SUMMER 2020 The Public Eye

Blood and Vanishing Topsoil: American Ecofascism Past, Present, and in the Coming Climate Crisis | Battle with Bullets: Advancing a Vision of Civil War SUMMERNew 2020England’s Joe Arpaio: How a Massachusetts Sheriff Became the Far Right’s Perfect Ally | Unholy: Author Q&A with Sarah Posner editor’s letter

THE PUBLIC EYE QUARTERLY As COVID-19 shut down much of the world’s economy this spring, a meme spread on social media, declaring humans were “the virus,” and the pandemic “Earth’s vac- PUBLISHER cine.” While many mocked the idea, as Alex Amend writes in “Blood and Vanish- Tarso Luís Ramos ing Topsoil” (pg. 3), it also revealed a much more nefarious sentiment: that human EDITOR Kathryn Joyce life—particularly non-White life—is the key impediment to protecting the environ- ment. That notion is the core of ecofascism today, and also a deeper history of right- COVER ART Favianna Rodriguez wing ecological thought, which White supremacists and factions like the Alt Right PRINTING have sought to reclaim and publicize as a recruitment tool. As Amend writes, “The Park Press Printers ecofascist dream is not just a White ethnostate, but a ‘green’ one too.” The Public Eye is published by Fever dreams of racial conflict are also the subject of James Scaminaci III’s piece this Political Research Associates issue, “Battle with Bullets” (pg. 10), an in-depth look at today’s chief proponents of Tarso Luís Ramos a racial civil war within the United States. Over the last few years, Scaminaci writes, Executive Director the Right has been advancing a narrative of imminent civil war. Sometimes the threat Kevin Chinn revolves around current politics: an ultimatum delivered to Democrats prior to formal Operations Coordinator impeachment activities, for example. But more often, the threat taps into right-wing Frederick Clarkson Senior Research Analyst concepts of “White genocide” or “Replacement” theory, which warn of non-White Cloee Cooper rebellion and demographic shifts that will upend the power balance in the U.S. and Research Analyst Europe. While these theories may have once grown on the margins of the Right, today Steven Gardiner they have migrated into the center of mainstream conservative thought. Assistant Research Director Heron Greenesmith That much can be seen in the career of Thomas Hodgson, a county-level Massa- Senior Research Analyst chusetts sheriff who lacks standard policing powers but has nonetheless managed to Olivia Lawrence-Weilmann leverage his post as a regional jailer into a national political profile as an anti-immi- Program Coordinator grant activist. In “New England’s Joe Arpaio” (pg. 16), David Ehrens tracks Hodg- Isabelle H. Leighton Development Director son’s career, from his modest origins to his current status as a close ally of the Trump Ben Lorber White House. Along the way, Hodgson has embedded himself within John Tanton’s Research Analyst anti-immigrant network and turned the jailing and detention facilities he runs into Koki Mendis profit-generating industries—to the severe detriment of the dignity, health, and even Communications Manager lives of the people he is responsible for. Anne Murphy Finance Director In an online-only feature this issue, “Beyond Pizzagate” (politicalresearch.org), Charles Ocitti Patrick Strickland delves into the conspiracist claims animating vigilante anti-immi- Director of Operations grant activists on the U.S. southern border. While the Far Right has loudly cast non- Greeley O’Connor Managing Director White immigration as an “invasion”—itself a basic conspiracist claim—among border Aidan Orly vigilante groups, the theories go further yet, looping in elements of the Pizzagate and Development Coordinator QAnon worlds, as well as Islamophobic and antisemitic claims. The dizzying growth Harini Rajagopalan of allegations worries both immigrant rights advocates and law enforcement, who Communications Coordinator

commonly fear that growing conspiracism will lead to increased violence. Fellows Dan Atkinson • Zoé Samudzi • Tina Vasquez Interns Finally, in our book Q&A this issue, PRA speaks with journalist Sarah Posner, au- Maya Aga • Ariela Katzman-Jacobson thor of the newly released Unholy: Why Evangelicals Worship at the Altar of Donald Rodrigo Pimental • Eric Qiu . Posner, a longtime chronicler of the Religious Right, was also among Trump (pg. 23) Board of Directors the first journalists to seriously cover the rise of the Alt Right, from significantly -be Jeyn Levison, Chair fore the 2016 election. In her illuminating new work, she explains how these two Fatema Ahmad • Cathy Albisa • Saqib Bhatti Ginna Green • Ellen Gurzinsky movements—commonly treated as distinct and even hostile to one another—are in Orson Moon • Mandisa Moore-O’Neal fact working towards common ends: not identical and perhaps not always recogniz- Mohan Sikka • Zeke Spier able, but both grounded firmly in racial grievance and bedrock opposition to civil and Carla Wallace • Susan Wefald human rights. Founder Jean V. Hardisty, Ph.D. In between issues, PRA is publishing regularly online, so be sure to visit us at 1310 Broadway, Suite 201 politicalresearch.org. Somerville, MA 02144-1837 Tel: 617.666.5300 Kathryn Joyce [email protected] © Political Research Associates, 2020 All rights reserved. ISN 0275-9322 ISSUE 102 www.politicalresearch.org 2 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 BY ALEX AMEND

Blood and Vanishing Topsoil American Ecofascism Past, Present, and in the Coming Climate Crisis

Mike Mahoney, aka Mike Ma, still in his twenties, has built up a significant following on social media for his specific brand of violent, accelerationist far- right environmentalism. Credit: Mikemavideo/Wikimedia Commons.

e’re the virus.” So read a lampooned,2 points to hopes that the core of far-right environmentalism and popular tweet from mid- world will change for the better in the ecofascist thought. The ecofascist dream “WMarch praising reports wake of the worst worldwide pandemic is a not just a White ethnostate but a of diminished air and water pollution since the HIV/AIDS crisis. Viewed an- “green” one too. in countries under lockdown due to the other, celebrating improvements to the It was an odd coincidence that on April novel coronavirus COVID-19. By mid- natural environment at the expense of 5, as worldwide infections crossed3 1.2 April, the tweet, which also suggested mass human death takes us down a much million and deaths neared 70,000, the that “Coronavirus is Earth’s vaccine,” was darker path. Finnish writer Pentti Linkola, long as- liked nearly 300,000 times.1 The devaluing of human life—particu- sociated with ecofascism, died at age Viewed one way, the sentiment that larly of populations seen as inferior—in 87.4 For decades, Linkola called for the earth is “healing” itself in the ab- order to protect the environment viewed the “controlled pruning” of the human sence of human activity, now endlessly as essential to White identity is at the population,5 described humanity as na-

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 3 ture’s “very own tumour,”6 and argued to reclaim. Importantly, mainstream Historian Peter Staudenmaier’s essay that the reduction of infant mortality environmentalism has shown itself to “Fascist Ecology,” published in 1995, de- should be “distressing to a biologist.”7 be vulnerable to “fascist creep,” where scribes how 19th century German politi- In recent years, Linkola’s ideas and im- far-right concepts and approaches to eco- cal romantics first forged a “peculiar syn- age have been adopted by an emerging logical crisis have been adopted by oth- thesis of naturalism and nationalism.”17 ecofascist strain within the Far Right, erwise left-leaning environmentalists.13 Staudenmaier highlights the 19th cen- which admires him equally for his com- (A recent Michael Moore documentary, tury German nationalist Ernst Moritz for example, ar- Arndt, who argued that the essence of The ecofascist dream is a not just a White gued that environ- the German people could be found in the ethnostate but a “green” one too. mentalists should landscape and specifically the forest.18 prioritize work to Arndt was a fanatical antisemite, and, as mitment to live simply, his thunderous forestall population growth.14) Staudenmaier writes, “His eloquent and denunciations of environmental and cul- Today, the single most important con- prescient appeals for ecological sensitiv- tural destruction, and his proposed solu- cept to far-right organizing is the projec- ity were couched always in terms of the tion: genocide. tion of majority-minority populations in well-being of the German soil and the While this subculture congregates the U.S. and Europe—something often German people.” The soil and volk were largely online, two massacres last year, framed by the movement as “the great inextricable, and overexploitation of executed by killers whose manifestos replacement.”15 The U.S. Census esti- the land, Arndt argued, led directly to a combined environmental and White su- mates that the country will reach that weakened German race.19 premacist grievances, underscore that it status by 2045, the same decade the at- In 1866, German zoologist Ernst can be exceptionally deadly. The fact that mosphere is projected to reach the 1.5 Haeckel coined the term “ecology,” those attacks in Christchurch, New Zea- degree Celsius warming mark that will before going on to found the German land, and El Paso, Texas—the deadliest exacerbate food shortages, flooding, Monist League, which “combined sci- from the Far Right since 20118—both oc- droughts, and poverty.16 As these two entifically based ecological holism with curred in the last calendar year also sug- trends continue to converge, more acts völkisch social views,” including Haeck- gests that we’re witnessing something of violence—state-sanctioned and indi- el’s personal belief in “nordic racial su- new. vidual—are likely to be committed in the periority,” Social Darwinism, and racial Over the last several months, a steady name of environmentalism by far-right eugenics. His followers developed his drip of stories have added to this un- actors. thinking further, “embedding concern comfortable trend. In December 2019, a member of the U.S.-based neonazi terror The stereotype of tree-hugging hippies in the U.S. has group Atomwaffen Division was outed as a former member of the radical envi- long masked the fact that racist projects were embedded ronmentalist group Earth First!9 In Janu- in the earliest days of the American conservation move- ary, a VICE report uncovered evidence ment and modern ecological thought. that an arson in Sweden that destroyed a mink farm—a traditional target for left- The coming climate crisis, which for the natural world in a tightly wo- leaning eco-saboteurs—may have been promises to scramble all politics, pro- ven web of regressive social themes,” as carried out by a member of another neo- vides ecofascists an opening. So too does Staudenmaier writes, so that “From its nazi organization known as The Base.10 the generational drift of younger people very beginnings…ecology was bound In March, a UK White supremacist group of all political persuasions ditching the up in an intensely reactionary political seemingly impersonated the environ- climate change denialism of older gen- framework.”20 mental group Extinction Rebellion while erations. Debates about who is responsi- The rise of German nationalism was promoting messages cheering on COVID- ble for, and who should bear the burden thus deeply connected to mythical con- 19.11 And in May, antifascists revealed of, the coming crisis, combined with an ceptions of race and nature, both of the identity of an Oregon-based leader of ascendant populist Right anchored in which were viewed as under threat by a now-disbanded ecofascist group named White identity, may well open the door industrial advances. By the early 20th The Green Brigade.12 to ever more authoritarian solutions. century, figures like the psychologist These developments, and ecofascism Ludwig Klages, whom Stuadenmaier more generally, demonstrate that envi- A HISTORY RETURNED notes “anticipated just about all of the ronmental activism doesn’t always align The stereotype of tree-hugging hip- themes of the contemporary ecology with liberatory politics, as conventional pies in the U.S. has long masked the fact movement,”21 were calling for a return to wisdom would have it. In fact, environ- that racist projects were embedded in the simpler modes of living more natural to mental advocacy has deep roots on the earliest days of the American conserva- the German volk. This reaction brought Right as well, which many contemporary tion movement and modern ecological with it the concomitant worship of Ger- White nationalist thinkers have sought thought. man rural and peasant life and rabid anti-

4 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 semitism—with Jews scapegoated as the born, Jr.’s Our Plundered Planet—helped (FAIR), the Center for Immigration Stud- bearers of a hated and false ideology of lay the groundwork for this perspec- ies (CIS), and the now-retired journal progress—that would feed directly into tive.28 And Paul Erhlich’s 1968 bestseller, The Social Contract (which ran Hardin’s Nazi Germany’s philosophy of Blut und The Population Bomb, brought those fears famous “The Tragedy of the Commons” Boden (blood and soil). to the mainstream. Erhlich was joined in its inaugural issue). Tanton started his Haeckel’s eugenicist beliefs also in- by reactionary ecologist Garrett Hardin, public activism in local environmental spired one of the United States’ most who argued that the planet’s “carrying ca- fights in his home state of Michigan and effective early environmentalists, Madi- pacity” was fast approaching its limit due served on the Sierra Club’s National Pop- son Grant, a close friend to President to population growth in poor countries ulation Committee in the 1970s.33 Like Theodore Roosevelt who helped found in essays like “Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Hardin, he viewed immigration-driven numerous conservation groups and the Against Helping the Poor.” While some population growth as a central threat Bronx Zoo.22 But in the context of rising environmentalists (notably biologist not just to the environment, but to U.S. immigration in early 20th century indus- Barry Commoner) pushed back against culture as well. The late wealthy heiress trial America, Grant saw little difference Erhlich’s and Hardin’s arguments, their Cordelia Scaife May shared Tanton’s fears between saving bison from extinction on work nevertheless gained popular at- and used her fortune to bankroll FAIR, the Great Plains and protecting White tention and was adopted by prominent CIS, and like-minded organizations.34 “Nordic” stock from being subsumed by environmental advocacy organizations In the late ’90s and early ’00s, Tanton new arrivals from southern and eastern like the Sierra Club (which published and his allies attempted to gain control Europe.23 A key figure in the era’s elite- Erhlich’s book).29 of the Sierra Club’s board and transform driven eugenics movement, Grant’s 1916 Hardin’s work was particularly influen- the organization into another vehicle for book, The Passing of the Great Race, laid tial, helping to revive a national debate anti-immigration policy and advocacy.35 out a pseudo-scientific classification of around Taylor’s concern for the country’s He failed, but the sharp White national- races that proved enormously conse- “demographic future” by marshaling ist turn he labored to create in the coun- quential. Grant would go on to advise ecological arguments in service of anti- try would eventually find its advocate in in the creation of anti-immigration and immigration policy. Hardin’s impact President Donald Trump. anti-miscegenation laws that served as over time can be measured in his popu- Tanton’s groups, which have provided a template for similar policies under the larization of the “competitive exclusion the Trump administration with person- Third Reich,24 and Adolf Hitler himself principle,” which holds that in a fight nel and policy, produced numerous re- would later write Grant, declaring his between two populations over finite re- ports and commentary framing immi- book “my Bible.”25 Roosevelt, who pro- sources, one will inevitably lose out, and gration as an important environmental vided a blurb for the book’s later editions, was cited in a 1961 segregationist tract30 concern.36 A 2016 FAIR report describes is rightfully celebrated for his expansion and in a 2018 White nationalist defense immigration as the “jet engine” of U.S. of national parks and monuments, but as of the South African apartheid regime.31 population growth and argued that re- president he also lectured White women on their duty to prevent “race suicide” by Arguments about the environmental toll of immigration having more children.26 and foreign aid to the Global South remain canon among The value of this history isn’t lost on White nationalists, as do prescriptions for worldwide contemporary White nationalists. When Grant’s book was rereleased by a far-right population control. publisher in 2012, it included a foreward by Jared Taylor, editor of the influential Hardin’s arguments about the environ- ducing it “offers the best chance for White supremacist online monthly Amer- mental toll of immigration and foreign achieving environmental sustainability ican Renaissance. After praising Grant for aid to the Global South remain influen- long term,” while a 2008 CIS report ar- understanding “that heedless breeding is tial among White nationalists, as do his gues that immigration—by moving peo- destructive,” Taylor added, “The Passing prescriptions for worldwide population ple from low-carbon-using countries to of the Great Race unquestionably helped control including rejecting the Universal the carbon intensive U.S.—undermines make it respectable to think in terms of Declaration of Human Rights in order to climate goals. the demographic future of the United globally regulate procreation. In February 2020, a CIS attorney testi- States.”27 Hardin found a perfect collaborator in fied at a White House Council on- Envi the late White nationalist conservationist ronmental Quality event, alongside the POPULATION AND IMMIGRATION John Tanton.32 Tanton, who died in 2019, director for a Tanton-allied group mis- In the 1960s and ’70s, neo-Malthusian was an immensely influential figure in leadingly named Progressives for Immi- fears of overpopulation came to domi- the U.S. anti-immigrant movement, gration Reform (PFIR).37 The two groups nate the environmental movement. Two helping to found several anti-immigrant have long sought to expand the National mid-century books—William Vogt’s The organizations including the Federa- Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)—the Road to Survival and Henry Fairfield Os- tion for American Immigration Reform landmark 1969 law that requires federal

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 5 agencies to prepare environmental im- influential White nationalist publish- of essays by Ludwig Klages, who de- pact assessments before “any major fed- ing houses working today—U.S.-based nounced the “ever-increasing mechani- eral action” that significantly impacts the Counter-Currents Publishing and Euro- zation” of mankind that was engendering environment38—to encompass immigration policy. Thanks, no doubt, to Erlich and Hardin’s influence in the 1960s, NEPA’s original language prescribes ac- counting for “the profound in- fluences of population growth” on the environment.39 In their February testimony, CIS and PFIR demanded that “popula- tion,” under NEPA, be interpret- ed as including immigration. Under Trump, the U.S. anti- immigrant movement has been elevated from the disreputable outskirts of the Republican Party to effectively running im- migration policy through allies like White House senior policy adviser Stephen Miller. While the administration has yet to Example of a Pentti Linkola meme. Photo credit: Mlang.Finn/Wikimedia Commons. fully embrace an environmen- talist rationale for immigration restric- pean-based Arktos Media—have devel- the “desecration of the natural world.”47 tion, PFIR laid out how Trump might do oped the “intellectual foundation for a Klages’ work has been celebrated on the so in a second term. In a well-produced new fascism.”41 They’re also two of the U.S. Far Right by neonazi publisher Na- video that spliced footage of Central most prominent sources of ecofascist tional Vanguard48 and writers for the now American migrant “caravans” with gar- thinking and ideas, promoting work on archived altright.com, for developing a bage dumps and traffic jams, the group “deep ecology”—a biocentric environ- “useful deep ecological perspective.”49 called on Trump to create an entirely new mental philosophy founded by the late Counter-Currents has also written about bureau within the Environmental Protec- Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss42 that Klages50 and regularly commemorates tion Agency dedicated to studying the holds, “It would be better for humans if figures from their own established canon impact of population growth on the en- there were fewer of them, and much bet- of ecofascists—including some rescued vironment with “jurisdiction over immi- ter for other creatures.”43 from obscurity—like the Hitler-worship- gration and naturalization programs.”40 That credo, unsurprisingly, resonates ping Savitri Devi; the English fascist and PFIR went on to suggest a total cessation with ecofascist thinking and has led organic farming pioneer Jorian Jenks; of immigration until such studies could to some ugly reasoning by deep ecol- English author Henry Williamson; as be carried out, and concluded with a di- ogy advocates.44 Finnish ecofascist Pentti well as Linkola and early eugenics-driven rect appeal: Linkola arrived at this deep ecology prin- conservationists like Madison Grant. Mr. President, other administra- ciple with much more murderous vehe- In a 2012 interview, Counter-Currents tions have failed to study population mence, and Arktos Media published an editor Greg Johnson spoke to the key growth’s impact on our natural re- English-translation collection of his es- tenets of ecofascist belief, arguing that sources and treasures. You’re present- says in 2009 under the title Can Life Pre- “the centrality of nature”—terminology ed with an opportunity to create an vail? The book’s introduction was writ- borrowed from deep ecology and biocen- environmental legacy not just for you ten by U.S. ecofascist Brett Stevens, who trism—connects fascism and ecology, in but for generations of Americans. Re- runs Amerika.org and the fansite Pent- contrast to what he described as the “very member, economic prosperity isn’t the tiLinkola.com.45 Several personalities on much man-centered and anti-natural” sole measure of a president’s success. the influential White nationalist podcast outlook of modern liberal society.51 From Part of making America great again, is network The Right Stuff have recently the biocentric perspective, Johnson said, making it green again. translated Finnish documentaries featur- “follows an organic, hierarchical view of ing Linkola46 while memes featuring his society, the rejection of egalitarianism, THE INTELLECTUALS writings and image circulate across far- the rejection of modern technology and In a February article, journalist Shane right communities online. capitalism.”52 Both deep ecologists like Burley described how the two most Arktos also published two collections Næss and ecofascists like Johnson asso-

6 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 ciate the anthropocentric view with the manageable levels, but value preserva- and names into his rifle and body armor. Judeo-Christian tradition.53 Ecofascists, tion of distinct racial types rather than It also stood out for Tarrant’s identifica- including original Nazi theorists like Al- suicidal extinction.”62 Accompanying tion as an ecofascist and how closely he fred Rosenberg, often emphasize this fact the article was an image that has been echoed the movement’s ideas in describ- by embracing paganism and extending circulated widely on 8chan by White su- ing “immigration and birth rates” as a antisemitic conspiracy theories to blame premacists, illustrating concepts consid- threat to both “White” nations and the Jews for capitalism and industrial soci- ered essential to a new society, including environment. “The environment is be- ety’s destruction of the environment. “environmentalism” and “ethnic auton- ing destroyed by over population,” the Johnson additionally describes how omy.” A year earlier, the Christchurch killer wrote. “We Europeans are one of valuing biodiversity must extend to hu- mass killer had used the same image on the groups that are not over populating man biodiversity, arguing that if the for- the cover of his manifesto.63 the world. The invaders are the ones over mer is viewed as worthy of preservation populating the world. Kill the invaders, so too must the latter. With this perspec- THE KILLERS kill the overpopulation and by doing so tive, Johnson explained, “you get the out- On March 15, 2019, a 28-year-old Aus- save the environment.” look of somebody like Savitri Devi...who tralian White man named Brenton Tar- Tarrant’s manifesto updated the neo- said that her dream is of a world where rant walked into the Al Noor Mosque in Malthusian fear of overpopulation by you have many races and each race has its Christchurch, New Zealand, during Fri- synthesizing “great replacement” theory own place in the world where it can live day Prayer.64 With an arsenal and a cam- with the climate crisis, and arguing, according to its own lights.”54 era attached to his helmet, he broadcast “Green nationalism is the only true na- This vision of creating preserves for his own murderous rampage that would tionalism.” And, like Devi’s vision of ra- “human biodiversity,” otherwise known continue at another nearby mosque and cial biodiversity and Benoist’s ethnoplu- as ethnostates, echoes the work of the ultimately leave 51 innocent people ralism, he also advocated for a “green” European New Right (ENR), which dead. version of “ethnic autonomy”: Counter-Currents and Arktos Media have Before beginning his massacre, Tar- The Europe of the future is not one of strived to emulate and promote, and rant posted his manifesto, “The Great concrete and steel smog and wires but which Alt Right figures like Richard Replacement,” on 8chan, an image a place of forests, lakes, mountains Spencer have heavily drawn upon.55 The board that, until last year, provided a and meadows. Not a place where eng- leading philosopher of the ENR, Alain de playground for an assortment of White lish is the defacto [sic] language but a place where every European language, To ecofascists, toppling a destructive techno-industrial belief and tradition is valued. Each na- society that celebrates multiculturalism could simulta- tion and each ethnicity was melded by their own environment and if they are neously advance the White nationalist cause and help to be protected so must their own envi- the planet. ronments. The attack in Christchurch was the Benoist, articulated the almost identical supremacist trolls and vicious online ha- deadliest White supremacist attack since concept of ethnopluralism, or the idea rassers. Tarrant’s title was a reference to 2011, when Anders Breivik, targeting of a racial “right to difference.”56 French the French author Renaud Camus, who Leftist youth, killed 77 in Norway. That political scientist Stéphane Françoise developed the conspiracist grand rem- attack, Tarrant wrote, was the “true in- has highlighted Benoist’s interest in the placement theory that a global elite is or- spiration” for his own.66 Breivik also environmental sustainability concept of chestrating the replacement of White Eu- wrote a manifesto—an encyclopedic- bioregionalism—which envisions a more ropeans with non-European immigrants. scale collection of far-right conspiracism harmonious human adaptation to the The same concept inspired White su- but his comments on the environment unique natural characteristics that de- premacists in the 2017 torch-lit march in were somewhat overlooked. fine a given “bioregion” and to live within Charlottesville, Virginia, to chant, “Jews While Breivik embraced some climate its natural limits.57 Françoise described58 will not replace us.” change denial arguments, and believed Benoist’s interest in bioregionalism as “a The Christchurch massacre was the lat- that environmentalism was a Communist concept that joined the rooted regional- est in a rising number of White suprema- plot, he also borrowed from reactionary ism” of his ethnopluralism.59 cist attacks worldwide.65 But it stood out ecology. Specifically, he blamed -over This April, Counter-Currents published for its lethality and how Tarrant tailored population as “the outcome of 2nd but an obituary of Linkola60 and celebrated the siege to become a meme for the far- especially 3rd world human behaviour” Earth Day by linking to old articles they’d right community he’d emerged from: by created by a “Marxist/multiculturalist/ published on ecology.61 It also ran a new streaming his attack, packing his mani- suicidal humanist/capitalist globalist piece, proposing that right-wing envi- festo with references and ideas that have elite.” Like Garrett Hardin’s broadsides ronmentalism should be understood as long circulated among far-right corners against international aid, Breivik at- the effort to “keep human population at of the internet, and even etching phrases tacked the United Nations Declaration of

