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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE GILBERT M. GROSVENOR, President and Chairman WILLIAM L. ALLEN, Editor Associate Editors ELIZABETH A. MOIZE, ROBERT M. POOLE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY SENIOR ASSISTANT EDITORS ROBERT BOOTH, Production' ALLEN CARROLL, Art • RICK GORE, Science "Forthe increase and diffusion DAVIDJEFFERY,Legends' THOMAS R. KENNEDY, Photography. PETER.MILLER, &peditions ofgeographic knowledge." JOHN"G. MITCHELL, Environment· OLNER PAYNE,Manuscripts CONSTANCE H. PHELPS,Layout and Design· LESLEYB. ROGERS, Research THE NATIONAL GllOGRhPalC SOCIETY is chartered W. ALLAN ROYCE, Illustrations· JOHN F. SHUPE, Cartography' GEORGE E. STUART,Archaeology in Washington, D. c.,as a nonprofit scientific and educational organization. Since lS90 the Society has EDITORIAL supported more than 5,500 explorations and research Assistant Editors: Don Belt, Judith Brown, Mike Edwards, Alice J. Hall, Jane Vessels. Japanese Edition: Bernard projects, adding to knowledge of earth , sea, and sky. Ohanian. Senior writers: John L. Eliot, Cathy Newman,Joel L. SwerdlOW, Prllt J. Vesillnd. senior Editorial Staff: GILBERT M. GROSVENOR,President Charles E. Cobb, Jr., Larry Kohl, Thomas O'Neill, Peter L. Porteous,Jennifer Reek, Cliff Tarpy, Meg Nottingham Walsh,Boriswemtreuo. A. R.Williams. Production: JohnL. McintOSh. EditorialStaff: CassandraFranklln-Barbajosa, Executive VicePresident lisa Moore tasce. Alan Malrson, William R. Newcott, Katherine Ozment, Margaret G. lackowltz. Research: REGMURPHY Michaeline A. Sweeney,Assoc. Director: Senior Researchers:CarolynH. Anderson,Danlelle M. Beauchamp,Judith Senior Vice Presidents F.Bell, Kathy B. Maher, BarbaraW. McConnell, JeanneE. Peters, Abigail A. Tipton. Researchers:Eva P. Dasher, MICHELA A. ENGUSH Sheila Green-Kenton, Valerie A. May, Chhaya M. Rao, Christopher SCaptura. Legends: Victoria C. Ducheneaux. ROBERT B. SIMS Planning Council: MaryMcPeak Vice Presidents ILLUSTRATIONS SUZANNEDUPRE,Secretary and Counsel Photography: Kent J. Kobersteen,Assoc. Director; SusanA. Smith, Asst. Dlr.; Sam Abell, Jodi Cobb. illustrations H. GREGORY PLAITS, Treasurer Editors:William T. Douthitt, Assoc. Director: DennisR.Dimick, Asst. Dir.; JohnA. Echave,BruceA. McElfresh,Kathy DONNA1. HASSLINGER, JAMES P.KELLY, Moran,SusanWelchman.Layoutand Design: DavidGriffin, Asst. Dlr.; William H. Marr: Typography: BettyClayman JONATHANW. LANDERS, GEORGEE. NEWSTEDT, DeAtley, Kay Kobor Hankins, Douglas M. McKenney. Art: Mark R. Holmes, Christopher P. Sloan, Asst. OIrs.; DALEA. PETROSKRY, TERRY SMITH Christopher A. Klein, Artist; Karen E. Gibbs, Hillel J. Hoffmann, David W. Wooddell, Research. Engraving and BOARD OF TRUSTEES Printing: Janet C. Evans,Director; JudyL. Garvey, RandalG. Sluss GILBERT M. GROSVENOR, Chairman CARTOGRAPHY JOE L. ALLBRITTON Assoc. Director: Marguerite B. Hunalker:Asst. Directors: Kevin P.Allen, FrancesH. Myers,Juanj.vatoes. Geogra" Chairman, The RiggsNational Bank pher; Alice T.M. Rechlin. Editors: EdwardEaston, MaureenJ. Flynn, JonathanE. Kaut, DavidB. Miller, Gus Platis. Designers: Sally S. sunmereu. Supvr.; Charles W. Berry, John A. Bonner, Robert E. Pratt, Nancy Schweickart. WILLIAM L. ALLEN