CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1) Glimpser of Tribals in India

Home , Dahanu taluka, Dubla, Irani (India), Palghar district, Talasari, Warli

CHAPTER I

● INTRODUCTION ●

1.1) Glimpser Of Tribals In India

According to Anthropological Survey of India there are 750 Tribes in the Country. As per 750 Tribes in the Country .As per the 2011 Census Total tribal Population is 104.3 millions Amounting to 8.6% to the total population of the Country .Out of these 750 tribes The Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of the India has Classified 75 groups as primitive tribal groups. Maharashtra ranks 2 nd as regards size of tribal population in the country as concerned next to Madhyapradesh. There are 45 Tribes in the State. The Total tribal Population in Maharashtra as per the 2011 census is 10.5 million, constituting 9.35 % on the total population of the State.

There are 36 District in the State including Palghar and the Tribal population is largely concentrated in western hilly area of Maharashtra. Thane (Before division of thane district) is the largest tribal populated District in the state and country. As per the 2011 Censes. The total tribal Population of the Thane District (Before division) is 1, 10, 54,001 and 79, 99,098 is urban population. It shows that Major Concentration of tribal Population is in rural area. India is considered to be an Anthropological laboratory Because of its cultural, linguistic, ethnic and regional diversity. The Population of India can be classified into 3 divisions:-

Urban Population –People living in the cities,

Rural population – People comprising of populations living in the rural areas, and

Tribal Population -i.e. the tribals living on the Mountains, on the hills, in the forest and villages, etc.

Tribes are by and large Children of Nature, their lifestyle being conditioned by the eco – system. They have been living in the remote areas on forest hill slopes and plateaus and in areas generally with Poor natural resources. Their economics level is quite uneven there are large numbers of Tribal communities who are still at the food gathering and hunting stage on the Extreme while some of them have become undistinguishable from modern agriculture and industry societies on the other extreme.

At the beginning of British rule (1818) the Tribes were more degraded. They gain scanty living by tilling forest glades and by hunting .Under British Management the tribes were gradually forced to give up their life of wondering and many of them settled to village and labour.

1.2)What is a Tribe?

In spatial and cultural consideration Indian tribal Population is at widely different stages of social as well as Economics development. Hence they do not from any Permanent crystalline Structure. The concept of tribes is thus of paramount importance to understand tribes in Indian culture.

The term “tribe” has been derived TRIBUZ which has a “Latin root”. The term means three divisions into which the early Romans were grouped .The Meaning of the term thus varies from nation to nation. For examples the Romans conceived the term as political division while the Greeks seemed to have equated the term with fraternities and in Irish history the term means family or communities having the same surname (Roy, 1972). The Oxford Dictionary defines a tribe as a group of primitive or barbarous clans under recognized chiefs recognized chiefs (Oxford Encyclopedia Dictionary, Vol.3 1983)

The Western scholars used the said concept with a slight modification here and there. Parry (1928) States that tribes is a group of people speaking a common dialect and inhabitant of a common territory. He has not mentioned any thing regarding cultural unity of tribe. Rivers (1924) adds that members of tribe have a single Government and act together for some common purposes such as welfare etc. His definition does not include spatial concentration as a Special feature of the tribe.

Wissler (1923) includes certain like specific name, unity of speech etc. as a feature of the tribe.

None on the above mentioned definitions envisage tribes as a politically or socially coherent and auto group.

Kroeber (1948) laid great emphasis on social and cultural unity of tribe. Hoebel (1958) comments that the possesses a distributions Pattern that marks it off from other tribes.

Dictionary Anthropology (Winick , 1956) defines a tribe as a social group usually with definite area cultural homogeneity and unifying social organization . It may include several subgroups, such as sibs, or villages. A tribe ordinarily has a leader and may have a common ancestor and patron deity. “The families or small communities making up the tribe are liked together through social, religious, family or blood relations “Risley (1915) designated the tribe as aboriginal i.e. man of the soil.

Hutton (1933) coined the term primitive tribe; While Shoobert(1933) designated the tribe an aboriginal community Ghurye (1959) has referred to the tribe as backward Hindus. According to him, the tribes of central India is neither isolated from the Hindu caste of the plains nor is they are true autochthonous in their present habitat. They are imperfectly integrated with the caste system.

The tribes are also termed by different names –viz.-ADIVASIS (first settlers or authonous)BHUMI-PUTRA (sons of the soil ) JANAJATI (folk people ) , ADIM JATI (original community), VANYABASI (caste of forest ), UPAJATI (sub caste), ANUSUCHIT JANJATI (Schedule tribes ),GIRIJAN (Hill dwellers ) and so on .

But none f the term ADIVASI seems to be appropriate. The tribe cannot be designated by any term with suffix JATI .Since the Connection of JATI through meaning nation or tribe also widely equated with caste system in Indian context.

The problem of defining tribe has attracted much attention because tribes and castes are two important pillars and are situated in the poles of linear binary opposition .During the

3 census operation 1891; administration first realized the difference in determining the boundary line between the tribe and caste.

Thus, imperial Gazetteer of India as early as 1891 first defined the tribe as “A Tribe is a collection of families bearing a common name, speaking a common dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and is not endogamous though originally it have been so”

Dr Mujumdar (1961) defines a tribe as: A social Group with territorial affiliation endogamous with no Specialization of functions, ruled by the tribal officers, hereditary or otherwise, united in language or dialect, recognizing the social distance from tribe or castes but without any stigma attached in the case of caste-structure following tribal traditions beliefs, customs, illiberal naturalization of ideas from alien sources , above all, conscious of homogeneity of ethnical and territorial integration” (28th report of the commissioner for Scheduled caste and Scheduled tribes 1988)

Dr. Mujumdar observers that a tribe is collection of families or group of families bearing a Common name, members of Which Occupy the same territory , Speak the some language and observe certain taboos regarding marriages, professions or occupations and have developed a well assessed System of reciprocity and mutuality of obligations . In short the term is generally applied to community or cluster or communities characterized by a common territory, language and a cultural heritage and an inferior technological level.

1.2) ATTRIBUTES OF A TRIBAL COMMUNITY

To summarize in a nutshell the views of Experts about the attributes tribals could be classified as Follows:

1. Tribals live in an isolated area as culturally distinct groups.

2. Tribal traces their origin form the oldest ethnological section of the Population.

3. They follow Primitive methods of occupations such as hunting, gathering of minor forest produce and therefore they are backward economically as well as educationally.

4. Members of tribal Society Profess A primitive religion and are not always within the Hindufold in the usual sense.

5. Tribals have their own common dialect. Their Dialect has no written script.

6. Tribals love Music, Dance and liquor.

7. Members of tribal communities dress scantily.

Tribal in India were considered as “Backward Class “. But later the term was used to denote them as the weaker Sections of the Indian society until 1919 they were termed as the “Depressed Class”.

The Indian Prorchize Committee in 1919 however accorded a different nomenclature for census reports as under.

A. Census 1931 referred them as Primitive tribes.

B. Census 1941 referred them as “tribes”.

C. Census1951 referred the Tribals as “Scheduled Tribes”.

The term “Scheduled Tribes” was inserted in the Constitution vides Articles 342 (1) which empowered the President of India to specify tribal Communities by Public notification. In Pursuance of this power the Presidential orders have been issued.

1. The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes ) order 1950

2. The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes ) Part ‘C’ states order 1951

3. The Scheduled Tribes list (notification) order 1956 etc.

1.3) CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBAL PEOPLE

Although there is no concrete definition of a tribe, one can summarize in a nut shell the view of experts about the attributes of tribals. These are as follows.

1. Tribals live in isolated areas as culturally distinct groups

2. They trace their origin with the oldest ethnological section of the Population.

3. Tribal dialects have a script

4. Animism is one of the important aspects of their religion

5. They follow primitive methods of occupations such as food gathering, hunting and occasional fishing

6. Drinking alcohol is linked with their ritual and ceremonial life.

7. Shyness as regards to social interaction with civilized societies is yet another characteristic.

8. Love for dance and Music is yet another salient feature of their culture.

1.4.D) Economic life of Tribals

Based on studies by Indian Anthropologist, NadeemHusnain(1987; 19) has classified the economic life of tribals in India as Follows:

1. Food gathering and hunting tribes

2. Tribes engaged in hilly cultivation

3. Tribe engaged in cultivation on plain lands

4. Simple artisan tribes

5. Pastoral tribes

6. Profile of Tribals in Maharashtra

The total population of Maharashtra, as per the 2011 Census is 11, 237, 4333 of this, 10,51,0213 (9.4 per cent) are scheduled Tribes (STs). The ST population of the state constitutes 5.1 per cent of the country’s ST population. The scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Act, 1976, have notified 47 STs in Maharashtra. Of these, two STs namely, Chodhara and Thodi have been notified with an area restriction. Chodhara have been notified in all the districts of Maharashtra excluding the districts of Akola, Amravati, Bhandara, Gondiya, BuldhanaChandrapur, Nagpur, Wardha, Yavatmal,Auragabad , jalana, Bid, Nanded, Osmanabad, Latur, Parbhani and Hingoli. Thodi have been notified only in Aurangabad, jalana, Bid, Nanded, Osmanabad. Latur, Parbhani, Hingoli and Rajuratashil of Chandrapur district.