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 7 Human Rights as enabling “third world” ism,” in which he called on others to fol- and neo-volkisch accounts, an account overpopulation that was threatening to low his lead, sowing violence and discord for a North Carolina animal shelter run overtake Europe. Sounding not unlike in order to bring about societal collapse by a White supremacist,70 as well as ac- Linkola or Hardin (who helped popular- from which new White ethnostates can counts calling for revolutionary fascism. ize the concept of Earth’s “carrying capac- be erected. One account described itself by writing, ity”), Breivik wrote: “Yesterday we were Libertarians, today We should create population capac- GREEN ACCELERATIONISM AND UNCLE TED we’re any variety of EcoFash terrorwave ity guidelines for continents or coun- In the immediate aftermath of the collapse cult accelerationists. This is be- tries… If starvation threatens the El Paso killings, Southern Poverty Law cause the only outlet we have left to voice countries who have failed to follow our Center analyst Cassie Miller noted that white self interest is a direct hands on guidelines we should not support them far-right channels on the encrypted mes- approach.” Another account for a short- by backing their corrupt leaders or saging service Telegram broke out in cel- lived group called The Green Brigade send any form of aid. There is no gen- ebration of the terror attack and anointed described itself as “consisting of openly eral consensus to the carrying capacity the killer a “saint.”68 This same Telegram accelerationist, Eco-Extremist members of the planet. Our planet should not community, Miller wrote, represents the focused on tearing down the system that exceed 3 billion individuals so radical “largest online stronghold for accelera- exploits our land, animals, and people.” policies will have to be implemented. tionist ideas.” In December, this group posted photos Like a murderous daisy chain, Breivik Within the White power movement, of an alleged leafletting action in- Ar inspired Tarrant, whose “Great Replace- accelerationism is seen as “the belief that kansas featuring a flyer with an image ment” manifesto in turn inspired anoth- a social system’s internal contradictions of a human skull atop the crossed mon- er killer who expressed environmental should be pushed to their limits in order key wrench and stone hammer from the grievances as justification for shooting to encourage rather than overcome the Earth First! logo.71 down 23 innocent people in an El Paso, system’s self-destructive tendencies. This The accelerationist call to overthrow Texas, Walmart in August 2019. In a is done to hasten the system’s collapse or the “system” also helps explain the grow- manifesto also posted on 8chan, the El demise as well as create space for radical ing far-right adulation of Ted Kaczynski, Paso shooter described how he target- social change to take root,” as the neonazi the U.S. terrorist who killed three and ed “invaders” as one way to “get rid of group The Base put it in a meme shared to injured more than 20 using mail bombs enough people…[so that] our way of life Telegram.69 Before a federal crackdown intended to spark an anti-technology can become more sustainable.” unraveled the group this spring, The revolution. After his arrest, anarchists72 “The environment is getting worse by Base held survivalist trainings—another and radical environmentalists73 first em- the year,” the killer wrote, arguing that important aspect of ecofascist groups at braced Kaczynski for his writings attack- ing technological The rise of ethnonationalist movements and groups—inflamed by developments that xenophobia, expressed through violence, and increasingly claiming the he saw as ruining the environment mantle of environmentalism—cannot be separated from the challenge and enslaving man- of the climate crisis itself. kind. There were also less pronounced immigration from Mexico posed a dual work today. explorations of Kaczynski’s value on the threat to White political power and the It’s easy to see how the accelerationist Far Right, including threads on Storm- environment. “If you take nothing else theory of change could include radical, front dating back to 2002. Notably, An- from this document, remember this: and even murderous, action to forestall ders Breivik plagiarized Kaczynski in his INACTION IS A CHOICE. I can no longer environmental destruction. For ecofas- sprawling manifesto.74 bear the shame of inaction knowing that cists, “the system” is not just a decadent But in the last several years, a loose far- our founding fathers have endowed me Western civilization enabling its own de- right community emerged on social me- with the rights needed to save our coun- struction through immigration and egal- dia platforms with users who added pine try from the brink [of] destruction.” itarianism, but also, through its capital- tree emojis to their profile names and ad- The significance of these manifestos, ist and industrial economy, the primary opted Kaczynski as their own. Members noted historian Graham Macklin, wasn’t threat to the environment. Toppling a de- of this pine tree community circulated just their value as “ideological justifica- structive techno-industrial society that memes featuring “Uncle Ted” and his tion” and propaganda, but the “call to celebrates multiculturalism could simul- Montana cabin, alongside more earnest arms” they issued for new killers to fol- taneously advance the White nationalist discussions about Kaczynski’s anti-tech- low.67 cause and help the planet. nology ideas and the desire for simpler, Tarrant made that invitation clear in Throughout 2019, a diffuse group of healthier lives more in tune with nature. a concluding section of his manifesto ecofascist Telegram accounts called the While some far-right fans recognize that titled “Destabilization and Acceleration- “Ecogram” was active—including pagan Kaczynski isn’t explicitly a “racialist,”

8 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 they applaud his hatred of Leftism and dise, including shirts reading “Kaczynski The ongoing coronavirus crisis has social justice activism. (The first section Electric.” His followers—largely young, made “preppers” of everyone, at least in of Kaczynski’s infamous manifesto, “In- White men, many of whom are into some ways. It has also provided some- dustrial Society and Its Future,” concerns weight-lifting, tactical weapons training, thing of a dry run for how society will respond to disaster on the The Left must recognize the insight of author and activist Daniel scale of the coming climate crisis. So far, it has led to Denvir—that nationalism “poses a greater threat to addressing increased anti-Asian vitriol global warming than climate denialism.” and violence, due in part to President Trump’s insistence “The Psychology of Modern Leftism.”) and outdoor survival—constitute a de- on calling COVID-19 the “Wuhan virus” Some new adherents, including mem- mographic other far-right environmen- and other conspiracies about the origin bers of Atomwaffen, sought correspon- talist influencers see as ripe for recruit- of the virus.81 Meanwhile, Trump’s ad- dence with Kaczynski by sending him ment. ministration has supercharged deporta- letters in prison.75 tions and suspended most types of im- One micro-celebrity to emerge from COLLAPSE migration under the cover of a national this community is Mike Mahoney, aka Another influential figure to emerge emergency—orders influenced in part by Mike Ma, a former member of Milo Yi- from the Pine Tree community is the the same anti-immigrant organizations annopoulos’ entourage76 who created a obscure U.S. electronic musician Storm arguing against immigration on envi- brand, the “Pine Tree Party,” adopting King,77 who in several interviews includ- ronmental grounds.82 Calls from Trump the Revolutionary War-era “An Appeal to ing on racist podcasts over the past sev- to “LIBERATE” Democratic-led states Heaven” flag. In 2019, Ma self-published eral years has detailed his vision for the were answered by armed protesters while a novel, Harassment Architecture, rife Far Right to reclaim environmentalism as the Far Right has cheered at the pros- with scenes of brutal violence, racism, an “untried attack vector” that could aid pect of economic societal collapse.83 By and misogyny—including fantasies of their organizing.78 In particular, Storm early July, the death toll had surpassed shooting up a gay nightclub and curb- King advocates what he calls decelera- 130,000. stomping a Leftist woman—culminating tion: an alternative apocalyptic approach Alongside the heroics of doctors, nurs- in a fantasy of accelerationist terror the to accelerationism79 that involves go- es, and everyday workers, there’s been a narrator describes as “cleansing fire.” In a ing off-grid and creating self-sufficient Far Right striving to exploit the crisis in speech near the end of the novel (sold on communities organized around shared myriad ways. The Left-leaning environ- Amazon and as an Audible Audiobook), political beliefs. “Move your family into mental movement must recognize that Ma’s hero exhorts his followers: a situation preferably in a very rural area the ground will continue to shift beneath We’re here because we understand that where you are anti-fragile,” Storm King them and remain vigilant against what today is unsustainable and cruel, that advised in a 2018 interview. “It’s essen- this threat portends for the larger crisis to tomorrow will only be worse, unless tially prepping. You’re decelerating in come. They must recognize the insight of somebody takes action.... It’s today your own life.”80 author and activist Daniel Denvir—that that you have accepted that you, your- Ma has embraced this concept too, nationalism “poses a greater threat to self, are an engine of chaos, an acceler- if only for branding purposes, in one of addressing global warming than climate ationist. You architect harassment...In his catchphrases: “ACCELERATE THE denialism.”84 The rise of ethnonationalist a week, we’ll reenter the world as our WORLD, DECELERATE YOUR TRIBE!” movements and groups—inflamed by xe- usual selves...But this time, we accel- For these two influencers of American nophobia, expressed through violence, erate heavily from within. far-right environmentalism, then, col- and increasingly claiming the mantle of PDFs and an audiobook version of Ha- lapse in the form of environmental and environmentalism—cannot be separated rassment Architecture have been circulat- economic crisis is welcomed as an oppor- from the challenge of the climate crisis ing across accelerationist Telegram since tunity. itself. They are—all of them—the same the book’s publication. The book has also Collapse is also the subject of a French fight. been included in an “Audio Nazi Library” survivalist book, CBRN: Surviving Chemi- on Telegram, alongside William Pierce’s cal, Biological, Radiological & Nuclear Alex Amend is a freelance writer and re- infamous race-war novel The Turner Events, published this March by Arktos, searcher on the Far Right. He works as a communications manager for the Sierra Diaries, and the manifestos of White su- which includes chapters discussing pan- Club and previously was the research di- premacist mass killers like Dylann Roof demics in general, as well as an “Un- rector of the Intelligence Project at the and the Christchurch shooter. known Virus” and “The Flu.” The book is Southern Poverty Law Center. His writing Ma, still in his twenties, has developed an example of just how savvy (and lucky) has appeared in The Baffler and The New a steady following on social media, post- neofascist organizations can be in capi- Republic. ing daily Instagram stories featuring fans talizing on political and environmental with his novel or wearing his merchan- crises.

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 9 BY JAMES SCAMINACI III

Battle with Bullets Advancing a Vision of Civil War

n January 2019, Rick Joyner, specifically, a racial civil war—has head of Morningstar Minis- been growing on the Right. The most Itries, an important New Ap- dangerous versions of that narrative ostolic Reformation parachurch come from leaders with paramilitary organization,1 claimed to have forces, while other appeals seem received a prophetic vision in a intended to generate a heightened dream in the form of a sentence sense of crisis. Sometimes the ra- reading, “The Second American cial aspects of that threat are made Revolutionary/Civil War is inevi- explicit, as when Michael Hill, head table, it is right, and it will be suc- of the racist League of the South, cessful.” The U.S., he continued, claimed that the U.S. is “headed for was “already in the first stages” of a real civil war”10 against a “globalist- that war.2 progressive coalition of Jews, mi- Some Republicans worried pub- norities, and anti-white whites.”11 licly about how Trump could be Other times, it’s more opaque, as tempting these forces. “The flags when longtime Trump adviser Roger were American, the vibe 1932 Ber- Stone12 warned, in mid-2017, that lin,” noted GOP campaign strat- any Republican who voted for im- egist Rick Wilson3 about a July peachment would “endanger their 2019 campaign rally where Trump own life,” while actual impeachment prompted a 13-second roar4 from would produce “a spasm of violence the crowd taunting the Democrats’ in this country, an insurrection, like “Squad” in Congress—Rep. Ale- you’ve never seen.”13 xandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY), Rep. In either form, the message is ef- Ilhan Omar (D-MN), Rep. Ayanna fectively the same. As Nicole Hem- Pressley (D-MA), and Rep. Rashida mer, a Columbia University research Tlaib (D-MI). Wilson continued on scholar who studies right-wing com- to describe Trump’s reelection bid munication, explains, “When the as “about his ethnic animus and President invokes violence—as in a stoking the resentful edges of so- March of Justice and Community, Graham, NC, July 11, 2020. Credit: civil war—he sends encouragement ciety into…[a] race war.” Conserva- Anthony Crider/Flickr. to supporters already primed to per- tive-leaning Washington Post col- ceive a coming apocalypse. In the umnist Kathleen Parker likewise warned, removing the president from office, I’m world of white power, where a civil war “Trump has essentially declared a ‘race afraid it will cause a Civil War-like frac- is a race war, the President’s words have war,’ for lack of a better term, on minor- ture in this nation from which this coun- particular resonance.”14 This increas- ity leaders and their constituents.”5 try will never heal.’”7 ingly common rhetoric, which appeals In September 2019, one of Trump’s Trump tweeted Jeffress’s prediction, simultaneously to Donald Trump’s core closest evangelical advisers,6 the Dallas made on Fox News, and tagged Fox News supporters, the Christian Right, and the megachurch pastor Robert Jeffress, also in the tweet.8 The official Twitter account Patriot movement, didn’t emerge from warned a civil war could be imminent. of paramilitary militia group the Oath nowhere. Rather, it’s rooted in a narrative In a Fox News interview, Jeffress said Keepers responded: “This is the truth. adapted from a 1973 French novel, The he’d never seen evangelical Christians This is where we are. We ARE on the Camp of the Saints, that some have taken angrier than over the impeachment in- verge of a HOT civil war. Like in 1859. as a guidebook.15 In its simplest form, vestigation. “And I do want to make this That’s where we are.”9 the narrative holds that the “White race” prediction this morning,” Jeffress contin- Over the last several years, a narrative faces extinction, “replacement,”16 or ued, “If the Democrats are successful in around the threat of civil war—and more “genocide” due to high non-White birth

10 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 and immigration rates (or non-White em- early 20th century concerned fears of characterized as either White suprema- powerment), and that patriots’ task is to Black revolt and White subjugation or di- cists (43 percent) or “anti-government “Repel the barbarians,” as Breitbart News minishment, the most potent violence in extremists” (42 percent),29 with an ad- summarized the book’s message.17 In re- U.S. history came from those already in ditional 11 percent committed by “anti- sponse to these perceived threats, right- political power, and it was directed down- abortion extremists.”30 The study also wing forces around the globe choose ward. As historian Richard Hofstadter noted that while the Patriot movement cruel anti-immigrant policies, massacres has argued, short of the American Revo- has historically distanced itself from intended to ignite racial civil wars, and, lution or U.S. Civil War, when political White supremacy, recently the “move- in the U.S., threaten a coming racial civil violence in the U.S. has achieved its pur- ment has willingly embraced…anti-Mus- war to save Trump. pose, “it has been, on the whole, the vio- lim hatred.”31 This modern narrative, though, is lence of those who already had position The ADL’s 2018 report found that rooted in far older tropes from colonial and power.”22 That would also become a “domestic extremists killed at least 50 and imperialist periods. pattern in narratives of racial civil war. people” and “[r]ight-wing extremists In his seminal work Black Reconstruc- were responsible for 49 (or 98%) of the WHITE TERRORISM AND ITS VICTIMS tion in America 1860-1880, W.E.B. Du 50 domestic extremist-related killings in The historical roots of this narrative, Bois quoted a 1921 conference paper to 2018.” Included in the deadly count was for France and for the U.S., lie in the describe how, after 1868, the Ku Klux the attack on the Tree of Life synagogue Haitian Revolution—which drove slave Klan helped unleash a “‘crime-storm of in Pittsburgh that killed 11 and wounded owners in Haiti to flee and culminated devastating fury’” in which the “‘South- seven others.32 in Haiti’s independence in 1804—and ern states…relapsed into barbarism.’”23 On April 27, 2019, a gunman killed fears or realities of slave insurrections Danielle L. McGuire’s At the Dark End of one and wounded three in a subsequent in the U.S. South. Although long over- the Street analyzed how rumors of Black attack on the Chabad of Poway syna- looked, the 1811 uprising led by Charles men raping White women “sparked al- gogue near San Diego. That gunman was Deslondes and slaves from German Coast most 50 percent of all race riots in the inspired by the killing of 51 Muslims in plantations near New Orleans was in- United States between Reconstruction two mosques in Christchurch, New Zea- spired by the Haitian Revolution and and World War II.”24 And the Equal land, six weeks earlier, and the massacre represented “the largest act of armed Justice Initiative’s (EJI) study of nearly in Pittsburgh.33 resistance against slavery in the history 4,500 post-Reconstruction “racial terror And scholar Sangay Mishra, writing of the United States,” as historian Dan- lynchings”25—2,000 of which took place in The Washington Post after the highly iel Rasmussen writes.18 After enslaved during Reconstruction alone26—found publicized 2017 murder of an Indian- people revolted, the response was severe, that they served as a “tool…to reinforce born engineer in a Kansas bar, reported as Louisiana elites asked President James Jim Crow laws and racial segregation,” “more than 800 incidents since 9/11 Madison to permanently station troops and fueled the Great Migration of mil- involving physical violence, threat and in New Orleans in accordance with con- lions of Black people from the South “into vandalism against Arab Americans, stitutional provisions to “[protect] plant- urban ghettos in the North and West.” Muslims, Sikhs, South Asian Americans ers from the dangers intrinsic in their More recent assessments of White su- and those perceived to be of Middle East- slave-based society.”19 premacist violence demonstrate wide- ern origin.”34 A 2018 report by the orga- These existential fears persisted—and ranging targets across racial and class nization South Asian Americans Leading spread—after the abolition of slavery, boundaries. Today, White supremacist Together (SAALT) recorded 213 violent in the U.S. and France, though the nar- violence is directed against Jews, Mus- incidents between November 2016 and rative shifted to warn that individual lims, Black and Latinx people, as well as November 2017, with 82 percent “moti- White nations, the White race, or West- Asian Americans. vated by anti-Muslim sentiment,” while ern civilization itself could be destroyed A 2012 West Point study on right-wing 20 percent of the perpetrators “refer- by differential fertility rates between the violence since 1990 found an estimated enced President Trump, a Trump policy, races and mass migration into White na- 4,420 violent attacks, killing 670 people or a Trump campaign slogan.”35 tions. Two U.S. books helped popularize and injuring 3,053. Attacks were primar- this idea: The Passing of the Great Race by ily directed against minorities as well as FROM “WHITE REPLACEMENT” TO MASS Madison Grant (1916) and The Rising Tide abortion facilities and providers.27 MURDER of Color: The Threat Against White World An Anti-Defamation League study Today the “White Replacement”36 nar- Supremacy (1920) by Lothrop Stoddard.20 of right-wing violence between 1993 ratives that took hold after Reconstruc- In France, a similar narrative began to and 2017 found “150 right-wing terror- tion have arisen again, in conspiracist spread around 1900 by a trilogy of nov- ist acts, attempted acts, and plots and theories such as the “Great Replace- els by Maurice Barrès that introduced the conspiracies.”28 The realized attacks ment”—which argues that massive non- term “le grand remplacement,” or “The killed 255 people and injured more than White immigration into Europe and the Great Replacement.”21 600. Roughly 85 percent of these inci- U.S. will fundamentally alter those soci- Although the driving rhetoric in the dents were perpetrated by what the ADL eties’ cultural foundations—and “White

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 11 Genocide,” which holds that White peo- UK-based Centre for Analysis of the Radi- political discourse and influence public ple are threatened by a “Black revolt.” cal Right, summarized it, “Demographic opinion.”49 Liz Fekete, director of the UK- The theories differ in some respects, conspiracies argue that immigration and based Institute of Race Relations, con- and some researchers and advocates use multiculturalism are not merely negative cluded, “the rhetoric of war has become the terms differently or interchange- influences on society…. but the product normalised. The idea that European ci- ably. Ideas of “White Genocide” (as well of an intentional plan by elites to weaken vilisation is threatened by Muslims and as “Black revolt”) have also dynamically or even eradicate national (or European) by immigration is part of mainstream Eu- changed over time in response to ideo- identity.”44 ropean political thought.”50 logical opportunity. Depending upon the On the anti-immigration website The These conspiracist claims are directly time and place, fears of “Black revolt” European Perspective, massive immigra- linked to several mass terrorist killings, have encompassed slave rebellion, voter tion from North Africa and the Middle with the massacres themselves linked registration, school integration, or—as East is characterized as the “colonization causally to each other, with the killers exemplified by one of the earlier- con of Europe,” the “counter-colonization,” intending that their acts of terrorism temporary uses of the term “White Geno- or “conquest” of Europe.45 In the United would eventually ignite a racial civil war cide”—the introduction of land reform States, the anti-immigration movement in Europe, the U.S., Australia, or New in post-apartheid South Africa. When calls large-scale immigration from Mex- Zealand. For example, the manifesto of anything White supremacists perceive as ico and Central America the “Reconqui- the Christchurch, New Zealand, mass Black people altering society’s distribu- sta”—the re-conquest of the southwest- murderer explicitly sought “to incite tion of status, power, and wealth can be ern United States—or the “invasion.”46 violence in the US… with the ultimate termed “Black revolt,” the definition of The other major component of these aim of civil war, balkanization and the “White Genocide” isn’t limited to physi- theories is the idea that at some point destruction of the ‘melting pot’-ideal.”51 cal extermination but a hyperbolic sense during this “replacement,” White peo- The New York Times found the manifestos of symbolic loss.37 ple might turn to violent resistance. In and tactics of mass killers influenced at But these terms share a common fear a 1986 memo, John Tanton, architect least a third of 347 attacks between 2011 and 2017. The Washington Post Many of the ideas expressed in the manifestos of mass killers like reported that “extremism ex- perts” believe these mass kill- Breivik and the Christchurch shooter were first popularized by the ings spring from “a global net- deeply racist 1973 French novel The Camp of the Saints. work of white supremacy cells that communicate in much the that White people are facing displace- of the modern U.S. anti-immigration same way as other global terrorist net- ment—sometimes through immigration, movement, wrote, “The current situa- works.” The Post quoted Kathleen Belew sometimes through a redistribution of tion…could be…vastly worse in another who suggested these killers shared “‘the power and money (as the response to re- decade. The political power of the im- same ideology…the same broad under- cent calls to “defund the police” generally migrants—legal and illegal—will be so standing of the world….and the common suggest). And as Georgetown University great that nothing can stop it, and the frame is readily apparent.’”52 researchers have found, White national- greatest migration in the history of the The manifesto of Norwegian mass ists and White supremacists “often con- United States will fundamentally trans- killer Anders Breivik, whose 2011 mas- flate or combine” the theories anyway.38 form our society and economy.”47 Tanton sacre of 77 people—mostly children— Other, similar theories also echo these coyly asked, in the face of such an exis- was intended to spark a “European Civil claims, such as Christian Right warnings tential threat, “Will the present majority War” that would drive Islam from the about “Demographic Winter”39—which peaceably hand over its political power to continent,53 exemplifies this. Breivik’s holds that low birth rates in Western a group that is simply more fertile? ... As manifesto is almost entirely a compen- countries leave a vacuum immigration Whites see their power and control over dium of articles and blog posts from the must fill—or British author Bat Ye’or’s in- their lives declining, will they simply go European and U.S. Far Right regarding fluential Eurabia”“ project books, which quietly into the night? Or will there be an Muslims, immigration, and the so-called suggest European Union elites are delib- explosion?”48 Western crisis. Breivik, who was inspired erately trying to replace White Europe- It would be a mistake to see these vari- by anti-immigrant political parties in ans with Muslim immigrants.40 ous “White Replacement” narratives as Europe,54 borrowed heavily from Peder The main villains in these narratives isolated from mainstream conservative “Fjordman” Jensen’s blog “Gates of Vien- are Western elites—politicians,41 church thought in Europe or America. Andrew na”—Vienna being the location at which leaders,42 and intellectuals—who lack Woods of the Centre for Analysis of the an Ottoman invasion was stopped in the moral values and strength to stop im- Radical Right (CARR) noted that the 1683—which was itself inspired by Bat migration because they are proponents of “metapolitical purpose of radical right Ye’or’s “Eurabia” project books. multiculturalism or “cultural Marxism.”43 conspiracism is to develop ideas and Breivik’s manifesto mentions “demo- As Paul Stocker, a senior fellow at the narratives that will slip into mainstream graphic warfare” 75 times, often link-

