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6448 ID 6617 Couv youth policy latvia 29/09/08 16:36 Page 1 This international review of the national youth policy in Latvia, like preceding reviews, aims to fulfil three distinct objectives: Youth policy in Latvia - to advise on national youth policy; - to identify components which might combine to form a harmonised approach to youth policy across Europe; and - to contribute to a learning process in relation to the development and implementation of youth policy. The Directorate of Youth and Sport of the Council of Europe embark- ed on its international reviews of national youth policy in 1997. Latvia, at its own request, is the fourteenth country to be the focus of an international review. This report goes from the historical back- ground through to the present day and includes information gather- ed by the international review team as well as its analyses and recommendations concerning the development, perspectives and challenges for the future of youth policy in Latvia. policy in Latvia Youth The Council of Europe has 47 member states, covering virtually the entire continent of Europe. It seeks to develop common democratic and legal principles based on the European Convention on Human Rights and other reference texts on the protection of individuals. Ever since it was founded in 1949, in the aftermath of the Second World COUNCIL CONSEIL War, the Council of Europe has symbolised reconciliation. OF EUROPE DE L'EUROPE ISBN 978-92-871-6448-3 Council of Europe Publishing -:HSTCSH=V[EE]D: €15/US$30 http://book.coe.int Council of Europe Publishing Editions du Conseil de l’Europe Youth policy in Latvia Conclusions of the Council of Europe international review team Herwig Reiter, rapporteur general Seija Astala (Chair) Guy-Michel Brandtner Aleksandar Jovanovic Metka Kuhar Howard Williamson Julia Zubok Council of Europe Publishing The opinions expressed in this publication may not reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic (CD-Rom, Internet, etc.) or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the Public Information and Publications Division, Directorate of Communication (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or [email protected]). Cover design: Documents and Publications Production Department (DPPD), Council of Europe Layout: Jouve, Paris Council of Europe Publishing F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex http://book.coe.int ISBN 978-92-871-6448-3 © Council of Europe, November 2008 Printed at the Council of Europe Contents Executive summary ................................................. 5 CHAPTER 1: Background and methodology ............................. 11 International youth policy reviews of the Council of Europe . 11 The Latvian youth policy review . 12 Structure of the report .................................... 14 CHAPTER 2:Introduction to Latvia .................................... 15 CHAPTER 3:Youth and youth policy in Latvia ........................... 19 “Youth” . 19 “Youth policy” – the national context . 19 Funding . 24 Legislation . 25 Principles . 27 Key institutions and actors of regional and local “youth policy” delivery .......................... 29 Youth organisations and the political representation of young people . 32 CHAPTER 4:Key domains of youth policy...............................37 ts Education and learning . 38 en Formal general education . 39 Formal professional education and labour market matching . 45 Cont Formal higher education. 47 Non-formal and out-of-school education. 49 3 Employment . 54 Health................................................. 56 Sports policy . 61 Family policy, child welfare, social protection . 62 Youth justice. 63 CHAPTER 5:Cross-cutting key issues for youth policy .................... 67 Youth participation and citizenship . 67 Youth information. 72 Elites and outsiders . 73 Social inclusion . 75 Urban-rural polarisation. 81 CHAPTER 6:Supporting youth policy .................................. 83 Youth research .......................................... 83 Youth work, training and working conditions. 85 The dissemination of good practice .........................89 International co-operation and exchange . 90 Epilogue .........................................................95 Recommendations ................................................. 97 Sources .........................................................107 Appendix 1 – Programme of the fi rst visit to Latvia . 114 Appendix 2 – Programme of the second visit to Latvia. 115 ia tv Appendix 3 – Selected data for Latvia ................................ 116 La Appendix 4 – National opinion and response to section on minority education and the status of the Russian language . 118 h policy in ut Appendix 5 – National opinion and response to section on employment. 120 Yo 4 Executive summary This report represents the fi ndings from the international review of national youth policy of the Republic of Latvia by a team of international experts, selected by the Council of Europe Directorate of Youth and Sport. In addition to a preparatory visit, the main sources informing this report include the following: – the draft national report on youth policy in Latvia, prepared by the Latvian Ministry for Children and Family Affairs – two study visits of one week each to Latvia by the International Review Team (IRT) in July and October/November 2007, during which meetings with key institutions of youth policy, as well as youth practitioners and young people, were held in the capital Riga and in the cities of Cesis and Rezekne – a complete protocol of the meetings and discussions of the IRT during the two country visits – documents and hand-outs provided by the Latvian authorities and partners in the review process – additional documents and sources consulted in the course of the preparation of the international review. The dedication and involvement of the Latvian partners, the professionalism and effectiveness of their contributions and presentations, as well as their hospitality and generosity, were crucial elements of the review process. The IRT wants to express its gratitude to all the parties and individuals involved. ry Together with the other two Baltic states, Estonia in the north and Lithuania in the south, Latvia is among those former Soviet countries that regained independence at the beginning of the 1990s. After a rapid and still ongoing socio-economic transformation towards western standards of society and economy, they became part of the European Union in 2004. The development of Latvian youth policy, with all its strengths and weaknesses, has to be assessed against the background of challenges associated with such a radical transformation. Executive summa For the time being, the political category of “youth” lacks a clear definition. In Latvia, “youth” is a social group with fuzzy boundaries; it ranges from early teenage 5 years to the late twenties, depending on the perspective taken, with the policy focus tending to be on the lower half of the age range. Correspondingly, there is little consolidated “knowledge” about youth represented in policy making. In 2004, the youth policy agenda was transferred to the Ministry of Children and Family Affairs, which currently holds the main responsibility for youth policy co-ordination. However, the Ministry of Education and Science, the former lead department, remains an important player and funding party, though it now has more targeted priorities. Framework legislation for youth policy is outdated, and the revision process is ongoing. More recent additions to the landscape of youth policy institutions include the Council of Youth Policy Co-ordination, which was established in 2005 in order to link the activities and interests of the youth NGOs, regional bodies and key ministers involved. However, while there is some improvement in youth policy co-ordination and communication, the overall funding suffers from the strong priorities of individual actors as well as a considerable imbalance in available funds; this further contributes to the overall actor- rather than content-driven approach to youth policy administration. Latvian youth policy development is framed by seven youth policy principles that can be clustered into three main dimensions. The vertical dimension (a) of political youth citizenship contributes to democratic power sharing, facilitating constructive youth involvement in decision-making and the definition of society. Youth participation and information, as well as the consideration of youth interests, are relevant to this dimension, along which youth policy (in a narrow sense) usually formulates its core agenda. The horizontal dimension (b) of socio- economic youth citizenship promotes equality among young people living in different circumstances. Youth welfare, inclusion and non-discrimination are among the key principles characterising this dimension, where the success of youth policy depends principally on co-operation with associated specialised policies. The refl exive dimension (c) of youth policy development emphasises its sensitivity to changes in youth preferences, as well as in international best practice. This dimension, which is currently only outlined in Latvian youth policy development, requires further improvement and the consideration of additional aspects like youth research, dissemination of results and good practice, and professionalisation.
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