Of the STs, three, namely ,Katkaria (Kathodi), Maria Gond and Kolam are among the Primitive Tribal Groups ( PTGs ) of india. Katkaria (kathodi) and Maria Gond are Sub-

6 groups of Kathodi and Gond respectively. The population of Kolam, as per the 2001 Census, Is 173,646. They are Mainly Distributed in Yavatmal, Nanded, Osmanabad, Chandrapur and Gadchiroli Districts of Maharashtra. As the census does not provide population of Sub- groups, Separate census figures are not available for Katkaria (kathodi) and Maria Gond.

The growth rate of rate ST population of Maharashtra in the decade 2001-2011 at 17.64per cent is lower in comparison to the overall 21.54 per cent of the state population as a whole.

1.5) EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF TRIBALS IN MAHARASHTRA:

According to 2011 census percentage of illiterate persons (those who can read and write understanding) aged 7 years and above, among ST population of Maharashtra is 55.2 percent, which is lower than 76.9% reported for the State population as a whole. The Literacy data show that ST population of the state has made signification Improvement in Literacy but this limited to Matric or Secondary or higher secondary. The Percentage of acquiring the technical and higher education degrees are less than 0.4 % and 2.6 % respectively.

Forests have played an important role in the Socio- Cultural and economic life of Tribal’s. There are hardly any studies by Economists in this area. That Is why Researcher has selected this Topic for the study.

1.6) ORIGIN OF THE STUDY

The Economy and livelihood of the tribal people of palghar District, Maharashtra is primarily based on forest and agriculture. Their multifarious needs, with almost all parts of their dwellings and substantial dietary requirements are accessed from the forests. It plays a significant role in sustaining the livelihood of the people and potential cash income, possible from the sale of forest produce. The people have strong cultural and emotional affinity with forest. But, due to gradual degradation of forest cover and land diversification for the developmental projects in the district the communities are losing forest based live hood support. The distributive justice in the overall growth process is a lost sight … As a result; the state economy is getting benefited, without any remarkable development of the local economy. They are the worst affected victim and their per capita income, continues to be lowest in the state. The net effect of all such projects and other welfare schemes is that

7 the tribal economy suffered a setback, rather than showing any Signs of remarkable improvement.

1.7) THE FORESTS : THE LIFE LINE FOR TRIBAL’S :

The Forest land is very precious to tribal’s agriculture land. The tribal’s see with their eyes that, forests are going to disappears. A school of thought lays the major blame for deforestation on tribals. To the tribal’s no accusation can be more galling for them forest provides a lifeline. It provide them food, employment, an impregnable

Abode. They derive fuel fodder timber, but also scores of M.F.P items from forest. Some example of MFP items are seeds, roots leaves flowers, of species like Mahua, and Sal fruits like Mango, Guava, Tamarind, herbs oil seeds and forest origin, honey, resins and gum brooms, sticks, lac, tassar, cocoons etc. some of these items are used for domestic consumption and some for sale in the market thus there in a heavy dependency relationship of tribal’s with forest. Which has sunk in to the tribal psyche.

Importance to tribal economy of Minor forest product has been emphasized earlier MFP is an important component of the food and income budget of tribal family particularly in central India. With Forest depletion the collection quantum of MRP has been declining affecting the tribal adversely. In a recent move, the Government of Madhyapradesh decided to bring the collection and trade of minor forest Product within the co-operative fold, eliminating private traders and middlemen. It may be justifiably be claimed that, forest conservation act 1980 has reduced the rate of deforestation in the country. Since the tribal's have a heavy stake in the preservation and growth of forests the provisions of act are welcome by them. But strangely these provisions gave been used against them. To sort out these issues proper solutions are required.

1.8) Tribal's in India have been living in the forests, on the hills and mountains since time immemorial. They have been dependent on forests for following needs names:

1) Timber

2) Honey

3) Medicines

4) Food, Vegetables & fruits

5) Hunting edible brids and animals.

6) Fodder for their cattle.

7) Liquar producing resources Such as Mauha Flowers (Madhucain Rica)

8) Fuel Wood

9) Gum

10) Bamboos

11) Resources for maitry Musical instruments masks.

12) Hunted & House hold gadgets.

However with growth of metropolitan also called smart cities, the depletion of forests has been on the rise.

1.9) FORESTS OF DAHANU

Dahanu has the third highest area (47,606 ha) under forests amongst the 08 talukas of Palghar (Regional Plan 1996-2015). The proportion of forest area to total geographical area is 45.91%, making it the predominant land use of the region (estimates provided by Deputy Conservator of Forests, Dahanu division).

A large part of the adivasi community resides in this zone, in remote, almost inaccessible, villages. In spite of a rich history of resistance, the adivasis are today either marginal farmers or work as daily wage labourers in orchards, brick kilns, or on boats earning a wage of Rs 50-80 a day, Struggling to live of their slowly eroding forests. Many migrate for several months of the year to nearby places for work.

It can be safely assumed that the entire tribal population is Below the Poverty Line (BPL) in Dahanu given that the figure of BPL families is a high 69% which is approximately the population figure of the region.

The forest department is unable to provide a systematic assessment of the potential benefits of the Dahanu notification on the forests and consequently on tribals. Anecdotal accounts indicate that there has been considerable degradation in the last ten years, suggesting that the notification has not led to any meaningful ecological improvement of Dahanu.

1.10) TRIBAL LIVEHOOD AND FOREST RESOURCES :-

Tribal people maintain a close relationship with the forest resources available around their habitat. The life way processes of the tribal people reflected in their economy, religion, polity and social institutions cannot be understood without going into various aspects of forest Suwourding them ( Roy, 1935, Roy Burmen, 1961, 1977 Mohapatra) The tribal people user various forest produces in the form of leaves, fruits, flowers and other forest be products in their day to day life.

Until the intervention of British the tribal people be lived that they were the owners of the forest and forest resources that surround them, The attitude of the tribal people towards forest resources was not changed much till the independence of the country. looking at their traditional use of forest resources one can say they were more forest resources randomly.

The impact of massive deforestation has been observed in the life way processer of the tribal people which can be categorized as environmental effects, social effect and economic effects. The social effects of deforestation restrict the access of tribal people into the forest and limit the availability of forest produces. It affects the religious activities life cycle vituals, customers, practises and the habits of the tribal people similarly, the economic effects of deforestation, due to the development projects as observed have drastically influenced the traditional livehood resources of the tribal people, which were produce in the forest many people all that the tribal people are responsible for the destruction of natural resources and massive deforestation of the forest resources. But reality is for away, Survival largely depend on forest resources. since the tribal people lives in the forest which

10 are terrines with hills and mountains, under this situation for agriculture purpose they clean the land patches on the slopes of the hills and practice shifting cultivation, which of course pernicious because it causes deforestation. since the tribal people do not have much alternative sources of livehood and government provisions for them to earn their livehood are very scanty, they by and large depends on hills slopes, foothills and forest producer to make their day to day survival. However few people attribute multiple reasons for forest degradation and some people blame the innocent tribals for degradation of forest resourcer. In this regard forest department and Government employees are the first group of people to blame poor tribal people for deforestation.

1.11) NATURE AND THE SCOPE OF TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT :

Tribals in India are socially and economically backward from area to area within their own groups. Tribals are living in forests but they are the integral part of our Society. The identy of Interest between the individual and the community is real bearing profoundly on tribal attitude. it makes for the emergence of essentially human qualities like camaraderie, fellow feeling and social awareness. Because of these reasons the British adopted the policy of isolation and tried to keep the tribals away from the mainstream of Indian life. The Scheduled district act of 1874 had kept must of these areas administratively separate. The same situation was allowed to continue under the Government of India Act 1919 and 1935.

However after the independence a New policy of tribal development was initiated.

CHAPTER II Research Methodolgy

The present study is based on the both is primary data and secondary data

2.1 Primary data :- Primary data was collected through sample survey Dahanu Taluka is Dalvipada and dhakpada , Ganjad , Kosbad, Mahapada and Raitali total 100 sample have been selected from this villages to each from Dalvipada , Dhakpada, kaspada , & Raitali Totral 100 samples have been salected form thios 6 villages 20 each form daivipada , kasbad & raitali respectivally 14 form ganjad and 06 form mahapada

2.2) Secondary Data :- Secondary data is collected from the book , articles, jaournals ,PhD theisis M.Phill thesis and from the reputed websites

2.3) Local ot the study :_ the present study is conducted in 08 vollages of Dahanau taluka of palghr distric namely Dalvipada and Dhakpada , Ganjad , Kosbad, Mahapada and Raitali

2.4)Target Populetion :- The Target population selected foor the study is the Warali tribe visidind in 06 villagers of Dahanu taluka .