12 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 ing that concept to Ye’or’s opposition to enough.”64 situated to frame the 2016 presidential massive Muslim immigration and sub- And so it has played out. As Andreas race around immigration. sequent “transformation” of Europe. In Önnerfors, a senior fellow at the Centre Bannon had long been obsessed with one instance, he wrote, “Western Europe for Analysis of the Radical Right, has The Camp of the Saints and The Fourth is being invaded again, this time through found, the manifesto of the Christchurch Turning: What the Cycles of History Tell demographic warfare (mass Muslim im- mass-shooter contains “compelling par- Us About America’s Next Rendezvous with migration in combination with high allels to Norwegian terrorist Breivik in Destiny, by William Strauss and Neil Muslim birth-rates).”55 Breivik also fre- terms of the intentions to kill and the use Howe. Both books forecast the apoca- quently linked demographic warfare of a language of power.”65 lyptic collapse of Western civilization, with Christian Right strategist William S. through either an immigrant invasion Lind’s ideas about “cultural Marxism”— THE CAMP OF THE SAINTS NARRATIVE or civil war.73 Subscribing to an anti- variants of the concept Breivik men- Many of the ideas expressed in the Muslim “clash of civilizations” perspec- tioned over 600 times in the manifesto, manifestos of mass killers like Breivik tive,74 Bannon’s views also aligned with according to analysis by former PRA and the Christchurch shooter were first members of Trump’s camp, including Senior Analyst Chip Berlet,56 and which popularized by the deeply racist 1973 former Attorney General Jeff Sessions,75 Breivik defined as “the European hate French novel The Camp of the Saints, by his former aide Stephen Miller,76 and ideology which was created to destroy Jean Raspail. The novel’s message is sim- Trump himself.77 Miller was also a fan of our European cultures, national cohe- ple and direct: non-White immigrants The Camp of the Saints, as leaked emails sion and Christendom.”57 are arriving in large enough numbers to revealed.78 Another of Lind’s strategic innovations eventually fundamentally destroy White Bannon used his Breitbart News radio was the concept of Fourth Generation societies. The only defense against this show to promote the novel and directed Warfare (4GW), under which a non-state invasion is expulsion of non-Whites who his website’s writers to use it to frame actor would contest the political legiti- have already arrived and violent force immigration developments as the novel macy of a central government via an in- against those en route. In the book, the coming to life.79 As Breitbart News be- tensive, unrelenting barrage of ideologi- reader is cast as both victim and hero, came an ideological bridge between the cal propaganda. While Lind’s articles for while liberal political elites and their al- conservative mainstream and the then- a military audience portray 4GW in terms lies are the main villains.66 emergent Alt Right,80 it helped popular- of a war of disinformation, misinforma- Whenever real world events had mir- ize sanitized neonazi ideas.81 And, as a tion, and character assassination,58 his rored events in Raspail’s novel or when Harvard study of social media platforms less public writings, including a pseud- he came out with a new introduction, during the 2016 presidential campaign onymous (aka Thomas Hobbes) 2014 no- Raspail expanded more directly upon the found, Bannon’s outlet was pivotal to the vel, Victoria: A Novel of Fourth Generation novel’s key points. In 2013, as increasing conservative movement’s framing of im- War, reveal a preoccupation with cata- numbers of African and Middle Eastern migration issues in terms of the “fear of strophic racial civil war. As researcher refugees and migrants fled to Europe,67 Muslims and Islam” and a correspond- and writer Bruce Wilson noted, the book Raspail told a French interviewer, “There ing fear that “immigrants…in sufficient “favorably depicts white Christian militia are only two solutions. Either we accom- numbers…will impose their customs, groups overthrowing the federal govern- modate them and France—its culture, culture, and religion on the U.S.”82 A ment, helping out a resurgent Southern its civilisation—will be erased without subsequent study by some of the same Dixie regime by vaporizing the black even a funeral…. Or we don’t accommo- authors found that the influence of insurgent-controlled center of Atlanta date them at all.” He went on to suggest White nationalists “was only through with a tactical nuclear weapon, and car- that “the measures we would have to take Breitbart and the bridging function that rying out the ethnic cleansing of African- would necessarily be very coercive.”68 In it played in transposing the basic frames Americans... and other ethnic groups 2019, he added that unless immigrants of the white supremacists to the rest of such as Puerto Ricans.”59 and refugees from Africa or predomi- the right-wing media ecosystem…. That Lind’s 4GW writings on his traditional- nantly Muslim countries were turned message framed immigration as primari- RIGHT blog openly endorse Great Re- away, “we will head inevitably towards a ly about fear of Muslims, and to some ex- placement theory,60 the mass expulsion racial war.”69 tent Africans and Mexicans, who would of Muslims from Europe,61 and the use What really popularized The Camp of bring crime, disease, and terrorism.”83 of violence against Muslims in Europe62 the Saints was Breitbart News, which in After Trump won, the same sorts of and Central American immigrants in the 2014 began to propel the novel and its ideas informed his policy and adminis- U.S.63 In 2014, he suggested that mass message into the conservative main- tration. Investigative articles by PRA84 shooters might be seen as 4GW actors. stream.70 That meant Stephen Ban- revealed that the Trump administration’s “If shooters here begin to be inspired by non, who headed both Breitbart and the immigration policies and personnel were other shooters,” he wrote, “Such con- psychological warfare firm Cambridge directly linked to John Tanton’s White nectivity would create a new type of 4GW Analytica71 (both heavily funded by bil- nationalist network of organizations, player…. One inspiring another to act is lionaire Robert Mercer72), was uniquely which were the main right-wing publish-

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 13 ers of The Camp of the Saints after 1990 idea of an impending “invasion,” Carlson Christian Right to cast the president as and leading proponents of its central was busy promoting White nationalist an ancient monarch and his border wall narrative.85 Two of Tanton’s personnel themes that migrated from 4chan, earn- as necessary to “separate us from cultural moved into positions at the Department ing him vocal far-right support.93 At least collapse,” as evangelical author Lance of Homeland Security, while one of Ses- a year before the El Paso terrorist attack Wallnau put it.102 As Robert P. Jones, au- sions’ aides went to the Department of on Latinx people in August 2019, Fox thor of The End of White Christian Ameri- Justice, and Stephen Miller directed pol- News was amplifying the Great Replace- ca, told Gregg Sargent of The Washington icy from the White House. Anti-Muslim ment theory that would be at the core of Post, for “‘white evangelicals who see organizations heavily influenced by the the killer’s manifesto.94 the sun setting on white Christian domi- “Eurabia” project influenced the Trump nance in the country, the wall is a pow- administration’s policies as informal ad- THE CAMP OF THE SAINTS AND THE erful metaphor.’”103 And there is strong visors.86 In short, The Camp of the Saints CHRISTIAN RIGHT support for Trump’s wall and cruel immi- was fast becoming a guiding narrative for It’s not just White nationalists, White gration policies among Trump’s closest the entire Right, including the Republi- supremacists, and neonazis who believe evangelical advisers.104 can establishment.87 in some version of the Great Replace- According to an October 2019 PRRI This became apparent in mid-2018 ment. The Christian Right, which has poll, White evangelical Protestants are when a small group of Central American its own relationships with the White na- the only major religious group, joined migrants began a long, slow trek north- tionalist anti-immigration movement, sometimes by White Catholics, adopt- ward toward the U.S. border. As disinfor- also developed a variant called “Demo- ing a Camp of the Saints worldview: 75 mation spread about the group—labeled graphic Winter.”95 One major influence percent of Republican White evangeli- a “caravan” by Trump and Fox News—mi- on the Christian Right’s thinking was Bat cal Protestants believe “immigrants are litia members headed to the southern Ye’or’s “Eurabia” project books, which ar- invading our country and replacing our border to stop what conservative news gue that Christians and Jews must unite cultural and ethnic background;”105 67 had cast as an invasion,88 and conserva- to repel a Muslim invasion of Europe.96 percent support building Trump’s wall;106 tive writers—even including critics of In 2002, Roberta Green, wife of Howard 76 percent approve of Trump’s Muslim Trump—began referencing The Camp of Ahmanson, Jr., a major Christian Right ban;107 68 percent believe we have no the Saints to describe the situation. Rod donor, co-authored a book, Islam at the “responsibility to accept refugees into Dreher at The American Conservative sug- Crossroads, which thanked Ye’or for her the country;”108 and 36 to 39 percent fa- gested that U.S. decision-makers might “invaluable insights” and cited three of vor separating children from parents at soon face the choice of firing on the un- her books.97 the border—the highest level of approval armed migrants, writing, “The raw logic The Christian Right’s concern with among any religious group.109 of Raspail’s novel says that the only way global demography would be unveiled A further breakdown of this poll shows to defend Western civilization from these in 2007 at a World Congress of Families that 85 percent of White evangelicals invaders is to be willing to shed their (WCF) conference in Poland, where the overall favor a “restrictive immigration blood.”89 conference’s manifesto stated, “human policy,” including specifics like building Trump’s campaign speeches, tweets, depopulation is the true demographic a wall (76 percent), banning Muslims (69 and Facebook ads condemning the “inva- danger.”98 The following year, the WCF percent), restricting the number of legal sion” spread the frame widely. The Wash- released a documentary, Demographic immigrants allowed into the country (68 ington Post reported that as of October Winter, promoting the message, as jour- percent), and preventing refugees from 2019, Trump had made at least several nalist (and Public Eye editor) Kathryn entering the United States (54 percent).110 hundred false or misleading claims us- Joyce put it, that “The white Christian ing the word “invasion.”90 The Guardian West…is in danger of forfeiting itself “BOOGALOO” TO A CIVIL WAR reported that between January and Au- through sheer lack of numbers to an on- In 2020, the idea of racial civil war gust 2019, “Trump’s campaign has used slaught of Muslim immigrants and their began to take an even more literal the word ‘invasion’ to describe migrants purportedly numerous offspring.”99 turn with the emergence—amid the seeking entry at the US-Mexico border in Eight years later, Trump seemed to COVID-19 pandemic and Black Lives 2,199 Facebook ads.”91 And the message speak to White evangelicals’ fears of de- Matter protests—of a loose right-wing was further amplified by Fox News, as mographic decline.100 As evangelical network called the Boogaloo or the Boo- Media Matters researchers found: more historian John Fea observed, they saw galoo Bois. than “70 on-air references to an invasion in Trump someone who “would shelter The Boogaloo111 is a right-wing term of migrants,” “At least 55 clips of Trump them from Mexican strangers threaten- for what adherents describe, with vary- calling the surge of migrants an inva- ing white evangelical America. He would ing degrees of desire, as a second U.S. sion,” and 21 instances of hosts Tucker protect them from Muslims prepared to civil war, likely a racial one. Members Carlson, Brian Kilmeade, and Laura In- kill them and their families.”101 of the network—which initially orga- graham using “invasion” rhetoric.92 Existential fears and the need for nized online and today are recognizable When Fox News was not promoting the strongman protection prompted the for their mix of tactical gear, guns, and

14 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 Hawaiian shirts112—first began showing rested alleged neonazis for planning up in person in Virginia in January 2020, an attack at the Virginia gun rights threatening violence and incipient civil rally,123 Fox Nation host Tomi Lahren war if the Democratic-controlled state claimed that any gun control legisla- legislature passed gun control legisla- tion would result in a “major uprising” tion.113 The FBI arrested three alleged and “civil war.”124 The next day Trump members of the neonazi group The Base claimed the Second Amendment was days before the Virginia anti-gun control “under very serious attack.”125 protest for plotting to kill people there.114 In April, Trump urged followers In more recent months, Boogaloo to “LIBERATE” three Democratic-led adherents have shown up at “Re-open” states that had embraced social dis- events protesting pandemic-related tancing protocols.126 And it was GOP, social distancing policies, as well as Tea Party, gun rights/militia, and at Black Lives Matter marches and dark money infrastructures, some demonstrations. Both sets of protests with direct ties to the Trump adminis- also drew conservative supporters or tration, that orchestrated the ReOpen counter-protesters from patriot groups, or “LIBERATE” protests.127 the Proud Boys, the Patriot Prayer move- In late May, in response to the ment, White supremacists, anti-vaxxers, overwhelmingly non-violent protests and QAnon proponents, many of whom against police brutality regarding also support calls for civil war and Great the murder of George Floyd, Trump Replacement theory.115 The pattern of tweeted the segregationist-era threat, the protests, both online and in person, “When the looting starts, the shooting resembles a swarm attack that appears starts.”128 Blaming violence or van- and disappears with no single control- dalism on “ANTIFA and the Radical ling leader.116 Chats leaked to Left Coast Left,” Trump vowed to use U.S. mili- Right Watch revealed the Boogaloo con- tary forces to stop the rioting, and in- The Camp of the Saints cover. Credit: Amazon.fr. tingent’s intention to co-opt the Black structed the nation’s governors to seek down on anti-racist demonstrations and Lives Matter protests,117 by goading po- “total domination” over the protesters.129 alleged street crime.134 As the nation lice into a violent response. As one leaked The Trump campaign ran more than watched footage of federal forces tear- exchange read: “We have to wait until it’s 2,000 Facebook ads targeting Antifa, 88 gassing peaceful civilians, and anti-racist INTENTIONALLY lethal. … MAKE THEM of which included Nazi imagery.130 (The demonstrators abducted by unmarked SHOOT FIRST!!! It won’t be hard.”118 number “88,” a well-recognized neonazi federal forces, it seemed like the civil One of the more important conse- code for “Heil Hitler,” may have been in- war the Right has long dreamed of might quences of these protests has been bring- advertent, but it’s not the first time that have begun. ing White Republicans into closer contact Trump or his campaign have used Nazi This summer, Camp of the Saints author with militias and White supremacists imagery in its communications.131) Jean Raspail died in France. The legacy he who long, respectively, for a civil war This larger political context created by leaves behind is a powerful narrative uti- or a racial war.119 White supremacists Trump allowed the Boogaloo movement lized by White supremacists and others see the COVID-19 pandemic as a pos- and other paramilitary and far-right ac- advocating a racial civil war, as well as jus- sible radicalizing agent that might foster tors to conduct at least 136 violent and tifying mass murder and White supremacy. greater receptivity to Great Replacement intimidating actions against peaceful, theory by the conservative, evangelical unarmed BLM protesters, according to by Raspail’s narrative and driven by racial Republican base.120 Previously, Great Re- confirmed, catalogued cases by PRA and grievance,But the threat is Trumpism, of U.S. civil the war, authoritarian influenced placement advocates claimed billionaire others.132 GOP, and armed right-wing paramilitaries.135 George Soros was financing massive im- In late May, Trump again threatened migration.121 Now some say that Soros to use military force against Black Lives James Scaminaci III earned a PhD in so- funded a laboratory where they claim the Matter protesters, just moments after ciology from Stanford University, special- coronavirus originated.122 Attorney General William Barr ordered izing in political sociology. He worked as But the most dangerous proponent of federal police and the National Guard a senior civilian intelligence analyst with the Boogaloo “civil war” isn’t any of its to violently clear demonstrators in front subject matter expertise on the former So- Hawaiian shirt-clad affiliates, but rather of a Washington, D.C., church, in or- viet Union, the former Yugoslavia, and or- Donald Trump, whose tweets and state- der to facilitate a presidential photo- ganized crime. ments have reinforced right-wing calls op.133 And in July, Trump ordered fed- for such a conflict. eral law enforcement agents into several On January 16, the same day the FBI ar- Democratic-governed cities to crack

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 15 BY DAVID EHRENS

New England’s Joe Arpaio How a Massachusetts Sheriff Became the Far Right’s Perfect Ally

President Trump gives a thumbs-up as he is presented with a plaque of recognition by Sheriff Hodgson on behalf of “The Nation’s Sheriffs” at the White House on September 26, 2019 . Credit: The White House/Flickr.

Two weeks before Donald Trump took Hodgson was going to focus on national and serve papers. As a jailer, Hodgson’s the oath of office, Bristol County - Sher immigration policy, rather than running methods are cruel, ineffective, and target iff Thomas Hodgson walked into a Fall jails in his 500,000-person county. people of color and the poor. But cruelty River, Massachusetts, auditorium filled Hodgson’s grandiose plans, especially and caricature has become his political with law enforcement officers from in the aftermath of the 2016 election, brand. around the county. With bagpipes blar- were alarming but hardly surprising to Hodgson’s limited mandate as a county ing, Hodgson was sworn in for his fourth those who have followed his career. For sheriff may first appear to be a liability term, following an uncontested elec- 23 years, Hodgson has been selling the but it’s given him both time and latitude tion.1 It was a moment of triumph for same brand: a patriot above politics, a to push “[tough] on crime”4 measures the state’s longest-serving sheriff, and tough lawman, a fair jailer, and a man that have made him a perfect ally for far- Hodgson’s speech signaled he might of faith and conviction who says what he right groups. Adopting a persona similar now have the political capital to reverse thinks, does what is right, consequences to that of disgraced Arizona sheriff Joe a courtroom defeat seven years earlier, be damned. Arpaio—media hound and America’s when the Massachusetts Supreme Judi- Despite his denials, Hodgson is deeply self-declared “toughest sheriff”—Hodg- cial Court had denied his ability to levy political, spending substantial time poli- son has hitched his wagon to a series of extortionist fees on the prisoners in his ticking on national issues. His attempts right-wing ideologues and lobbyists, and custody.2 But it was his widely reported to patrol Bristol County’s towns and cit- used cruelty toward those in his custody plan to send detainees south to work on ies like his Stetson-hatted colleagues to appeal to fearful or xenophobic vot- Trump’s promised border wall that made out West have largely been thwarted in ers. Through association with far-right national news.3 Implicit in his speech, a state where sheriffs simply run jails darlings like Arpaio, anti-immigrant

16 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 groups, and—as a bevy of documents re- of misery rather than rehabilitation.15 was housing prisoners under cruel and vealed this winter—his ingratiating him- When Hodgson stood for his first elec- unusual conditions. Prisoners were be- self with anti-immigrant politicians and tion as the incumbent sheriff in 1998, the ing triple-bunked at the Ash Street Jail, staffers like Jeff Sessions and Stephen United States’ most “famous” sheriff was forced to sleep on the floor, and kept in Miller, Hodgson’s hard work finally paid Maricopa County, Arizona’s Joe Arpaio,16 cells without toilets.27 In 2017, it was also one of two jails Hodgson ran By 1999, a year after his first election to office, Hodgson was that could not document com- already copying notorious Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio’s methods pliance with safe temperature regulations.28 Since the jail’s when he flew to Arizona to visit the future felon. Hodgson even kitchen couldn’t pass a health appropriated Arpaio’s tagline: “Jail is not a country club.” inspection,29 meals had to be pre- pared in Dartmouth and delivered off with his admission to the inner sanc- then becoming notorious17 for his culture to the New Bedford facility.30 One de- tum of the Trump administration. warring, racial profiling,18 and use of tainee described the food as “not enough chain gangs.19 By 1999 Hodgson was al- to feed a five year old child.”31 In 2018, AN UNJUST JAILER ready copying Arpaio’s methods when he following a food strike by detainees,32 Born in 1954 in Chevy Chase, Mary- flew to Arizona to visit the future felon.20 Standard-Times reporters Jennette Barnes land, to a Vatican courier and a former “It’s not a buffet here,” Hodgson remem- and Michael Bonner discovered expired Army nurse,5 Hodgson was one of 13 bers Arpaio saying of the inadequate and food in the pantry and meals they de- children in a devoutly Catholic fami- inedible food he served in his “tent city” scribed as inedible.33 Hodgson’s response ly.6 In 1977 he dropped out of college jail in 120 degree heat.21 Hodgson even was dismissive: “I always tell people, to join the Ocean City, Maryland, police appropriated Arpaio’s tagline: “Jail is not ‘Look, [if you want] cake, cookies, you department,7 rising through the ranks a country club.”22 want more ounces of orange juice or to become head of internal affairs before Hodgson’s philosophy as a sheriff is what have you, don’t come here.’” abruptly leaving in 1988 and moving to a simplistic, red meat pitch to law-and- In 2018 a class-action lawsuit asserted New Bedford, Massachusetts, his moth- order supporters: treat detainees so that a phone contract between Hodgson er’s hometown. In 1991, he won an at- poorly that they won’t want to return to and Securus Technologies, which pro- large seat on the city council, where he jail. Such was his message in a 2010 cam- vided telecommunication services for served nearly three terms.8 paign ad: detainees, constituted an illegal kick- In 1997, Republican Governor William Jail is the last stage of the criminal jus- back scheme. Between August 2011 Weld, who as a gubernatorial candidate tice system, and it’s the most important and June 2013, Hodgson made $1.17 had promised to introduce detainees to when it comes to stopping the cycle of million in “commissions” from Securus, “the joys of breaking rocks,” appointed crime. ... Jail is not a country club. as well as an additional lump sum pay- Hodgson sheriff9 to fill a vacancy left by a That’s why, once you’ve done time in ment of $820,000.34 Hodgson was charg- retiring predecessor.10 By Massachusetts the Bristol County House of Correc- ing detainees and their families at least law, Hodgson’s office is limited to- run tions, you won’t want to come back.23 double, and in some cases 30 times more ning the county jail, process serving, and Complaints about abuse began early per minute than the rate charged by the transporting detainees.11 In 2016 the Su- in Hodgson’s tenure, including a 1998 Department of Corrections.35 At least preme Judicial Court ruled that sheriffs lawsuit alleging cruel and unusual pun- one suicide at the Bristol County jail has don’t have the same warrantless arrest ishment. In 2002, the sheriff imposed been directly linked to the cost of phone powers of police officers.12 Hodgson’s of- sweeping per-diem fees on prisoners, calls.36 ficial duties, then, consist of running the requiring each prisoner to pay for room, The previous year Hodgson had Ash Street Jail in New Bedford,13 men’s board, medical care, and education.24 banned in-person visits to detainees, re- and women’s facilities at the Dartmouth The fees were struck down in 2004, spark- quiring family and friends of detainees to jail, an ICE detention center, and a Civil ing a lengthy legal fight.25 Ultimately, in use video conferencing supplied by Secu- Process division.14 2010, the Massachusetts Supreme Judi- rus. The ACLU objected37 and legislators Hodgson embraced Weld’s draconian cial Court ruled that Hodgson had “acted had to add protections for in-person visi- campaign promise as his own, moving in in excess of his authority and contrary tation to the 2018 criminal justice reform his first years to remove weight training to the intent of the Legislature.”26 But package in order to thwart Hodgson’s equipment and televisions from county Hodgson still found a way to wring prof- scheme.38 lock-ups and, according to several pub- its out of those he incarcerated: by pro- Hodgson has also been repeatedly ac- lic defenders, restricting attorney visits. viding such poor and insufficient food cused of neglecting detainees’ health. He reduced the quality and portions of and clothing that prisoners were forced Men formerly jailed at the Bristol County food detainees were served, instituted to buy both at personal expense from the House of Correction (BHOC) report that Southern-style chain gangs, and set jail’s commissary. newly-incarcerated detainees are denied about ensuring that his jails were places In 2009 a judge ruled that Hodgson medications for substance addiction and

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 17 endure painful withdrawal,39 in violation flagged in 2004 for exceeding the legally cluding K9 units, and loaned them out of Department of Correction medication permitted campaign maximum.51 to local police forces on his own terms. policies.40 After the state’s Commission on Judi- In 2000, Doherty reported, the Fall In a second class-action lawsuit in cial Conduct forced Judge Michael Liv- River Fourth of July parade featured “a 2018, Hodgson was accused of hold- ingstone off the bench for ethics - viola contingent of heavily armed sheriff’s ing detainees with mental illnesses in tions in 2008, Hodgson appointed the deputies—helmeted, with combat boots solitary-confinement cells and denying disgraced judge to run the jail’s medical laced to mid-shin, machine guns at the them programs and services.41 Unsur- program, later admitting that former ready—flanked by some of his 10 canine prisingly, BHOC has the highest suicide state Sen. William Q. “Biff” MacLean, officers and a small armada of gleaming rate of any county jail in Massachusetts,42 Jr., New Bedford City Councilor John T. new trucks and vans emblazoned with and Hodgson is currently fighting several Saunders, and a former mayor, Judge the now-ubiquitous yellow and black in- wrongful death lawsuits.43 In 2019, Bris- John Markey, had approached him look- signia of the department.”58 tol County was tied for the most pretrial ing for a job for Livingstone, who sought Often, Hodgson stepped on toes. jail deaths in the state.44 to beef up his state pension.52 When he instituted his chain gangs, A state audit, released in 2018, discov- New Bedford Mayor Fred Kalisz was out- CORRUPTION ered numerous problems with the sher- raged. “You can’t just go into a commu- Allegations of corruption have also iff’s relationship with Immigrations and nity and change the way public safety is dogged Hodgson throughout his career. Customs Enforcement (ICE), including done,” he told the Standard-Times. “To He’s been accused of patronage, boosting Hodgson’s failure to reimburse the state have someone come in with what some his friends’ pensions, taking question- nearly $350,000 in ICE payments depos- would call a privatized police force and able gifts from supporters,45 receiving ited into one of at least a dozen sheriff’s try to force their ways on the community kickbacks, abusing taxpayer money for accounts not monitored by the Comptrol- is just not productive.” George Leontire, personal expenses, mismanaging his of- ler and thus free from state oversight.53 New Bedford’s City Solicitor, put it less fice’s finances, and spending millions on Also in 2018, the social justice organiza- charitably to the Standard-Times: “He