Researchers: Harold A. Hanson, Supvr.; Dierdre T. Bevington-Attardl, Mary Kate cenmstre. Deborah J. Gibbons, THOMAS E. BOLGER LindaR. Kriete, lisa R. Ritter, AndrewJ.Wahll. Production: RichardW.Bulllngtcn. MartinJ. Golden,Supvrs.; Barbara Chairman, &ecutillc Committee, Bell Atlantic G. Carrigan, Barbara P. Holland, Ellen J. Landsman,James E. McClelland, Jr., Daniel J. Ortiz, Stephen P.Wells, FRANKBORMAN Alfred L. Zebarth. Specialists: EdwardJ. Holland, RonaldE. Williamson Chairman and GE.D., Patlex Corporation EDITORIAL SERVICES LE\VISM. BRANSCOMB Administration: NevaL. Folk, Asst. the Editor; Sara L. Anderson,Sandra M. Dane, Marisa Domeyko, Artemis S. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University to Lernpathakls.Rebecca Martin, CharleneS. Valeri, KathyWilliamson. Control Center; CarolL. Dumont.Travel:Ann C. J. CARTER BROWN Judge, Director; Ann E. Chenowetl1. Audiovisual: Joanne M. Hess, Asst. Vice President and Director: Ronald S. Director Emeritus, National Gallery ofArt Altemus, Scott A. Brader,P.Andrewvan Duym.COmmunications: MaryJeanneJacobsen,Director, PublicAffairs: Joy MARTHA E. CHURCH Aschenbach,BarbaraH. Fallon, BarbaraS. Moffet, Benita M. Swash.InformationServices:Correspondence; Joseph The Carnegie Foundation for the Advan cement ofTeaching M. BlantoJi,Jr., Director: JohnA. Rutter. Image Collection: Maura A. Mulvihill, Asst. Vice President and Director; MICHAEL COLLINS EudoraB. Cheppell, CarolynJ. Harrison; WIlliam D. Perry, Image Sales. Library and Indexing: Susan Fifer Canby, President, Michael Col/im Associates Director; AnnC. Benson,Ellen D. Briscoe,CarolynLocke, MartaStrada. Records: MaryAnneMcMillen, Director; Ann MICHELA A. ENGLISH E. HUbbs. Translations:KathrynA. Bazo A. LEON HIGGINBOTHAM, JR. , Former Chief ADMINISTRATION Judge for the Third Circuit, U. S. Court ofApp eals Asst. VicePresidents:ChristinaC.Alberghinl, CarolynF.Clewell,JosephS. Fowler,DouglasE.Hill, RobertE. Howell, RobertV.Koenig, ThomasE. Kulikosky,CarolE. Lang, FrancesA. Marshali, jennifer Moseley,Jimmie D. Pridemore. JOHNJAYISELIN President, The Cooper Union Asst. Treasurers: BarbaraJ. Constantz,Rloh1ird T. Moreland.Assts. tothe PresIdent:KarenL. Harshbarger, KarenS. Marsh. Accounting: Chla-Chyi Cheng, Michael J. Cole, Larry E. Dowdy, BarbaraA. Finn, Stephen R. Vlck, Janet KAUTZ JAMESC. C.Yates.Administration: Maria-Teresa Lawrence,BuSiness Manager; DavidC. Beveridge,MaryL. Blanton, nercres.r Limited Partner, Goldman, Sachs 6- Co. Granberg,CarolA. Houck,MyraA. Mclellan, R. Miles White, BarbaraA. Williams, MarilynJ. Williams. Development J. WILLARD MARRIOIT, JR. Offlca: DorothyR.Jacobson,MargaretSears: BetsyEillson. EducationalServices:RobertL. Graham.ExplorersHall: Chairman and President, Marriott Int ernational Susan S. Norton, Director; NancyW. Beers, RichardMcWalters. ForeignEditIons: RobertW. Hernandez, Asst. Vice FLOREITA DUKES McKENZIE President and Director. GeographyEducation: Robert E. Dulli, Asst. Vice President and Director; Mary Lee Elden, Former Superintendent ofSchools, District ofColumbia J. .Joe Ferguson, RogerB. Hirschland. HumanResources:BarbaraDuckworthCase. Information Systems:James P. REGMURPHY McCrystal, Vice President; Richard A. Mechler, Asst. Vice President; Scott Bolden, Warren Burger, William