2.5)Sampling method:- simple random sampling method has been adopted for each sample have been salected Dalvipada and dhakpada , Ganjad , Kosbad, 8 and Raitali 06 from mahapada & 14 form bkosbad have vbeen salected

2.6)Reaserch tools :-

1) Interview schedule:- An interview schedule pretested & finalized was administered together data form household 2) Anylisis :- Quntaintive data has been anylaized by using exell software and qualitative data was anylized manulally 3) Chapter Scheme :- The gathered data anylized & interpreted has been presented in five chapters namely

4) B) Need of Study Trible pollution & its Survival inclused is very singnificant for a demographic country like India . Therefore there is an urgent need for a study of this thought the study will not on;ly highlight the ethnobiogical relationship between the trible & forests conducting such a study is centrally the need of the present time.

2.6) Objective of study:- Following are the main objective of the study

i) The Study coverage of forest in T.S.P ( Tribal Sub Plan) of Maharashtra

ii) To explore the result for repaid depletion of forest

iii) To assess the impact of deforestation on Socio- economic ribals

iv) To suggest a practical plan for reforestation of T.S.P . Area

d) Rationasl taking on the study:

Studies of this kind will not only have critical significance but practical relevance too.

At the theoretical level the findings in to entho biology, entho botany and triball economics organization

Whereas at the more Practical level the suggestion of this satudy will help the policy makers & the respective governments programs & policies .

2.7) Inter Disciplinary Reliance :- The finding of this study will certainly on voke interst among social & pure scientists to trake up inter disciplinary studies at a larger sample & geografical are in the country

Review of Literature

There is hardly any literature by uindian Economist on the impact desfortation on the socio- economic life of tribls The literature reviewed As follows : Vidyarthi & Rai B.K (1980) in their book captioned Tribls Culture in india by Vidhyarthio & Rai 1980, wheren they havr shown that are known by nam,es

In this chapter the researcher has reviewed the books Articles, Research paper of eminent scholars who have done many research on Tribes in different parts of the country. Researcher has studied the social economic change in the life of the tribes of Dahanu taluka. Through this study researcher has tried of understand the Tribal situation in general and even Tribal problems in general, without diluting the main focus of social economic problems of Tribes in Dahanu. This study will help of understanding the Tribal people better and help in preserving the forest and tribal community which is an integral part of our community.

Meena Menon (2016), Economic & Political weekly, Volli No. 44 in his Research Article "The Unmaking of the forest Right Act" he stated that, forest dwelling tribal Communities the scheduled tribes and other traditional forest Dwellers (Recognition of forest Rights) Act, 2006 promised much. According to him a few tribe in Mungeli and Bilaspur districts of Chhattisgarh were evicted from their homes inside the forest and forced into an open area some distance away one person among them died due to lack of access to food and shelter. The Baiga are a primitive tribe who line close to nature and their box-like new homes without light of water felt alien. They were vulnerable to disease and could not get used to the food they got from public distribution shops. They did not have a choice however for their homes, deep in the forests needed to be cleared to ensure that a perfect habitat for the tiger would be created.

The difficulties in relocation revolve mainly around livehoods, access to food and basic amenities. Despite all the well-intentioned tribal welfare and other subsidy programmes the government actions suggest it believes that evicting the Advises rather than giving them customary rights to land, is a way of ensuring welfare.

Anubha Shrivastav, Anita Tomar and M.K. Shukla (2016), In their article " Non Timber Forest produces for livehood Security" Stated that. Forests provide significant social and economic benefits all level, especially in developing countries. Economics of people living in forest has traditionally been dominated by subsistence agriculture. However, non-timber

14 forest products (NTFPs) play vital role among the tribal people and provide a source of subsistence, income and livelihood security (Peters et al. 1989; Hegde et al. 1996). The broad term "non-timber forest resources" (NTFR) or " non-timber forest products" (NTFP) refers to natural resources collected from forests apart from sawn timber. Chamberlain et al. (1998) provides a definition: non-timber forest products are plants, parts of plants, fungi, and other biological materials which are harvested from within and on the edges of natural, manipulated or disturbed forests. Non timber resources have great potential for enhancing sustainable rural development and diversified economic growth, cultural endurance, and environmental health.

Praveen Kashyap (2011), Tribal societies and land Alienation, Pacific publication, Delhi In this Book he has written one chapter ie. Tribal Development policies he says that, Indian Tribals are socially and economically backward. Development projects have not only bypassed them, but have often harmed them by taking away their lands and other resources on which their live hood was based. Tribal Communities are vulnerable not only because the are poor and illiterate compared to the general population.

Government of India and many State Government has initiated many development in every five year plan. The need for tribal development in India hardly needs any justification. Their primitive way of life, economic and social backwardness, low level of literacy, absence of value system, Spares of physical infrastructure in backward tribal areas and demographic quality of tribal areas coupled together make it imperative for a systematic process of development of tribals and tribal areas.

Below are explained some important factors for tribal development in India. i) Improvement in quality of life ii) Reduction the incidence of poverty iii) Raising the level of productivity iv) Checking extinction of lesser tribes v) Removal of illiteracy vi) Elimination of exploitation vii) Supportive infrastructure in tribal areas

15 viii) Prevention of shifting cultivation ix) Exploitation of vast natural resources in tribal areas.

Nilkanth Panigrahi (2014), Tribal livehood in Changing perspective, SSDN Publisher and Distributor, New Delhi, According to him, tribal people had free access into the land owned by their respective communities. Individual ownership of land was unknown in their Customary rule right to use land conformity with the decisions of community leader was in practice.

The land-men-forest-nature and super natural complex of the tribal people had offered them living in harmony with the nature. The unplanned loss of natural resources due to imbalances created on land and land based resources around their natural environment have become severe threat to tribal Subsistence. As on today major tribal societies are depends on forest for their survival such as hunters and food catchers, Animal husbandry, Cultivation etc.

Pawan Pattnaik (2015), Atmospheric conditions of forestry, random publications, New Delhi, he stated in this book that forestry in India is a significant rural industry and a major environment resources. India is one of the ten most forest rich countries of the world along with the Russian. Federation, Brazil, Canada, United States of America, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Australia, Indonesia and Sudan, India and these countries account for 67% of total forest area of the world. He added that the only timber-exporting countries of Europe are Russia, Sweden, Norway, Australia Hunteri and Rumania : all the other countries have only enough for their own consumption or they import from other countries India is no where in importer & exporter of timber.

With growing concerns about the status and loss of natural forests, the rapid expansion of protected areas and large areas of forest unavailable for wood supply. Plantations are increasingly expected to provide substitutes for products from natural forests, particularly in Asia and the pacific.

Benu Singh (2011), A Survey of the Forestry Research, Vista International publishing house, New Delhi in her book she said that In most of the transition countries, the forestry sector faces difficulties with limited financial resources and other support from the current government. Pressures on the forest resources are mounting in the course of economic development.

The International level there has been an initiative to build a solid institutional framework and guideline for the forest sector - sector based development in all countries that deals with forests directly or indirectly in various forms of protection and utilization. For this purpose, under the auspices of the United Nations forum on Forests (UNFF), The Intergovernmental forum panel on forests (IPE / IFF) drew up a set of proposals for implementation, monitoring and evaluation of National Forest Programmes (NFP) are strongly encouraged for all countries sustainable forest management.

Dr. Deepak Shelar (2016), Rural Development Tribal's Poverty in Thane District. He has mentioned in this research paper that. The Indian Tribal society has a significant and important role in our country, In the process of economic development of our country, the fruits of the development should reach to all the sections of society, But as on today tribal people are neglected form the process of development. Tribal Communities are facing many problems such as social economic problems.

CHAPTER III PROFILE OF DAHANU TALUKA Dahanu taluka is in Palghar district of Maharashtra.

On 1st August 2014, the Talukas of Mokhada, Jawahar, Talasari, Vikramgadh, Wada, Dahanu, Palghar and Vasai were separated from the Thane District

3.1) LOCATION

Dahanu is located 65 km north of Virar on the Western Railway line of Mumbai Suburban Railway. It can be reached from National Highway NH-8, 24 km off from Charoti Naka. It is 22 km North of Boisar on the Western Railway line.

3.2) THE TOWN

The name "Dahanu Gaon" originates from the word "Dhenu Gram" meaning the village of cows. A lot of cattles, particularly cows were owned by the people in Dahanu. Today, Dahanu has become the major commercial and industrial town in the Palghar district. It is well known for rose gardens, coconut groves and the chickoo fruit. Rubber balloons, rice mills and manufactured goods, are major manufacturing products which are produced in Dahanu.

Dahanu, a peaceful seaside town with a sprawling, uncluttered beach. The Dahanu-Bordi stretch is 17 km. Irani settlers were first to cultivate chickoo in Dahanu. Dahanu is lined with fruit orchards and is favored for its chickoo fruit. Lycees is also grown and exported to Gholwad. Accessible from Dahanu is Udwada -- a significant place of worship for the Zoroastrians—with a large, nifty temple that houses their sacred fire. This fire has been kept alive for almost a thousand years.