Since his first, opportunistic embrace of anti-immigrant politics, Hodgson has come to forge strong connections with three of the best known anti-immigration groups founded by White nationalist John H. Tanton and the groups’ leaders.

doomed court cases. tion Bristol County for Correctional Jus- thinks it says ‘I’m a tough-guy boss.’ But When Hodgson initially ran for sher- tice obtained Hodgson’s travel records I think he’s a Boss Hogg.”59 Lee Charl- iff in 1998, his opponent, Rep. Joseph through a public information request,54 ton, then-president of the New Bedford McIntyre, accused him of running a “pa- revealing that Hodgson had stuck tax- NAACP, recalled how Hodgson’s chain tronage bazaar” in the sheriff’s office, payers with the tab for tens of thousands gangs rubbed salt into the county’s deep and a newspaper slammed Hodgson for of dollars of trips to Washington, Texas, racial wounds. In the Whitest parts of practices ranging from “hiring of public- Mackinac Island, Foxwoods, anti-immi- Bristol County, Hodgson sold his meth- ity agents to his fattening of the payroll grant events, and right-wing conferenc- ods to people worried about an invasion with patronage employees, who repay es.55 of “urban criminals” and who believed, him with campaign contributions that in Charlton’s words, that they needed to he encourages.”46 Hodgson’s 2010 chal- EMPIRE BUILDING “fear people like me.”60 lengers charged him with trading jobs From his first years in office, Hodgson In 2003 Hodgson declared that New and pensions for political support.47 Dur- seemed determined to expand the scope Bedford had become “a killing field” and, ing a debate, one claimed, “the Sheriff of his role. He added 100 employees, without approval from the city, launched has spent millions of dollars on unnec- “a SWAT-like special operations team,” patrols on city streets, prompting Mayor essary legal fees to three lawyers who and rolled out his Jim Crow-style chain Kalisz to file a complaint in Superior are his personal friends and political gangs.56 A 2000 article in the Standard- Court. New Bedford’s police and the Bris- contributors.”48 Times on “The Hodgson empire” noted, tol County District Attorney also decried By 2008, Hodgson had spent $1 mil- “Once little more than a warden, the the move, warning that Hodgson’s poorly lion on a labor case he stubbornly took all Bristol County sheriff is now the very vis- trained officers would compromise- in the way to the Supreme Court.49 He also ible head of what has become the largest vestigations and endanger real cops.61 spent $3.4 million on other cases.50 Of law enforcement agency in Southeastern Still, Hodgson persisted—for many that, $1.3 million went to attorney—and Massachusetts, with interests far beyond years—in seeking to acquire the patrol “special sheriff”—Bruce Assad. Another the mere housing and transportation powers that Western sheriffs enjoy. In $1.3 million went to attorney Ronald of county prisoners.”57 Hodgson soon 2017 a retired Fall River police sergeant Lowenstein, a donor whose family was acquired more equipment and staff, -in wrote a letter to the local paper, blast-

18 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 ing Hodgson for conspiring with former ernor Deval Patrick over what he charged rests, 287(g) programs (which authorize mayor Jasiel Correia (who now faces fed- was the state’s chronic underfunding and state and local authorities to arrest and eral corruption charges) to allow his offi- attempts to seize control of jails from detain undocumented immigrants),83 cers to patrol Fall River,62 in violation of sheriffs. But Patrick’s reservations about and Intergovernmental Service Agree- a labor agreement, and to take over the expanding Secure Communities was the ments. And sheriffs can bring even- un city’s jail.63 Hodgson brushes off criti- last straw,70 and Hodgson went to war popular immigration policies to their cisms of his many power grabs: “We are with the governor.71 In 2012, after re- communities in the name of “protecting completely within our constitutional ceiving pressure and assurances from the citizens.” In 2011 FAIR began publicly mandate,” he told the Standard-Times. Obama administration, Patrick relented cultivating sheriffs to carry out its agen- “Counties were actually established even and Secure Communities was imple- da.84 According to the group’s 2011 An- before the state... And I’ve never been a mented in all remaining jurisdictions.72 nual Report, FAIR guy who believes before we can do any- Hodgson had seemingly prevailed. ...met with these sheriffs and their thing we have to get a consensus. I’ve The campaign would mark Hodgson’s deputies, supplied them with a steady kind of been the guy to go out and do it.”64 entry into anti-immigrant politics, but stream of information, established he would soon embrace the cause much regular conference calls so they could HOPPING ON THE ANTI-IMMIGRANT more fully. In particular, he would align share information and experiences, BANDWAGON himself with various organizations and invited them to come to Washing- In 2008, the Department of Homeland launched by John H. Tanton, a Michigan ton to meet with FAIR’s senior staff. We Security (DHS) launched the Secure Com- ophthalmologist and White nationalist invited sheriffs who played the most munities program, enlisting local law who created a network of over a dozen prominent roles in addressing illegal enforcement in federal efforts to detect, anti-immigrant groups,73 nearly half immigration locally to FAIR’s national detain, and remove non-citizens and col- of which have been designated as hate talk radio event, Hold Their Feet to the lect fingerprints and other identification. groups by the Southern Poverty Law Cen- Fire, where they shared their stories The program was popular with Western ter.74 and expertise with listeners across the sheriffs with patrol powers like Joe- Ar The three best-known Tanton groups75 country.85 paio, who stepped up his racial profiling are the Federation for American Immi- By 2014 Hodgson was taking a leader- of Latinx people65 and filled his jails to gration Reform (FAIR),76 a lobbying and ship role in the organization, working overflowing with federal detainees- be action group that has amassed great in- with FAIR’s long-serving National Field fore being barred from participating in fluence within the Trump administra- Director, Susan Tully,86 to organize a ICE programs in 2011.66 tion; the report-generating Center for “fact-finding mission”87 to the Rio Grande ICE had already built Hodgson a $3.2 Immigration Studies (CIS);77 and Num- so sheriffs could “see exactly what is go- million detention facility, later named bersUSA, a purportedly grassroots orga- ing on along the border,” as Tully put it.88 the C. Carlos Carreiro Immigration De- nization that claims nine million mem- The same year Hodgson used Bristol

By 2014 Hodgson was taking a leadership role in FAIR, working with FAIR’s long- serving National Field Director, Susan Tully, to organize a “fact-finding mission” to the Rio Grande so sheriffs could “see exactly what is going on along the border.” tention Center. The facility opened in bers.78 Both FAIR and CIS have spawned County Sheriff Office letterhead to write April 2007, just missing a raid that swept various front groups, including Advo- to fellow anti-“amnesty” sheriffs, ask- up 361 Central American workers. More cates for Victims of Illegal Alien Crime ing them to travel to Washington, D.C., than 200 of that number were immedi- (AVIAC),79 the Massachusetts Coalition in late 2014 to support Senators Jeff Ses- ately transported to Texas, but over 90 for Immigration Reform (MCIR),80 and sions, David Vitter, and other Congress were housed in regional jails, including Bostonians Against Sanctuary Cities.81 members opposed to the Obama admin- Hodgson’s Dartmouth facilities.67 Yet de- Since his first, opportunistic embrace of istration’s border enforcement policies.89 spite this infusion of ICE money and the anti-immigrant politics, Hodgson has Hodgson’s letter called for at least 200 millions Hodgson claimed the facility come to forge strong connections with all sheriffs to make the trip and warned that had received in ICE reimbursements, by of these groups and their leaders. immigrants bring diseases that over- 2009, the Bristol County Sheriff’s Office whelm public health and pose a national was running a $5.4 million deficit68 and a Federation for American Immigration Re- security threat.90 2010 state audit found extensive issues, form In 2015, Hodgson helped FAIR host a including approximately 1,400 pieces of Sheriffs are elected local officials with “border summit” in McAllen, Texas,91 inventory that had no assessed value at surprisingly little accountability82 but with CIS’s Jessica Vaughan allegedly pro- Hodgson’s facilities.69 Hodgson had al- they have a lot of power to enforce na- viding the training.92 The summit took ready been angry at Massachusetts Gov- tional immigration policy through ar- place at the Texas ranch of Mike and

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 19 Linda Vickers, founders of the vigilante a racist housing ban on immigrants in Challenges.” Likewise, in 2016 he joined group Texas Border Volunteers, itself Fremont, Nebraska, in 2013;98 and has FAIR’s “Sanctuary Cities and Law En- an offshoot of the Minuteman Project,93 maintained extensive contacts with mi- forcement” roundtable—an event that a loose-knit group of border vigilantes, litia members and White supremacists.99 also included a talk by FAIR’s law enforce- some of whose members have been affili- Hodgson has been a consistent attend- ment manager titled, “Soros Hacked: The ated with White supremacist militias and ee at Hold Their Feet to the Fire events, Truth Behind His Big Money Network to linked to murders94 and incidents like the most recently in 2019.100 In 2017, Hodg- Destroy U.S. Borders.”104 illegal detention of hundreds of migrants son joined FAIR’s National Board of Ad- in April 2019.95 Like Hodgson, the Vick- visors101 and has appeared at anti-immi- Center for Immigration Studies ers are also regular attendees of FAIR’s grant events sponsored by both FAIR and Regarded by the Southern Poverty Law Hold Their Feet to the Fire events.96 CIS.102 When asked if his membership on Center as a hate group,105 the Center for Immigration Studies (CIS) publishes a In 2018, Hodgson announced that the National Sheriffs’ variety of statistics and reports, though their accuracy has been challenged by Association would be crowd-funding Trump’s border wall. the Cato Institute,106 the American Im- migration Council,107 and others.108 CIS leadership, including Executive Direc- tor Mark Krikorian and Director of Policy Studies Jessica Vaughan,109 fre- quently testify as expert witnesses before Congress, despite their track record of racist commentary and associations. In the after- math of the devastating earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010, Krikorian remarked, “My guess is that Haiti’s so screwed up because it wasn’t colonized long enough.”110 Vaughn has appeared as a featured speaker at an annual work- shop for the White nation- alist publisher The Social Contract Press (another John Tanton project),111 where she spoke along- side White nationalist Peter Brimelow,112 found- Construction crews work on the new border wall on the boundary between the United States and Mexico near the Calexico Port of Entry on June 19, 2019. Credit: Mani Albrecht for U.S. Customs and Border Protection/Flickr. er of the racist website VDARE.113 She’s also ap- The participation of sheriffs at these the board of a group founded by a White peared on broadcasts of the CIS radio events, in which members of far-right supremacist might be construed as en- show “Borderline” with Chilton William- organizations become guests on dozens dorsement of those views or just poor son, Jr., a longtime editor at the neo- of talk radio shows broadcast directly judgment, Hodgson bristled, telling me, Confederate Chronicles magazine. from the conference site, are typically “I’m on a Board of Advisors. I go once a Hodgson has worked closely with the organized by FAIR’s Susan Tully, an year to listen.”103 organization. In 2013, halfway through anti-immigration hardliner who, accord- But Hodgson is too modest. In addi- the Obama administration, a bipartisan ing to the Anti-Defamation League, has tion to his ongoing participation in FAIR group of senators known as the Gang of baselessly claimed that the Obama ad- events, in 2014 he delivered a two-hour Eight was trying to find common ground ministration ran school buses across the dinner address to its board on “The Ef- on immigration reforms, while two CIS border to provide free K-12 education for fect of the President’s Decisions on DACA alumni, Janice Kephart and Steven Ca- Mexicans;97 was involved in organizing and Its Impact on Our Law Enforcement marota, were working for Alabama Sena-

20 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 tor Jeff Sessions to scuttle those efforts.114 with numerous White supremacist con- Sense,136 and its communications direc- Shortly before the Gang of Eight spoke nections122 that relies on visceral testimo- tor, Jeremy Messina,137 frequently posted in one chamber of the Senate, Sessions’ ny by relatives of victims of car accidents White supremacist content on his Face- aide, current White House immigration or crimes committed by undocumented book page, before it was deleted.138 In advisor Stephen Miller, was busy in an- immigrants to push its anti-immigrant January 2019, Hodgson appeared at a other readying the microphone for a pa- agenda.123 During January’s hearings Washington, D.C., press conference with rade of sheriffs and ICE agents ready to about the Massachusetts Safe Communi- ABF leadership and members of AVIAC, testify against the reforms as “amnesty ties Act, AVIAC’s president and vice pres- congratulating them. “Thank you for first, enforcement perhaps never” and ident both testified, alongside Hodgson, representing what I think is the best of painting immigrants as “criminals who in opposition to the bill.124 Also testify- America,” he said. “I will tell you that the have committed felonies, who have as- ing that day was Lou Murray, a member sheriffs of America are standing with all saulted our officers, and who prey on of President Trump’s Catholic Advisory of you.”139 children.”115 Hodgson was among them, Group125 and founder of the FAIR- and and when he spoke, he painted a grim CIS-aligned group Bostonians Against ISLAMOPHOBIA picture of 12 million dangerous, crimi- Sanctuary Cities;126 and Steve Kropper, Hodgson’s ire isn’t limited to Latinx nal aliens “disrespect[ing]” U.S. laws and Co-Chair of the Massachusetts Coalition immigrants and refugees; he’s tied into bringing disease. “Illegal immigrants for Immigration Reform,127 which the a broader far-right ecosystem that in- are creating public health hazards, pub- Southern Poverty Law Center classifies as cludes a network of Islamophobic leaders lic safety concerns,” he said, “living in a “nativist extremist group”128 and whose responsible for mobilizing resentment homes, one-room apartments with three members have collaborated with the against Muslims in the U.S. and abroad. families, taking mattresses off the streets Minuteman Project,129 which has docu- During our September 2019 interview,140 that are infested with bedbugs, filling our mented connections to White suprema- Hodgson parotted a debunked claim that emergency rooms for lack of preventa- cist groups.130 New Jersey Muslims had celebrated the tive care and costing the taxpayers mil- Besides FAIR and CIS, MCIR is also af- fall of the Twin Towers on 9/11. This lions and millions of dollars.”116 filiated with the Tanton network’s The claim is similar to one made by Donald In 2017, Hodgson testified with Social Contract Press, which in 2016 Trump, which earned a “Pants on Fire” Vaughan at Immigration and Border Se- published a piece by MCIR Executive rating from Politifact.141 curity hearings in Washington.117 In Jan- Board member John Thompson,131 who Hodgson is also connected to Dennis uary 2020, the two teamed up again at approvingly quotes White supremacist Michael Lynch, a filmmaker and staunch the Massachusetts State House to testify Jason Richwine, author of a paper titled, supporter of far-right movements from against the Safe Communities Act, a bill “IQ and Immigration Policy.”132 (One line anti-immigrant groups to Patriot move- that would limit state involvement in fed- from Richwine’s paper reads, “No one ment leaders like Cliven Bundy.142 In Hodgson’s ire isn’t limited to Latinx immigrants and refugees; he’s tied into a broader far- right ecosystem that includes a network of Islamophobic leaders responsible for mobiliz- ing resentment against Muslims in the U.S. and abroad. eral immigration enforcement.118 Most knows whether Hispanics will ever reach 2015 Hodgson appeared with Lynch at recently, this April, Hodgson participat- IQ parity with whites, but the prediction Ahavath Torah Congregation in Stough- ed in a CIS teleconference with Krikorian that new Hispanic immigrants will have ton, Massachusetts, a synagogue run titled “Should ICE Release or Continue low-IQ children and grandchildren is dif- by Rabbi Jonathan Hausman,143 who Detention for Aliens during Pandemic?” ficult to argue against.”) has hosted numerous anti-Islam speak- Hodgson said it was “outrageous” that he In 2018, Hodgson announced that the ers, including far-right Dutch politician was held accountable by the Massachu- National Sheriffs’ Association would be Geert Wilders, frequently described as a setts congressional delegation for oppos- crowd-funding Trump’s border wall.133 neofascist.144 When asked about the ap- ing the release of detainees during a CO- The project eventually folded and its web- pearance, Hodgson downplayed the con- VID-19 outbreak at one of his jails. The site now redirects donors to a site named nection, saying he was just there doing teleconference ended with a plug for a Fund the Wall, run by the American Bor- his duty to inform the public about ter- hotline to report “illegal-alien crime.”119 der Foundation (ABF), a Wyoming char- rorism: “They asked me to come speak ity connected134 to the right-wing mili- about terrorism,” he told me. “That’s why Front Groups and White Supremacists tia group American Defence Force, and I was there, because of my involvement In September 2019 Hodgson appeared which to date has only managed to collect with the terrorism task force.”145 at an “Angel Families” event sponsored a little over $227,000.135 ABF Managing Another group of Muslim-bashers by Advocates for Victims of Illegal Alien Director Quentin Kramer has appeared Hodgson is connected with, Brigitte Crime (AVIAC),120 a FAIR front group121 on the right-wing radio show Southern Gabriel’s ACT for America, claims to

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 21 have more than 1,000 chapters around an anti-immigrant intelligence agency. News reporter that “Hodgson threw his the country (although this figure is -dis Hodgson complained to Miller about client to the ground and pepper sprayed puted) and espouses the crudest sort Massachusetts laws, courts, legislators, him when he was on the phone with of Islamophobia.146 The Anti-Defa- and its attorney general, and repeatedly counsel.”166 On May 6, the Massachu- mation League,147 the Southern Pov- asked for Miller’s help circumventing setts congressional delegation and sev- erty Law Center,148 Political Research state oversight of his ICE-related expens- eral members of the Congressional His- Associates,149 and others150 have docu- es.158 In one email that particularly out- panic Caucus called for an investigation mented ACT’s many links with antise- raged Bristol County residents, Hodgson into the Bristol County jail riot.167 Both mitic, neonazi, Christian Right, Identi- reported his own church to Miller for dis- the Department of Homeland Security’s tarian, and White supremacist groups. playing “Know Your Rights” cards for im- Office of the Inspector General and the The group, which claims that the U.S. migrant congregants.159 state Senate Committee on Post Audit Constitution, Western civilization, and This March, amid the COVID-19 pan- and Oversight promised investigations Judeo-Christian culture are under attack demic, detainees in Hodgson’s tightly as well,168 as did Attorney General Maura by Islam, has sponsored anti-Muslim packed ICE detention facility at the Bris- Healey, who asked for surveillance foot- legislation151 and organizes anti-Muslim tol County Jail and House of Correction age of the incident.169 events, sometimes with neonazis.152 In unsuccessfully petitioned him for release By May 12, nine total detainees and 2017 and 2019, Hodgson and Gabriel, a and sanitation of the facilities.160 The six jail staff had been infected.170 A week long-time guest at the event,153 appeared Massachusetts congressional delega- later, the ACLU of Massachusetts an- Hodgson’s emails to House immigration advisors were filled with suggestions for punishing state law enforcement agencies and municipalities that didn’t cooperate with ICE, and for turning his state Department of Motor Vehicles into an anti-immigrant intelligence agency.

together at FAIR’s Hold Their Feet to the tion called for the release of people who nounced they were suing171 to obtain Fire event in Washington, D.C.154 posed no danger to society.161 And at jail records, explaining, “The public de- the end of March, the detainees, repre- serves to know what happened in Bristol FROM BRISTOL COUNTY TO WASHINGTON sented by Lawyers for Civil Rights, sued County’s immigration detention facil- In December 2019, the ACLU of Mas- Hodgson, ICE, and the Department of ity.” Their statement continued, “That sachusetts published a trove of docu- Homeland Security for the immediate re- is especially true when the leader of that ments requested from Hodgson, includ- lease of vulnerable people and for greater government institution has been ac- ing hundreds of emails between him and COVID-19 testing.162 U.S. District Court cused of personal misconduct during the White House, and dozens with White Judge William Young issued a prelimi- the incident, and given ongoing contro- House immigration advisors Stephen nary injunction, finding that both ICE versy about potentially unsafe conditions Miller and John Zadrozny. and Hodgson had likely violated the con- there.”172 The correspondence revealed that stitutional rights of detainees by refusing Eleven New Bedford area groups have Hodgson had made more than a dozen to test them for the virus.163 since called on Hodgson to resign,173 but trips to meet with Miller, attend White Young’s ruling—ordering both test- the sheriff waves away their demands House briefings, and participate in ing and the release of vulnerable detain- and complaints as a “false narrative” events organized by FAIR and attended ees164—infuriated Hodgson, who coun- from people with a “socialist agenda.”174 by CIS staffers.155 The ACLU’s release tered by publishing a “Prisoner Release Hodgson faces re-election in 2022. of documents followed a prior cache of Alert” newsletter, listing charges some emails published by the Southern Pov- of the detainees faced.165 On May 1, 10 David Ehrens is a former software develop- erty Law Center, exposing the extent of ICE detainees were finally summoned er and teacher who works now on local civil rights, immigration, and criminal justice Stephen Miller’s contacts with worst-of- for testing and told to bring their be- issues. He is a member of Bristol County for the-worst White supremacist organiza- longings. Suspecting the punitive use of Correctional Justice and the NAACP New tions.156 Hodgson’s unctuous emails to solitary confinement for requesting the Bedford Branch. Miller and to Zadrozny, who came from tests, the detainees refused to leave com- FAIR and is now acting chief of staff mon and sleeping areas. for U.S. Citizenship and Immigration The riot that followed has differing ac- Services,157 were filled with suggestions counts. Hodgson claims the ICE detain- for punishing state law enforcement ees “rushed” corrections officers. But agencies and municipalities that didn’t immigration attorney Ira Alkalay, who cooperate with ICE, and for turning his was speaking with one of the detainees state Department of Motor Vehicles into during the disturbance, told a WBSM

22 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 BY KATHRYN JOYCE

Unholy Author Q&A with Sarah Posner

President Trump authorized law enforcement to use tear gas and forceful riot control tactics to clear peaceful protestors, creating a path for him to pose for a photo op in front of the parish house at St. John’s Church in Washington, D.C., on June 1, 2020. Credit: Official White House Photograph.

For years, Sarah Posner has been one of the most perceptive journalists covering the political activism of U.S. evangelicals and the broader Religious Right. In 2016, she became one of the first reporters to track the rise of the Alt Right, and its relationship to the wider conservative movement, including getting former White House advisor Steve Bannon to admit that he saw his website, Breitbart News, as “the platform for the alt-right.” With the release of her new book, Unholy: Why White Evangelicals Worship at the Altar of Donald Trump (Random House, 2020), Posner has vividly demonstrated how these two movements overlap and tie together in surprising and disturbing ways. Posner spoke with PRA this spring about her groundbreaking reporting.

PRA: One of your book’s most impressive accomplishments is in revealing the connections between the Christian Right and the Alt Right, two movements people often think of as separate. Posner: Both movements oppose changes that took place in the second half of the 20th century that promoted civil rights, human rights, and dignity for all citizens. Obviously those goals still need to be fully attained. But both movements similarly opposed those changes. And so what unites them in support of Donald Trump is his contempt for those very liberal democratic virtues: pluralism, democracy, the rule of law, human rights. The Alt Right doesn’t really care about abortion, and you won’t meet many people on the Christian Right who’d go to a Nazi rally and walk around waving a swastika. But Trump is a vessel for both movements and their hostility toward liberal democracy and human rights.