I.. Chewning,Curtis L. Conway, Jr., Fred R. Hart, George F.Hubbs,RobertW. Madden. Promotion: JoanM. Anderson, PATRICK F. NOONAN James V. Bullard, Robert L. Feige, Charles F. Herrmann III, DeborahA. Jones. Circulation: KittY Carroil Williams, Chairman, Th e Comervation Fund Asst. Vice President; Kathleen Gallagher NATIlANIEL P. REED Bminessman-Environmentalist PRODUCTION SERVICES WILLIAM K.REILLY Quality: Bill M. Aldridge, Manager. Pre-Press:GeoffreyT. McConnell, Martin G. Anderson,JamesC. Pflieger, Phillip Former Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency E. Plude, BernardG. Quarrlck,John R. Reap.Imaging Servicas: RobertE. Allnutt. Printing: HansH. Wegner, Joseph M. Anderson,Sherrie S. Harrison,Diana l.. Yates.Administration: JoanS. Simms ROZANNE L. RIDGWAY Co-Chair, Atlantic Council ofthe United States ADVERTISING B. FRANCIS SAULII J. Scott Crystal, Vice President and Director; RonBottorff, Western Manager; Laurie L. Kutsche, ChicagoManager; Chairman and President, B. F. Saul Company Sherburne F. Naulty, Eastern Manager; Philip G. Reynolds, Special Accounts and Southwest Manager; Andrea ROBERT B. SIMS Vaughan, Detroit Manager. Washington: Sarita L. Moffat, Asst. Vice President, Operations; Renee S. Clepper, Researchand Marketing; Gail M. Jackson,Production; PandoraB. Todd,Promotion TRUSTEES EMERITUS OwenR. Anderson.RobertL. Breeden,Lloyd H. Elliott, EDUCATIONAL SERVICES OF THE SOCIETY GeorgeM. Elsey,William Graves,CarylP.Haskins. Book Division: Wiliiam R. Gray, Vice President and Director; Charles Kogod, Asst. Director; Leah Bendavid-Val, Mrs. LyndonB. Johnson.Wm. McChesney Martin, Jr., Senior Editor. Traveler; Richard Busch, Editor; Peul Martin, Managing Editor; World: Susan Mondsheln Tejada, LauranceS. Rockefeller, RobertC. Seamans,Jr., Editor; Scott S. Stuckey,Managing Editor. Educational Madia: George A. Peterson, Vice President and Director; FrederickG. Vosburgh Raymond F. Cooper,Asst. Vice President and Assoc. Director; David Beacom, Assoc. Director. Manufacturing: George V. White, Director: John T. DuM, Assoc. Director. Administration: Suzanne R. Mcuowelt, Asst. Vice RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION COMMITTEE President; CarolynW.Jones GeorgeE. Stuart Vice President and Chairman; FrankC. Whitmore, Jr., and RichardS. Williams, Jr.. ViceChairmen; StevenS. Stettes, Secretary; NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC TELEVISION H.J. de Blij, Donella H. Meadows.Betty J. Meggers, TimothyT. Kelly, President; ToddBerman, MarketlngtDlstr.; SUsanBorke, Business Affairs; Lowell Soffer, Finance; BernardQ. Nletschmann, DavidPimentel, PeterH. Raven, Andrew Wllk, Programming/Production; Patricia Gang, Film Library; Nicolas Noxon, Exec. Producer, Specials; RobertC. Seamans,Jr., CharlesH. Southwick,John H. Steele, GeorgeE. Watson, HenryT.Wright Michael Rosenfeld,Exec.Producer, Explorer; Kathleen F.Teter,Public Relations EDUCATION FOUNDATION Copyright @ 1996 National GeographicSooiety.All rights reserved. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHlC and YellowBorder: Regis LannyM. Proffer, Executive Director tered Trademarks@Marcas Reglstradas. NATIONAL GEOGRoI.PHIC assumes no responsibility for unsolicited materials. INDEX OF PUBLICATIONS 1995 NTH ESE PAGESYOUwill