Earlier, Dahanu was also famous for Tadi (palm tree juice) business which was controlled by Shinwarbhai Jogibhai Kadu, his brother Bangyabhai Jogibhai Kadu and their family. They were one of the richest families in the town, along with other Iranians.

Dahanu is governed by Dahanu Municipal Council which is responsible for all the civic infrastructure and administration of the town. Mrs. Ramila Manoj Patil is the current president of the Dahanu Municipal Council and its chief officer is Mr. Vinod Dawle.

3.3) HISTORY

Dahanu is an ancient town with a long history. It was settled probably as early as 500 CE. Some records show possible settlement as early as 150 BC. The prominent tribes in the area whose names are unknown (dravidian tribes) were displaced by Aryan Tribes. The Warli tribe is among these first semi Aryan tribes. They seem to have accepted a minority of Dravid tribes into their community. The reasons for nomadic lifestyle are unknown. All these developments are before 100 CE and are in reference to Dahanu area rather than Dahanu village.

Later the village was settled. Soon it attracted many other communities like Tribals, Gujaratis and CKP community. Later the Zoroastrians arrived too. It was frequented by Arab travellers. By the 1490s, the Portuguese established their influence on the region. The region was under De Facto control of Portuguese from circa 1495 to 1540. Before this, it was under weak administration of Sultan of Gujarat. The Maratha Conquest of Thane and Vasai caused great damage to their influence as well as dominance over the region. The Inquisition established at Goa and other Portuguese Colonies fueled this change of power. During their reign, Portuguese built a small church to convert people to Christianity. This plan backfired and caused great discontent among people. The church fell in ruins and was destroyed before 1940.

Dahanu enjoyed good treatment from Marathas and relatively low taxes. In 1818, with fall of Maratha Empire, it went under British rule. An unnamed officer was assassinated in the town by villagers over some dispute in the 1870s. Its details are unknown. The town became a part of Independent India after its Struggle for Independence. After the Sanyukta Maharashtra Movement the Dahanu Taluka along with Talasari Taluka and Mumbai city became a part of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960.

3.4) EDUCATION IN DAHANU

Colleges and institutes

There are the following colleges and institutes in Dahanu:-

 S.R.K College in Masoli(Vadkun)

 Ponda College near Dahanu beach

 P G Junior College, Bordi.

 Rustomjee Academy for Global Careers, Savta (Dahanu East)

 Abhyankar Institute, Dahanu (Commerce Educational Institute Recognized by Govt.)

 Jamshed & Shirin Guzder College of Visual Art, Savta (Dahanu East)

 English medium schools

There are also English middle schools including

 St. Mary's High School, the first English medium school in Dahanu

 H.M.P High School

 Shirin Diniyar Irani Learners Academy.

 Tamarind Tree School, Dahanu, An advance school for tribal children

3.5) SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The virtual platform for social development activities, AYUSH group is initiated by tribal youth from Dahanu taluka. AYUSH stands for Adivasi Yuva Shakti, an online platform with technological touch for tribal development activities. Base operated from Waghadi, near Kasa about 25 km from Dahanu Station. This group has been organized various program for Education and career guidance to students, preserving traditional knowledge, art and cultural values of Tribal community. With the help of social network it is acting like think tank for Tribal empowerment. They initiated efforts for registration of Intellectual Property Right Registration on behalf of tribal community for Warli Art, Now it is registered as Geographical Indication.

3.6) TOURISM

Dahanu is ideal destination for Rural Tourism. Dahanu Darshan part of world-famous concept "Tribal Tourism" created by AYUSH group covers many places close to nature. Dahanu is famous for its beaches namely Parnaka beaches 1&2, Agar beach, Chikhale beach. People from Mumbai & Surat visit the town in large numbers during weekends and holidays, away from the rush and heat of the cities to enjoys its cool, calm, peaceful climate. There are lots of hotels around the beach area like Hotel Pearline, Hotel Sea Crest & Crazy

Crab, Hotel Beach Classic, Hotel Sea Shell, Visawa Dhaba, Hotel Pummys Kosbad, Hotel Hill- Zill Bordi, which are famous with the tourists. Chicken bhujing (traditionally grilled chicken) is Dahanu's famous and easily available in roadside stalls in Agar village.

3.7)AGRICULTURE

Dahanu is well known for its famous delicious chikoos, capsicum and coconuts, and tadee a juice of palm tree. It is also known for its loving nature environment which has now become a huge tourist places in Mumbai.

3.8) GEOGRAPHY

Dahanu is located at 19.97°N 72.73°E.[3] It has an average elevation of 9.89 metres. To the west of the town is the beautiful coast of the Arabian sea while the east is lined with the magnificent Sahyadri ranges. This unique combination has made Dahanu a major tourist attraction. Sprawling Chickoo wadis (farms), rose gardens, salt pans are among the other things that dot the landscape.

The Dahanu beach is an extensive 15 km stretch lined by coconut and Saru (casuarina equisetifolia) trees. This is mostly crowded on the weekend when people from the metropolitan city of Mumbai come to visit as it is a short commute. The other days life is very laid back and the beach does not see much tourist crowd except inhabitants of Dahanu. There are horse and weekend fairs on the beach.

3.9) FESTIVALS

1. Koli BhajiNag Panchami

2. Gauri GanapatiSakar Chuvat

3. Nava Bhat Khane

4. Sarvapitari Avas or Omasya

5. Dival Baras or Bagh Baras

6. Dasara

7. Divali, Berya

8. Saticha Deva

9. Sakrat

10. Holi or Simga

11. Mahi Bij

12. Gudi Padwa

13. Akhati

14. Boida

15. Khalyacha Deva

16. Shri Ram navami

17. Gauri

18. Paryushana [jain festival]

19. Shree Krishna Janmashtami [ Gopalkala ]

20. Ganesh Utsav

21. Navratri Utsav

CHAPTER IV Socio- economic background & living conditions of warli tribe 4.1) Brief Ethnographic Background

Sub- Dividion According to Thane distritc s gazater the warlis have three divisions murdes, davars and Nihirs . the first to eat and drink together and intermarry but they never eat, drink with nor frink marry thre nihirs (p.183). The 1911 census of india added one more division. i.e “ Sudha” or pure (vii Bombay 7 part 17 p.310). while the tribesmen add some more divisions . thane are Dongar warlis. Ghat warlis , pather warlis, alhar warlis, Kokni warlis , Zanjare Warlis and Pavar Warlis they are however unable to explain as to why they are so designated ( Tribhuvan Robin Tribhuan preeti ; 199;339

4.2) Populetion Of Maharashtra :- As per 2011 Census of India the total population of WEarlis in Maharashtra is 6,27,197

4.3)Occupation:- warlis are small scale cultivators food gathers hunters and daily occasional fisherman during off season of cultivation they also work as agricultural and daily wage ;abjures . in years a number of youngsters are grabbing opportunities of working on private bad government forms. Secondly and about 20-30 boyes and girls as weel as elders have taken up the business of commercial Warli paintings which is fetching them money

4.4) Types of Familly;- Both nuclear and joint family types are prevelent the Warlis with patriarchy ( Father is the head of the family) paternity ( fathers family name is carried on ) and patilocall residency ( the bride and the groom settle in the grooms house as a norm) ( Tribhuwan Robin , 1994 4.5)Traditional House Types :-

Traditional house karkaries are squarish in shape. The walts are made up of sticks smeard with clay & cow dung . the roofs of traditional house of katkaries are made up of rice straw The are of the house would be form 100 to 300 feet .

4.6) POPULATION OF DAHANU TALUKA

Adivasis(Warlis, Dubla,Dhodi), Bhandari, Agri(Mangela) and Bari community people dominate the population of the town with significant amount of Parsis and Iranis;Jains and Gujaratis.This makes Dahanu a rich town by itself compared to neighboring taluka of Palghar. In spite of a tradition of resistance, the indigenous Warlis have today become poor marginal farmers or migrant labourers barely surviving from year to year. While their

23 narratives and consciousness come from a history of police brutality, exploitation by landlords, moneylenders and liquor contractors and from their continuous struggle for land rights and access to the forests, they are today forced into practicing settled subsistence agriculture. Moreover, categorized as backward and primitive, their culture, heritage and ecological understanding has come under attack. They now live on the margins of industrial and urban areas on the fringes of their slowly eroding forest lands.

1. Dahanu is a Taluka located in Palghar district of Maharashtra. It is one of 08 Talukas of Palghar district. There are 173 villages and 2 towns in Dahanu Taluka.

As per the Census India 2011, Dahanu Taluka has 82,139 households, population of 4,02,095 of which 1,99,574 are males and 2,02,521 are females. The population of children between age 0-6 is 60,433 which is 15.03% of total population. The sex-ratio of Dahanu Taluka is around 1015 compared to 929 which is average of Maharashtra state. The literacy rate of Dahanu Taluka is 51.15% out of which 59.21% males are literate and 43.2% females are literate. The total area of Dahanu is 1,012.88sq.km with population density of 397 per sq.km.

