La Foca Monje (Monachus Monachus Hermann 1779) En El Mediterráneo Oriental (Grecia Y Croacia)

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La Foca Monje (Monachus Monachus Hermann 1779) En El Mediterráneo Oriental (Grecia Y Croacia) 24(3 La foca monje (Monachus monachus Hermann 1779) en el Mediterráneo oriental (Grecia y Croacia) G~DEIOTroA UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS Departamento de Biología Animal 1 LA FOCA MONJE (Monachus monachus Hermann 1779) EN EL MEDITERRANEO ORIENTAL (GRECIA Y CROACIA) TESIS DOCTORAL * ~ ~ 8465v 1 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE / DANIEL CEBRIÁN MENCHERO MADRID, 1998 AÑO DE LOS OCEANOS UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS Departamento de Biología Animal 1 LA FOCA MONJE (Monachus monachus Mermarin 1779) EN EL MEDITERRÁNEO ORIENTAL (GRECIA Y CROACIA) Memoria presentada por el Licenciado D. DANIEL CEBRIAN MENCHERO para optar al grado de DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS V~B2, El Director V2B9, El Tutor Dr. Francisco Braza Lloret Dr. Tomás Santos Martínez Colaborador Científico del CSIC Prof. Titular Estación Biológica de Doñana Depart. Biología Animal 1 Sevilla Madrid el doctorando Fdo Daniel Cebrián Menchero Madrid, 15 de Junio de 1998 INDICE A INTRODUCCIÓN 2 1 ENCUADRE SISTEMÁTICO 2 2 ORIGEN Y EXPANSIÓN DE LAS FOCAS MONJE 8 3 ESTA TUS HISTÓRICO Y RECIENTE DE LAS FOCAS MONJE 10 3 1 Foca monje del Caribe Monachus tropicalis 10 3 2 Foca monje de Hawaíu Monachus schau¡nsIand~ 13 3 3 Foca monje mediterránea Monachus monachus 15 4 OBJETIVOS DEL ESTUDIO — —24 8 AREA DE ESTUDIO 27 1 LOCALIZACIÓN — —---- — —— — 29 2 GEOMORFOLOGÍA —------------------—-——--- —-----33 3.METEOROLOGIA - - ---34 4 CUBIERTA VEGETAL —----- — 35 5DEMOGRAFIA ---------- 37 O MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS 39 1 CARACTERIZACION DE LAS POBLACIONES 39 2 DISTRIBUCIÓN Y ESTIMACIÓN DEPOBLACIONES 39 .3 CICLOS BIOLOGICOS 52 4. RECURSOS TROFICOS —---- 52 5. RELACIONES INTERESPECIFICAS — 57 6 SELECCION YUSO DEL HABITAT 59 7DINAMICAPOBLACIONAL —------—--------— 62 8 COMPORTAMIENTO - —---------- --— D RESULTADOS 64 1 CARACTERIZACION DELA FOCA MONJE MEDITERRANEA 64 11 Líbrea ResuhadoS y Discusión 64 1 2 Morfometría Resultados y Discusión 79 2 LAS POBLACIONES DE FOCA MONJE EN EL MEDITERRANEO ORIENTAL-- 81 2 1 Distribución y Status 81 211 EgeoNorte 82 212 EgeoSur 88 21 3 Jónico 107 21 4 Adriático NortevCentral 118 2 1 5 Adriático Sur (Albania’> 121 22 Estnjctura de las poblaciones de la toca monje 122 23 Discusión 123 231 Grecia 123 232 Croacia 127 3 CICLO FENOLOGICO 130 31 Muda 130 3 11 Resultados 131 312 Discusión —----- — 136 3 2 Reproducción 137 3 2 1 Apareamiento 137 3 2 2 Fenoloala de oartos 143 3 2 3 Factores condicionantes de la fenoloala de cría 147 3 24 Cuidado maternal 162 33 Discusión 167 33 1 Ciclo biolóaíco de la foca monie 167 33 2 Estrateaia reoroductiva de la foca monie 170 4 RECURSOS TROFICOS - 178 4 1 Explotación de recursos pesqueros en Grecia 178 4 2 La pesca en el Parque Marítimo de Esporadas del Norte 183 42 1 Caotura de la flota de baíura de Aionísos 186 4 2 2 lmoortancia económica de las caoturas 204 43 Consideraciones sobre la alimentación de la foca monje 205 44 Discusión 210 5. RELACIONES INTERESPECIFICAS 214 5 1 Solapamiento espacial con otros mamíferos mannos 214 5 1 1 Distribución espacial