Almost everything written about Trump and evangelicals highlights the contradiction between his personal immoral- ity and the Christian Right’s purported values, concluding that evangelicals hypocritically traded their values for raw political power. You say that’s too simplistic, and that a deeper bond exists between them. As much as Trump couldn’t cite a Bible verse correctly, he nonetheless articulated, in a way few other politicians dare to do, his contempt and disdain for “political correctness”—which is code for everything they believe is infringing on their rights as Chris-

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 23 tians or that’s diminishing the Christian You observe that Trump seems to desegregation. Then there were oth- America they claim is the true founda- have studied televangelism and used ers, like Christian schools, that weren’t tional nature of the United States. They it as a model for his public persona and formed with that explicit purpose but saw in him a hero who was not cowed by career. because Christians had other grievances, what they claim is this oppressive, tyran- Trump has long been friends with Pau- too, like the striking down of mandatory nical political correctness that’s trying la White, a fairly popular televangelist school prayer and Bible readings, which to silence Christians. So it didn’t matter who is now not only his personal spiri- occurred around the same time. that he can’t talk about the Bible, or the tual adviser but an official White House The IRS developed a policy that if you time he was saved, or when he was bap- adviser to his faith initiative. Back in the don’t have a certain percentage of minor- tized, or had his Road to Damascus mo- early 2000s, the lore goes, he suppos- ity students, and you’re not taking steps ment. None of that mattered because edly liked watching Christian television, to make your school more diverse, then they’d never had a champion like that saw White preach, and had his office you’re not entitled to a tax exemption be- who would so unabashedly voice their call her. And the rest is history: they’ve cause you’re basically trying to evade the grievances. been friends for close to two decades. But policy of the U.S. government. One of the whatever the truth is in that story, it’s schools that had its tax exemption taken You also write that Trump offered pretty clear that he has studied televan- away was Bob Jones University, because evangelicals something more than gelists and their ability to entertain, to they had a policy against interracial dat- just political power; that he gave them promote magical thinking, to talk about ing. Bob Jones became this rallying cry “new life.” money, and just the ostentatiousness for the Christian Right: that the govern- When I talk about him giving them that’s so evident in televangelism. ment was trying to impose its views and new life, I was talking principally about It’s also said that as a kid he went to the interfere in the religious beliefs of Chris- politics and policy. If the 2016 election church of Norman Vincent Peale, who tian schools. And while Bob Jones was had gone the other way, the country was promoted “the power of positive think- the most celebrated case and went all on the road to, for example, full equality ing” even before these televangelists the way up to the Supreme Court, a lot of for LGBTQ people. The Christian Right were on the scene. I think that mental- other schools, particularly primary and thought 2015 and the Supreme Court de- ity is on display with Trump right now secondary Christian schools, were also cision legalizing same-sex marriage na- during the COVID pandemic, because getting very riled up. This pushback to tionwide was a watershed moment, like he clearly seems to think that if he just the IRS led to White evangelicals getting Roe v. Wade, where they would have to hopes that it goes away, it will. involved in the Christian Right. It really mobilize to either overturn or chip away But his connection to contemporary wasn’t abortion, which was tacked on at it. They were a very powerful demo- televangelists goes deeper than that. It’s and later marketed as the primary reason graphic within the Republican Party, but really about money and celebrity and evangelicals got involved in politics. a minority in the country in their view thinking that being rich is evidence of that LGBTQ people shouldn’t have full God’s blessing on you. The prosperity You describe Trump as not an aber- and equal rights. That view was about gospel goes a long way toward explaining ration but rather the belated culmina- to be culturally marginalized, so it was a what these self-professing Christians see tion of the New Right’s plans: a figure tipping point for them, where they might in Donald Trump. whom social conservatives could use have been unable to do that chipping to punish establishment Republicans away without Trump’s help, in terms of Racial grievance is an important for taking them for granted. policy and personnel, and also in terms through-line of your book, not least in A lot of the historical memory of the of all these anti-LGBTQ judges that he’s your history of how the contemporary creation of the New Right focuses more on nominating. Christian Right came into being. the Religious Right than on racial griev- With regard to the fringe or less well- Again, it all goes back to this antago- ance. And I think that’s by design. But at known players who now have greater nism toward the government doing any- the time, the founders of the New Right, prominence, I think that’s a function thing to promote civil or human rights like Paul Weyrich and Howard Phillips, of Trump’s fluency in the televangelist that the Christian Right sees as a threat really wanted to stick it to the Republican world and also his position on political to their own rights. The modern Reli- establishment, the country club Republi- correctness. Unlike previous Republi- gious Right got organized around a griev- cans. They thought there was going to be cans, Trump doesn’t shy away from peo- ance about IRS policy regarding private this Middle America, blue-collar, White ple who believe in QAnon, or that vac- schools. After Brown v. Board of Educa- Christian guy who would reject the [Na- cines are a government plot, or whatever tion ordered the desegregation of Ameri- tional Review founder] Bill Buckley view conspiracy theories his supporters be- ca’s public schools, a lot of private schools of what conservatism should be. lieve. So not only has he given them new were formed in areas where people didn’t From the 1980s through the early life in that policy way, but he’s also giving want to send their children to desegre- 2000s, the Republican Party looked new exposure or notoriety to figures that gated schools. Some were segregation pretty much like the Buckley view of the were far from being household names. academies, explicitly formed to avoid world: respectable, connected with the

24 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 Chamber of Commerce and the foreign been cut loose from places like the Heri- autocratic leaders like Vladimir Putin or policy establishment. But when I looked tage Foundation, others don’t get that Viktor Orbán, but they’re actively pro- back at the writings from the early ’70s to treatment. And there’s no more glaring moting them. early ’80s, when Weyrich was putting the example of somebody who believes in Bannon also recognizes, at least do- New Right infrastructure together, you the White nationalist agenda in a very mestically, that he needed the Christian realize how much it was driven not just aggressive way than Stephen Miller, Right to be on board with the Alt Right. by the Christian Right’s desire to “return who previously worked for Senator Jeff In the same interview where he told me America to her Christian roots,” but by Sessions and Congresswoman Michele Breitbart was the platform for the Alt the idea that liberalism has ruined Amer- Bachmann, and who now has a very Right, he also said the Alt Right needs the ica. That all these liberal ideas about im- prominent role as one of Trump’s longest Christian Right in order to win elections. migration and civil rights have been ter- lasting aides in the White House. So I’m not arguing that Tony Perkins rible for us and we need to create this new I don’t know precisely who Brimelow got together with Richard Spencer and right-wing movement that opposes that was thinking of when he told me that had a meeting about how to get the Chris- stuff, but also opposes the country club back in 2016. But when you think about tian Right and the Alt Right together. I Republicans. And when you look at that how Miller ascended to the highest level don’t think those two would get along in early writing, it’s remarkable how much to the White House, and how many other the slightest. But there are these affini- it sounds like Trump. There’s this desire Stephen Millers there are who haven’t ties and Trump worked those affinities to shunt aside the establishment Repub- ascended to that level, who might just be and Bannon worked those affinities and lican view of things and create this new working at a think tank or for some ob- here we are. right-wing movement that pushes back scure member of Congress, I think that’s on the government trying to institution- what Brimelow was talking about. Is the Right’s use of religious free- alize these new civil rights that have gone dom rhetoric an example of that? way too far. You also write about the ways the Religious freedom was the language Looking at that, you could almost make Christian Right and the White su- used to push back on Christian schools’ the argument that the Bushes and Mc- premacist Right overlap, including on efforts to oppose desegregation. And it’s Cain and Romney were the aberrations. the international stage, with figures the very same language that’s used today Because if the New Right was the beating who seem different but are fighting to push back on LGBTQ and reproductive heart of the American Right wing, that similar fights—people like Allan Carl- rights. really spoke to their grievances and an- son of the World Congress of Fami- Now, you won’t see the mainstream tipathy to government or judicial action lies and former Trump advisor Steve Christian Right saying that civil rights to promote civil rights and democratic Bannon. for African Americans infringes on their values, then Trump speaks to those roots I don’t think they’re secret allies but religious freedom. Even though they’re more than Mitt Romney or John McCain that they have affinities that are- com in an effective relationship with the Alt or George W. Bush. ing together in this moment when we’re Right in supporting Trump, and Trump seeing the rise of far-right authoritari- is obviously very racist, they try to keep You also report that, although anism across Europe and the former So- up this pretense that they’re a big tent mainstream conservatism treats the viet Union and even in South America. and not just about White evangelicals Alt Right as marginal, there’s a sort To them, it’s important to have a strong and Catholics. We can have a separate of dance between the establishment leader to push back on liberal ideals, or discussion about whether that’s sincere. GOP and the Far Right in terms of what Bannon might call globalist ideas. But they use the same language and ar- what they admit is part of their co- When Bannon talks about globalism, guments that they used with respect to alition. For example, you report that it’s code for the idea that we’re all glob- Bob Jones then with regard to LGBTQ Peter Brimelow, founder of the racist al citizens and human rights should be and reproductive rights today. And when website VDARE, told you many Alt protected and promoted and ensured for Obergefell was on the verge of becoming Right people have mainstream roles, everyone. And when Allan Carlson talks the law of the land, they were gearing up staffing conservative think tanks, -fly about gender ideology—which is World for this. They were talking about explicit- ing under the radar. Congress of Families jargon for repro- ly invoking the Bob Jones case and saying Brimelow himself is a case study in this. ductive and LGBTQ rights—he’s talking this is going to be a disaster for our reli- He once worked as a staffer to Senator Or- about a very similar thing: that there are gious freedom because now the govern- rin Hatch. He’s written for mainstream these outsiders or minorities who come ment will come after us over what we be- conservative publications, including the in and demand these rights, but those lieve about marriage and they’re going to National Review, until Buckley let him rights infringe on our rights. So while take away our churches’ tax exemptions. go—to Brimelow’s ever-lasting resent- you might not see Carlson and Bannon in Obviously, that wasn’t going to happen ment. On VDARE, Brimelow still talks the same room together—although that and didn’t happen. But the language is about Buckley and “Conservatism, Inc.” wouldn’t surprise me greatly—these af- deployed to great effect. But while Brimelow was cut loose from finities are working together such that National Review, and some people have both movements are not only okay with

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 25 endnotes

Blood and Vanishing Topsoil 29. Scholar Betsy Hartmann has detailed the two al Vanguard’s website. has a pro-environment plank and claims to be the waves of mainstream U.S. environmental groups’ 49. Joakim Anderson, “Ludwig Klages and the Bio- United States’ “only true Green party.” See Matthew 1. Shulz, Thomas, Twitter Post, March 17, embrace of overpopulation politics, first in the 1960s centric Worldview,” AltRight.com, November 6, N. Lyons, “The Christchurch massacre and fascist 2020, 8:25 AM, https://archive.is/Cflee. and ’70s and then a post-Cold War return in the 1990s. 2015, http://archive.is/zWYRk.; https://donotlink. revolutionary politics,” Three Way Fight, April 18, 2. Emmanuel Felton, “The Coronavirus Meme As Hartmann writes, overpopulation politics is both it/vw3WQ. 2019, http://threewayfight.blogspot.com/2019/04/ About ‘Nature Is Healing’ Is So Damn Funny,” “politically useful to powerful interests” and “obscures 50. James J O’Meara, “Forward — Into the Past! Cir- the-christchurch-massacre-and-fascist.html and BuzzFeed News, April 7, 2020, https://www. the root cause of environmental degradation,” which cling the Cosmos with Herr Prof. Dr. Ludwig Klages,” American Freedom Party, “Environment,” http://ar- buzzfeednews.com/article/emmanuelfelton/corona- is the extremely wasteful consumption practices Counter-Currents, July 7, 2015, http://archive.is/ chive.is/JHEbc. virus-meme-nature-is-healing-we-are-the-virus. of rich countries and the mammoth extractive pro- DjxRg. 64. It’s worth noting two older incidents of violence 3. Joshua Berlinger, “April 5 coronavirus news,” cesses and political power of the fossil fuel industry. 51. Both Næss and ecofascists like Johnson, drawing that have a connection to the ecofascist subculture. In CNN, April 5, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/world/ Researchers have recently been able to quantify that on Devi, locate the source of the West’s anthropo- 2005, a 16-year-old user of the Libertarian National live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-04-05-20/index. only 20 companies are responsible for one-third of centric orientation to nature in the Judeo-Christian Socialist Green Party forum killed 10, including him- html. all carbon emissions that are driving climate change. tradition. self, starting at his home and continuing at his former 4. Nina Svahn and Anniina Nirhamo, “Nature Betsy Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The 52. Robert Stark, “Robert Stark Interviews Greg John- high school in Red Lake, MN. See Sarah Left, “A neo- conservationist Pentti Linkola is dead,” Yle, April 4, Global Politics of Population Control (Chicago: Hay- son on Eco-Fascism,” Voice of Reason Radio Network, nazi ‘angel of death,’ ” The Guardian, March 22, 2005, 2020, https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11293151. market Books, 2016), xi.; Matthew Taylor and Jona- April 2, 2012, http://archive.is/5rlQX. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/mar/22/ 5. Pentti Linkola, Can Life Prevail?: A Radical Ap- than Watts, “Revealed: the 20 firms behind a third of 53. Deep ecologists point to Genesis 1:26, which usa.usgunviolence1. In 2007, a school shooter in proach to the Environmental Crisis (Arktos, 2011), 152. all carbon emissions,” The Guardian, October 9, 2019, reads “And God said, Let us make man in our image, Finland named Pekka-Eric Auvinen killed seven fel- 6. Pentti Linkola, “Humanflood,” in Apocalypse https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/ after our likeness: and let them have dominion over low students and the principal before killing himself. Culture II, ed. Adam Parfrey (Port Townsend: Feral oct/09/revealed-20-firms-third-carbon-emissions. the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and Shortly before the murders, Auvinen, who expressed House, 2000), 436–51. 30. Carelton Putnam, Race and Reason: A Yankee’s over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every deep misanthropy, made a tribute video to Pentti 7. Pentti Linkola, Can Life Prevail?: A Radical Ap- View (New York: Public Affairs Press, 1961), 51. creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.” Linkola. See Brendan O’Neill, “Rating humanity,” proach to the Environmental Crisis (Arktos, 2011), 128. 31. Lara Johnston, “Apartheid as Seen by the Boers: 54. Ibid. In a recent article at the antisemitic jour- The Guardian, November 14, 2007, https://www. 8. Weiyi Cai and Simone Landon, “Attacks by White The Population History of South Africa,” Occidental nal Occidental Observer titled “Racial Ecologism,” theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/nov/14/rat- Extremists Are Growing. So Are Their Connections.” Observer, March 1, 2018, https://donotlink.it/qLPLk. an author stressed this aspect of ecofascist thinking inghumanity. The New York Times, April 3, 2019, https://www. 32. Alex Amend, “First as Tragedy, Then as Fascism,” writing: “We have already noted the importance of 65. Weiyi Cai and Simone Landon, “Attacks by White nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/03/world/white- The Baffler, September 26, 2019, https://thebaffler. population-habitat balance. Now consider the irony Extremists Are Growing. So Are Their Connections,” extremist-terrorism-christchurch.html. com/latest/first-as-tragedy-then-as-fascism-amend. of U.S. state and federal governments requiring the The New York Times, April 3, 2019, https://www. 9. Nate Thayer, “Secret Identities of U.S. Nazi Ter- 33. John F. Rohe, Mary Lou & John Tanton: A Journey integration of human racial groups and promoting nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/03/world/white- ror Group Revealed,” nate-thayer.com, December 6, Into American Conservation (Washington DC: FAIR miscegenation while they also spend millions of dol- extremist-terrorism-christchurch.html. 2019, https://www.nate-thayer.com/secret-identi- Horizon Press, 2002). lars to preserve unique genotypes among mammals 66. Adam Taylor, “New Zealand suspect allegedly ties-of-u-s-nazi-terror-group-revealed/. 34. Nicholas Kulish and Mike McIntire, “Why an and fish.” Nelson Rosit, “Racial Ecologism: - AnEn claimed ‘brief contact’ with Norwegian mass mur- 10. Zachary Kamel, Mack Lamoureux and Ben Heiress Spent Her Fortune Trying to Keep Immigrants vironmental Position Paper for the Dissident Right,” derer Anders Breivik,” The Washington Post, March Makuch, “‘Eco-fascist’ Arm of Neo-Nazi Terror Group, Out,” The New York Times, August 14, 2019, https:// Occidental Observer, December 2, 2019. 15, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/ The Base, Linked to Swedish Arson,” VICE, January www.nytimes.com/2019/08/14/us/anti-immigra- 55. Counter-Currents’ tagline is “North American world/2019/03/15/new-zealand-suspect-allegedly- 29, 2020, https://www.vice.com/amp/en_ca/article/ tion-cordelia-scaife-may.html. New Right.” claimed-brief-contact-with-norwegian-mass-murder- qjdvzx/eco-fascist-arm-of-neo-nazi-terror-group-the- 35. Hop Hopkins, “How the Sierra Club’s History 56. Spencer Sunshine, “Rebranding Fascism: Na- er-anders-breivik/. base-linked-to-swedish-arson. With Immigrant Rights Is Shaping Our Future,” Sierra tional-Anarchists,” Political Research Associates, 67. Graham Macklin, “The El Paso Terrorist Attack: 11. Ben Makuch, “Fascists Impersonate Climate Club, November 2, 2018, https://www.sierraclub. January 28, 2008, https://www.politicalresearch. The Chain Reaction of Global Right-Wing Terror,” CTC Group to Say Coronavirus Is Good for Earth,” VICE, org/articles/2018/11/how-sierra-club-s-history-im- org/2008/01/28/rebranding-fascism-national-anar- Sentinel, vol 12, no 11 (December 2019): 2. https:// March 25, 2020, https://www.vice.com/en_us/ar- migrant-rights-shaping-our-future. chists. ctc.usma.edu/el-paso-terrorist-attack-chain-reac- ticle/n7jmmx/fascists-impersonate-climate-group- 36. “Where the White House Gets Its Racist Im- 57. Blair Taylor details another connection between tion-global-right-wing-terror/. to-say-coronavirus-is-good-for-earth. migration Policies,” Political Research Associates, bioregionalism and racist movements in the figure 68. Cassie Miller, “El Paso Massacre Galvanizes Ac- 12. “William Rehm IV: Oregon Member of ‘The Base’ March 1, 2018, https://www.politicalresearch. of Kirkpatrick Sale, a longtime writer on topics of celerationists,” Hatewatch, August 5, 2019, https:// Exposed!,” Eugene Antifa, May 9, 2020, https://eu- org/2018/03/01/where-the-white-house-gets-its- environmentalism and technology and author of www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2019/08/05/el-paso- geneantifa.noblogs.org/post/2020/05/09/william- racist-immigration-policies. Dwellers In The Land, who has made common cause massacre-galvanizes-accelerationists. rehm-iv/ 37. Julie Axelrod, “Council on Environmental Qual- with several secessionist groups including the neo- 69. The post also contained a stylized image of the 13. Alexander Reid Ross, “Against the Fascist Creep,” ity Holds Public Hearing on the National Environ- Confederate group League of the South. Blair Taylor, cover art from William Pierce’s The Turner Diaries. (AK Press, February 2017). mental Policy Act,” Center for Immigration Studies, “Alt-right ecology: Ecofascism and far-right environ- As Matthew N. Lyons noted in his examination of 14. Emily Atkin, “Really, Michael Moore?,” Heated, February 28, 2020, https://archive.vn/m7FKw. mentalism in the United States,” in Far Right and the the Christchurch manifesto, Pierce’s extremely in- April 27, 2020, https://heated.world/p/really-mi- 38. “Summary of the National Environmental Policy Environment: Politics, Discourse and Communication, fluential novel/manual for race war contained one chael-moore. Act,” Environmental Protection Agency, https:// ed. Bernhard Forchtner (Routledge, 2019). of the earliest expressions of White power accelera- 15. Thomas Chatterton Williams, “The French Ori- www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-national- 58. Stéphane François, “La Nouvelle Droite et tionism. See Matthew N. Lyons, “The Christchurch gins of ‘You Will Not Replace Us,’” The New Yorker, environmental-policy-act. l’écologie : une écologie néopaïenne?” Parlement[s], massacre and fascist revolutionary politics,” Three November 27, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/ 39. The National Environmental Policy Act, 42 Revue d’histoire politique, no. 12 (2009): 132 -143, Way Fight, April 18, 2019, https://threewayfight. magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you- U.S.C. § 4321 (1969). https://www.cairn.info/revue-parlements1- blogspot.com/2019/04/the-christchurch-massacre- will-not-replace-us. 40. PFIRorganization, “NEPA: Let’s Make America 2009-2-page-132.htm#. Translation by the author. and-fascist.html. 16. Coral Davenport, “Major Climate Report De- Green Again,” YouTube Video, October 8, 2019, 59. In the U.S. context, this vision hearkens back 70. Tia Foster, who also co-ran accounts for Ananda scribes a Strong Risk of Crisis as Early as 2040,” The https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYe2sn8wjWA. to the concept of the “Northwest Territorial Impera- Animal Refuge and Rescue and Mercy Line Transport, New York Times, October 7, 2018, https://www. 41. Shane Burley, “How White Racists Dream: Meta- tive,” a call to White supremacists to move to the Pa- was active on both Telegram under the name “White nytimes.com/2018/10/07/climate/ipcc-climate- politics and Fascist Publishing,” Full Stop, February cific Northwest en masse, and establish a stronghold. Tree” and other social media throughout 2019. See report-2040.html. 24, 2020, http://www.full-stop.net/2020/02/24/ Neonazi author Harold Covington—whose work Greg Asheville Anti Racism, “TIA AZAR FOSTER, ECO- 17. Peter Staudenmaier and Janet Biehl, Ecofascism features/shane-burley/how-white-racists-dream- Johnson has promoted—further popularized the call FASCIST MONSTER,” September 13, 2019, https:// Revisited: Lessons From the German Experience (Pors- metapolitics-and-fascist-publishing/. and until Covington’s death in 2018, sought to es- avlantiracism.blackblogs.org/2019/09/13/tia-azar- grunn: New Compass, 2011), 18. 42. Deep ecology is decidedly biocentric, viewing ev- tablish an “independent and sovereign White nation foster-eco-fascist-monster/. 18. German political romantics in the 18th and ery living thing from microbes to humans as equal in in the Pacific Northwest” which they believed to be 71. This same account promoted the manifestos of 19th centuries derived this connection between the intrinsic value. Deep ecology contrasts itself to what “the only possibility for the survival of the White race a Latin American anarchist terror group called Indi- German race and the wooded landscape in part from Næss and his followers term “shallow ecology,” an on this continent.” See Blair Taylor, “Alt-right ecol- vidualists Tending Toward the Wild (ITS) with memes the writings of the Roman historian Tacitus, author anthropocentric environmentalism that is concerned ogy: Ecofascism and far-right environmentalism in imploring followers to “READ BAYAQ” much the same of Germania; or, On the Origin and Situation of the with preserving the environment solely for human the United States,” in Far Right and the Environment: way neonazis spread “READ SIEGE” propaganda. ITS Germans in 98 AD. Tacitus wrote admiringly of the ends. See Alan Drengson “Some Thought on the Deep Politics, Discourse and Communication, ed. Bernhard started in Mexico as a violent, anti-technology anar- German race in comparison to what he viewed as the Ecology Movement” Foundation for Deep Ecology, Forchtner (Routledge, 2019) and “The Northwest chist movement that targeted university professors dissolute and corrupted Romans. See Caroline Delph, http://www.deepecology.org/deepecology.htm. Front,” The Northwest Front, http://archive.is/QGc0l. and researchers in fields like nanotechnology with “Nature and nationalism in the writings of Ernst 43. Arne Næss “The Ecology of Wisdom: Writings by It’s also reminiscent of the efforts by White suprema- mail bombs (while clearly seeking to emulate Kac- Moritz Arndt (1769-1860),” in Nature In Literary And Arne Naess” (Berkeley: Counterpoint Press, 2010), cists to establish “Pioneer Little Europes” in Georgia, zynski, the American condemned the group’s actions Cultural Studies: Transatlantic Conversation on Eco- 28. Idaho, and Oklahoma in the late ’90s and early ’00s. from prison in 2011. See “Ted Kaczynski on Individu- criticism, edited by Catrin Gersdorf and Sylvia Mayer, 44. In a rather infamous case from the 1980s, deep See Mark Potok, “Closed Circuit,” The Intelligence alists Tending Toward Savagery (ITS),” The Anarchist 331-354. Amsterdam: Rodopi Editions, 2006. ecology-adhering radical environmentalist group Report, November 20, 2013, https://www.splcenter. Library, 2017, https://theanarchistlibrary.org/li- 19. Ibid. Earth First! published pseudonymous editorials cel- org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2013/closed- brary/ted-kaczynski-ted-kaczynski-on-individualists- 20. Staudenmaier, Ecofascism, 19. ebrating AIDS as a “welcome” process of population circuit. In Germany, there exists a more mature tending-toward). Other anarchists have condemned 21. Staudenmaier, Ecofascism, 22. control that Western countries should allow to take movement of right-wing “Völkisch settlers” who “es- the group. See Scott Campbell, “There’s Nothing An- 22. Jedediah Purdy, “Environmentalism’s Racist His- their course. Martha F. Lee, Earth First!: Environmen- tablish themselves as small-scale organic farmers, archist About Eco-Fascism: A Condemnation Of ITS,” tory,” The New Yorker, August 13, 2015, https://www. tal Apocalypse, (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, skilled artisans and helpful neighbors in the village It’s Going Down, https://itsgoingdown.org/nothing- newyorker.com/news/news-desk/environmental- 1995), 101-103. community” and number in the low 1,000s. See Maik anarchist-eco-fascism-condemnation/. isms-racist-history. 45. Stevens’ Amerika.org banner appears at the bot- Fielitz, “Practicing The Radical Right Exit: The Case of 72. Days of War, Nights of Love (Salem: Crimethinc, 23. Adam Serwer, “White Nationalism’s Deep Ameri- tom of the Linkola fansite. Stevens was also involved the Volkisch Settlers,” Center for Analysis of the Radi- 2001), 220. can Roots,” The Atlantic, April 2019, https://www. in an earlier fascist web forum circa 1999-2005 of cal Right, August 7, 2018, https://www.radicalright- 73. “Letters: Ted Kaczynski and Derrick Jensen,” theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/adam- the so-called Libertarian National Socialist Green analysis.com/2018/08/07/practicing-the-radical- AnarchistNews.org, October 2, 2019, https://anar- serwer-madison-grant-white-nationalism/583258/. Party, which adopted a Nazi Germany flag with a right-exit-the-case-of-the-volkisch-settlers/. chistnews.org/content/letters-ted-kaczynski-and- 24. Paul Lombardo, “Eugenic Laws Against Race green background. “From the Green party we inherit 60. Timo Hännikäinen, “Remembering Pentti derrick-jensen-0. Mixing,” Eugenics Archives, http://www.eugenicsar- extreme concepts of practical ecological value,” reads Linkola December 7, 1932 — April 5, 2020,” 74. Hans Rustad, “Behring Breivik kopierte Una- chive.org/html/eugenics/essay7text.html; James Q. an archived version of the forum. See Libertarian Na- Counter-Currents, April 7, 2020, http://archive.is/ bomberen,” Document, July 24, 2011, https://www. Whitman, Hitler’s American Model: The United States tional Socialist Green Party, https://web.archive.org/ M4Eyy#selection-273.0-277.32https://archive.is/ document.no/2011/07/24/behring-breivik-kopierte- and the Making of Nazi Race Law (Princeton: Princeton web/20020328181956/http://www.nazi.org/. M4Eyy. una-bomberen/. University Press, 2017), 12. As Whitman notes, Hit- 46. “Pentti Linkola – Cry, Beloved… (1988),” The 61. John Morgan, “Earth Day Special,” Counter-Cur- 75. Alexander Epp and Roman Höfner, “The Hate ler praised the Immigration Act of 1924 in the pages Right Stuff, December 7, 2019, http://archive.is/ rents, April 22, 2020, http://archive.is/wip/PO8rJ. Network,” Der Spiegel, September 7, 2018, http:// of Mein Kampf. Madison played a prominent role in haqKI. 62. “Ecofascism Resurgent,” Counter-Currents, April archive.is/HwJEo#selection-509.9-512.0. shaping that law. 47. Ludwig Klages, The Biocentric Worldview (Buda- 22, 2020, http://archive.is/vXSSN. 76. Joe Bernstein, “Here’s How Breitbart And Milo 25. Purdy, “Environmentalism’s Racist History.” pest: Arktos, 2013), 123; Ludwig Klages, Cosmogonic 63. In Matthew N. Lyons’ analysis of the Christchurch Smuggled White Nationalism Into The Mainstream,” 26. The Eugenics Archive, Social Sciences Reflections (Budapest: Arktos, 2015). shooter’s manifesto, he rightly locates the killer’s anti- BuzzFeed News, October 5, 2017, https://www. and Humanities Research Council of Can- 48. A number of Klages’ essays and aphorisms are capitalist writings in the fascist Third Position tradi- buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/heres- ada, http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/ made available online via an archive managed by the tion, which has its roots in the “left” Stasserite wing of how-breitbart-and-milo-smuggled-white-national- tree/535eedb87095aa0000000250. American neonazi Kevin Alfred Strom, who founded the early Nazi Party. Importantly, this is another fas- ism. 27. Jared Taylor, introduction to The Passing of the National Vanguard as an offshoot of the once preemi- cist tradition that has long embraced environmental 77. Before getting banned on Twitter, Storm King Great Race, by Madison Grant (Indianapolis: Wermod nent neonazi organization National Alliance. Strom protection. The White nationalist American Freedom used the handle @linkolawave, a reference to Pentti & Wermod (The Palingenesis Project), 2012), xi. has published several of these translations on Nation- Party, formerly known as American Third Position, Linkola and the genre of music he produces, known 28. Purdy, “Environmentalism’s Racist History.”