Out of total population, 84.1% of population lives in Urban area and 15.9% lives in Rural area. There are 1.62% Scheduled Caste (SC) and 69.11% Scheduled Tribe (ST) of total population in Dahanu Taluka.

Table 4.1

DAHANU RELIGION POPULATION

Sr.no Description Population Percentage

1 Total 4,02,095 100%

2 Hindu 3,83,486 95.37%

3 Muslim 11,807 2.94%

4 Jain 2,776 0.69%

5 Buddhist 1,258 0.31%

6 Christian 1,160 0.29%

7 Other religions and persuasions 678 0.17%

8 Religion not stated 639 0.16%

9 Sikh 291 0.07%

4.2) Area of Respondents on the bases of Gram Panchayat.

Information about Area of respondents is obtained. Respondents are classified in to five different areas. Classification of respondents according to area is as follows in below table and graph mentioned here.

Table 4.2

Gram panchayat Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent 20 20.0 20.0 20.0 Ganjad 14 14.0 14.0 34.0

Kainad Valid 40 40.0 40.0 74.0 Mahalpada 6 6.0 6.0 80.0 Rairali 20 20.0 20.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

Above table indicate that out of total 100 respondents, respondents classified in groups as per area i.e. Dhakpada, Ganjad, Kainad, Mahalpada, Rairali. This information is presented using pie chart as shown below Graph.

Graph 4.2

45 Area of Respondents 40 40 35 30 25 20 20 14 15

10 6 5 0 Dhakpada Ganjad Kainad Mahalpada

4.3) Area of Respondents on the bases of Village.

Information about Area of respondents is obtained. Respondents are classified in to six different areas. Classification of respondents according to area is as follows in below table and graph mentioned here

Table 4.3

village

Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Dalvipada 20 20.0 20.0 20.0 Dhakpada 20 20.0 20.0 40.0 Ganjad 14 14.0 14.0 54.0

Kosbad 20 20.0 20.0 74.0 Mahalpada 6 6.0 6.0 80.0 RaiRali 20 20.0 20.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

.Above table indicate that out of total 100 respondents, respondents classified in groups as per area i.e. Dalvipada, Dhakpada, Ganjad, Kosbad, Mahalpada, RaiRali. This information is presented using pie chart as shown below Graph.

Graph 4.3

Area of Respondents on the bases of Village

20% 20% Dalvipada Dhakpada 6% 20% Ganjad Kosbad 20% 14% Mahalpada RaiRali

4.4) Age of Respondents: Information about age of respondents is obtained. Respondents are classified in to four different groups. Respondents of age up to 30 years are classified as “Young Age” group. Respondents of age 31 to 45 years are classified as “Middle Age” group. Respondents of age 46 to 60 years are classified as “Elderly Age” group. Respondents of age more than 60 years are classified as “Senior Citizen” group. Classification of respondents according to age group is as follows in Table. Table 4.4

Age Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Young Age(30-below) 54 54.0 54.0 54.0 Middle Age (31-45) 30 30.0 30.0 84.0 Elderly Age(46-60) 14 14.0 14.0 98.0 Sr. Citizen(61-above) 2 2.0 2.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 This information is presented using chart as shown below Graph.

Graph 4.4

Age of Respondents 60 54

40 30 30

20 14

10 2 0 Young Age(30-below) Middle Age (31-45) Elderly Age(46-60) Sr. Citizen(61-above)

4.5) Marital Status

Information about marital status of respondents is obtained. Respondents are classified in to three different groups. Classification of respondents according to marital status is as follows table

Table 4.5

Marital status Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Married 51 51.0 51.0 51.0 Unmarried 44 44.0 44.0 95.0 Widower 5 5.0 5.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

This information is presented using pie chart as shown below graph

Graph 4.5

Marital Status of Respondents 60

51 50 44

10 5

0 Married Unmarried widower

4.6) Education

Information about education of respondents is obtained. Respondents are classified in to five different groups. Classification of respondents according to education is as follows table

Table 4.6

Education Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Uneducated 22 22.0 22.0 22.0 1-5 std 14 14.0 14.0 36.0 5-10 std 26 26.0 26.0 62.0 10-12 std 20 20.0 20.0 82.0 graduation 18 18.0 18.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

This information is presented using pie chart as shown below graph

Graph 4.6

Education of Respondents 30 26 22 20 18 20 14

0 Uneducated 1-5 std 5-10 std 10-12 std graduation

4.7) Monthly income

Information about monthly income of respondents is obtained. Respondents are classified into three different groups. As respects to the normal family wage every month, patients were disseminated into six gatherings on the premise of class interim (Best Criteria). To start with gathering was equivalent and beneath 5000 rupees, second gathering was between 5001 to 10000 rupees, third gathering was between 10001 and above rupees. Classification of respondents according to monthly income is as following table.

Table 4.7

Monthly income Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid 5000 and below 75 75.0 75.0 75.0 5001-10000 24 24.0 24.0 99.0 10001 and above 1 1.0 1.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

This information is presented using pie chart as shown below graph.

Graph 4.7

Monthly Income of Respondents 75 80 60

40 24 20 1 0 5000 and below 5001-10000 10001 and above

4.8) Occupation Information about occupation of respondents is obtained. Respondents are classified into four different groups. Classification of respondents according to Occupation is as following table.

Table 4.8

Occupation Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Daily wages 29 29.0 29.0 29.0 Farmer 36 36.0 36.0 65.0 Salaried 25 25.0 25.0 90.0 Business 10 10.0 10.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

This information is presented using chart as shown below graph

Graph 4.8

Occupation of Respondents 40 36 35 29 30 25 25

15 10 10

0 Daily wages Farmer Salaried Business

4.9) Existence of village in forest

Information about village of respondents is obtained. This information obtained to check how many respondents village exist in forest. This information presented here in below mentioned table. Table 4.9

Village in forest Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Yes 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 No 0 0 0 0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 100.0

Above table shows that all respondents village exist in forest only. This information is presented using chart as shown below graph.

Graph 4.9

Village in Forest 120 100 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 Yes No

4.10) Village distance from forest

Information about respondents village distance from forest is obtained. This information obtained to check how many respondents village is nearby forest. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.10

Village Distance From Forest Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid 1-2 km 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 2-5 km 0 0 0 0 5-10 km 0 0 0 0 total 100 100.0 100.0 100.0

Above table shows that all respondents village exist in nearby forest only within 1-2 km proximity. This information is presented using chart as shown below graph.

Graph 4.10

Village distance from Forest 120 100 100

20 0 0 0 1-2 km 2-5 km 5-10 km

4.11) Source of Fuel Wood

Information about respondent’s source of Fuel wood is obtained. This information obtained to check how respondents get fuel wood for personal use. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.11

Source of Fuel Yes No Total Wood Forest 100 0 100 Farm 0 100 100 Market 71 29 100 Other 0 100 100

Descriptive Statistics Std. N Minimum Maximum Mean Deviation Forest 100 1 1 1.00 .000 Farm 100 2 2 2.00 .000 Market 100 1 2 1.29 .456 Other 100 2 2 2.00 .000 Valid N (listwise) 100 Above table shows that majority respondents get their fuelwood from forest only and next choice of source is market place for fuel wood. This information is presented using chart as shown below graph. Graph 4.11

Source of Fuel Wood 150 100 100 100 100 71

50 29 0 0 0 0 Forest Farm Market Other Yes No

4.12) Wood Source for house construction

Table 4.12

Source of house Yes No Total construction Wood Forest 100 0 100 Farm 0 100 100 Market 73 27 100 Other 0 100 100

Descriptive Statistics Source of house Std. construction Wood N Minimum Maximum Mean Deviation Forest 100 1 1 1.00 .000 Farm 100 2 2 2.00 .000 Market 100 1 2 1.27 .446 Other 100 2 2 2.00 .000 Valid N (listwise) 100 Above table shows that majority respondents get their house construction wood from forest only and next choice of source is market place. This information is presented using chart as shown below graph.

Graph 4.12

200 Source of house construction Wood

100 100 100 100 73 27 0 0 0 0 Forest Farm Market Other Yes No

4.13) Usage of Forest resource for Medicinal Purpose

Information about respondent’s usage of Forest resource for Medicinal Purpose is obtained. This information obtained to check how respondents use forest plant resource as a medicinal properties. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.13

Usage of Forest resource for Yes No Total Medicinal Purpose Forest 100 0 100 Farm 0 100 100 Market 77 23 100 Other 99 0 100

Above table shows that majority respondents use tree and various plants for medicinal purpose from forest, followed by other places and market. This information is presented using chart as shown below graph.

Graph 4.13

Usage of Forest resource for Medicinal Purpose 120 100 100 99 100

77 80

40 23 20 0 0 0 0 Forest Farm Market Other Yes No Linear (Yes)

4.14) Source of Moha Phul

Information about source of Moha Phul is obtained. This information obtained to check source of Moha Phul. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.14

Source of Moha Phul Yes No Total Forest 99 1 100 Farm 10 90 100

Market 33 67 100 Other 1 99 100

Above table shows that majority respondents moha phul sources are from forest, followed by market and other places. This information is presented using chart as shown below graph.

