Q 77 per Room and Persons per Household Three Rooms Your ltooms Five Rooma and above Unspeeified No. of Rooms r------,r------'- r :PersonS Males Females Aver:llle Persons !lilIes Fem,a.les Averalle Persons }f!).les Females Average Person. Kales Females Average No. Of No.oC No. of No. of persons persons persons persona per per per per hone- house- house- house- hold hold hold hold 13 14 15 10 17 IS 1P 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2S a·08 1·04 1'04 6·aS 1·59 0·79 0·80 6·36 1·aO 0·59 0'61 7'86 0 0 0 4·14- 2·10 1·05 1'05 6'SO 1'60 0·79 0·S1 6·38 1':11 1),59 0'6a 7'89 0 0 0 4·1'1 1'80 0·95 0'S5 1i'89 1·62 0·79 0·78 6·07 1·15 0·61 0'54 '1'50 0 0 0 2·31 2'OS 1'06 1'02 6'23 1·78 0'S9 0'S9 7·10 1'36 O'Og 0'07 S'32 0 0 0 4'2' 2'09 1'06 1'03 6'20 1·77 O'SS 0'S9 7·10 1'35 0'67 0'6S S'09 0 0 0 4'29 1'93 1'00 0'93 6'79 l'7S 0'01 0'S7 7·10 1'45 0'S2 0'63 9'S4 0 0 0 0 2'10 1'02 l'OS 0'29 l'5S 0'711 0'S2 6'33 l'lP 0'57 0'62 7'U 0 0 0 3'Sl 2'11 1'02 1'09 6'33 1'59 0'76 O'SS 6'35 1'20 0'5S 0'62 7'7S 0 0 0 8'84 l'S9 0·g7 0'92 5'66 1'47 0'76 0'71 5'S9 l'OS 0'56 0'52 7'07 0 0 0 S'OO 2'22 1.·12 1'10 6'00 1'03 O'SO O'SS 6·50 1'33 0'05 0'68 S'56 0 0 0 3·10 2·31 1'15 1'16 6·92 1'02 0'79 0'S3 6·50 1'34 0'65 0-09 S'65 0 0 0 3-27 1'69 0-02 0'77 5-07 1'64 0'S6 0·7S 0-57 1'22 0-64 0-6S 7-73 0 0 0 1-00 2-06 1'00 1'00 6'17 1'09 0'S5 0-S4 (l'59 1'12 0'67 0'55 7'42 0 0 0 3'SO 2'11 I-OS 1-03 6-32 l'OS 0'83 0-S6 6·73 I-IS 0-69 0'69 7-44 0 0 I) 4-03 1·67 0'86 0'81 5'00 1'40 0'80 0-06 5'84 1'07 0'56 0'51 7'S6 0 0 0 2-13 1-95 0'03 1'02 5'S5 1'00 0-77 0'S3 0'40 O'Sl 0-40 0'41 0'24 0 0 0 0 1·95 0'93 1'02 5'S5 1'00 0-77 0'S3 0'40 0'81 0'(0 0-41 6'24 0 0 0 0 0 (> 0 ,0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l'S7 0'97 0'90 5'62 1-47 0'75 0'72 5'SS 1'24 0'62 0-02 S'OO 0 0 0 0 1-S6 0'00 0'90 5'W 1'47 0'74 0-73 5'S7 1'24 0'02 0-62 S'08 0 0 0 0 l'P9 1'04 0-05 5-96 1'55 0'S2 0'73 0'21 1'41 0'73 0-6S S-73 0 0 0 0 2-10 1-06 1.04 6'31 1-63 0'S2 O'Sl 6-54 1-21 0'59 0-62 7-92 0 0 0 1-%9 2'.11 1'06 1-05 6'-34 1'64 .o·S2 0'82 6-54 1-21 0'69 7-62 7'02 0 0 0 1-29 l'S6 0'98 0'S8 5'57 1'59 0'S3 0'76 «1"36 1'24 0'69 0'S5 S-Ol 0 0 0 • 1-7S 0-03 0'85 5'S5 1'46 0·75 0'71 I5·S4 1'05 0'5S 0'52 7-01 0 0 0 S'OO l'Sl 0'94 0'87 5'42 1'48 0·76 0-72 5-92 1'05 0-53 0-52 7'09 0 0 0 0 1-70 0-91 0-79 5-09 1-37 ~ 0·72 0·65 6'48 0'99 0'63 0'46 0-46 0 0 0 S-OO 2-26 1·18 l'OS 6-77 1'90 1'00 0'90 7-60 1'46 0-7S 0-6S 9-02 0 0 0 0 2-29 1'%0 1-09 0'S6 1'94 1'02 0'02 7·75 1'53 O'Sl 0'72 9'20 0 0 0 0 l'9i 1'03 0-95 5-94 1'58 0·70 0-79 6'34 1-03 0-55 0-48 S-21 0 0 I) e 2'16 1-04 1-12 6-48 1·79 0'S9 0-00 7·16 1-24 0'67 0'57 S-24 0 0 0 0 2'16 1-04 1'12 6-4S 1-79 0'S9 0'90 7-16 1'24 0'67 0-57 8-24 0 0 0 0 0 0 '0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 'is R -IV-J-Distribution of 10000ensus HOU3ekoZils liv~g in Oensus Houses according to size 0/ the Household in Rural and Urban Areas separately Stare/DLstdct Ruralf Households having number of persons Urban --, Total One person Two pUson! T1uee persons ,...