26 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 endnotes

as “Fashwave.” American Conservative, December 5, 2005, https:// apr/28/john-earnest-san-diego-shooting-suspect- Italy’s populist leader: Pope Francis is the enemy,’” 78. Borzoi, “Stormking and Borzoi Talk Kaczynski,” www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/ posted-open-letter-online. The Guardian, April 13, 2019, https://www.theguard- The People’s Square (podcast), 2018. national-suicide/; Virgil, “Decline and Fall: The 34. Sangay K. Mishra, “An Indian immigrant is mur- ian.com/world/2019/apr/13/steve-bannon-matteo- 79. Storm King describes decelerationism as a re- Grim Message of The Camp of the Saints,” Breitbart dered in Kansas. It’s part of a spike in hate crimes salvini-pope-francis-is-the-enemy. sponse to accelerationism as theorized by neoreac- News, November 24, 2014, https://web.archive.org/ against South Asians,” The Washington Post, March 43. David Neiwert, “How the ‘cultural Marxism’ hoax tionary thinker Nick Land, not White power accel- web/20200701134136/https://www.breitbart.com/ 7, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/ began, and why it’s spreading into the mainstream,” erationism. politics/2014/11/24/decline-and-fall-the-grim-mes- monkey-cage/wp/2017/03/07/the-kansas-murder- Daily Kos, January 23, 2019, https://www.dailykos. 80. Borzoi, “Stormking and Borzoi Talk Kaczynski,” sage-of-the-camp-of-the-saints/. of-an-indian-immigrant-is-part-of-a-spike-in-hate- com/stories/2019/1/23/1828527/-How-the-cultur- The People’s Square (podcast), 2018. 16. Although Raspail did not use the word “replace- crimes-against-south-asians/. al-Marxism-hoax-began-and-why-it-s-spreading- 81. Stephanie Young, “New York City Has Logged 248 ment” in his novel, his nonfiction books focused on 35. Rahda Modi, Communities on Fire: Resisting into-the-mainstream; Noah Berlatsky, “The Lethal Complaints of Coronavirus Discrimination,” The Wall people under threat from extinction around the world. Hate Violence and Xenophobic Political Rhetoric, Antisemitism of ‘Cultural Marxism,’” Jewish Currents, Street Journal, April 19, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/ However, Raspail is credited with reviving the earlier South Asian Americans Leading Together (SAALT), May 3, 2019, https://jewishcurrents.org/the-lethal- articles/new-york-city-has-logged-248-complaints- French discussion of the “great replacement.” Renaud 2018, https://saalt.org/report-communities-on-fire- antisemitism-of-cultural-marxism/. of-coronavirus-discrimination-11587308400. Camus is credited with re-introducing and popular- confronting-hate-violence-and-xenophobic-political- 44. Paul Stocker, “The great replacement theory: 82. Michael Edison Hayden and Eddie Bejarano, izing the term “great replacement.” Camus treated rhetoric/, 3. a historical perspective,” Centre for Analysis of the “Trump’s Immigration Order Was Drafted by Officials Raspail as his “prophet.” Raspail’s novel, translated 36. Rosa Schwartzburg, “The ‘white replacement Radical Right, September 20, 2019, https://www. With Ties to Hate Groups, According to Report,” Hate- into several languages, is more widely known, while theory’ motivates alt-right killers the world over,” The radicalrightanalysis.com/2019/09/20/the-great- watch, April 24, 2020, https://www.splcenter.org/ the term “the great replacement” is more widely used. Guardian, August 5, 2019, https://www.theguard- replacement-theory-a-historical-perspective/. hatewatch/2020/04/24/trumps-immigration-order- See, for example, Rosa Schwartzburg, “The ‘white re- ian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/05/great-replace- 45. “The ‘Great Replacement’: Myth, conspiracy was-drafted-officials-ties-hate-groups-according- placement theory’ motivates alt-right killers the world ment-theory-alt-right-killers-el-paso. theory or reality? Part 1. Definitions,” The European report. over,” The Guardian, August 5, 2019, at https://www. 37. See for example the recent exaggerated claims Perspective, May 9, 2019, https://the-european-per- 83. Cassie Miller, “White Supremacists See Coronavi- theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/05/ of “White genocide” against South African farmers spective.com/2019/05/09/the-great-replacement- rus as an Opportunity,” Hatewatch, March 26, 2020 great-replacement-theory-alt-right-killers-el-paso; in which an ill-conceived proposal for land expropria- myth-conspiracy-theory-or-reality-part-1-defini- https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/03/26/ Sasha Polakow-Suransky and Sarah Wildman, “The tion without compensation, coupled with some vio- tions/. white-supremacists-see-coronavirus-opportunity; Inspiration for Terrorism in New Zealand Came From lent attacks on farmers, became a White supremacist 46. Wayne Lutton, “The Mexican Conquest of the Michael D. Shear and Sarah Mervosh, “Trump Encour- France,” Foreign Policy, March 16, 2019, https:// myth of genocide, amplified internationally by White Southwest—Review of a Video, ‘Conquest of Azt- ages Protest Against Governors Who Have Imposed foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/16/the-inspiration-for- supremacists, Fox News, and Donald Trump. Michael lan,’” The Social Contract Press, Volume 12 Number Virus Restrictions,” The New York Times, April 17, terrorism-in-new-zealand-came-from-france-christ- Bueckert, “Searching for white genocide in South 3 (Spring 2002), http://www.thesocialcontract.com/ 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/us/ church-brenton-tarrant-renaud-camus-jean-raspail- Africa,” Africa Is A Country, February 26, 2018, artman2/publish/tsc1203/article_1084.shtml. politics/trump-coronavirus-governors.html. identitarians-white-nationalism/. https://africasacountry.com/2018/02/searching-for- 47. “‘WITAN Memo’ II,” Southern Poverty Law 84. Daniel Denvir, All-American Nativism: How the 17. Virgil, “Decline and Fall: The Grim Mes- white-genocide-in-south-africa/; Justin Ward, “The Center Intelligence Report Summer 2002, https:// Bipartisan War on Immigrants Explains Politics as We sage of The Camp of the Saints,” Breitbart News, dangerous myth of ‘white genocide’ in South Africa,” www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-re- Know It (London: Verso, 2020), 274. November 24, 2014, https://web.archive.org/ Southern Poverty Law Center, August 23, 2018, port/2015/witan-memo-ii. web/20200701134136/https://www.breitbart.com/ https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/08/23/ 48. “‘WITAN Memo’ III,” Southern Poverty Law Battle with Bullets politics/2014/11/24/decline-and-fall-the-grim-mes- dangerous-myth-white-genocide-south-africa; Derek Center Intelligence Report Summer 2002, https:// 1. Rachel Tabachnick, “Palin’s Churches sage-of-the-camp-of-the-saints/. James Pinkerton, Litvak, “President Trump has embraced yet another www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-re- and the Third Wave,” Talk to Action, Septem- writing at The American Conservative, came to the white-supremacist talking point,” The Washington port/2015/witan-memo-iii. ber 5, 2008, http://www.talk2action.org/sto- same conclusion regarding Raspail’s message: “In Ra- Post, August 23, 2018, https://www.washington- 49. Andrew Woods, “The Hydra of Suspicion: Con- ry/2008/9/5/0244/84583/. spail’s view…repel the barbarians.” James P. Pinker- post.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2018/08/23/ spiracy Theories and the Radical Right,” Centre for 2. 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SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 27 endnotes

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Kathryn Joyce, “From the Archive: Missing: approve-of-trump-travel-prohibition-and-express- Post, March 17, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost. Harvard, August 18, 2017, https://dash.harvard.edu/ The ‘Right’ Babies,” The Nation, February 14, 2008, concerns-about-extremism/. com/graphics/politics/mercer-bannon/. handle/1/33759251, p. 97. https://www.thenation.com/article/missing-right- 108. Hannah Hartig, “GOP views of accepting refu- 73. David Kaiser, “Donald Trump, Stephen Ban- 83. Yochai Benkler, Robert Faris, and Hal Roberts, babies/; Kathryn Joyce, “Review: Demographic Win- gees to US turn more negative as admissions plum- non and the Coming Crisis in American National Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, ter: The Decline of the Human Family,” originally pub- met,” Pew Research Center, May 24, 2018, http:// Life,” Time, November 18, 2016, http://time. and Radicalization in American Politics, New York: lished in The Harvard Divinity Bulletin, Spring 2008, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/05/24/ com/4575780/stephen-bannon-fourth-turning/; Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 132. http://kathrynjoyce.com/articles/review-demo- republicans-turn-more-negative-toward-refugees-as- Hugh Urban, “The Theology of Stephen K. Bannon,” 84. Political Research Associates, “Where the graphic-winter-the-decline-of-the-human-family/. number-admitted-to-u-s-plummets/. Religion & Politics, April 17, 2017, http://religion- White House Gets its Racist Immigration Policies,” 96. Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, “When the Elders of Zion 109. Daniel Cox, “Growing Divide on Immigration andpolitics.org/2017/04/17/the-theology-of-ste- March 1, 2018, https://www.politicalresearch. relocated to Eurabia: conspiratorial racialization in and America’s Moral Leadership,” Public Religion phen-k-bannon/; Alexander Livington, “The World org/2018/03/01/where-the-white-house-gets-its- antisemitism and Islamophobia,” Patterns of Preju- Research Institute, June 26, 2018, https://www.prri. According to Bannon,” Jacobin Magazine, February racist-immigration-policies/; Political Research As- dice, 2018, https://www.academia.edu/37061358/ org/research/growing-divide-on-immigration-and- 7, 2017, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/02/ sociates, “White House Ties to Anti-Immigrant and When_the_Elders_of_Zion_relocated_to_Eurabia_ americas-moral-leadership/; PRRI Staff, “Fractured bannon-trump-muslim-travel-ban-breitbart-gener- Anti-Muslim Leaders,” April 11, 2019, https://www. Conspiratorial_racialization_in_antisemitism_and_ Nation: Widening Partisan Polarization and Key Is- ation-zero/; Paul Blumenthal and JM Rieger, “Steve politicalresearch.org/2019/04/11/white-house-ties- Islamophobia; Joe Mulhall, “Going Mainstream: The sues in 2020 Presidential Elections,” Public Religion Bannon Believes The Apocalypse Is Coming And War to-anti-immigrant-and-anti-muslim-leaders. mainstreaming of anti-Muslim prejudice in Europe Research Institute, October 17, 2019, https://www. Is Inevitable,” Huffington Post, February 18, 2017, 85. Nicholas Kulish and Mike McIntire, “In Her Own and North America,” Hope Not Hate (UK), February prri.org/research/fractured-nation-widening-parti- https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/steve-ban- Words: The Woman Who Bankrolled the Anti-Im- 1, 2017, https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/research/ san-polarization-and-key-issues-in-2020-presiden- non-apocalypse_us_5898f02ee4b040613138a951. migration Movement,” The New York Times, August investigations/going-mainstream/. tial-elections/. 74. Jalal Baig, “Steve Bannon’s war with Islam: 14, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/14/ 97. Paul Marshall, Roberta Green (Ahmanson), and 110. Email from PRRI to the author. The author kind- Trump may not even understand his adviser’s apoca- us/cordelia-scaife-may-anti-immigration.html; Lela Gilbert, Islam at the Crossroads: Understanding ly thanks PRRI for the breakdown by religion. lyptic vision,” Salon, February 5, 2017, http://www. Nicholas Kulish and Mike McIntire, “Why an Heiress Its Beliefs, History, and Conflicts, Grand Rapids, MI: 111. The term “Boogaloo” comes from a widely salon.com/2017/02/05/steve-bannons-war-with- Spent Her Fortune Trying to Keep Immigrants Out,” Baker Book House, 2002; Mark R. Rushdoony, “What panned 1984 movie, Breakin’ 2: Electric Boogaloo. islam-trump-may-not-even-understand-his-advisers- The New York Times, August 14, 2019, https://www. My Armenian Father Taught Me About Islam,” Chal- The idea of a Civil War Boogaloo was used first by apocalyptic-vision/; Scott Shane, “Stephen Bannon nytimes.com/2019/08/14/us/anti-immigration- cedon Ministry, January 1, 2002, https://chalcedon. military historians, gamers, and others in a humor- in 2014: We Are at War With Radical Islam,” The New cordelia-scaife-may.html; Heidi Beirich, “Pittsburgh edu/magazine/what-my-armenian-father-taught-me- ous manner, though they were writing about a seri- York Times, February 1, 2017, https://www.nytimes. Foundation Funded Hate Groups,” Hatewatch, South- about-islam. Rushdoony’s view is very close to Bat ous subject. Eventually, the term was taken up by com/interactive/2017/02/01/us/stephen-bannon- ern Poverty Law Center, July 14, 2009, http://www. Ye’or’s, though he does not cite her. firearms enthusiasts and White supremacists on two war-with-radical-islam.html; Matea Gold, “Bannon splcenter.org/blog/2009/07/14/former-director-at- 98. “Cosmopolitan Religious-Right Groups Travel to different 4chan boards: /k/ and /pol/, respectively. film outline warned U.S. could turn into ‘Islamic tanton-foundation-now-funneling-money-to-anti- Europe to Fight Gay Marriage, Abortion,” Right Wing As the movement moved from online into real life, States of America,’” The Washington Post, February immigrant-hate-groups/#more-3263. Watch, May 10, 2007, https://www.rightwingwatch. the term became more menacing as heavily armed 3, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ 86. Anne Barnard and Alan Feur, “Outraged, and org/post/cosmopolitan-religious-right-groups-travel- men from a wide variety of movements and organiza- bannon-film-outline-warned-us-could-turn-into- Outrageous,” The New York Times, October 10, to-europe-to-fight-gay-marriage-abortion/; Peter tions took to the streets to protest against Democratic islamic-states-of-america/2017/02/03/f73832f4- 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/ Bringe, “The Natural Family: A Manifesto,” avail- Party-led governments. Facebook pages provided its e8be-11e6-b82f-687d6e6a3e7c_story.html. nyregion/10geller.html. able at Good Reads, May 24, 2018, https://www. quick growth into a movement. See: Robert Evans, 75. Miranda Blue, “Jeff Sessions’ Close Relation- 87. Max Boot, “The GOP Is America’s Party of White goodreads.com/review/show/2402031154. “6 Reasons Why A New Civil War Is Possible And Ter- ship With Media ‘Bright Spot’ Breitbart,” Right Wing Nationalism,” Foreign Policy, March 14, 2017, https:// 99. Kathryn Joyce, “From the Archive: Missing: rifying,” Cracked, November 1, 2016, https://www. Watch, December 22, 2016, http://www.rightwing- foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/14/the-gop-is-americas- The ‘Right’ Babies,” The Nation, February 14, 2008, cracked.com/personal-experiences-2403-6-reasons-