Graph 4.14

Source of Moha Phul 120

99 99 100 90

80 67 60

40 33

20 10 1 1 0 Forest Farm Market Other Yes No

4.15) House Allotment under Zila Parishad or unified Tribal Development Program

Information about house alloment. This information obtained to check how many house allotment is obtained by respondents under Zila Parishad or unified Tribal Development Program. This information presented here in below me ntioned table.

Table 4.15

House allotment Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Yes 3 3.0 3.0 3.0 No 96 96.0 96.0 99.0 Do not know 1 1.0 1.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.15

House Allotment under Zila Parishad or unified Tribal Development Program

Do not know 1

No 96

Yes 3

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

4.16) Information about house

Information is obtained by respondents regarding house. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.16

House information Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Owned 93 93.0 93.0 93.0 Rented 7 7.0 7.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that 93 percent respondents owned house however only 07 percent respondents lives in rented house. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.16

Information about house

Owned Rented

93%

4.17) Types of house

Information is obtained from respondents regarding types of house. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.17

Types of House Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Cement 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 Bricks 5 5.0 5.0 6.0 Bamboo 94 94.0 94.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that 94 percent respondents lives in bamboo house however only 05 percent respondents lives in bricks house, followed by 1 percent in cement house. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.17

Types of House 1% 5%

Cement Bricks Bamboo 94%

4.18) Aware about Forest office address

Information is obtained from respondents whether they were aware about the forest office address i.e. where office is located. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.18

Aware about Forest office address Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid 18 18.0 18.0 18.0 No 82 82.0 82.0 100.0

Do not know 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that only 18 percent respondents were aware about the forest office location that is address for same. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.18

Aware about location of forest office 90 82 80 70 60 50 40 30 18 20 10 0 0 Yes No Do not know

4.19) Visit to forest Office

Information is obtained from respondents whether they visited forest office or not. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.19

Visit to forest Office Valid Cumulative Frequency Percent Percent Percent Valid 2 2.0 2.0 2.0 No 98 98.0 98.0 100.0 Do not know 0 0 0 0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that only 02 percent respondents had visited forest office remaining 98 percent respondents never visited forest office. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.19

Visit to Forest Office 120 98 100

20 2 0 0 Yes No Do not know

4.20) Knowledge of forest Law

Information is obtained from respondents to check their knowledge about forest law. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.20

Knowledge of forest Law

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 17 17.0 17.0 17.0 No 83 83.0 83.0 100.0 Valid Do not know 0 0 0 0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that only 17 percent respondents had knowledge about forest law remaining 83 percent respondents not knowing about forest law. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.20

Knowledge about forest law 90 83 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 17 10 0 0 Yes No Do not know

4.21) Aware about forest conservation

Information is obtained from respondents to check their awareness about the forest conservation. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.21

Aware about forest conservation

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 61 61.0 61.0 61.0 No 39 39.0 39.0 100.0 Do not 0 0 0 0 know Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that only 61 percent respondents were aware about forest conservation remaining 39 percent respondents not knowing about forest conservation. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.21

Aware about forest conservation 70 61 60

50 39 40

10 0 0 Yes No Do not know

4.22) Aware about Punishment for Tree cutting

Information is obtained from respondents to check whether they were aware about the punishment for tree cutting. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Graph 4.22

Aware about Punishment for Tree Cutting Valid Cumulative Frequency Percent Percent Percent Valid Yes 47 47.0 47.0 47.0 No 53 53.0 53.0 100.0 Do not know 0 0 0 0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that 47 percent respondents were aware about the punishment for tree cutting remaining 53 percent respondents not knowing about punishment. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.22

Aware about punishment for tree cutting 60 53 50 47

10 0 0 Yes No Do not know

4.23) Received punishment for tree cutting

Information is obtained from respondents that who has received punishment for tree cutting. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Graph 4.23

Received punishment for tree cutting Valid Cumulative Frequency Percent Percent Percent Valid 4 4.0 4.0 4.0 No 96 96.0 96.0 100.0 Do not know 0 0 0 0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that only 04 percent respondents sentenced for punishment for tree cutting remaining 96 percent respondents never received punishment for tree cutting. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.23

received punishment for tree cutting 120

100 96

20 4 0 0 Yes No Do not know

4.24) Efforts done to save forest

Information is obtained from respondents regarding their efforts done to save forest. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.24

Efforts done to save forest Valid Cumulative Frequency Percent Percent Percent Valid Yes 99 99.0 99.0 99.0 No 1 1.0 1.0 100.0 Do not know 0 0 0 0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that majority 99 percent respondents does the efforts to save forest. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.24

Efforts done to save forest 120

99 100

20 1 0 0 Yes No Do not know

4.25) Problems due to deforestation

Information is obtained from respondents regarding problems due to deforestation. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.25

Problems due to deforestation

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Yes 94 94.0 94.0 94.0 No 6 6.0 6.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that majority 94 percent respondents feels that there is problems due to deforestation. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.25

Problems due to deforestation 100 94 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 6 0 Yes No

4.26) Type of Problems due to deforestation

Information is obtained from respondents regarding various problems arise due to deforestation. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.26

Types of problems due to Yes No Total deforestation Fuelwood 92 8 100

Employment 8 92 100

Herbal medicine 55 45 100

From the table it shows that majority 92 percent respondents feels that there is fuelwood problem due to deforestation, followed by herbal medicine that is 55 percent. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.26

Types of problems due to deforestation 100 92 92

60 55 45 40

20 8 8 0 Fuelwood Employment Herbal medicine yes no

4.27) Knowledge of tribal development office address

Information is obtained from respondents regarding whether they are aware about the tribal development office address. This information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.27

Knowledge of tribal development office address

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 5 5.0 5.0 5.0 No 95 95.0 95.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that majority 95 percent respondents mentioned here that they does not know about the tribal development office address. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.27

Knowledge of tribal development office address 100 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 0 Yes No

4.28) Beneficiary of Cooking Gas scheme

Information is obtained from respondents regarding whether they are beneficiary of cooking gas scheme, this information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.28

Beneficiary of Cooking Gas scheme Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Yes 9 9.0 9.0 9.0 No 91 91.0 91.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that majority 91 percent respondents mentioned here that they are not beneficiary of cooking class scheme. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.28

Beneficiary of Cooking Gas scheme 100 91 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 9 10 0 Yes No

4.29) Faced any problem to avail cooking gas scheme benefits.

Information is obtained from respondents regarding whether they faced any problem to avail cooking gas scheme benefits, this information presented here in below mentioned table.

Graph 4.29

Faced any problem to avail cooking gas scheme benefits Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Yes 32 32.0 32.0 32.0 No 68 68.0 68.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the table it shows that majority 32 percent respondents mentioned here that they faced problem to avail cooking gas scheme benefits. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.29

Faced any problem to avail cooking gas scheme benefits 80

0 Yes No

4.30) Any problem created by forest Guard

Information is obtained from respondents regarding whether they faced any problem with forest officer, this information presented here in below mentioned table.

Graph 4.30

Any problem created by forest Guard Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Yes 20 20.0 20.0 20.0 No 80 80.0 80.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0 From the table it shows that majority 80 percent respondents mentioned here that they never faced problem with forest guard, however 20 percent mentioned they faced problem with forest gaurd. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.30

Any problem created by forest Guard 90 80 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 20 10 0 Yes No

4.31) Types of efforts government should opt for to increase forest area

Information is obtained from respondents regarding their opinion about the types of efforts government should opt for to increase forest area, this information presented here in below mentioned table.

Graph 4.31

Types of efforts government Yes No Total should opt for to increase forest area Tree plantation 97 3 100

Social Forestry 92 2 100

Forest Protection 93 7 100

Implementation of law 90 10 100

Strict action 98 2 100

Social Awareness 93 7 100

Other 0 100 100

Above table discuss that 97 percent respondents feels that we should do tree plantation to increase the forest area. Followed by 98 percent respondents feels that we should take strict action against tree cutting. 93 percent respondents says that there should be forest protection act and social awareness about the same. The above mentioned details presented here in graph. Graph 4.31

Types of efforts government should opt for to increase forest area 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Tree plantation Social Forestry Forest Protection Implementation Strict action Social Awareness of law

Yes No

4.32) Types of efforts taken by non-government organization to increase forest area

Information is obtained from respondents regarding their opinion about the types of efforts taken by non-government organization to increase forest area, this information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.32

Types of efforts non-government Yes No Total organization should opt for to increase forest area Tree plantation 100 0 100 Social Awareness 100 0 100 Tree plantation Awareness 100 0 100 Encouragement for tree 99 1 100 plantation From the above table shows that 100 % respondents were agree that non-government organization should make efforts towards Tree plantation, Social Awareness and Tree plantation Awareness about the same. 99 percent respondent’s feels there should be Encouragement for tree plantation. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.32 Types of efforts non-government organization should opt for to increase forest area 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Tree plantation Social Awareness Tree plantation Encouragement for Awareness tree plantation

Yes No

4.33) Efforts taken by Ashram School for protection of tree plantation

Information is obtained from respondents regarding efforts taken by Ashram School for protection of tree plantation, this information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.33

Efforts taken by Ashram School for protection of tree plantation Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Yes 85 85.0 85.0 85.0 No 9 9.0 9.0 94.0 Do not know 6 6.0 6.0 100.0

Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the above table it shows that 85 percent respondents feels that there are efforts taken by Ashram School for protection of tree plantation. The above mentioned details presented here in graph. Graph 4.33

Efforts taken by Ashram School for protection of tree plantation 90 85 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 9 10 6 0 Yes No Do not know

4.34) Efforts taken by Zila Parishad School toward tree plantation

Information is obtained from respondents regarding efforts taken by Zila Parishad School toward tree plantation, this information presented here in below mentioned table.

