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Tertiary Extension North of the Las Vegas Valley Shear Zone, Sheep and Desert Ranges, Clark County, Nevada

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Tertiary Extension North of the Las Vegas Valley Shear Zone, Sheep and Desert Ranges, Clark County, Nevada Tertiary extension north of the Las Vegas Valley shear zone, Sheep and Desert Ranges, Clark County, Nevada PETER L. GUTH* Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ABSTRACT Stewart (1971) calculated that the horst and tension (Davis, 1979; Stewart, 1980). graben model requires about 10% exten- Strike-slip faults may be transform bound- Detailed mapping reveals the presence of sion across the entire Great Basin, assuming aries between regions of differential exten- high-angle extensional faults and low-angle that 60° dips exist on range-front faults. sion, such as the Garlock fault of southern gravity slides on the west side of the Sheep The tilted-block model of Morton and California (Hamilton and Myers, 1966; Range. Three major high-angle faulting Black (1975) seems to require 20-30% ex- Davis and Burchfiel, 1973). Recent work events each account for 20° of eastward ro- tension across the entire Great Basin, but suggests this model for faulting in the Lake tation and accommodate extension between local extension might exceed 100% Mead area of southern Nevada (Bohannon, the Las Vegas Range and the Desert Range. (Stewart, 1980). Inferred listric-fault 1979a). Both strike-slip and extensional Low-angle faults represent surficial slides in geometry leads to local estimates of 30% to faulting appear to be dominantly late Ter- response to topography produced by ex- over 100% extension (Anderson, 1971; tiary events in the Great Basin. tension on the high-angle faults. Faulting Wright and Troxel, 1973; Proffett, 1977), Armstrong (1972) reviewed widespread took place during the Miocene, synchron- although the model might not apply to the low-angle denudational faulting in the east- ously with deposition of the Horse Spring entire Great Basin. ern Great Basin. The faults generally place Formation and with displacement on the Las Strike-slip faults are related to exten- younger rocks on older, and Armstrong ad- Vegas Valley shear zone. The extension in sional faulting as boundaries of domains vocated a Tertiary gravity mechanism dis- the Sheep Range took place without vol- with differences in style or magnitude of ex- tinct from Mesozoic compression. In con- canism, intrusion, or metamorphism of the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Offset thrust faults suggest that the area west of the Sheep Range extended almost 100% during the Miocene, while the corre- sponding area south of the Las Vegas Valley shear zone did not extend significantly. The shear zone bounded the extending terrane on the south, acting as a transform fault. This extension west of the Sheep Range may in part balance that mapped by Ander- son (1971) in the Eldorado Mountains. The Las Vegas Valley shear zone and the Lake Mead fault system may have acted together to compensate for areas of localized exten- sion between the Colorado Plateau and the vicinity of the Specter Range. INTRODUCTION The importance of extensional faulting in the development of structure and physiog- raphy in the Great Basin has been evident since the pioneering observations of Gilbert (1874). Recently Stewart (1971, 1980) re- viewed and summarized the horst and gra- ben, tilted-block, and listric-fault models Figure 1. Locality map of southern Nevada. Mountain ranges indicated and referred to commonly applied to the Great Basin. in the text are: ACR, Arrow Canyon Range; DR, Desert Range; EM, Eldorado Mountains; FM, Frenchman Mountain; LVR, Las Vegas Range; MM, Muddy Mountains; MoM, Mormon Mountains; PR, Pintwater Range; SR, Sheep Range; SdR, Spotted Range; SpR, * Present address: B Company, 34th Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Heavy), Fort Riley, Kansas Specter Range; and VM, Virgin Mountains. Thrust faults indicated are the Wheeler Pass 66442. (WPT), Keystone (KT), Gass Peak (GPT), Muddy Mountain (MMT), and Glendale (GT). Geological Society of America Bulletin, Part I, v. 92, p. 763-771, 5 figs., 1 table, October 1981. 763 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/10/763/3429908/i0016-7606-92-10-763.