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Taphonomic Analysis of Fish Remains from the Mink Island Site (Xmk-030): Implications for Zooarchaeological and Stable Isotopic Research

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Taphonomic Analysis Of Fish Remains From The Mink Island Site (Xmk-030): Implications For Zooarchaeological And Stable Isotopic Research Item Type Thesis Authors Mckinney, Holly J. Download date 04/10/2021 02:16:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9172 TAPHONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FISH REMAINS FROM THE MINK ISLAND SITE (XMK-030): IMPLICATIONS FOR ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL AND STABLE ISOTOPIC RESEARCH By Holly J. McKinney RECOMMENDED: Chair, Department of Anthropology APPROVED: ^ 6 -- Date TAPHONOMIC ANALYSIS OF FISH REMAINS FROM THE MINK ISLAND SITE (XMK-030): IMPLICATIONS FOR ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL AND STABLE ISOTOPIC RESEARCH A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Holly J. McKinney, B.A., B.A., M.A. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2013 UMI Number: 3573006 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Di!ss0?t&iori Piiblish^lg UMI 3573006 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This dissertation is focused on shedding the taphonomic overprint at the Mink Island site (XMK-030) to assess temporal variability of the fish bone assemblage and to establish sample selection criteria for stable isotope (61SN, 613C) analysis. These retrospective data may be used to identify the causes and consequences of long-term variability in local fish assemblages when combined with modern fisheries and paleo-oceanographic data. To use these data, it is essential to account for the effects of biostratinomic and diagenic agents. Inter- taxa and inter-elemental differences in bone density, shape, size, protein, and lipid content result in differing preservation and contamination potential. Without mitigating for the effects of these biostratinomic and diagenic agents, temporal changes in abundance may be skewed in favor of skeletal elements that best survive destruction. Moreover, stable isotope values may reflect differences in preservation and contamination rather than variability in ecosystem structure and function. The results of several experiments conducted to assess preservation and contamination levels of Mink Island fish bones revealed that: 1) Preservation and contamination potential are linked with completeness percentages and burial duration, but not with bone volume density; 2) Pacific cod dentaries that are intact, unburned, and free of visible contaminants are best suited for stable isotope analysis; 3) The modified Bell pretreatment method is validated for archaeological fish bones; and 4) Because color-affecting contaminants cannot be removed without heat, color-based methods are unsuitable for assessing the cooking/burning stage of archaeological fish bones. Interactions among humans and fishes at Mink Island were assessed using a four-stage resource depression and intensification model. The Mink Island occupants shifted their focus from small flatfishes during Stage I (7500-4500 cal. BP), to Pacific cod and sculpins during Stages II (4500-2800 cal. BP) and III (2800-900 cal. BP), to a mixture of taxa (sculpins, cods, herring, and salmon) during Stage IV (900-400 cal. BP). A decrease in Pacific cod fork lengths indicates that resource depression occurred during Stage II. Taxonomic proportion, evenness, salmon index, and skeletal element representation data demonstrate that salmon intensification did not occur during any stage at Mink Island. Table of Contents Page Signature Page........................................................................................................................................i Title Page................................................................................................................................................ ii Abstract.......................................................... iii Table of Contents..................................................................................................................................iv List of Figures........................................................................................................................................xi List of Tables....................................................................................................................................... xiv List of Appendices...............................................................................................................................xix Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................ xxii Chapter 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 1 Site Location............................................................................................................................. 3 Changing Lifeways....................................................................................................................5 Problem Domain......................................................................................................................6 Broader Implications..............................................................................................................10 Chapter 2. Research Design and Methods.........................................................................................12 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 12 Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Methods.................................................................13 Group A. Taphonomic Analysis Using Zooarchaeological Methods...................... 13 Group B. Taphonomic Analysis Using Stable Isotopic Methods........................... 17 Group C. Interactions among Humans and Fishes at Mink Island........................21 Laboratory Methods............................................................................................................. 24 Fish Bone Analysis................................................................................................................. 25 Sieving Strategies.....................................................................................................25 Analytical Methods..................................................................................................26 Number of Identified Specimens (NISP).................................................................26 Minimum Number of Elements (MNE) ;........................................................ 28 Minimum Number of Individuals (M NI)................................................................ 28 Minimum Animal Units (MAU)............................................................................... 29 Rank Order............................................................................................................... 30 Fish Length from Specific Skeletal Elements......................................................... 31 V Page Season of Death (Site Occupation Seasonality)..................................................... 32 Age at Death.............................................................................................................33 Chapter 3. Environmental Setting.......................................................................................................35 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 35 Regional Environmental Context..........................................................................................35 Physiography.............................................................................................................35 Modern Climate....................................................................................................... 38 Tectonism and Sea Level Change............................................................................ 39 Geology.....................................................................................................................41 Volcanism..................................................................................................................42 Glaciation..................................................................................................................44 Local Resource Distributions and Change over Tim e............................................45 Modern Flora..............................................................................................45 Local Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction..................................................................47 Modern Fauna......................................................................................................... 50 Terrestrial Ecosystem................................................................................ 50 Littoral Ecosystem.......................................................................................52
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