Graph 4.34

Efforts taken by Zila Parishad School toward tree plantation Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Yes 99 99.0 99.0 99.0 No 0 0 0 0

Do not know 1 1.0 1.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the above table it shows that 99 percent respondents feels that there are efforts taken by Zila Parishad School toward tree plantation. The above mentioned details presented here in graph. Graph 4.34

Efforts taken by Zila Parishad School toward tree plantation 120

99 100

20 0 1 0 Yes No Do not know

4.35) Bamboo plantation done by Tribal Community

Information is obtained from respondents regarding bamboo plantation done by Tribal Community, this information presented here in below mentioned table.

Table 4.35

Bamboo plantation done by Tribal Community Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent Valid Yes 97 97.0 97.0 97.0 No 2 2.0 2.0 99.0 Do not know 1 1.0 1.0 100.0 Total 100 100.0 100.0

From the above table it shows that 97 respondents mentioned here that tribal community does bamboo plantation. The above mentioned details presented here in graph.

Graph 4.35

Bamboo plantation done by Tribal Community 120

100 97

20 2 1 0 Yes No Do not know

Null Hypothesis: 1. There is no association between Visit to forest office and knowledge of forest law

Alternative Hypothesis: 1. There is association between Visit to forest office and knowledge of forest law

Visit to forest office * Knowledge of forest law Cross tabulation Knowledge of forest law Yes No Total Yes Count 1.0 1.0 2 Expected Count 0.3 1.7 2.0 Visit to forest No Count 16 82 98 office Expected Count 16.7 81.3 98.0 Total Count 17 83 100 Expected Count 17.0 83.0 100.0

Above table discuss that the expected count for respondents is 0.3 but actual count is grater that this i.e. 1.0.

Chi-Square Tests Asymp. Sig. Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1- Value df (2-sided) sided) sided) Pearson Chi-Square 1.575a 1 .209 Continuity Correctionb .093 1 .761 Likelihood Ratio 1.176 1 .278 Fisher's Exact Test .313 .313 Linear-by-Linear 1.559 1 .212 Association N of Valid Cases 100 a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .34. b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

The key result in the Chi-Square Tests table is the Pearson Chi-Square.

 The value of the test statistic is 1.575.

 The footnote for this statistic pertains to the expected cell count assumption (i.e., expected cell counts are all greater than 5): no cells had an expected count less than 5, so this assumption was met.

 Because the test statistic is based on a 2x2 cross tabulation table, the degrees of freedom (df) for the test statistic is

df=(R−1)∗(C−1)=(2−1)∗(2−1)=1∗1=1

 The corresponding p-value of the test statistic is p = 0.209.

Since the p-value is greater than our chosen significance level (α = 0.05), we do not reject the null hypothesis i.e. we accept null hypothesis.

Rather, we conclude that there is not enough evidence to suggest an association between Visit to forest office and knowledge of forest law.

Based on the results, we can state the following:

 No association was found between Visit to forest office and knowledge of forest law (Χ2 (1)> = 1.575, p = 0.209).

Null Hypothesis: 2. There is no association between Visit to forest office and Forest conservation.

Alternative Hypothesis: 2. There is association between Visit to forest office and Forest conservation.

Visit to forest office * forest conservation Cross tabulation Forest conservation Yes No Total Yes Count 1 1 2 Expected Count 1.2 .8 2.0 Visit to forest office No Count 60 38 98 Expected Count 59.8 38.2 98.0 Total Count 61 39 100 Expected Count 61.0 39.0 100.0

Above table discuss that the expected count for respondents is 1.2 but actual count is lesser than that i.e. 1.0.

Chi-Square Tests Asymp. Sig. Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1- Value df (2-sided) sided) sided) Pearson Chi-Square .104a 1 .747 Continuity Correctionb .000 1 1.000 Likelihood Ratio .101 1 .750 Fisher's Exact Test 1.000 .630 Linear-by-Linear .103 1 .749 Association N of Valid Cases 100 a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .78. b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

The key result in the Chi-Square Tests table is the Pearson Chi-Square.

 The value of the test statistic is 0.104.

Because the test statistic is based on a 2x2 cross tabulation table, the degrees of freedom (df) for the test statistic is

df=(R−1)∗(C−1)=(2−1)∗(2−1)=1∗1=1

 The corresponding p-value of the test statistic is p = 0.747.

Since the p-value is greater than our chosen significance level (α = 0.05), we do not reject the null hypothesis i.e. we accept null hypothesis.

Rather, we conclude that there is not enough evidence to suggest an association between Visit to forest office and Forest conservation.

Based on the results, we can state the following:No association was found between Visit to forest office and knowledge of forest law (Χ2 (1)> = 0.104, p = 0.747).

Null Hypothesis: 3. There is no association between Visit to forest office and Knowledge of Punishment for tree cutting.

Alternative Hypothesis: 3. There is association between Visit to forest office and Knowledge of Punishment for tree cutting.

Visit to forest office * Knowledge of Punishment for tree cutting Cross tabulation Knowledge of Punishment for tree cutting Yes No Total Visit to forest office Yes Count 1 1 2 Expected Count .9 1.1 2.0 No Count 46 52 98 Expected Count 46.1 51.9 98.0 Total Count 47 53 100 Expected Count 47.0 53.0 100.0 Above table discuss that the expected count for respondents is 0.9 but actual count is greater than that i.e. 1.0.

Chi-Square Tests Asymp. Sig. Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1- Value df (2-sided) sided) sided) Pearson Chi-Square .007a 1 .932 Continuity Correctionb .000 1 1.000 Likelihood Ratio .007 1 .932 Fisher's Exact Test 1.000 .722 Linear-by-Linear .007 1 .932 Association N of Valid Cases 100 a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .94. b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

The key result in the Chi-Square Tests table is the Pearson Chi-Square.

 The value of the test statistic is 0.007.

 Because the test statistic is based on a 2x2 cross tabulation table, the degrees of freedom (df) for the test statistic is

df=(R−1)∗(C−1)=(2−1)∗(2−1)=1∗1=1

 The corresponding p-value of the test statistic is p = 0.932.

Since the p-value is greater than our chosen significance level (α = 0.05), we do not reject the null hypothesis i.e. we accept null hypothesis.

Rather, we conclude that there is not enough evidence to suggest an association between Visit to forest office and Knowledge of Punishment for tree cutting.

Based on the results, we can state the following: No association was found between Visit to forest office and knowledge of forest law (Χ2 (1)> = 0.007, p = 0.932).

Chapter V)

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS

On the basis of data collection & analysis the following conclusions are drawn

1. Majority of the respondnt are have taken education upto 12th standard i.e. 72% and only 18% of the Respondents reached upto graduation. No respondant possesses the post graduate degree .

2. About 75% respondnt monthly income is less than Rs. 5000/-, 24% Respondant monthly incomes are between Rs. 5000/- to 10,000/- and only 1% Respondants monthly income is above Rs. 10,000/-.

3. Majority of the respondants are working in unorganised Sector i.e. 75% and only 25% of the Respondants are working in the Organised Sector.

4. 100% of the respondants are living in Forest.

5. Majority of the respondants are obtaining Fuels from Forest and Farm i.e. 100% as well as 71% of the respondants are oobtaining fuel from market.

6. As forest is the main source of their live hood, 100% of the respondants use forest resources for medical purpose.

7. Tribals are engage in wine production from Moha Phul hence majority of them gets Moha Phul from forest i.e. 99% percent of them gets Moha Phul from forest.

8. Only 3% of the respondants got house from zilla parishad or unified tribal development programmes, 96% of the respondants did not get it from this agencies, 1% of the respondants do not know about the agencies.

9. As per the data collection 94% of the respondants lives in Bamboo House only 5% of the respondants live in the bricks house and only 1% in cement house.

10. 18% of the respontants know the address of forest office and around 82% of the respondants don’t know the address.

11. Only 2% of the respondants visit to Forest Office and 98% of the respondants do not visit the Forest office.

12. Only 17% of the respondants have knowledge about the forest law whereas 83% of the respondants do not know about it.

13. 47% of the respondants are aware about the punishment of tree cutting whereas 53% of the respondants do not know about it.

14. 99% of the respondants take efforts to save forest and only 1% Respondants do not take any efforts to save forest.