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 764 P. L. GUTH trast, some recent workers (for example, Davis and Coney, 1979) studying the metamorphic core complexes of the eastern Great Basin have concluded that low-angle faulting is intimately connected with intru- sion, metamorphism, and crustal doming. Tertiary low-angle faulting need not be as- sociated with any metamorphic or igneous events, and low-angle extensional faulting can involve unmetamorphosed Paleozoic rocks (see Longwell, 1945). Extension on listric or low-angle normal faults occurs in the Sheep and Desert Ranges of Clark County, southern Nevada (Figure 1). This extensional terrane occurs north of the Las Vegas Valley shear zone, a Miocene strike-slip fault (Longwell, 1960, Figure 2. Map of the Sheep Range and vicinity. Low-angle fault blocks are indicated by 1974; Fleck, 1970a). In this paper I describe stipple pattern. A detailed geologic map of this region is available elsewhere (Guth, 1980). the terrane in the Sheep Range and the east- ern Desert Range, in which low-angle ex- tensional faulting occurs. The low-angle large blocks that sit atop the crest of the ALLOCHTHONOUS UNITS faults there are related to high-angle, Sheep Range. A complex terrane involving tilted-block or listric normal faults. Nearly older-on-younger faults occurs on the west Long Valley Block 100% extension may have occurred since side of the Sheep Range and has been in- (Ddg to Mis) the Miocene in this area. The Las Vegas formally designated the Hoodoo Hills HOODOO HILLS HAVOC Valley shear zone forms the southern boun- Havoc. Hanging wall rocks involved in dary to the extended region in the Sheep both types of low-angle faults are brec- Unit VI and Desert Ranges. I will also suggest that ciated and disrupted by numerous small (Oa to Dn) the Sheep Range extensional terrane in- faults. Dolomite behaves in a more brittle teracts with other extensional areas in a fashion than limestone, and the dolomites Unit V coordinated response to provincewide ex- are much more intensely brecciated. (Oes to Ddg) tension. High-Angle Faults Unit IV STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY (Oes to Mis) Three large, north-trending, west-dipping Geologic Setting faults, the Mormon Pass, Wildhorse Pass, Unit III and Alamo Road faults, cause progressive (Ddg to Mis) Uppermost Precambrian to Upper Mis- eastward rotation of strata with a sig- sissippian sedimentary rocks in the Sheep nificant change in bedding attitude at each 44 Unit II Range are more than 4000 m thick. These fault (Figs. 2 and 4B). Rocks in the Las (Dn to Ddg) rocks were thrust eastward over Permian Vegas Range are essentially subhorizontal limestone along the Gass Peak thrust during away from the trace of the Gass Peak Unit I / Unit lb the Mesozoic Sevier orogeny. The Gass thrust. To the west of the Mormon Pass (Ddg to Mis) Peak thrust has stratigraphic displacement fault, rocks in the Sheep Range dip an aver- of 5900 m and probable horizontal dis- age of 20°E; west of the Wildhorse Pass AUTOCHTHONOUS UNITS placement exceeding 30 km (Guth, 1980). fault, rocks in the Black Hills and Hoodoo Strata in the region appear to have been lit- Hills Havoc dip 40°E; and west of the QQ I Quaternary Alluvium tle deformed upon the completion of Alamo Road fault, rocks in the Desert Mesozoic thrusting, except near thrust Range dip 60°E. All three high-angle faults ramps where they dip steeply (Armstrong, are poorly exposed and largely covered by Tc Tertiary Conglomerate 1968). Strata along the trace of the Gass alluvium. Other high-angle faults with less Peak thrust retain the ramp geometry; displacement account for additional com- upper plate rocks dip up to 70°W at the plexities, but most of the rotation appears Mississippian 8 Devonian MDI Limestone (Ddg-Mp-Mj-Mis) thrust but are subhorizontal 4 km to the to be restricted to the three major faults. west. Devonian 8 Silurian High-angle, north-trending, west-dipping Low-Angle Faults DSd Dolomite (Sl-Dn) normal faults cut the strata of the Sheep Range and have caused eastward dips in One type of low-angle fault consists of Ordovician Units bedding. In addition, two types of low- younger-on-older faults that form detached Ou (Op-Oa-Oe-Oes) angle fault occur: those that place younger klippen such as the Hidden Forest and Long rocks on older, and those that place older Valley blocks exposed along the crest of the Sheep Range (Figs. 2 and 3). The Long Val- Cambrian Dolomite rocks on younger. Rocks in the hanging -Gd (•€ b k--€n) walls of the younger-on-older faults form ley block is about 1 km wide and extends at Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/92/10/763/3429908/i0016-7606-92-10-763.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 36°30 115° 20' / High- Angle Fa u I t A" jt Low-Angle Fault PICTURE -J- 10,000 RYE CANYON SHEEP RANGE PATC H FAULT WILDHORSE PASS BLACK FAU LT^U FAULT HILLS Unit III 60 0 0' 20 00 Figure 3. Geologic sketch map, south- Camp and is drawn without vertical exag- Gate Limestone; Mp, Pilot Shale; Mj, Joana western Sheep Range and Black Hills, Clark geration. Formation symbols used are: Cbk, Limestone; Mis, Indian Springs Formation; County, Nevada. The map covers all of the Bonanza King Formation; Cn, Nopah For- and PPbs, Bird Spring Formation. The unit Black Hills 7.5' quadrangle and the south- mation; Op, Pogonip Group undifferen- CpCu in the subsurface corresponds to the western portion of the Hayford Peak 15' tiated; Oa, Antelope Valley Formation; Oe, Eocambrian clastic wedge which crops out quadrangle. Section A-A' goes through the Eureka Quartzite; Oes, Ely Springs Dolo- in the Desert and Las Vegas Ranges.
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