28 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 endnotes

why-new-civil-war-possible-terrifying.html; the mapping-paramilitary-and-far-right-threats-racial- “Trump Reaches Back Into His Old Bag of Populist June 14, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/ comment by Ken Prescott in Kevin Benson and Jen- justice. Tricks,” The New York Times, April 22, 2020, https:// politics/officials-challenge-trump-administration- nifer Weber, “Full Spectrum Operations in the Home- 117. LeftCoast RightWatch, “#THREAD: Boogaloo www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/opinion/coronavi- claim-of-what-drove-aggressive-expulsion-of-lafay- land: A ‘Vision’ of the Future,” Small Wars Journal, boys are watching protests in Minneapolis right rus-trump.html. ette-square-protesters/2020/06/14/f2177e1e-acd4- July 25, 2012, https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/ now from their secret chatrooms,” Twitter, May 127. Jeff Stein and Robert Costa, “White House aides, 11ea-a9d9-a81c1a491c52_story.html. art/full-spectrum-operations-in-the-homeland-a- 27, 2020, https://twitter.com/LCRWnews/sta- outside groups launch effort to reopen economy, but 134. David Smith, “Trump announces ‘surge’ of fed- %E2%80%9Cvision%E2%80%9D-of-the-future; tus/1265514655109259264; “This Week in Fascism Mnuchin says decision poses risks,” The Washington eral officers into Democratic-run cities,” The Guard- Anti-Defamation League, “The Boogaloo: Extrem- #57: Boogaloo News Bears,” ItsGoingDown, May 6, Post, April 13, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost. ian, July 22, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/ ists’ New Slang Term for A Coming Civil War,” No- 2020, https://itsgoingdown.org/this-week-in-fas- com/business/2020/04/13/trump-reopen-economy- us-news/2020/jul/22/donald-trump-federal-officers- vember 26, 2019, https://www.adl.org/blog/ cism-57-boogaloo-news-bears/. conservative-groups-coronavirus/; Edwin Rios, “A police-surge-chicago. the-boogaloo-extremists-new-slang-term-for-a- 118. Robert Evans and Jason Wilson, “The Boo- DeVos-linked group helped promote the right-wing 135. Jonah Goldberg, Max Boot, Michael Bren- coming-civil-war; Robert Evans and Jason Wilson, galoo Movement Is Not What You Think,” Belling- ‘Operation Gridlock’ tantrum in Michigan,” Mother dan Dougherty, William Voegeli, and Emily Ekins, “The Boogaloo Movement Is Not What You Think,” cat, May 27, 2020, https://www.bellingcat.com/ Jones, April 17, 2020, https://www.motherjones. “Conservatives ponder the future of the GOP under Bellingcat, May 27, 2020, https://www.bellingcat. news/2020/05/27/the-boogaloo-movement-is-not- com/coronavirus-updates/2020/04/a-devos-linked- Trump,” Los Angeles Times, November 13, 2016, com/news/2020/05/27/the-boogaloo-movement-is- what-you-think/; LeftCoast RightWatch, “#THREAD: group-promoted-the-right-wing-operation-gridlock- http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe- not-what-you-think/; Tech Transparency Project, “Ex- Boogaloo boys are watching protests in Minneapolis tantrum-in-michigan/; Isaac Stanley-Becker and gop-future-roundtable-20161113-story.html; Sean tremists Are Using Facebook to Organize for Civil War right now from their secret chatrooms,” Twitter, Tony Romm, “The anti-quarantine protests seem Wilentz, “No, There Is No Precedent,” Journal of Amid Coronavirus,” Tech Transparency Project, April May 27, 2020, https://twitter.com/LCRWnews/sta- spontaneous. But behind the scenes, a powerful Democracy, Volume 46, Fall 2017, https://democ- 22, 2020, https://www.techtransparencyproject.org/ tus/1265514655109259264. network is helping,” The Washington Post, April 22, racyjournal.org/magazine/46/no-there-is-no-prec- articles/extremists-are-using-facebook-to-organize- 119. Devin Burghart, “Thread: more evidence of 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ edent/; Aleksandar Hemon, “Trump’s Nationalism for-civil-war-amid-coronavirus. the presence of the ‘Boogaloo Bois’—those itch- inside-the-conservative-networks-backing-anti-quar- Advances on a Trajectory to Violence,” The Intercept, 112. Tess Owen, “The ‘Boogaloo Bois’ Are Bringing ing to kick off a bloody Civil War II—in the growing antine-protests/2020/04/22/da75c81e-83fe-11ea- May 2, 2020, https://theintercept.com/2020/05/02/ Their AR-15s and Civil War Ideology to the Lockdown number of far-right ‘ReOpen’ protest groups,” Twit- a3eb-e9fc93160703_story.html; Jason Wilson, “The trump-nationalism-violence-yugoslavia/; Jonathan Protests,” Vice, May 8, 2020, https://www.vice. ter, May 11, 2020, https://twitter.com/dburghart/ rightwing groups behind wave of protests against Rauch and Benjamin Wittes, “Boycott the Repub- com/en_ca/article/y3zmj5/the-boogaloo-bois-are- status/1259933363034402817; Toluse Olorunnipa, Covid-19 restrictions,” The Guardian, April 17, 2020, lican Party,” The Atlantic, March 2018, https:// bringing-their-ar-15s-and-civil-war-ideology-to-the- Shawn Boburg, and Arelis R. Hernández, “Rallies https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/ www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/03/ lockdown-protests; Robert Evans and Jason Wilson, against stay-at-home orders grow as Trump sides with far-right-coronavirus-protests-restrictions; Jason boycott-the-gop/550907/; Spencer Sunshine, “The “The Boogaloo Movement Is Not What You Think,” protesters,” The Washington Post, April 17, 2020, Wilson and Robert Evans, “Revealed: major anti-lock- Growing Alliance Between Neo-Nazis, Right Wing Bellingcat, May 27, 2020, https://www.bellingcat. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/rallies- down group’s links to America’s far right,” The Guard- Paramilitaries and Trumpist Republicans,” Color com/news/2020/05/27/the-boogaloo-movement-is- against-stay-at-home-orders-grow-as-trump-sides- ian, May 8, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/ Lines, June 9, 2017, https://www.colorlines.com/ not-what-you-think/; Cassie Miller, “The ‘Boogaloo’ with-protesters/2020/04/17/1405ba54-7f4e-11ea- world/2020/may/08/lockdown-groups-far-right- articles/growing-alliance-between-neo-nazis-right- Started as a Racist Meme,” Southern Poverty Law Cen- 8013-1b6da0e4a2b7_story.html; Michael D. Shear links-coronavirus-protests-american-revolution. wing-paramilitaries-and-trumpist-republicans; Joel ter, June 5, 2020, https://www.splcenter.org/hate- and Sarah Mervosh, “Trump Fans Protest Against 128. Maggie Haberman and Alexander Burns, Finkelstein et al., “COVID-19, CONSPIRACY AND watch/2020/06/05/boogaloo-started-racist-meme; Governors Who Have Imposed Virus Restrictions,” “Trump’s Looting and ‘Shooting’ Remarks Escalate CONTAGIOUS SEDITION: A Case Study on the Militia- Political Research Associates, Institute for Research The New York Times, April 17, 2020, https://www. 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Cassie Miller, “White Supremacists See Coro- com/2020/06/03/opinion/tom-cotton-protests- Hodgson can’t charge daily fee to inmates,” New amendment-civil-war; Tess Owen, “This Conspiracy navirus as an Opportunity,” Southern Poverty Law military.html. Bedford Standard-Times, January 5, 2010, https:// Theory Is Firing Up Pro-Gun Activists Right Before Center, March 26, 2020, https://www.splcenter. 129. 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Zarina Zabrisky, “Trump: Secret Nazi Codes,” sheriff-from-trumpachusetts/onh8F0aa5UypNlT- The Guardian, April 17, 2020, https://www.theguard- 2020, https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-publications/ Medium, August 6, 2019, https://medium. 61dtQXI/story.html. ian.com/world/2020/apr/17/far-right-coronavirus- covid-19-disinformation-briefing-no-2/. com/@ZarinaZabrisky/trump-secret-nazi-codes- 10. Patrick Collins, “Nelson retiring as sheriff,” protests-restrictions; Cassie Miller, “Anti-Lockdown 123. Timothy Williams, Adam Goldman and Neil 83b086bc4ebf. New Bedford Standard-Times, April 9, 1997, https:// Rallies Are Providing an Opening for the Proud Boys MacFarquhar, “Virginia Capital on Edge as F.B.I. Ar- 132. Political Research Associates, Institute for Re- www.southcoasttoday.com/article/19970409/ and Other Far-Right Extremists,” Southern Poverty rests Suspected Neo-Nazis Before Gun Rally,” The New search and Education on Human Rights, and Alexan- News/304099995. 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Katie Rogers, Jonathan Martin and Maggie rich,” Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, Sep- INSURGENCY: How Domestic Militants Organize the U.S.,” Media Matters, January 17, 2020, https:// Haberman, “As Trump Calls Protesters ‘Terrorists,’ tember 8, 2016, https://law.justia.com/cases/massa- on Memes to Incite Violent Insurrection and Ter- www.mediamatters.org/tomi-lahren/fox-nations- Tear Gas Clears a Path for His Walk to a Church,” The chusetts/supreme-court/2017/sjc-12078.html. ror Against Government and Law Enforcement,” tomi-lahren-proposed-virginia-gun-safety-laws-stop- New York Times, June 1, 2020, https://www.nytimes. 13. Brian Fraga, “Inside the Ash Street Jail: A portal Network Contagion Research Institute, Rutgers Uni- coming-second-amendment. com/2020/06/01/us/politics/trump-governors. into 19th century New Bedford,” New Bedford Stan- versity, February 7, 2020, https://ncri.io/reports/ 125. Timothy Williams, “Trump on Virginia Gun Dis- html; Peter Baker, Maggie Haberman, Katie Rog- dard-Times, December 26, 2010, https://www.south- cyber-swarming-memetic-warfare-and-viral-insur- pute: 2nd Amendment ‘Under Very Serious Attack,’” ers, Zolan Kanno-Youngs, and Katie Benner, “How coasttoday.com/article/20101226/News/12260325. gency-how-domestic-militants-organize-on-memes- The New York Times, January 18, 2020, https://www. Trump’s Idea for a Photo Op Led to Havoc in a Park,” 14. “Bristol County Sheriff’s Office Facilities,” Bristol to-incite-violent-insurrection-and-terror-against-go- nytimes.com/2020/01/18/us/virginia-guns-trump. The New York Times, June 2, 2020, https://www. County Sheriff’s Office, October 7, 2019,https://bcso- vernment-and-law-enforcement/; Political Research html. nytimes.com/2020/06/02/us/politics/trump-walk- ma.us/facilities.htm. Associates, Institute for Research and Education on 126. Mary McCord, “Trump’s ‘LIBERATE MICHI- lafayette-square.html; Aaron C. Davis, Carol D. Le- 15. “The Standard-Times endorses Joseph McIntyre Human Rights, and Alexander Reid Ros, “Mapping GAN!’ tweets incite insurrection. That’s illegal,” The onnig, Josh Dawsey, and Devlin Barrett, “Officials -fa for sheriff,” New Bedford Standard-Times, October Paramilitary and Far-Right Threats to Racial Justice,” Washington Post, April 17, 2020, at https://www. miliar with Lafayette Square confrontation challenge 30, 1998, https://www.southcoasttoday.com/ar- data as of June 18, 2020, published June 19, 2020, washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/04/17/liberate- Trump administration claim of what drove aggres- ticle/19981030/Opinion/310309938. https://www.politicalresearch.org/2020/06/19/ michigan-trump-constitution/; Thomas B. Edsall, sive expulsion of protesters,” The Washington Post, 16. Nat Hentoff, “A Famous Sheriff Fights Nudity,”

SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 29 endnotes endnotes

Village Voice, August 11, 1998, https://www.villa- 37. Curt Brown, “Sheriff to eliminate in-person visits 62. Jo C. Goode, “Correia’s plan to increase Fall River December 31, 2011, https://fairus.org/sites/default/ gevoice.com/1998/08/11/a-famous-sheriff-fights- in Dartmouth H of C, moving to video conferencing,” police ranks meets opposition,” Fall River Herald files/2017-08/FAIR_2011AnnualReport.pdf. nudity/. New Bedford Standard-Times, July 21, 2017, https:// News, April 20, 2017, https://www.heraldnews.com/ 86. Gabriel San Roman, “FAIR’s Anti-Immigrant Ex- 17. M.V. Moorhead, “He Shot the Sheriff,” Phoenix www.southcoasttoday.com/news/20170721/sheriff- news/20170420/correias-plan-to-increase-fall-river- tremist Behind OC’s Anti-Sanctuary State Revolt Has New Times, July 30, 1998, https://www.phoenixnew- to-eliminate-in-person-visits-in-dartmouth-h-of-c- police-ranks-meets-opposition. OC Roots,” Orange County Weekly, April 20, 2018, times.com/arts/he-shot-the-sheriff-6421935. moving-to-video-conferencing. 63. Jeffery T. Gregory, “Letter to the Editor: Putting https://web.archive.org/web/20191129094109/ 18. Thomas E. Perez, “United States’ Investigation 38. Lucius Couloute, “New Massachusetts Reform sheriff in charge of city jail a ridiculous idea,” Fall https://ocweekly.com/fairs-anti-immigrant-extrem- of the Maricopa County Sheriffs Office,” U.S. Depart- Package Aims to Protect In-Person Jail Visits,” Prison River Herald News, April 25, 2017, https://www. ist-behind-ocs-anti-sanctuary-state-revolt-has-oc- ment of Justice, December 15, 2011, https://www.jus- Policy Initiative, March 26, 2018, https://www.pris- heraldnews.com/opinion/20170425/letter-to-editor- roots-2/. tice.gov/sites/default/files/crt/legacy/2011/12/15/ onpolicy.org/blog/2018/03/26/ma_cj_reform18/. putting-sheriff-in-charge-of-city-jail-ridiculous-idea. 87. “99.Miscelaneous Records,” Bristol County for mcsofindletter12-15-11.pdf. 39. “Bristol County for Correctional Justice Fact 64. John Doherty, “The Hodgson empire,” New Correctional Justice, August 30, 2018, https://drive. 19. Meg O’Connor, “’Nation’s Only Female Chain Sheet,” Bristol County for Correctional Justice, Bedford Standard-Times, August 6, 2000, https:// google.com/file/d/1HylDWf5A99vo0ufNZZxJRSc8 Gang’ Apparently Disbanded,” Phoenix New Times, January 1, 2019, https://bccjustice.files.wordpress. www.southcoasttoday.com/article/20000806/ tq-LY9WE/view?usp=sharing. May 2, 2019, https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/ com/2020/05/testimonies.pdf. News/308069996. 88. Luciano Guerra, “Northern sheriffs get close-up news/nations-only-female-chain-gang-boasts-the- 40. “CMR.630 Medical Services,” Massachusetts De- 65. Thomas E. Perez, “United States’ Investigation of look at border crisis,” Progress Times, July 25, 2014, mcso-website-11279199. partment of Correction, November 1, 2019, https:// the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office,” U.S. -Depart https://www.oregonir.org/issues/northern-sheriffs- 20. Tom Shattuck, “Shattuck: Pardoning Sheriff Joe www.mass.gov/doc/doc-630-medical-service/down- ment of Justice, December 15, 2011, https://www.jus- get-close-look-border-crisis. Arpaio the right move,” Boston Herald, August 15, load. tice.gov/sites/default/files/crt/legacy/2011/12/15/ 89. Ryan Lovelace, “Sheriffs Plan Massive Gathering 2017, https://www.bostonherald.com/2017/08/15/ 41. Maria Cramer, “Mentally ill inmates sue Bristol mcso_findletter_12-15-11.pdf. in Washington to Oppose Executive Amnesty,” Na- shattuck-pardoning-sheriff-joe-arpaio-the-right- sheriff over solitary confinement,” Boston Globe, 66. Dylan Smith, “Napolitano cuts Arpaio’s ac- tional Review, November 10, 2014, https://archive. move/. January 9, 2018, https://www.bostonglobe.com/ cess to ICE programs,” Tucson Sentinel, December vn/ix0Fn. 21. Tom Shattuck, “Shattuck: Pardoning Sheriff Joe metro/2018/01/09/mentally-ill-inmates-sue-bristol- 15, 2011, http://www.tucsonsentinel.com/local/ 90. Thomas M. Hodgson, “Organizing letter on Arpaio the right move,” Boston Herald, August 15, county-sheriff-hodgson-over-solitary-confinement/ report/121511_arpaio_dhs/napolitano-cuts-arpaios- BCSO Letterhead,” National Review Cloud stor- 2017, https://www.bostonherald.com/2017/08/15/ MMml8yaPeUnnatBEasOmeM/story.html. access-ice-programs/. age, November 10, 2014, https://web.archive.org/ shattuck-pardoning-sheriff-joe-arpaio-the-right- 42. Jenifer McKim, “Behind the Wall: Suicides Mount 67. Aaron Nicodemus, “New Dartmouth jail facility web/20200621065641/https://c3.nrostatic.com/ move/; Valeria Fernandez, “Arizona’s ‘concentration in Massachusetts County Jails,” New England Center to house illegal immigrants,” New Bedford Standard- sites/default/files/SheriffsAgainstAmnesty.pdf; camp’: why was Tent City kept open for 24 years?” for Investigative Reporting, May 6, 2017, https://web. Times, April 2, 2007, https://www.southcoasttoday. Leo Hohmann, “Sheriffs against amnesty to march The Guardian, August 21, 2017, https://www.the- archive.org/web/20180112223330/http://www. com/article/20070402/News/704020337. on Washington,” WND, November 9, 2014, https:// guardian.com/cities/2017/aug/21/arizona-phoenix- necir.org/2017/05/06/behind-the-wall-suicides- 68. “Out of money, sheriff gets good news,”Fall River www.wnd.com/2014/11/sheriffs-against-amnesty- concentration-camp-tent-city-jail-joe-arpaio-immi- mount-in-massachusetts-county-jails/. Herald News, May 7, 2009, https://www.heraldnews. to-march-on-washington/. gration. 43. Jenifer McKim and Chris Burrell, “Lawsuits add com/article/20090507/NEWS/305078655. 91. “Sheriffs head to the border,” Federation for 22. Michael Kiefer, “The last days of Sheriff Joe Arpa- up over Bristol County jail inmate suicides,” Boston 69. Joseph DeNucci, “Independent State Auditor’s Re- American Immigration Reform, July 17, 2014, io,” AZ Central, November 9, 2016, https://www.az- Globe, March 8, 2018, https://www.bostonglobe. port,” Massachusetts State Auditor, January 1, 2010, https://www.immigrationreform.com/2014/07/17/ central.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2016/11/09/ com/metro/2018/03/08/jailsuicides/EOyAfOw- https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/ sheriffs-head-to-the-border/; “99.Miscelaneous Re- maricopa-county-sheriff-joe-arpaio-election- 6RHUrjRWWHsYCuL/story.html. ux/201014713s.pdf. cords,” Bristol County for Correctional Justice, August loss/93528132/. 44. “Rhetoric, Not Reform: Prosecutors and Pretrial 70. Brock N. Cordeiro, “Patrick Administration Play- 30, 2018, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HylDWf5 23. Thomas M. Hodgson, “Bristol County Sheriff Practices in Suffolk, Middlesex, and Berkshire Coun- ing Politics with County Sheriff’s Budgets?” Red Mass A99vo0ufNZZxJRSc8tq-LY9WE/view?usp=sharing. Tom Hodgson 30 second TV spot,” Tom Hodgson ties,” CourtWatch, October 9, 2019, https://www. Group, March 5, 2009, https://archive.vn/XITss; 92. “FAIR border summit to introduce sheriffs -na Committee, October 26, 2010, https://www.youtube. courtwatchma.org/uploads/4/7/8/9/47895019/ Muzaffar Chishti, Claire Bergeron, “Supreme Court tionwide to border vigilante group,” Imagine 2050, com/watch?v=DNSGkSwSshs. rhetoric_not_reform_-_oct._2019.pdf; “More sui- Upholds Legal Arizona Workers Act with Limited September 24, 2015, https://web.archive.org/ 24. Michael Rigby, “Massachusetts Court Enjoins cides on Tom Hodgson’s watch,” Bristol County for Implications for Other State Immigration Laws,” Mi- web/20181207101638/http://imagine2050.new- Sheriff from Charging Jail Prisoners Assorted Fees,” Correctional Justice, July 8, 2019, https://bccjustice. gration Policy Institute, June 15, 2011, https://www. comm.org/2015/09/24/fair-border-summit-to-intro- Prison Legal News, January 15, 2005, https://www. wordpress.com/2019/07/08/negligent-homicide/. migrationpolicy.org/article/supreme-court-upholds- duce-sheriffs-nationwide-to-border-vigilante-group/. prisonlegalnews.org/news/2005/jan/15/massachu- 45. See, for example Steve Urbon, “Hodgson legal-arizona-workers-act-limited-implications-oth- 93. David Holthouse, “Minutemen, other Anti-Im- setts-court-enjoins-sheriff-from-charging-jail-prison- responds to questions about Hathaway Road er-state-immigration; Will Richmond, “Sheriff Hodg- migrant Militia Groups Stake Out Arizona Border,” ers-assorted-fees/. rental,” New Bedford Standard-Times, September son contends Gov. Patrick’s budget veto,” Taunton Southern Poverty Law Center, June 27, 2005, https:// 25. Brian Fraga, “SJC hears arguments in Hodgson 30, 2010, https://www.southcoasttoday.com/ar- Daily Gazette, March 6, 2012, https://www.taunton- www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-re- policy to charge inmates fees,” SouthCoast Today, ticle/20100930/News/9300346. gazette.com/article/20120306/News/303069912. port/2005/minutemen-other-anti-immigrant-mili- November 3, 2009, https://www.southcoastto- 46. “The Standard-Times endorses Joseph McIntyre 71. Brian Fraga, “Sheriff Hodgson on ‘Secure- Com tia-groups-stake-out-arizona-border. day.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091103/ for sheriff,” New Bedford Standard-Times, October munities’ and undocumented immigrants,” New Bed- 94. Tucker Reals, “Minutemen Member on Trial in NEWS/911030322. 30, 1998, https://www.southcoasttoday.com/ar- ford Standard-Times, June 9, 2011, http://blogs.south- Murder of Girl, 9,” CBS News, January 26, 2011, 26. “SJC says no to inmates fees,” Attleboro Sun ticle/19981030/Opinion/310309938. coasttoday.com/new-bedford-crime/2011/06/09/ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/minutemen-mem- Chronicle, January 7, 2010, https://www.thesun- 47. Jim Hand, “Hodgson taking his lumps in sheriff sheriff-hodgson-on-secure-communities-and-undoc- ber-on-trial-in-murder-of-girl-9/. chronicle.com/news/sjc-says-no-to-inmate-fees/ar- race,” Attleboro Sun Chronicle, November 13, 2009, umented-immigrants. 95. Simon Romero, “Militia in New Mexico De- ticle_f154c368-70df-5ff5-95f3-a0f67c51df25.html. https://www.thesunchronicle.com/news/hodgson- 72. Andy Metzger, “Gov. Deval Patrick to uphold tains Asylum Seekers at Gunpoint,” The New York 27. Brandon Sample, “Judge Finds Unconstitutional taking-his-lumps-in-sheriff-race/article_f12132f8- Secure Communities program in Massachusetts,” Times, April 18, 2019, https://www.nytimes. Conditions at Massachusetts Jail, 11 Years After Suit a243-5e09-aa6d-7d56ed6e1609.html. MassLive, March 24, 2019, https://www.masslive. com/2019/04/18/us/new-mexico-militia.html; is Filed,” Prison Legal News, June 15, 2010, https:// 48. “CANDIDATE Q&A: Bristol County Sheriff - Week com/politics/2012/05/gov_deval_patrick_to_up- Cloee Cooper, “New Mexico’s Constitutional Sheriffs www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2010/jun/15/ 2, Question 1,” Fall River Herald News, October 11, hold_se.html. Pave the Way for Militias Patrolling the Border,” Po- judge-finds-unconstitutional-conditions-at-massa- 2010, https://www.heraldnews.com/x835153187/ 73. “John Tanton’s Network,” Southern Poverty Law litical Research Associates, April 29, 2019, https:// chusetts-jail-11-years-after-suit-is-filed/. CANDIDATE-Q-A-Bristol-County-Sheriff-Week- Center, December 31, 2015, https://www.splcenter. www.politicalresearch.org/2019/04/29/new-mexi- 28. Jennette Barnes, “Hodgson’s jails fail to docu- 2-Question-1. org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/john- cos-constitutional-sheriffs-pave-the-way-for-militias- ment proper air temperatures,” New Bedford 49. “Editorial: Costly power trip for Sheriff Thomas tantons-network. patrolling-the-border. Standard-Times, July 26, 2018, https://www.south- Hodgson,” Press Mentor, December 10, 2008, https:// 74. Ibid. 96. Ken MacLeod, “Massachusetts Sheriffs Join coasttoday.com/news/20180726/hodgsons-jails- www.pressmentor.com/x1720689341/Editorial- 75. Swathi Shanmugasundaram, “John Tanton’s Texas-Mexico Border Tour,” WBZ-TV, July 15, 2014, fail-to-document-proper-air-temperatures. Costly-power-trip-for-Sheriff-Thomas-Hodgson. Legacy,” Southern Poverty Law Center, July 18, 2019, https://boston.cbslocal.com/2014/07/15/massachu- 29. “Facilities Inspection: Bristol County Jail, Ash 50. Jack Spillane, “Quinn, Hodgson spar, once again, https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2019/07/18/ setts-sheriffs-join-texas-mexico-border-tour/. Street Facility, New Bedford,” Commonwealth of over sheriff’s legal expenses,” New Bedford Standard- john-tantons-legacy. 97. “FAIR’s Susan Tully Promotes Bigotry and Con- Massachusetts, January 12, 2016, https://www.mass. Times, June 20, 2010, https://www.southcoasttoday. 76. “About FAIR,” Federation for American Im- spiracies on Radio Show,” Anti-Defamation League, gov/files/documents/2017/01/tw/bristol-ash-street- com/article/20100620/News/6200338. migration Reform, https://web.archive.org/ January 25, 2013, https://www.adl.org/blog/fairs- report-12-23-15.pdf. 51. Ibid. web/20200703131834/https://www.fairus.org/ susan-tully-promotes-bigotry-and-conspiracies-on- 30. Nicholas Gale, “Facility Inspection -Bristol Coun- 52. Dan McDonald, “Former judge quits new post about-fair. radio-show. ty Jail, Ash Street Facility, New Bedford,” Executive amid internal investigation,” New Bedford Standard- 77. “About the Center for Immigration Studies,” Cen- 98. Josh Glasstetter, “Anti-Immigrant Flyers Dis- Office of Health and Human Services, June 19, 2017, Times, October 6, 2011, https://www.southcoastto- ter for Immigration Studies, https://web.archive.org/ tributed in Nebraska Town Voting Today on Hous- https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2017/07/ day.com/article/20111006/News/110060359. web/20200715011107/https://cis.org/Center-For- ing Ordinance,” Southern Poverty Law Center, zm/bristol-ash-street-report-05-17.pdf. 53. Suzanne Bump, “Audit of the Bristol County Immigration-Studies-Background. February 14, 2014, https://www.splcenter.org/hate- 31. “We Are Humans,” Bristol County for Correc- Sheriff’s Office,” Massachusetts State Auditor, Febru- 78. “History of NumbersUSA,” NumbersUSA, watch/2014/02/11/anti-immigrant-flyers-distribut- tional Justice, July 31, 2018, https://bccjustice.word- ary 13, 2019, https://www.mass.gov/audit/audit-of- https://web.archive.org/web/20200703154618/ ed-nebraska-town-voting-today-housing-ordinance. press.com/2018/07/31/we-are-humans/. the-bristol-county-sheriffs-office. https://www.numbersusa.com/about/history. 99. “Activists with Extremist Ties Behind Oregon Im- 32. Michael Bonner, “Inmates refused to eat pre- 54. “Travels with Tom Hodgson,” Bristol County 79. Advocates for Victims of Illegal Alien Crime, migration Referendum,” Anti-Defamation League, pared meals at Bristol County House of Corrections,” for Correctional Justice, September 8, 2018, https:// https://web.archive.org/web/20200612223233/ October 30, 2014, https://www.adl.org/news/article/ New Bedford Standard-Times, July 25, 2018, https:// bccjustice.wordpress.com/2018/09/08/travels- https://www.aviac.us/. activists-with-extremist-ties-behind-oregon-immi- www.southcoasttoday.com/news/20180725/ hodgson-2/; “BCSO Travel Documents from FOIA Re- 80. “Massachusetts Coalition for Immigration Re- gration-referendum; “Another generation of anti- inmates-refused-to-eat-prepared-meals-at-bristol- quest,” Bristol County for Correctional Justice, August form,” Massachusetts Coalition for Immigration Re- immigrant activists joins the increasingly virulent county-house-of-corrections. 31, 2018, https://tiny.cc/sheriff-travel. form, https://archive.vn/k1dnz. nativist movement,” Southern Poverty Law Center, 33. Jennette Barnes, “Crime and nourishment: An 55. “While Courting Sheriffs, FAIR Flaunts - Ac 81. “Bostonians Against Sanctuary Cities,” Bosto- March 1, 2018, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting- inside look at jail food in Bristol County,” New Bed- cess to Administration,” Political Research As- nians Against Sanctuary Cities, https://archive.vn/ hate/intelligence-report/2008/profiles-20-nativist- ford Standard-Times, December 15, 2018, https:// sociates, December 5, 2019, https://www. wip/4anVK. leaders; Stephen Lemons, “Anti-Heroes,” Phoenix www.southcoasttoday.com/news/20181215/crime- politicalresearch.org/2019/12/05/while-courting- 82. Jessica Pishko, “The Power of Sheriffs: -Ex New Times, September 13, 2007, https://www. and-nourishment-inside-look-at-jail-food-in-bristol- sheriffs-fair-flaunts-access-administration. plained,” The Appeal, January 4, 2019, https://theap- phoenixnewtimes.com/news/anti-heroes-6404651; county. 56. John Doherty, “The Hodgson empire,” New peal.org/the-power-of-sheriffs-an-explainer/. “‘America First’ Summit on National Security,” The 34. Pearson, Burrell, Givens, et al., “Pearson, Bedford Standard-Times, August 6, 2000, https:// 83. 104th Congress, 2nd Session, “Illegal Immigra- Official Minuteman Civil Defense Corps, October 15, Burrell, Givens, Law Offices of Mark Booker v Thomas www.southcoasttoday.com/article/20000806/ tion Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 2005, https://www.minutemanhq.com/hq/summit. Hodgson,” Commonwealth of Massachusetts, May 2, News/308069996. 1996,” U.S. House of Representatives, September 24, php; SJ Reidhead, “FAIR’s New Anti-Hispanic GOP 2018, https://www.nclc.org/images/pdf/litigation/ 57. Ibid. 1996, https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt828/ Timebomb,” The Pink Flamingo, August 23, 2011, securus-complaint.pdf. 58. Ibid. CRPT-104hrpt828.pdf. http://www.thepinkflamingoblog.com/2011/08/23/ 35. Monte McCoin, “Massachusetts County Faces 59. John Doherty, “The Hodgson empire,” New 84. Cloee Cooper, “Support for Oregon’s Ballot Mea- fairs-new-anti-hispanic-gop-timebomb/. Lawsuit Over Phone Fee Kickbacks,” Prison Legal Bedford Standard-Times, August 6, 2000, https:// sure 105 Reveals Collaboration Between Right-Wing 100. “FAIR Hold Their Feet to the Fire 2019,” News, August 8, 2018, https://www.prisonlegal- www.southcoasttoday.com/article/20000806/ Sheriffs and Anti-Immigrant Networks,” Political Federation for American Immigration Reform, news.org/news/2018/aug/8/massachusetts-county- News/308069996. Research Associates, November 2, 2018, https:// October 23, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/ faces-lawsuit-over-phone-fee-kickbacks/. 60. Lee Charlton, telephone interview, September www.politicalresearch.org/2018/11/02/support-for- watch?v=HB5giuktCaQ; Zachary Mueller, “Top Trump 36. Jennette Barnes, “Lawsuit targets high cost of 9, 2019. oregons-ballot-measure-105-reveals-collaboration- Administration Officials, over a Dozen Congressmen phone calls from jail,” New Bedford Standard-Times, 61. John Ellement and Douglas Belkin, “City, county between-right-wing-sheriffs-and-anti-immigrant- Attend Events Organized by Hate Group,” Americas’ May 4, 2018, https://www.southcoasttoday.com/ sheriff in turf tussle,” Boston Globe, September 26, networks. Voice, September 28, 2019, https://americasvoice. news/20180504/lawsuit-targets-high-cost-of-phone- 2003, https://archive.boston.com/news/local/arti- 85. Ray Porter and Dan Stein, “FAIR Annual Report org/blog/htfttf-2019/; Charlie James, “Charlie James calls-from-jail. cles/2003/09/26/city_county_sheriff_in_turf_tussle/. 2011,” Federation for American Immigration Reform, interviews Sheriff Thomas Hodgson,” WTMA Radio