15. As Forest is the main source of livehood of the tribals 94% of the respondants face problems due to deforestation where as 6% of the respondants do not face any problems.

16. Out of 100% Respondants only 5% of the respondants have knowledge of Tribals development office address, where as 95% of the respondants do not know about the address.

17. Out of 100% respondants only 9% of the respondents are the beneficiaries of the cooking gas where as 91% of the respondants does not get the benefit.

18. On the basis of data collection I can strongly say that NGOS, Ashram schools, and Zilla Parishad are taking efforts to increase forest areas.

19. There is active participation of respondants in Bamboo Plantation, 97% of the respondants are engaged in Bamboo plantation programme, whereas only 3% of the respondents did not participate in it.

20. Tribal people have a very limited Source of Income, as they engage in primary sector of tribal economy.

21. Due to the gradual degradation of forest cover and land diversifications for the development present in the district, the communities are losing forest based live hood support.

22. Tribal communities live in hilly and remote areas of the country.

23. In a modern period Tribal communities is primaliry are known as schedule tribes instead of “Vanyajati”. 24. They follow premitive methods of occupation such as food gathering, hunting and occasional fishing.

25. It can be seen that tribal people economy are generally the primary nature.

26. There are 47 tribes in Maharashtra. Major concentration of tribal people in Thane & Palghar District.

SUGGESTIONS

The study conducted in Dahanu taluka of palghar District reveals that, the socio- economic & educational status of Tribals are very backward. Tribal Community is living in forest and remote areas of the country To improve the socio economic condition of the tribal people, following suggestions are given.

1. It is the Dropout rate among the tribals girls and boys are high. As to stop the drop the dropout rate among these boys and girls the government should increase the amount of scholarship as well as provide the basic facilities in hostels.

2. Tribal people should come out from the tradition, superstition and should adopt the scientific approach.

3. Awareness about the Government schemes should increase through workshop at Village level, Taluka level & District level.

4. As Adivasi people are living in bamboo house, Government should provide bricks houses to them.

5. Entire amount of Budget should be spent on the development of the tribal people.

6. Majority of the tribals are engaged in primary sector for their live hood, Government should start different vocational training programmes to start self employment.

7. It is noticed trhought the came to know through pilot Survey that clean drinking water facilities are not available to them , so that Government should take initiative to provid the clean drinking water facilities.

8. It is learnt from the pilot survey that, primary medical facilities are not available in the tribal village so government should appoint Arogya sevak on salary basis as like Asha’s

9. Government should start pensions to the tribal people to improve their socio- Economic life 10. Government should provide the seed money capital, subsidies on loan borrowed from the financial Institutions.

11. Foodgrains should be provided on subsidised rate from public distribution shop.

12. Government land should be given to landless and marginal farmer (Tribals).

13. Strict implementation of forest act should the be done so that dependency of tribals on forest will not reduce.

14. As a part of work experience, every Ashram School child should be involved in tree plantation programme, as the rate of deforestation of tribal areas is increasing speedily, day by day. Plantation must be encouraged by providing separate budget for this programme.

15. Government should set up the tribal SEZ to create more employment opportunities to tribal people.

16. Tribal areas should be connected with all the roadways.

17. Tribal areas should be developed in all aspects such as school, primary health centres, etc.

18. Government should provide the guaranteed markets for warli paintings and other products made by tribal people.

19. Government should provide the monetary and other incentives to cultivate the land in modern way.

20. PESA (Panchayats Extension to the Schedule Areas) Act 1996 should be implemented strictly, so that legislative powers in Gram Sabha, specially in matters related to development planning, management of Natural resources and adsydication of disputes in accordance with prevalant traditions and customs.

21. Participation of tribal peoples in Joint forest management policy should be increased , so that tribal people can show the remarkable performance in managing their land based resources

Bibliography

1) Hasnain Nadeem – India Today, Harman , publication New Delhi 2) Jain S.K & (1980) Ethnobotany – Botinical Survey of India Lucknow U.P 3) Jain N.S & Tribhuvan Robin 1996, Mira of health & Development Vidyavarndhani Publication Pune 4) Vidhyarthi L.D & Rai B.K (1980) trible Culture in India. 5) Jha N.S & Tribhuvan Robin 2008 Tribls Arts & Crafts of Maharashtra 6) jain N.S & Tribhuvan Robin, 1986 Strategies to promote tribal’s art 7 Crafts research & Training Institute Pune. 7) Geographical Area & Its effective utilization Retrived 27 th of march 2013 8) Dr. Avinash Shendre (2013) Tribals Devlopment planning and programmes , Vithal Publication Jaipur 9) Pravin Kashayp ( 2011) Tribal societies and land alienation, pacific publication new Delhi 10) Benu Singh, (2011) A survey of the Forestry research Vista international publishing house , new Delhi. 11) Pwan pattanaik (2014) Atmospheric condition of forestry Random Publication New Delhi 12) Nilkanth Panigrahi (2014) Trible lihvehood in Changing Perspective SSDN Publishers New Delhi 13) Dr. Avinash Shendre (2014) “A Study of the impact of national rural employement gurantee act on the poor tribes of jawhar taluka of thane District” A Minor research project Submitted to University of Mumbai 14) ललल लललललल ललललल ( ललललल लललल) ललललल ललललललललललल ललललललल ललललललल ललललललल - लललललल लललललललल लललललल ( लललल- लललल-लल ) ललललललललल लललल .लल. लललललल 15) http/Indianexpress.com/Article)/Mumbai/ maharshtra release-trible sub –plan – based –on tiss study- 16) Meena memon (2016) Economic & Political weekly , Valuame No 44 & 45 17) http:/en.wikipedia.org 18) http:/ www.google.comwww. Census 2011.gov.in 19)www.census india .goc.in/2011

Interview Schedule

Impact of Deforestation on the Socio- Economic Life of Tribals: Status, Continuity & Change.

Research Student :-

Dr. Avinash B. Shendre

Identification : -

1.1) District:-……………………………………………………………….

1.2) Taluka:-……………………………………………………………….

1.3) Gram panchayat:-…………………………………………………..…

1.4) Village:-……………………………………………………………….

2) Personal Information.

2.1) Name of the respondent :- ……………………………………………………

2.2) Gender Male Female

2.3) Age…………

2.4) Marital status .

1) Married 2) Unmarried 3) Widowers 4)Divisorsee

2.5) Educetiuonal status.

1)Uneducated 2) First to fifth 3) Fifth to tenth

4) Tenth to twelve 5) Degree 6) Post Degree

2.6) Occupation

1) Daily wages 2) Farm 3) Job 4)Business

2.7) Income :-………………………………………

3) Scope of forest

3.1 ) Dose your village in the forest ?

Yes No Don’t know

3.2) how far away your village from the forest ?

1.2 km 2.5 km 5.1km

3.3)From wheres you get the Burn wood ?

Form forest Form farm Form market Elsewhere

3.4) were the wood far housing was available . ?

Form the forest Agriculture Market elsewhere

3.5) From where you get herbal medicine?

Form the forest Agriculture Market Elsewhere

3.6) form where’s you get Mohaphul ?

From the forest Agriculture market Elsewere

3.7) You have get a house under zillha parish and integrated Tribal Development programme ?

Yes No

3.8) House Status

Own Rentals

3.8 Nature of House.

1) Cement concrete 2) Block 3) Bamboo 4) Other

4) Government administration and legal information.

4.1) Do you know about the forest office?

Yes No Don’t know

4.2) Did you visit the forest office ?

Yes No

4.3) Do you know about forest Act ?

Yes No Don’t know

4.4) Do you know about the tree Conservation?

Yes No Don’t know

4.5) Do you know about the punishment for illegal tree cutting?

Yes No Don’t know

4.6) Are you punished for it ?

Yes No Don’t know

4.7) Are you taking effort for forest conservation?

Yes No

5) Problem.

5.1)Are you facing any problems due to disforestation ?

Yes No

5.2) What problem you are facing?

Fire wood Employer Herbal

5.3 )Do you know information about tribal development conservation office?

Yes No

5.4) Are you the beneficiary of cooking gas ?

Yes No

5.5) Are you the harassed by forest guard?

Yes No

6) About the forest expansion.

6.1) What efforts should government take for forest expansion?

1) Tree plantation 2) Social afforestraion

3)Forest Conservation 4) Enforcement of law

5) Action on tree cutting 6) Social Awareness

6.2 what effort should be made by non government organization for planting tree ?

1) Tree plantation

2) Social awareness should be made

3) Advertisement of tree plantation

4) Encouragement for tree plantation

6.3) are the Ashram School take efforts for tree plantation.

Yes No Don’t know

6.4) Dose the zillha parishad School take effort for the plantation ?

Yes No

6.5) Dose the Adivasis doing Bamboo plantation ?

Yes No Don’t know

7) Remarks:-……………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………....

7.1) Remarks of Researcher:-………………………………………………....

……………………………………………………………………………………

7.2) Remarks of the forest officer.

8) Date of Interview

9) Place of interview

Name of the Respondent Signature of the Respondent