---'----, ,-___.A.----, ,-----'------. ,---"-----. Owned Rented Owned Rented OWned Rented Owned Rented 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 Himachal Pradesh .. Rural 919 81 70 35 87 14 95 II Urban 290 7tO 29 litO 28 125 26 89 Chamba .. Rural 928 72 59 34 96 11 111 7 Urban 4~O 550 36 192 30 83 39 57 Kangra .. Rural 9(2 58 76 25 78 8 95 6 Urban 536 464 46 149 55 76 49 57 Mandl Rural 925 75 60 38 85 14 1l4- 7 Urban 273 727 32 271 26 144 22 94 Kulu .. Rural 893 107 63 40 96 21 107 14 Urban 313 687 35 213 42 159 SO 101 Lahul and Spltl .. Rural 768 232 75 118 62 46 69 27 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a Bilaspur Rural 957 4:1 80 24 81 7 82 4 Urban 426 574 44 244 31) Ill) 37 8a Mahasu Rural 879 121 63 49 95 25 91 14 Urban 204 796 25 239 24- 166 19 lOa Simla Rural 8075 125 70 4«1 103 23 86 14 Urban gO 910 10 226 9 145 0 113 SirlJlllur Rural 807 103 82 36 108 21 1)2 14 Urban 497 603 44 136 44 79 44 66 Klnnaur Rural B07 193 63 94 71 40 79 24 Urban 0 0 0 0 II II 0 II H -IV-l-Distribution of 10000eJl,sus Households living in Oensus Houses accoriling to size 0/ tn.'3 Householil in Rural and Urban Areas separately Sta tcJDlJtIlct Household having number of persona Rural/ ro--- -. Urban Four persons Five per.one Six and Dlore No. ofpersoll" ,.--__,______, .-----"----, ,--___..._persons ____ ,------"-Unspecl1led___ Owned Rented Owned Rented Owned Rented OWned Rented 1 2 11 12 18 14 15 16 17 18 Himachal Pradesh Rural 114 8 125 6 427 9 1 M Orban a1 83 87 68 139 119 N 10 Cbamba Rural 128 7 130 I) 404 8 N 0 Urban 49 67 69 61 238 98 0 2 Kangra Rural 120 6 133 I) 440 8 N N Urban 62 65 75 45 249 81 0 1 Mandl Rural 116 6 123 4 443 6 N N Urban 26 74 36 66 131 87 N 1 Knill Rural 123 11 130 8 374 13 N () Urban 37 81 39 66 123 75 1 2 Lah1l1 and Spltl Rural B4 15 93 11 383 16 2 0 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 I> () nllaspur Rural 111 3 124 2 479 8 N N Urban 46 47 46 52 216 63 0 G Mahasu Rural 103 11 110 9 416 13 1 ~ Urban 22 94 20 67 94 121 0 a SImla Rural 101 13 109 11 806 10 1 N Vrban 9 114 11 110 42 185 0 28 SlrlJlllur Rural Oil 12 104 9 412 11 N N ,. 0 Urban 51 68 68 66 256 98 N Klnna1ll' 1G 111 11 877 9 2 0 " Rural 104 " Vrball Q () Q Q 9 0 0 () APPENDICES 711 80 ANNEX 1{1~~\ ~ l:f