de los cetáceos 215 5 1 2 Distnbución espacial de la foca monie 220 5 1 3 Discusión 230 5 2 Interacciones de la toca monjecon el hombre 235 5 2 1 Imoacto de la foca monie en las artes de pesca 235 52 2 Discusión 246 523 Imoacto humano sobre la foca monie 248 5 2 3 1 Tráfico de embarcaciones en el háhita? de la esoecie- 248 5 2 3 2 Discusión- 252 5 2 3 3 Matanzas de toca oroducídas tiar el hombr; 253 5234 Disaisiór,- 253 5 2 3 5 Polución 257 5236 Discusión- 264 6 PREFERENCIA DEI-IABITAT YUSO DEL ESPACIO 271 6 1 Hábitat terrestre áreas de reproducción y cuevas de cría 271 611 Resultados 273 6 1 2. Selección de hábitat. Zakmntos 285 62 Selección de hábitat 300 6 2 1 Uso espacio-temporal del intenor de las cuevas 304 7 DINAMICA POBLACIONAL — 303 7 1 Análisis de la viabilidad poblacional de la foca mediterránea 335 7 2 Viabilidad de la población en ausencia de matanzas por el hombre 341 73 Viabilidad de la población considerando las matanzas por el hombre----345 7 4 Posibilidades de manejo 346 E DISCUSION FiNAL Y CONCLUSIONES 352 F BIBLIOGRAFíA 358 APENDICE P 368 INDICE DE TABLAS INTRODUCCION Tabla 1. Sistemática del orden Pínnípedía Tabla 2. Especies de la familia Focídade y su localización Tabla 3. Poblaciones de foca monje mediterránea en su área de distribución AREA DE ESTUDIO Tabla 4. Situación demográfica de las Islas Cicladas Tabla 5. Población presente y máximohistónco de las islas exploradas en Croacia. RESULTADOS Tabla 6. Longitud del pelo de una foca monje mediterránea Tabla 7. Medidas de víbrísas en dos individuos de foca monje Tabla 8. Medidas de cinco cráneos de Monachus monachus Tabla 9. Población de foca monje identificada en las islas Cícladas entre 1992 y 1994 Tabla 10. Población de foca monje identificada en Zákintos entre noviembre de 1990 y enero de 1992. Tabla 11. Población de foca monje identificada en Zákintos entre julio de 1992 y septiembre de 1993 Tabla 12 Observaciones de foca monje en Croada desde 1980 Tabla 13. Datos de muertes de foca monje obtenidos entre 1993 y 1994 en las islas Cicladas Tabla 14 Modelos teóricos de sistemas de cría en Pinnípedos Tabla 15. Flota pesquera gnega en el Mediterráneo Tabla 16. Desembarco total de pesqueros griegos en el Mediterráneo Tabla 17. CPUE de barcos pesqueros gnegos (Tn¡barco) Tabla 18. Captura total por barco en el Parque Marítimo de Esporadas Tabla 19. Capture de especies por barco en el Paí~ue Marítimo de Esporadas Tabla 20. Contribución a los ingresos de los pescadores de las especies pescadas por cada Tn de capturas Tabla 21. Presas halladas en el estómago de una foca monje ahogada en trasmallo en Santoríní Tabla 22. Balance de caladas de trasmallos y daños a redes en Zákíntos entre invierno de 1990 y verano de 1993 Tabla 23. Tabla de contingencia de daños a redes en una costa habitada por focas en Zákíntos en función de la distancia Tabla 24. Mínimo de muertes de focas acaecidas en Grecia entre 1987 y 1994 Tabla 25 Proporción de lípidos y humedad, así como concentración de los metabolítos EHOs, PCBs, DDD y DDTs en distintos tejidos de la foca monje mediterráneo Tabla 26. Concentración de los metabolitos BHCs, PCBs, DDD y DDTs en distintos tejidos de la foca monje mediterránea Tabla 27 Proporción de metabolitos EHOs, PCBs, DDDs y DDTs en distintos tejidos de la foca monje mediterránea Tabla 28. Peso de los órganos analizados y cantidad total de