30 • The Public Eye SUMMER 2020 endnotes endnotes

Charleston, SC, June 23, 2016, https://www.youtube. “Panel Transcript: Should ICE Release or Continue ing-trumps-claim-thousands-new-jersey-ch/. 2020, https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/03/24/ com/watch?v=6Roxp8p2UVg; Thomas M. Hodgson, Detention for Aliens during Pandemic?” Center for 142. “New Documentary Portrays Negative View of bristol-county-detainees-immigration-ice-covid- “Why I Support FAIR,” Federation for American Im- Immigration Studies, April 15, 2020, https://cis.org/ Immigration in the U.S.,” Anti-Defamation League, 19-coronavirus. migration Reform, August 2, 2017, https://www. Transcript/Panel-Should-ICE-Release-or-Continue- August 3, 2012, https://www.adl.org/blog/new-doc- 161. Shannon Dooling, “Class Action Suit Calls For youtube.com/watch?v=Je2OlEEsU64; Swathi Shan- Detention-Aliens-during-Pandemic. umentary-portrays-negative-view-of-immigration- Release Of ICE Detainees In Bristol County Amid Coro- mugasundaram, “Acting ICE Director attends annual 120. “AVIAC Board,” Advocates for Victims of Illegal in-the-us. navirus Fears,” WBUR News, March 27, 2020, https:// media event of anti-immigrant hate group FAIR,” Alien Crime, February 11, 2020, https://www.aviac. 143. Rabbi Jonathan Hausman, “Synagogue notice: www.wbur.org/news/2020/03/27/class-action-suit- Southern Poverty Law Center, September 12, 2018, us/about-us/the-board/. Filmmaker to speak on immigration at Stoughton calls-for-release-of-ice-detainees-in-bristol-county- https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/09/12/ 121. Susan Tully personal Facebook page, Facebook, synagogue,” Stoughton Journal, May 5, 2015, https:// amid-coronavirus-fears; “Warren, Markey, Kennedy acting-ice-director-attends-annual-media-event-anti- June 28, 2017, https://www.splcenter.org/sites/de- stoughton.wickedlocal.com/article/20150505/ among those suggesting Sheriff Hodgson release ICE immigrant-hate-group-fair. fault/files/hw_2018-05-21_blog.png. NEWS/150507909. detainees over COVID-19,” Fall River Reporter, April 101. “Board of Directors,” Federation for American 122. “The Remembrance Project,” Southern Pov- 144. Josh Nathan-Kazis, “Synagogue Hosts Anti- 6, 2020, https://fallriverreporter.com/warren-mar- Immigration Reform, September 1, 2019, https:// erty Law Center, February 11, 2020, https://www. Islam Speakers Again, and 100 Interfaith Clergy key-kennedy-among-those-suggesting-sheriff-hodg- www.fairus.org/about-fair/board-directors. splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/ Protest,” The Forward, November 2, 2016, https://for- son-release-ice-detainees-over-covid-19-2/. 102. Heidi Beirich, “Hate groups like Center for remembrance-project. ward.com/news/353234/clergy-protest-anti-islam- 162. “Coronavirus Suit Filed Against ICE And Bristol Immigration Studies want you to believe they’re 123. Sabine Durden, “AVIAC Comes to Washington speakers-at-boston-synagogue/. County Sheriff,” Lawyers for Civil Rights, March 27, mainstream,” Southern Poverty Law Center, DC!” Dom Hugs, September 30, 2019, https://dom- 145. Thomas M. Hodgson, interview with author, 2020, http://lawyersforcivilrights.org/our-impact/ March 23, 2017, https://www.splcenter.org/hate- hugs.org/aviac-comes-to-washington-dc/. September 6, 2019. immigrant-rights/coronavirus-suit-filed-against-ice- watch/2017/03/23/hate-groups-center-immigra- 124. Tom Joyce, “Sanctuary State Bill Opponents Say 146. Gabe Meadow, “Profile on the Right: ACT and-bristol-county-sheriff/. tion-studies-want-you-believe-they%E2%80%99re- It Would Make Massachusetts Less Safe,” New Bos- for America,” Political Research Associates, 163. Shannon Dooling, “Judge: Bristol Sheriff And mainstream; Mark Krikorian, Andrew R. Arthur, ton Post, January 25, 2020, https://newbostonpost. March 1, 2018, https://www.politicalresearch. ICE Likely Violated Rights Of Detainees; Orders CO- Dan Cadman, Thomas Hodgson, and Bryan Griffith, com/2020/01/25/sanctuary-state-bill-opponents- org/2018/03/01/profile-on-the-right-act-for-amer- VID-19 Testing,” WBUR News, May 7, 2020, https:// “Panel Video: Should ICE Release or Continue Deten- say-it-would-make-massachusetts-less-safe/. ica. www.wbur.org/news/2020/05/07/bristol-sheriff- tion for Aliens during Pandemic?” Center for Immi- 125. Felicia Gans, “Trump backers voice support 147. “ACT for America,” Anti-Defamation League, ice-detainees-violated-rights. gration Studies, April 14, 2020, https://web.archive. for his immigration order,” Boston Globe, January March 6, 2017, https://www.adl.org/resources/pro- 164. At the end of March, Young indicated that he org/web/20200429081200/https://cis.org/Video/ 28, 2017, https://www.bostonglobe.com/met- files/act-for-america. might release some detainees, and by April he began Panel-Should-ICE-Release-or-Continue-Detention- ro/2017/01/28/trump-supporters-voice-support-for- 148. “ACT for America,” Southern Poverty Law Cen- ordering the release of detainees. See Sarah Betan- Aliens-during-Pandemic. his-immigration-order/uf3Je7sVY42xkOs9eD4KGM/ ter, October 26, 2019, https://www.splcenter.org/ court, “Judge asks for list of ICE detainees for poten- 103. Thomas M. Hodgson, interview with author, story.html. fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/act-america; tial release,” Commonwealth Magazine, March 30, September 6, 2019. 126. Lou Murray, “Bostonians Against Sanctuary Cit- “Will ACT for America Provide An Outlet for the ‘Alt- 2020, https://commonwealthmagazine.org/criminal- 104. David Ehrens, “Freedom of Information Re- ies,” Bostonians Against Sanctuary Cities, February Right’ Post-Charlottesville?” Southern Poverty Law justice/judge-asks-for-list-of-ice-detainees-for-poten- quests,” Bristol County for Correctional Justice, July 11, 2020, https://www.facebook.com/Bostonians- Center, August 18, 2017, https://www.splcenter.org/ tial-release/; Steph Solis, “Coronavirus: Federal judge 2, 2019, https://tiny.cc/bccj-foia. Against-Sanctuary-Cities-285282965232759/. hatewatch/2017/08/18/will-act-america-provide- orders release of 3 immigrant detainees, says Immi- 105. Heidi Beirich, “Hate groups like Center for 127. O’Ryan Johnson, “Bristol sheriff speaks at anti- outlet-alt-right-post-charlottesville. gration and Customs Enforcement released 6 more,” Immigration Studies want you to believe they’re sanctuary cities meeting,” Boston Herald, May 25, 149. Gabe Meadow, “Profile on the Right: ACT MassLive, April 3, 2020, https://www.masslive.com/ mainstream,” Southern Poverty Law Center, 2017, https://www.bostonherald.com/2017/05/25/ for America,” Political Research Associates, coronavirus/2020/04/coronavirus-federal-judge- March 23, 2017, https://www.splcenter.org/hate- bristol-sheriff-speaks-at-anti-sanctuary-cities-meet- March 1, 2018, https://www.politicalresearch. orders-release-of-3-immigrant-detainees-says-immi- watch/2017/03/23/hate-groups-center-immigra- ing/. org/2018/03/01/profile-on-the-right-act-for-amer- gration-and-customs-enforcement-released-6-more. tion-studies-want-you-believe-they%E2%80%99re- 128. “Once Again, Number of ‘Nativist Extremist’ ica. html; Shannon Dooling, “Federal Judge Releases ICE mainstream. Groups Falls,” Southern Poverty Law Center, February 150. “Meet the 11 biggest white nationalists speak- Detainees From Bristol County On A Rolling Basis 106. Alex Nowrasteh, “CIS Exaggerates the Cost of 19, 2017, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/ ing at CPAC 2020,” Bend the Arc: Jewish Action, Due To COVID-19 Concerns,” WBUR, April 8, 2020, Immigrant Welfare Use,” Cato Institute, May 10, intelligence-report/2017/once-again-number-nativ- https://www.bendthearc.us/meet_the_11_biggest_ https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/04/08/judge- 2016, https://www.cato.org/blog/cis-exaggerates- ist-extremist-groups-falls. white_nationalists_speaking_at_cpac_this_year; young-immigration-detainees-bristol-sheriff-jail. cost-immigrant-welfare-use. 129. Michael Verseckes, “Weymouth, MA resident “2020 Conservative Conference Features Over 30 165. Thomas M. Hodgson, “Prisoner Release 107. “Nativist Group Misrepresents Facts Again to patrol border with MMP,” Weymouth Town On- Antisemitic Speakers,” How to Fight Antisemitism, Alert System,” Bristol County Sheriff, April 16, to Support Detaining Children and Families,” line, March 30, 2005, https://www.alipac.us/f12/ https://www.howtofightantisemitism.com/timeline/ 2020, https://bcso-ma.us/news/prisoneralert/4- Immigration Impact, June 29, 2015, https:// weymouth-ma-resident-patrol-border-mmp-713/. cpac-2020. 16-20alertsystem.pdf. immigrationimpact.com/2015/06/29/nativist- 130. “Armed Vigilante Activities in Arizona,” Anti- 151. Swathi Shanmugasundaram, “Anti-Sharia law 166. Mary Serreze, “Lawyer: Hodgson Assaulted ICE group-misrepresents-facts-again-to-support-detain- Defamation League, April 25, 2005, https://www. bills in the United States,” Southern Poverty Law Cen- Detainee Ahead of Violent Conflict,” WBSM News, ing-children-and-families/. adl.org/news/article/armed-vigilante-activities-in- ter, February 5, 2018, https://www.splcenter.org/ May 4, 2020, https://wbsm.com/lawyer-says-sheriff- 108. Swathi Shanmugasundaram, “Center for Im- arizona. hatewatch/2018/02/05/anti-sharia-law-bills-united- hodgson-assaulted-ice-detainee-ahead-of-violent- migration Studies debunked,” Southern Poverty Law 131. John Thompson, “Reframing the Immigration states. conflict/. Center, October 2, 2017, https://www.splcenter.org/ Debate - A proposal for compensated repatriation of 152. Dana Liebelson, “Anti-Sharia Group With Close 167. “Warren, Markey, Keating, Kennedy, Col- hatewatch/2017/10/02/center-immigration-studies- unlawful immigrants,” Social Contract Press, Summer Ties To Donald Trump Has A Nazi Problem,” Huff- leagues Seek Federal Investigation of Violent Incident debunked. 2016, https://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/ ington Post, October 2, 2017, https://www.huffpost. at Bristol County Jail,” Senator Elizabeth Warren, May 109. “Meet Jessica Vaughan, the anti-immigrant publish/tsc264/tsc-26-4-thompson.shtml; Evan Lips, com/entry/anti-sharia-group-with-close-ties-to- 6, 2020, https://www.warren.senate.gov/oversight/ movement’s representative at tomorrow’s Senate “Sanctuary city defenders decry bill to block state trump-has-a-nazi-problem_n_59d2a231e4b048a44 letters/warren-markey-keating-kennedy-colleagues- Judiciary Committee Hearing on DACA,” Southern aid,” New Boston Post, December 10, 2015, https:// 324852b. seek-federal-investigation-of-violent-incident-at- Poverty Law Center, October 2, 2017, https://www. archive.vn/E5lCJ. 153. Sandy Fraizer, “Brigitte Gabriel and Roger bristol-county-jail. splcenter.org/hatewatch/2017/10/02/meet-jessica- 132. “Jason Richwine,” Wikipedia, February 11, Hedgecock Available for Interviews LIVE from FAIR 168. Sarah Betancourt, “Several probes launched vaughan-anti-immigrant-movement%E2%80%99s- 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Rich- in D.C.,” SandyPR.com, September 9, 2009, https:// into violence at Bristol County Jail,” Commonwealth representative-tomorrow%E2%80%99s-senate- wine. sandypr.blogspot.com/2009/09/brigitte-gabriel- Magazine, May 5, 2020, https://commonwealthmaga- judiciary. 133. Curt Brown, “Mass. Sheriff Hodgson Leads and-roger-hedgecock.html. zine.org/immigration/several-probes-launched-of- 110. Mark Krikorian, “What to do about Haiti?” Crowdfunding Effort to Fund Border Wall,” Provi- 154. Amy Brittain and Abigail Hauslohner, “Anti- violence-at-bristol-county-jail/. National Review, January 21, 2010, https://www.na- dence Journal, September 8, 2018, https://www. sharia group offers donors a private tour and - cock 169. Arianna MacNeill, “‘They went crazy’: Phone tionalreview.com/corner/what-do-about-haiti-mark- providencejournal.com/news/20180906/mass- tails at Trump hotel,” The Washington Post, June 20, call recordings shed light on alleged brawl involving krikorian/. sheriff-hodgson-leads-crowdfunding-effort-to-fund- 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ ICE detainees,” Boston Globe, May 7, 2020, https:// 111. “The Social Contract Press,” Southern Poverty border-wall. anti-sharia-group-offers-donors-a-private-tour-and- www.boston.com/news/coronavirus/2020/05/07/ Law Center, February 11, 2020, https://www.splcen- 134. Alejandro J. Beutel, “Antigovernment Militia cocktails-at-trump-hotel/2017/06/20/0b758b86- ice-detainees-bristol-county-phone-recordings. ter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/social- Leader Organizing Nationwide Protests This Week- 5138-11e7-be25-3a519335381c_story.html; “Why 170. “Eight more Bristol inmates, ICE detainee and contract-press. end,” Southern Poverty Law Center, February 21, I Support FAIR by Sheriff Thomas Hodgson | Hold six more staff test positive for coronavirus,” Fall River 112. “Peter Brimelow,” Southern Poverty Law Cen- 2019, https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/anti- Their Feet to the Fire (2017),” Federation for Ameri- Herald News, May 12, 2020, https://www.herald- ter, February 11, 2020, https://www.splcenter. government-militia-leader-organizing-nationwide- can Immigration Reform, August 2, 2017, https:// news.com/news/20200512/eight-more-bristol-in- org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/peter- protests-this-weekend. www.youtube.com/watch?v=Je2OlEEsU64; Zachary mates-ice-detainee-and-six-more-staff-test-positive- brimelow; “Video presentations from the September 135. “ADF Washington DC Rally Feb 23, 2019,” Mueller, “Top Trump Administration Officials, over a for-coronavirus. 30, 2012 Social Contract Press Writers Workshop - in- American Defence Force, February 23, 2019, Dozen Congressmen Attend Events Organized by Hate 171. Matthew R. Segal et al., “American Civil Liberties troduction,” The Social Contract Press, https://web.ar- https://web.archive.org/web/20190125144345/ Group,” America’s Voice, September 28, 2019; “FAIR- Union of Massachusetts, Inc. v. Bristol County Sher- chive.org/web/20170703085231/http://www.theso- https:/americandefenceforce.com/dc-rally-feb- Hold Their Feet to the Fire 2019,” Facebook Event, iff’s Office,” ACLU of Massachusetts, May 18, 2020, cialcontract.com/video/tsc-writers-workshop-2012. 23%2C-2019; Fund the Wall, July 28, 2020, https:// https://archive.vn/wip/jvKys. https://www.aclum.org/sites/default/files/fielddoc- html. archive.vn/wip/zbMJO. 155. Data for Justice Project, “State Audit of Bristol uments/complaint-aclumv._bcso.pdf. 113. “Extremist Group Info: VDARE,” Southern Pov- 136. Quentin Kramer, “Build The Wall! Quen- Sheriff,” ACLU of Massachusetts, December 6, 2019, 172. “ACLU sues Bristol County Sheriffs Office for erty Law Center, September 24, 2019, https://www. tin Kramer and Mike Cutler join Southern Sense https://data.aclum.org/public-records/state-audit-of- information related to violent incident in ICE deten- splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/ Talk Radio,” Southern Sense, November 20, bristol-sheriff/. tion,” American Civil Liberties Union, May 18, 2020, vdare. 2018, https://www.blogtalkradio.com/southern- 156. Michael Edison Hayden, “Stephen Miller’s Affin- https://www.aclum.org/en/news/aclu-sues-bristol- 114. “Jeff Sessions Is No Longer Allowed to Talk sense/2018/11/20/build-the-wall-quentin-kramer- ity for White Nationalism Revealed in Leaked Emails,” county-sheriffs-office-information-related-violent- About Special Interests,” America’s Voice, July 17, and-mike-cutler-join-southern-sense. Southern Poverty Law Center, November 12, 2019, incident-ice-detention. 2013, https://americasvoice.org/blog/jeff-sessions- 137. Jeremy Messina, “About Us,” Fund the Wall, https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2019/11/12/ 173. “Progressive groups call for Hodgson to resign,” is-no-longer-allowed-to-talk-about-special-interests/. September 1, 2019, https://www.fundthewall.com/ stephen-millers-affinity-white-nationalism-revealed- New Bedford Standard-Times, May 13, 2020, https:// 115. Jeff Sessions and David Vitter, “Immigration about-us/. leaked-emails. www.southcoasttoday.com/news/20200513/pro- Policy Reform,” C-SPAN, April 18, 2013, https:// 138. “Hodgson and the White Supremacist 157. Camilo Montoya-Galvez, “Hardliners gain key gressive-groups-call-for-hodgson-to-resign. www.c-span.org/video/?312241-1/immigration- agenda,” Bristol County for Correctional Justice, posts at Trump’s citizenship and immigration services 174. Mary Serreze, “Lawyer: Hodgson Assaulted ICE policy-reform. January 13, 2019, https://bccjustice.wordpress. agency,” CBS News, November 21, 2019, https:// Detainee Ahead of Violent Conflict,” WBSM News, 116. Ted Hesson, “Immigration Reform in One com/2019/01/13/white-agenda/. www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-immigration-poli- May 4, 2020, https://wbsm.com/lawyer-says-sheriff- Room, Bed Bugs in Another,” ABC Univision, April 139. Penny Starr, “While Congress Dallies, Coali- cy-posts-hardliners-including-officials-who-worked- hodgson-assaulted-ice-detainee-ahead-of-violent- 18, 2013, https://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univi- tion Ready to Write Check for Border Wall,” Breitbart for-a-hate-group-gain-key-positions/. conflict/. sion/Politics/immigration-reform-room-bed-bugs/ News, January 21, 2019, https://www.breitbart.com/ 158. “Hodgson Emails,” Hodgson Emails, December story?id=18992641. politics/2019/01/21/while-congress-dallies-coali- 23, 2019, https://hodgsonemails.wordpress.com/. Unholy 117. Jessica Vaughan and Thomas M. Hodgson, tion-ready-to-write-check-for-border-security-its-not- 159. Fr. Richard Roy, et al., “SouthCoast faith lead- 1. Sarah Posner, “How Donald Trump’s New Cam- “Testimony: Border Security and Immigration En- trumps-wall-its-americas-wall/. ers deeply troubled by Sheriff Hodgson’s action,” New paign Chief Created an Online Haven for White Na- forcement,” C-SPAN, March 28, 2017, https:// 140. Thomas M. Hodgson, interview with author, Bedford Standard-Times, February 7, 2020, https:// tionalists,” Mother Jones, August 22, 2016, https:// www.c-span.org/video/?426090-1/lawmakers-spar- September 6, 2019. www.southcoasttoday.com/opinion/20200207/ www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/08/stephen- immigration-policy-enforcement-hearing. 141. 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SUMMER 2020 Political Research Associates • 31 POLITICAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES 1310 BROADWAY, SUITE 201 SOMERVILLE, MA 02144

The Art of Activism: Favianna Rodriguez

Favianna Rodriguez is an interdisciplinary artist, cultural strategist, and social justice activist based in Oakland, California. Her art and praxis address migration, gender justice, climate change, racial equity, and sexual freedom. Her practice boldly reshapes the myths, stories, and cultural practices of the present, while healing from the wounds of the past.

CHANGE STORIES. TRANSFORM CULTURE. END INEQUALITY.

This piece is about building collective power through love, dignity, and community. The figure in the piece is touching their heart, which is a source of power, and this is creating ripples of change. Inside of the figure’s imagination is a person who is sharing their story. As the person speaks, the seeds of the change are planted. The image represents the way in which people build power by transforming the culture around them. By changing the stories and the culture around us, we can change society. Copyright 2020 Favianna.com

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