residuo para los BHCs, PCBs, DDDs y DDTs en distintos tejidos de la foca monje mediterránea Tabla 29. Clases de lípidos en cuatro tejidos de la foca monje mediterránea Tabla 30. Concentración de BHCs, PCBs y DDTstotal en base a lípidos polares de la foca monje mediterránea Tabla 31 Crías jóvenes del año de focas monje registradas durante 1993-1994 en las islas Cicladas Tabla 32. Variables que muestran diferencias significativas entre cuevas usadas y no usadas Tabla 33. Resultados de la regresión múltiple que seleccionavariables significativas de las cuevas con su frecuencia de uso Tabla 34. Dístnbucíón de rastros de Monachus monachus en cuevas en función de la iluminación y la profundidad Tabla 35 Resultados del analísís de la vananza para losfactores Estación, Iluminación y Profundidad actuando sobre la densidad de huellas INDICE DE FIGURAS INTRODUCCION Figura 1. Mapa mundial que muestra la expansión de fácidos monachidos desde su zona de origen. Figura 2. Distribución histórica de la foca monje del Caribe Monachus tropícalis. Figura 3 Distribución histórica de la foca monje hawaiana Monachus schawnsland, Figura 4. Distribución histórica de la foca mediterránea Monachus manachus en el mar Mediterráneo AREA DE ESTUDIO FIgura 5. Area de estudio El mar Mediterráneo oriental METODOS Figura 6 Hoja de entrevistas utilizada para obtener datos sobre avistamientos de focas Figura 7. Dibujo utilizado para registrar marcas individuales de distintas focas Figura 8. Métodos de prospección y áreas exploradas en la Caicídíca. Figura 9. Aren de la costa exploradas en el archipiélago de Cicladas entre 1992 y 1994. Figura 10. Areas de la costa exploradas en el archipiélago de Dalmacia en 1995 RESULTADOS Figura 11. Pelaje de foca monje con aren húmeda (oscura) y seca (clara) Figura 12. Cachorro hembra de foca monje Figura 13 Cachorro macho de foca monje FIgura 14. Vista dorsal de una cría hembra (Museo de Ciencias de Tirana) Figura 15 Vista ventral de una cría hembra (Museo de Ciencias de Tirana) Figura 16. Cachorro con el pelaje en muda. FIgura 17. Adulto en muda dormido visto desde su parte trasera Figura 18. Macho joven con un resto de la mancha ventral aún visible en el costado Figura 19 Vista ventral de un macho subadulto. Figura 20 Representación gráfica de las medidas tomadas sobre cráneos de foca monje Figura 21 Distribución de la foca mediterránea en los mares Jónicoy Egeo en los años 70 Figura 22. Distribución de la foca mediterránea en los mares Jónico y Egeo griego en los años 90 Figura 23 Avistamientos de la foca mediterránea en la caiclica Figura 24 Areasfrecuentadas (A) y avístamíentos concretos (4 de foca mediterránea en Andros, según datos tomados a los pescadores Figura 25 Areasfrecuentadas (A) y avistamientos concretos (4 de foca mediterránea en Tinos, Míkonos y Syros, según datos tomados a los pescadores. Figura 26 Areas frecuentadas (A) y avístamíentos concretos (.) de foca mediterránea en Naxos y pequeñas Cicladas, según datostomados a los pescadores Figura 27 Areas frecuentadas <A) y avístamíentos concretos (4 de foca mediterránea en Donusa y Amorgós, según datos tomados a los pescadores. Figura 28 Areas frecuentadas <A) y avistamientos concretos (4 de toca mediterránea en Paros, Antiparos, Despotíkó y Estronguiló, según datos tomados a los pescadores Figura 29.
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